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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Hill
- Department of Dermatology, Frimley Park Hospital, Camberley GU16 5UJ, London, UK
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Kinsler VA, Drury S, Khan A, Waelchli R, Rukaite G, Barnicoat A, Lench N, Harper JI, O'Shaughnessy RFL. A novel microdeletion in LOR causing autosomal dominant loricrin keratoderma. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:262-4. [PMID: 25142840 PMCID: PMC4303979 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V A Kinsler
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London, WC1N 1EJ, U.K; Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, U.K
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O'Shaughnessy RFL, Chaudhury I, Harper JI. Interleukin-1 alpha blockade prevents hyperkeratosis in an in vitro model of lamellar ichthyosis. Hum Mol Genet 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Rodgers W, Ancliff P, Ponting CP, Sanchez-Pulido L, Burns S, Hayman M, Kimonis V, Sebire N, Bulstrode N, Harper JI. Squamous cell carcinoma in a child with Clericuzio-type poikiloderma with neutropenia. Br J Dermatol 2012; 168:665-7. [PMID: 22924337 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Manunza F, Syed S, Laguda B, Linward J, Kennedy H, Gholam K, Glover M, Giardini A, Harper JI. Propranolol for complicated infantile haemangiomas: a case series of 30 infants. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162:466-8. [PMID: 20055816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hoeger PH, Maerker JM, Kienast AK, Syed SB, Harper JI. Neonatal haemangiomatosis associated with placental chorioangiomas: report of three cases and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:e78-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of morphoea (or localized scleroderma) remains unknown. It has previously been suggested that lesions of linear morphoea may follow Blaschko's lines and thus reflect an embryological development. However, the distribution of linear morphoea has never been accurately evaluated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify common patterns of clinical presentation in children with linear morphoea and to establish whether linear morphoea follows the lines of Blaschko. METHODS A retrospective chart review of 65 children with linear morphoea was performed. According to clinical photographs the skin lesions of these patients were plotted on to standardized head and body charts. With the aid of Adobe Illustrator a final figure was produced including an overlay of all individual lesions which was used for comparison with the published lines of Blaschko. RESULTS Thirty-four (53%) patients had the en coup de sabre subtype, 27 (41%) presented with linear morphoea on the trunk and/or limbs and four (6%) children had a combination of the two. In 55 (85%) children the skin lesions were confined to one side of the body, showing no preference for either left or right side. On comparing the overlays of all body and head lesions with the original lines of Blaschko there was an excellent correlation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that linear morphoea follows the lines of Blaschko. We hypothesize that in patients with linear morphoea susceptible cells are present in a mosaic state and that exposure to some trigger factor may result in the development of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Weibel
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Syed S, Weibel L, Kennedy H, Harper JI. A pilot study showing pulsed-dye laser treatment improves localized areas of chronic atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33:243-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Large venous/lymphatic slow-flow malformations (SFM) can be associated with a coagulopathy resulting in thrombosis and haemorrhage. Such potentially life-threatening complications of SFM have been reported only rarely. OBJECTIVES To better define the clinical characteristics of haematological complications associated with SFM, to highlight the importance of recognition and to discuss the management of these difficult-to-treat patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cohort of six children who presented with massive SFM associated with serious haematological complications was seen between January 1980 and June 2005 in the Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, U.K. (tertiary referral centre for vascular anomalies). Clinical and haematological characteristics were recorded. RESULTS Patients were aged 1-20 years. All suffered with recurrent episodes of pain, localized skin necrosis and bleeding. All had intravascular coagulopathy and life-threatening complications. These included brain haemorrhage, massive bleeding from the uterus and colon, large and extensive thromboses of the deep vessels in the abdomen and pelvis and severe haemoptysis. One patient died suddenly at the age of 20 years from pulmonary thromboembolism and thrombosis within the deep vessels of the vascular malformation. The youngest patient underwent a leg amputation to remove the huge vascular malformation due to the major risk of complications and lack of limb function. Three of the patients underwent anticoagulation treatment and showed improvement in their coagulopathy. CONCLUSIONS It is essential that patients with extensive SFM have their coagulation screened regularly to detect intravascular coagulopathy. This may progress to disseminated vascular coagulopathy and a serious risk of thrombosis and haemorrhage. Such patients require early anticoagulation in an attempt to prevent these secondary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1 3JH, UK.
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Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Wilson LC, Mohammed S, Smallwood D, Shackleton S, Atherton DJ, Harper JI. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: clinical findings in three patients carrying the G608G mutation in LMNA and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:1308-14. [PMID: 17459035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare premature ageing disorder that belongs to a group of conditions called laminopathies which affect nuclear lamins. Classical and atypical forms of HGPS have been reported and there are clinical overlaps with mandibulo-acral dysplasia and restrictive dermopathy. To date, mutations in two genes, LMNA and ZMPSTE24, have been found in patients with HGPS. The p.G608G LMNA mutation is the most commonly reported mutation. Correlations between genotype and phenotype in children with progeroid syndromes are beginning to emerge. OBJECTIVES To establish whether the LMNA p.G608G mutation is associated with a particular phenotype of HGPS. METHODS We reviewed the clinical features and skin histology of three children with HGPS associated with the p.G608G LMNA mutation, and compared our findings with those reported in the literature. RESULTS Our patients shared a very similar presentation and clinical course. Skin changes were the earliest finding in all three. Skin histology showed nonspecific changes only. CONCLUSIONS The LMNA p.G608G mutation results in a uniform phenotype through early to mid-childhood, in keeping with that described in classical HGPS. Skin changes are the earliest distinctive clinical finding and should prompt careful physical and radiological examination for other features of HGPS. Skin biopsy for histology is not a useful investigation when a diagnosis of HGPS is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, UK.
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Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Bitoun E, Chevrant-Breton J, Man SYK, Bodemer C, Prins C, Antille C, Saurat JH, Atherton D, Harper JI, Kelsell DP, Hovnanian A. Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome: disease expression and spectrum of connexin 26 (GJB2) mutations in 14 patients. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:1015-9. [PMID: 17381453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the association of skin lesions, hearing loss and vascularizing keratitis. KID syndrome is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the connexin 26 gene (GJB2). OBJECTIVES To establish whether there is a correlation between genotype and phenotype in KID syndrome. METHODS Clinical examination and molecular analysis of GJB2 were performed in a cohort of 14 patients with KID syndrome originating from 11 families. We also reviewed the 23 cases with molecular analysis previously reported in the literature. RESULTS The patients displayed the classical signs of KID syndrome with the additional finding of inflammatory nodules in six patients (43%); this clinical finding has not been described previously in the literature. One patient presented at the age of 18 years with a fatal carcinoma of the tongue, an extremely rare reported complication. For seven of the 11 families (64%) the disease was sporadic, whereas it was familial in the remaining four families (36%). Twelve patients (86%) were heterozygous for the p.Asp50Asn mutation and two patients (14%) were heterozygous for the p.Ser17Phe mutation. Surprisingly, a family in which we personally examined the healthy parents had two affected children heterozygous for the p.Asp50Asn mutation, suggesting germinal mosaicism. Compared with patients with the p.Asp50Asn mutation, the two patients with the p.Ser17Phe mutation had more severe skin involvement. One of these two patients experienced a carcinoma of the tongue. CONCLUSIONS Familial cases appear to be more frequent than reported in the literature. The possibility of germinal mosaicism must be taken into account for genetic counselling. This study also suggests that patients with the p.Ser17Phe mutation may have a more severe phenotype and could be at higher risk for tongue carcinoma.
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Abstract
This paper reviews four serine protease inhibitors and three protease gene defects that are associated with allergic conditions, suggesting an important role for these genes and their products in the development of allergy. Serine protease inhibitors may have a therapeutic potential in the treatment of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Smith
- Bond University Medical School, Robina, Australia
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Berth-Jones J, Arkwright PD, Marasovic D, Savani N, Aldridge CR, Leech SN, Morgan C, Clark SM, Ogilvie S, Chopra S, Harper JI, Smith CH, Rook GAW, Friedmann PS. Killed Mycobacterium vaccae suspension in children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:1115-21. [PMID: 16961710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hygiene hypothesis is often proposed to explain the high prevalence of atopy in the western world. Dysregulation of the immune system may result from inadequate exposure to micro-organisms such as mycobacteria. A small trial suggested that a killed extract of Mycobacterium vaccae ameliorates atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVES To confirm in a large clinical trial whether killed M. vaccae ameliorates AD in 5-16-year-old children. METHODS This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-centre study of the effect of intradermal injection of killed M. vaccae (0.1 or 1 mg) on patients, aged 5-16, with moderate-to-severe AD. Patients were followed up for 24 weeks. The primary end point was the change in severity of AD at 12 weeks, assessed using the six area, six-sign, atopic dermatitis (SASSAD) score. Secondary end points included changes in disease extent, patient's global assessment and children's dermatology life quality index. RESULTS There were 166 patients randomized. The mean SASSAD score fell to a similar degree at week 12 in all treatment arms: from 33 to 24, (26%) in the high-dose group, from 30 to 23 (25%) in the low-dose group and from 36 to 27 (24%) in the placebo group (P>0.05). Secondary end points followed the same trend. Adverse events were generally those expected to occur in this population. Injection site reactions occurred in 32 patients at week 4. CONCLUSIONS M. vaccae was no more effective than the placebo in ameliorating the severity of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berth-Jones
- Department of Dermatology, George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, UK.
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Weibel L, Sampaio MC, Visentin MT, Howell KJ, Woo P, Harper JI. Evaluation of methotrexate and corticosteroids for the treatment of localized scleroderma (morphoea) in children. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155:1013-20. [PMID: 17034534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localized scleroderma (LS) or morphoea is often considered to be a benign self-limiting condition confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. However, the course of the disease is unpredictable and severe functional and cosmetic disability may result. Drug treatment with systemic corticosteroids in combination with methotrexate has been reported to be beneficial in LS, but data in children is limited. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of systemic corticosteroids in combination with methotrexate in children with LS. METHODS Treatment and outcome of 34 patients with LS were retrospectively analysed. Pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone was given, followed by oral prednisolone on a reducing regimen and maintenance treatment with methotrexate. We assessed treatment outcome clinically and by thermography and monitored adverse events. RESULTS From the onset of treatment, the disease stopped progressing in 94% of the patients. All patients demonstrated significant clinical improvement within a mean time of 5.7 +/- 3.9 months. Mean duration of follow-up over the treatment period and beyond was 2.9 +/- 2.0 years. In 16 (47%) patients therapy was discontinued when the disease was considered to be inactive clinically; however, seven (44%) of the 16 developed a relapse, necessitating repeat treatment. At last follow-up (range 0.2-7.0 years), 24 (71%) of the 34 patients had completely inactive disease. Observed adverse events were moderate and transient and no patient had to stop therapy. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that systemic corticosteroids and methotrexate in combination are beneficial and well tolerated in the treatment of children with LS. Because of the risk of relapse after discontinuing therapy, long-term monitoring is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Weibel
- Paediatric Rheumatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive immunohistochemical staining for glucose transporter-1 protein (GLUT1) is a characteristic of cutaneous infantile haemangiomas. OBJECTIVES To examine GLUT1 expression in subglottic haemangiomas. METHODS Review of clinical notes and biopsy tissue with immunostaining for GLUT1 in 14 patients with subglottic haemangiomas. RESULTS GLUT1 immunostaining was negative in 11 cases, and focally positive in three. No subglottic haemangiomas demonstrated the intense diffuse positive GLUT1 staining seen in cutaneous infantile haemangiomas. Five patients had cutaneous as well as subglottic haemangiomas, one of whom had a GLUT1-negative subglottic haemangioma and a GLUT1-positive cutaneous haemangioma of the lip. CONCLUSIONS Subglottic haemangiomas appear immunohistochemically different from cutaneous infantile haemangiomas, which may reflect differences in endothelial cell differentiation or underlying aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Purvis
- Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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Brouillard P, Ghassibé M, Penington A, Boon LM, Dompmartin A, Temple IK, Cordisco M, Adams D, Piette F, Harper JI, Syed S, Boralevi F, Taïeb A, Danda S, Baselga E, Enjolras O, Mulliken JB, Vikkula M. Four common glomulin mutations cause two thirds of glomuvenous malformations ("familial glomangiomas"): evidence for a founder effect. J Med Genet 2006; 42:e13. [PMID: 15689436 PMCID: PMC1735996 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.024174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomuvenous malformation (GVM) ("familial glomangioma") is a localised cutaneous vascular lesion histologically characterised by abnormal smooth muscle-like "glomus cells" in the walls of distended endothelium lined channels. Inheritable GVM has been linked to chromosome 1p21-22 and is caused by truncating mutations in glomulin. A double hit mutation was identified in one lesion. This finding suggests that GVM results from complete localised loss of function and explains the paradominant mode of inheritance. OBJECTIVE To report on the identification of a mutation in glomulin in 23 additional families with GVM. RESULTS Three mutations are new; the others have been described previously. Among the 17 different inherited mutations in glomulin known up to now in 43 families, the 157delAAGAA mutation is the most common and was present in 21 families (48.8%). Mutation 108C-->A was found in five families (11.8%), and the mutations 554delA+556delCCT and 1179delCAA were present together in two families (4.7% each). Polymorphic markers suggested a founder effect for all four mutations. CONCLUSIONS Screening for these mutations should lead to a genetic diagnosis in about 70% of patients with inherited GVM. So far, a mutation in glomulin has been found in all GVM families tested, thus demonstrating locus homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brouillard
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
We report a 7-year-old boy who presented with a facial haemangioma, a circumscribed depression over the sternum, coarctation of the aorta, ventricular septal defect and dysplastic cerebral arteries responsible for an episode of acute infarct. This combination of clinical features has been described as the sternal malformation/vascular dysplasia syndrome or PHACES syndrome. At the age of 5 years, lines of hypopigmentation were noted on the right arm, the right hand and the back, along the lines of Blaschko, with no history of any preceding inflammatory changes, and have persisted unchanged. These pigmentary changes have not previously been reported in association with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Ryan FS, Mason C, Harper JI. Ectodermal dysplasia--an unusual dental presentation. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006; 30:55-7. [PMID: 16302601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a rare group of disorders affecting the hair, teeth, nails and sweat glands to a variable degree. There is a wide range of clinical presentation of ED. Missing teeth or abnormal tooth form may be the first indicator of the presence of the disorder. There is typically hypodontia with microdontia. We present an unusual case of ED with severe hypodontia and macrodontia affecting all first permanent molar teeth. We also consider the classification and presentation of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Ryan
- Dental and Maxillofacial Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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Katugampola RP, Finlay AY, Harper JI, Dojcinov S, Maughan TS. Primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder following cardiac transplantation in a 15-year-old boy with Netherton's syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:1041-6. [PMID: 16225622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (PCTCLDs) are uncommon in organ transplant recipients. CD30+ PCTCLDs are rare in children and have not previously been reported following organ transplantation. We report a 15-year-old boy with Netherton's syndrome who developed CD30+ PCTCLD 6 years following a cardiac transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Katugampola
- Welsh Institute of Dermatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
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Abstract
We report a 12-year-old boy with dental, auricular, nasolacrimal duct and unique eyelid anomalies as well as cribriform scrotal atrophy. We believe this is the first description of such a case, although many of the features fit within the spectrum of the ankyloblepharon/ectodermal dysplasia/clefting (AEC) syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Hill
- Consultant Ophthalmologist, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
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Ong C, O'Toole EA, Ghali L, Malone M, Smith VV, Callard R, Harper JI. LEKTI demonstrable by immunohistochemistry of the skin: a potential diagnostic skin test for Netherton syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:1253-7. [PMID: 15606522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by ichthyosiform erythroderma, trichorrhexis invaginata and atopic manifestations. Confirming the diagnosis may be difficult in the early stages. Mutations in the SPINK5 gene which encodes for the serine protease inhibitor LEKTI are associated with NS. These mutations create premature termination codons which result in absent or abnormal expression of LEKTI in patients with NS. OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of LEKTI in the skin of patients with NS in comparison with normal controls and patients with other skin conditions, namely atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on skin sections from four patients with NS, four normal controls, four with atopic dermatitis, two with psoriasis and two with nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma, using a primary rabbit polyclonal antibody against LEKTI. RESULTS LEKTI was localized to the stratum granulosum in normal skin. All four skin sections from patients with NS showed absent or very reduced staining for LEKTI. Staining in the other disorders showed positive LEKTI expression in varying patterns. CONCLUSIONS NS can be difficult to diagnose especially in the early stage, which can lead to inappropriate treatments particularly if it is misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis. Immunohistochemistry of skin with an antibody against LEKTI is a potentially useful diagnostic test for NS.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Hair/abnormalities
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Congenital/diagnosis
- Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Congenital/genetics
- Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Congenital/metabolism
- Ichthyosis, Lamellar/diagnosis
- Ichthyosis, Lamellar/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory
- Psoriasis/diagnosis
- Psoriasis/metabolism
- Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal-Type 5
- Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/metabolism
- Skin/metabolism
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ong
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford Street, London WC1N 1EH, U.K.
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Abstract
AIMS To propose a classification system for periocular haemangiomas based on ultrasound evaluation. METHODS Retrospective review of ultrasound images from children seen in the authors' unit with periocular haemangiomas. Static ultrasound images from 50 patients with periocular haemangiomas were reviewed as identified from a computerised database. Each haemangioma ultrasound image was classified into three categories: (1) preseptal only; (2) preseptal + extraconal; (3) preseptal + extraconal + intraconal. These were compared with the categories given to each patient at first presentation after dynamic scanning. RESULTS Classification was possible from the static images in 44 (88%) cases. Of those classified 20 (45%) were preseptal only; 17 (39%) were preseptal + extraconal, and seven (16%) had an additional intraconal component. The classification in all 44 cases was the same as that given at the time of presentation. In the small number of cases which went to surgery or had neuroimaging, the ultrasound classification was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound classification was not difficult to perform and no child needed sedation or general anaesthesia for this exam. Ultrasound anatomical classification is an important first step in determining appropriate treatment of periocular haemangiomas. The authors present what they believe to be the first such classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J C Bowman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Abstract
Several ectodermal dysplasia syndromes have been shown to result from mutations in the gene that encodes the transcription factor p63. We describe an 11-year-old boy, with clinically normal parents, who had a developmental disorder that resembled EEC (ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia-clefting) syndrome (OMIM 604292). He had ectrodactyly and missing middle fingers bilaterally, onychodysplasia, hypodontia with missing teeth, hypohidrosis and lacrimal duct obstruction. DNA sequencing disclosed a heterozygous G-->A substitution at nucleotide 893, that converts an arginine residue (CGA) to glutamine (CAA), the mutation being designated R298Q. This mutation occurs within the DNA-binding domain of p63, and is close to many of the published EEC syndrome mutations. However, R298Q has been described once previously in a large German pedigree, not with EEC syndrome, but another ectodermal dysplasia disorder, ADULT (acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth) syndrome (OMIM 103285). Further clinical assessment in our patient revealed that, apart from not having cleft lip and/or palate, he had an exfoliative dermatitis of his hands and feet, and some freckling on his face and shoulders. Collectively, these features support a diagnosis of ADULT syndrome. This study has identified a specific genotype-phenotype correlation in a rare ectodermal dysplasia syndrome and the findings are useful in improving genetic counselling in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chan
- Genetic Skin Disease Group, St John's Institute of Dermatology, The Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Proteus syndrome (PS) is a complex hamartomatous disorder defined by local overgrowth (macrodactyly or hemihypertrophy), subcutaneous tumours and various bone, cutaneous and/or vascular anomalies (VA). VA are manifold in PS, but their prevalence is unknown so far. In order to further characterize PS, we studied the prevalence of VA in 22 PS patients presenting to our outpatient clinic and reviewed 100 PS patients previously reported between 1983 and 2001. The diagnosis of vascular abnormalities was made on clinical grounds and supported with imaging studies and/or histology in 12 and seven patients out of 22, respectively. Thirty-five VA were identified in 22/22 (100%) of our patients, and more than one type of VA were present in 10 of them. Vascular tumours, portwine stains (PWS), and venous anomalies (varicosities, prominent veins) were equally common. A total of 118 VA were previously reported in 70/100 (70%) PS patients; vascular hamartomas were more prevalent (56/118 = 47.5%), whilst PWS (21.2%) and venous anomalies (22.9%) were slightly less common than in our series, but there is the possibility of under-reporting. Unlike Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, where VA are mostly confined to the hypertrophic limb, major arteriovenous anomalies are rare, and - similar to the other hamartomas and naevi observed in PS (pigmentary naevi, epidermal naevi, subcutaneous tumours, exostoses) - VA appear to be distributed at random sites on the body. We conclude that VA are among the most common findings in PS. Their varying type and distribution lend further support to the concept of somatic mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Hoeger
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
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29
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Abstract
Involvement of the oral mucosa in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is uncommon and is usually associated with a poor prognosis (the majority of patients dying from the disease within 3 years of the diagnosis of oral involvement). We report the first case of intraoral mycosis fungoides occurring in a child. In addition, our patient has had intraoral disease for 3 years and is currently systemically well with no evidence of cutaneous or systemic disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wain
- Skin Tumour Unit, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P S Mortimer
- Department of Dermatology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - J I Harper
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London,
UK
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32
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Abstract
This paper details a UK consensus conference held in London in April 2000 to establish guidelines for the use of cyclosporin A for atopic dermatitis in children. It should be reserved for the severest refractory atopic dermatitis. In view of its potential toxicity, careful monitoring is mandatory, in particular blood pressure and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Harper
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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33
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Walley AJ, Chavanas S, Moffatt MF, Esnouf RM, Ubhi B, Lawrence R, Wong K, Abecasis GR, Jones EY, Harper JI, Hovnanian A, Cookson WO. Gene polymorphism in Netherton and common atopic disease. Nat Genet 2001; 29:175-8. [PMID: 11544479 DOI: 10.1038/ng728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma are characterized by IgE-mediated atopic (allergic) responses to common proteins (allergens), many of which are proteinases. Loci influencing atopy have been localized to a number of chromosomal regions, including the chromosome 5q31 cytokine cluster. Netherton disease is a rare recessive skin disorder in which atopy is a universal accompaniment. The gene underlying Netherton disease (SPINK5) encodes a 15-domain serine proteinase inhibitor (LEKTI) which is expressed in epithelial and mucosal surfaces and in the thymus. We have identified six coding polymorphisms in SPINK5 (Table 1) and found that a Glu420-->Lys variant shows significant association with atopy and AD in two independent panels of families. Our results implicate a previously unrecognized pathway for the development of common allergic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Walley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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34
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Abstract
We report three children who had multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with cutaneous involvement and subsequently developed juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). JXG appeared 3--6 years after the initial manifestation of LCH. JXG lesions, which presented as yellowish papules, revealed typical Touton giant cells and were factor XIIIa positive but S100 and CD1a negative. Non-LCH histiocyte disorders, such as JXG, are known to occur as a reaction to a variety of external stimuli such as infection and trauma. It is therefore conceivable that the inflammatory reaction associated with LCH may have precipitated the development of JXG in our patients. Alternatively, one could speculate that this association might be due to a common histogenetic precursor of the cell types involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Hoeger
- Department of Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK.
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35
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36
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37
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Abstract
We review the immunology of atopic dermatitis (AD) and focus attention on the role of cutaneous dendritic cells. AD is a complex immune-mediated skin disorder characterized by the recruitment of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the skin. T-helper (Th) 2-type cytokines are dominant in acute AD skin, while both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines are present in chronic AD. Cutaneous dendritic cells, which are present in increased numbers within AD skin, are believed to play a key part in the activation of T cells in the skin. They may also help to determine the pattern of cytokines produced by activated effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Banfield
- Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1 3JH, U.K.
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38
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Abstract
The clinical differential diagnosis of erythroderma plus immunodeficiency and failure to thrive in neonates includes graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), Omenn's syndrome (OS), and Netherton's syndrome (NS). In addition to immunological investigations, skin biopsy is an important part of the diagnostic work-up. We reviewed biopsies from 25 patients that were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Histopathology at Great Ormond Street, of which 9 were OS, 11 were GVHD, and 5 were NS. Five patients had two biopsy specimens. Both OS and GVHD show dyskeratosis and basal vacuolation. OS always shows acanthosis and almost always parakeratosis. GVHD shows a flat epidermis and rarely parakeratosis. OS and GVHD can be distinguished after immunohistochemistry for LCA and CD68 by the relative proportions of lymphocytes and macrophages in the dermal infiltrate (predominantly lymphocytes in OS, relatively more macrophages in GVHD). Skin biopsy diagnosis of OS is difficult before 6 weeks of age because the features are poorly developed. NS can be distinguished by psoriasiform acanthosis, thickening of the basement membrane, prominent dermal blood vessels, absence of dyskeratosis, and basal layer vacuolation, and a dermal infiltrate in which lymphocytes and macrophages are equally represented. Thus, the main difference between GVHD and OS is in the proportion of lymphocytes and macrophages in the infiltrate on immunohistochemical staining for LCA and CD68, while OS and NS may be distinguished on H&E morphology alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Scheimberg
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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39
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Cookson WO, Ubhi B, Lawrence R, Abecasis GR, Walley AJ, Cox HE, Coleman R, Leaves NI, Trembath RC, Moffatt MF, Harper JI. Genetic linkage of childhood atopic dermatitis to psoriasis susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2001; 27:372-3. [PMID: 11279517 DOI: 10.1038/86867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out a genome screen for atopic dermatitis (AD) and have identified linkage to AD on chromosomes 1q21, 17q25 and 20p. These regions correspond closely with known psoriasis loci, as does a previously identified AD locus on chromosome 3q21. The results indicate that AD is influenced by genes with general effects on dermal inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Cookson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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40
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41
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Corden LD, Mellerio JE, Gratian MJ, Eady RA, Harper JI, Lacour M, Magee G, Lane EB, McGrath JA, McLean WH. Homozygous nonsense mutation in helix 2 of K14 causes severe recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Hum Mutat 2000; 11:279-85. [PMID: 9554744 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)11:4<279::aid-humu5>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have studied a consanguineous family containing two children with severe, generalized epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). Electron microscopy of skin biopsies from the affected individuals showed that basal keratinocytes were devoid of tonofilament bundles, although some single intermediate filament were visible. Genetic linkage analysis with the microsatellite probe D12S96 excluded the type II keratin gene cluster in this family. However, homozygosity by descent was observed with the polymorphic probes KRT9, KRT10 Ava II, and D17S1787 in both affected children, consistent with a recessive defect in a type I keratin. Immunoreactivity to keratin K5 and K15 was normal, but monoclonal antibodies LL001 and RCK107 against K14 showed no staining, suggesting a deficiency of K14 in these individuals. mRNA extracted from biopsy material was amplified by RT-PCR to obtain full-length K14 cDNA. Direct automated sequencing identified a homozygous nonsense mutation, W305X. A Hinf I restriction enzyme site is created by this nucleotide transition, which was used to confirm the presence of the mutation in this kindred and exclude it from 100 normal chromosomes. This is the fourth kindred with severe recessive EBS for whom a mutation has been found in the K14 gene. In this instance, the premature termination codon is the farthest downstream of the reported cases, occurring in the helix 2 domain and so giving a much longer translation product. Nevertheless, the heterozygous carriers are unaffected by the disease and display no epidermal fragility. We postulate that translation of the potentially dominant-negative truncated K14 might be down-regulated due to instability of the mutant mRNA, as observed in previous cases with similar mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Corden
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, UK
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42
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Skin lesions in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) are often painful and difficult to treat. Topical application of nitrogen mustard (0.02% mechlorethamine hydrochloride, mustine), an alkylating cytostatic agent, has been shown to be effective. There is, however, concern about potentially harmful long term side effects. STUDY DESIGN In a retrospective study 20 children with LCH (average extent of initial skin involvement: 16.4% body surface) were followed up for an average of 8.3 years after completion of topical mustine therapy. They had received a total of 34 courses (mean duration 14.2 weeks) of topical mustine. Disease status on follow up was assessed according to the Histiocyte Society classification. RESULTS After mustine was introduced, 16 patients were able to discontinue systemic steroids and/or chemotherapy. Topical mustine was well tolerated in 18 patients, but two developed irritant dermatitis. On follow up, the disease was inactive in 10 patients. Among the children with active disease, six had mild skin disease and four had progressive disease, two of them with skin lesions unresponsive to mustine treatment. Scars confined to areas of formerly active skin disease were found in six patients. There was no evidence of premalignant or malignant skin disease in the treated areas. CONCLUSION Topical mustine is an effective and safe treatment for skin disease in most children with LCH. Residual scarring was probably a result of the disease itself rather than to mustine. Although no evidence of skin cancer was found in this study, continued long term follow up is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Hoeger
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK.
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43
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Chavanas S, Bodemer C, Rochat A, Hamel-Teillac D, Ali M, Irvine AD, Bonafé JL, Wilkinson J, Taïeb A, Barrandon Y, Harper JI, de Prost Y, Hovnanian A. Mutations in SPINK5, encoding a serine protease inhibitor, cause Netherton syndrome. Nat Genet 2000; 25:141-2. [PMID: 10835624 DOI: 10.1038/75977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe here eleven different mutations in SPINK5, encoding the serine protease inhibitor LEKTI, in 13 families with Netherton syndrome (NS, MIM256500). Most of these mutations predict premature termination codons. These results disclose a critical role of SPINK5 in epidermal barrier function and immunity, and suggest a new pathway for high serum IgE levels and atopic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chavanas
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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44
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Abstract
We report a 3-year-old girl with a 12-month history of an acquired lipoatrophy that was rapidly progressive. Her karyotype revealed additional material on chromosome 10 at the 10q26 location. The human pancreatic lipase gene maps to chromosome 10q24-26, and we postulate an association. Lipoatrophic panniculitis describes the panniculitides in which atrophy is a feature. The classification of these diseases is confusing in the literature and the precise diagnosis still relies on a combination of clinical and laboratory assessment. Our finding of a chromosomal abnormality on chromosome 10q26 has not been described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martinez
- Departments of Dermatology, Histopathology and Cytogenetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, U.K
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45
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Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Shah N, Atherton D, Harper JI, Milla P, Winter RM. Radial aplasia, poikiloderma and auto-immune enterocolitis--new syndrome or severe form of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome? Clin Dysmorphol 2000; 9:79-85. [PMID: 10826616 DOI: 10.1097/00019605-200009020-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A syndrome is described in three isolated patients in whom the main features are bilateral radial aplasia, short stature, an inflammatory based 'elastic' pyloric stenosis, a pan-enteric inflammatory gut disorder that appears to be due to an autoimmune process, and poikiloderma. Other features in individual cases include cleft palate, micrognathia, anal atresia, patellar aplasia/hypoplasia and sensorineural deafness. This combination may represent a severe form of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome or possibly a previously unrecognized condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hilhorst-Hofstee
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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46
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Harper JI, Ahmed I, Barclay G, Lacour M, Hoeger P, Cork MJ, Finlay AY, Wilson NJ, Graham-Brown RA, Sowden JM, Beard AL, Sumner MJ, Berth-Jones J. Cyclosporin for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: short course versus continuous therapy. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142:52-8. [PMID: 10651694 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin (CyA) has been shown to be highly effective and well tolerated in the short-term treatment of severe childhood atopic dermatitis; however, there is limited experience in its longer-term use. The aim of this study was to compare multiple short courses of CyA with continuous therapy for 1 year, with respect to efficacy, safety, tolerability and quality of life. Children aged 2-16 years, with a diagnosis of severe atopic dermatitis refractory to topical steroid therapy, were randomly assigned to receive short course therapy (multiple courses of 12 weeks) or continuous therapy. The starting dose and maximum dose for all patients was 5 mg/kg per day. Disease activity was monitored using the Six Area Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis score and the 'Rule of Nines' area score. Pruritus, sleep disturbance and irritability were measured using visual analogue scales, and topical therapy was monitored. Safety measurements included monitoring of serum creatinine, blood pressure and adverse events. Forty patients were included in the efficacy analysis, 21 of whom were randomized to the short course group (of whom six were withdrawn) and 19 to the continuous group (of whom five were withdrawn). Significant improvements were seen in all efficacy parameters at every time-point. There were no significant differences between groups, although the improvement was more consistent in the continuous arm. In the short course arm, 7 out of 21 patients could be managed by at least two short courses. The remaining 14 patients includes 12 who could not be controlled by at least two short courses, one patient who failed to return after week 12 and another patient who was withdrawn at week 4 due to an adverse event. Quality of life improved for both the children and their families. Tolerability was considered good or very good in at least 80% of the patients at week 12 and at the end of the study. No clinically significant change was seen in mean serum creatinine and no change was seen in mean blood pressure in either group. CyA is effective in controlling severe atopic dermatitis in children over a 1-year period and is well tolerated. More consistent control is achieved with continuous treatment; however, short course therapy was adequate for some patients, indicating that treatment should be tailored to the individual patient's needs. Short course treatment may produce prolonged remission in some cases and reduce the cumulative exposure to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Harper
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Haddad FS, Lacour M, Harper JI, Fixsen JA. The orthopaedic presentation and management of Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1999; 19:617-9. [PMID: 10488862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive neurocutaneous disorder in which the combination of spasticity, ichthyosis, and mental retardation commonly result in patients being wheelchair bound. We reviewed a cohort of children with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome who were successfully managed with early physiotherapy and later soft-tissue surgery. The favourable outcome seen in these patients should encourage orthopaedic intervention in suitable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Haddad
- Hospital for Sick Children, London, England, UK
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49
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50
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McGrath JA, Hoeger PH, Christiano AM, McMillan JR, Mellerio JE, Ashton GH, Dopping-Hepenstal PJ, Lake BD, Leigh IM, Harper JI, Eady RA. Skin fragility and hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia resulting from ablation of plakophilin 1. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140:297-307. [PMID: 10233227 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a 2-year-old boy with an unusual autosomal recessively inherited skin disease comprising trauma-induced skin fragility and congenital ectodermal dysplasia affecting hair, nails and sweat glands. Skin biopsy showed widening of intercellular spaces between keratinocytes and ultrastructural findings of small, poorly formed desmosomes with reduced connections to the keratin filament cytoskeleton. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a complete absence of staining for the accessory desmosomal plaque protein plakophilin 1 (PKP1; band 6 protein). The affected individual was a compound heterozygote for null mutations on both alleles of the PKP1 gene. Both mutations occurred within the amino terminus of PKP1, the domain which normally binds the cytoskeletal keratin filament network to the cell membrane. Apart from its localization within desmosomal plaques, PKP1 may also be present within the cytoplasm and nucleus and has putative roles in signal transduction and regulation of gene activity. The clinicopathological observations in this patient demonstrate the relevance of PKP1 to desmosome formation, cutaneous cell-cell adhesion and epidermal development and demonstrate the specific manifestations of human functional knockout mutations in this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McGrath
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology (Guy's, Kings College and St Thomas' Hospitals' Medical School), St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
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