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Abramowski A, Acero F, Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Anton G, Balenderan S, Balzer A, Barnacka A, Becherini Y, Becker Tjus J, Bernlöhr K, Birsin E, Biteau J, Bochow A, Boisson C, Bolmont J, Bordas P, Brucker J, Brun F, Brun P, Bulik T, Carrigan S, Casanova S, Cerruti M, Chadwick PM, Chaves RCG, Cheesebrough A, Colafrancesco S, Cologna G, Conrad J, Couturier C, Dalton M, Daniel MK, Davids ID, Degrange B, Deil C, deWilt P, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Domainko W, Drury LO, Dubus G, Dutson K, Dyks J, Dyrda M, Egberts K, Eger P, Espigat P, Fallon L, Farnier C, Fegan S, Feinstein F, Fernandes MV, Fernandez D, Fiasson A, Fontaine G, Förster A, Füßling M, Gajdus M, Gallant YA, Garrigoux T, Gast H, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Glück B, Göring D, Grondin MH, Häffner S, Hague JD, Hahn J, Hampf D, Harris J, Heinz S, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hillert A, Hinton JA, Hofmann W, Hofverberg P, Holler M, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, Jahn C, Jamrozy M, Jung I, Kastendieck MA, Katarzyński K, Katz U, Kaufmann S, Khélifi B, Klepser S, Klochkov D, Kluźniak W, Kneiske T, Komin N, Kosack K, Kossakowski R, Krayzel F, Krüger PP, Laffon H, Lamanna G, Lefaucheur J, Lemoine-Goumard M, Lenain JP, Lennarz D, Lohse T, Lopatin A, Lu CC, Marandon V, Marcowith A, Masbou J, Maurin G, Maxted N, Mayer M, McComb TJL, Medina MC, Méhault J, Menzler U, Moderski R, Mohamed M, Moulin E, Naumann CL, Naumann-Godo M, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nekrassov D, Nguyen N, Niemiec J, Nolan SJ, Ohm S, de Oña Wilhelmi E, Opitz B, Ostrowski M, Oya I, Panter M, Parsons RD, Paz Arribas M, Pekeur NW, Pelletier G, Perez J, Petrucci PO, Peyaud B, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Raue M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Renaud M, de Los Reyes R, Rieger F, Ripken J, Rob L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Rudak B, Rulten CB, Sahakian V, Sanchez DA, Santangelo A, Schlickeiser R, Schulz A, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Sheidaei F, Skilton JL, Sol H, Spengler G, Stawarz L, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Stinzing F, Stycz K, Sushch I, Szostek A, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tluczykont M, Trichard C, Valerius K, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Viana A, Vincent P, Völk HJ, Volpe F, Vorobiov S, Vorster M, Wagner SJ, Ward M, White R, Wierzcholska A, Wouters D, Zacharias M, Zajczyk A, Zdziarski AA, Zech A, Zechlin HS. Search for photon-linelike signatures from dark matter annihilations with H.E.S.S. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:041301. [PMID: 25166149 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.041301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-ray line signatures can be expected in the very-high-energy (E(γ)>100 GeV) domain due to self-annihilation or decay of dark matter (DM) particles in space. Such a signal would be readily distinguishable from astrophysical γ-ray sources that in most cases produce continuous spectra that span over several orders of magnitude in energy. Using data collected with the H.E.S.S. γ-ray instrument, upper limits on linelike emission are obtained in the energy range between ∼ 500 GeV and ∼ 25 TeV for the central part of the Milky Way halo and for extragalactic observations, complementing recent limits obtained with the Fermi-LAT instrument at lower energies. No statistically significant signal could be found. For monochromatic γ-ray line emission, flux limits of (2 × 10(-7) -2 × 10(-5)) m(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) and (1 × 10(-8) -2 × 10(-6)) m(-2) s(-1)sr(-1) are obtained for the central part of the Milky Way halo and extragalactic observations, respectively. For a DM particle mass of 1 TeV, limits on the velocity-averaged DM annihilation cross section ⟨σv⟩(χχ → γγ) reach ∼ 10(-27) cm(3)s(-1), based on the Einasto parametrization of the Galactic DM halo density profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abramowski
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Acero
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - F Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany and Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland and National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Armenia, Yerevan
| | - A G Akhperjanian
- National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Armenia, Yerevan and Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - G Anton
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Balenderan
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - A Balzer
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany and Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - A Barnacka
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ulica Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland and CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Y Becherini
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K Bernlöhr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany and Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Birsin
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Biteau
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Bochow
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Boisson
- LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - J Bolmont
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - P Bordas
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Brucker
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Brun
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - P Brun
- CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - T Bulik
- Astronomical Observatory, The University of Warsaw, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Carrigan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Casanova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - M Cerruti
- LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - P M Chadwick
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - R C G Chaves
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany and CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Cheesebrough
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - S Colafrancesco
- School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa
| | - G Cologna
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Couturier
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - M Dalton
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany and Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - M K Daniel
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - I D Davids
- University of Namibia, Department of Physics, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - B Degrange
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Deil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P deWilt
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - H J Dickinson
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Djannati-Ataï
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - W Domainko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L O'C Drury
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - G Dubus
- UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - K Dutson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J Dyks
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ulica Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Dyrda
- Instytut Fizyki Ja̧drowej PAN, ulica Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - K Egberts
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Eger
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Espigat
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - L Fallon
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C Farnier
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - F Feinstein
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - M V Fernandes
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Fernandez
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - A Fiasson
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - G Fontaine
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Förster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Füßling
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Gajdus
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Y A Gallant
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - T Garrigoux
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - H Gast
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Giebels
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - B Glück
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Göring
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M-H Grondin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany and Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Häffner
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J D Hague
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Hahn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Hampf
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Harris
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - S Heinz
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Heinzelmann
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Henri
- UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - G Hermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Hillert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J A Hinton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - W Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Hofverberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Holler
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - D Horns
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Jacholkowska
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - C Jahn
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Jamrozy
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ulica Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - I Jung
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M A Kastendieck
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Katarzyński
- Toruń Centre for Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ulica Gagarina 11, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - U Katz
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kaufmann
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Khélifi
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - D Klochkov
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - W Kluźniak
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ulica Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Kneiske
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nu Komin
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - K Kosack
- CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - R Kossakowski
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - F Krayzel
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - P P Krüger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - H Laffon
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - G Lamanna
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - J Lefaucheur
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - M Lemoine-Goumard
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - J-P Lenain
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - D Lennarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Lohse
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Lopatin
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C-C Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Marandon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Marcowith
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - J Masbou
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - G Maurin
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - N Maxted
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - M Mayer
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - T J L McComb
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - M C Medina
- CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J Méhault
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France and Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - U Menzler
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Moderski
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ulica Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Mohamed
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Moulin
- CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - C L Naumann
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - M Naumann-Godo
- CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M de Naurois
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - D Nedbal
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - D Nekrassov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Nguyen
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Niemiec
- Instytut Fizyki Ja̧drowej PAN, ulica Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - S J Nolan
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - S Ohm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany and Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E de Oña Wilhelmi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Opitz
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Ostrowski
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ulica Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - I Oya
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Panter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R D Parsons
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Paz Arribas
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - N W Pekeur
- Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - G Pelletier
- UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - J Perez
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P-O Petrucci
- UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - B Peyaud
- CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S Pita
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - G Pühlhofer
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Punch
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - A Quirrenbach
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Raue
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Reimer
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Renaud
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - R de Los Reyes
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Rieger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Ripken
- Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Rob
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - S Rosier-Lees
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - G Rowell
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - B Rudak
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ulica Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - C B Rulten
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - V Sahakian
- National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Armenia, Yerevan and Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - D A Sanchez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Santangelo
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - R Schlickeiser
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - U Schwanke
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Schwarzburg
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Schwemmer
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Sheidaei
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - J L Skilton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Sol
- LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - G Spengler
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Stawarz
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ulica Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - R Steenkamp
- University of Namibia, Department of Physics, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - C Stegmann
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany and Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - F Stinzing
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Stycz
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - I Sushch
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Szostek
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ulica Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - J-P Tavernet
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - R Terrier
- APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - M Tluczykont
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Trichard
- Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - K Valerius
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C van Eldik
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany and Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Vasileiadis
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - C Venter
- Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - A Viana
- CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P Vincent
- LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - H J Völk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Volpe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Vorobiov
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - M Vorster
- Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - S J Wagner
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Ward
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - R White
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - A Wierzcholska
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ulica Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - D Wouters
- CEA Saclay, DSM/Irfu, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Zacharias
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A Zajczyk
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France and Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ulica Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A A Zdziarski
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ulica Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Zech
- LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - H-S Zechlin
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Abramowski A, Acero F, Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Anton G, Barnacka A, de Almeida UB, Bazer-Bachi AR, Becherini Y, Becker J, Behera B, Bernlöhr K, Bochow A, Boisson C, Bolmont J, Bordas P, Borrel V, Brucker J, Brun F, Brun P, Bulik T, Büsching I, Carrigan S, Casanova S, Cerruti M, Chadwick PM, Charbonnier A, Chaves RCG, Cheesebrough A, Chounet LM, Clapson AC, Coignet G, Conrad J, Dalton M, Daniel MK, Davids ID, Degrange B, Deil C, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Domainko W, Drury LO, Dubois F, Dubus G, Dyks J, Dyrda M, Egberts K, Eger P, Espigat P, Fallon L, Farnier C, Fegan S, Feinstein F, Fernandes MV, Fiasson A, Fontaine G, Förster A, Füssling M, Gallant YA, Gast H, Gérard L, Gerbig D, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Glück B, Goret P, Göring D, Hague JD, Hampf D, Hauser M, Heinz S, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hoffmann A, Hofmann W, Hofverberg P, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Jahn C, Jamrozy M, Jung I, Kastendieck MA, Katarzyński K, Katz U, Kaufmann S, Keogh D, Kerschhaggl M, Khangulyan D, Khélifi B, Klochkov D, Kluźniak W, Kneiske T, Komin N, Kosack K, Kossakowski R, Laffon H, Lamanna G, Lennarz D, Lohse T, Lopatin A, Lu CC, Marandon V, Marcowith A, Masbou J, Maurin D, Maxted N, McComb TJL, Medina MC, Méhault J, Moderski R, Moulin E, Naumann CL, Naumann-Godo M, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nekrassov D, Nguyen N, Nicholas B, Niemiec J, Nolan SJ, Ohm S, Olive JF, Wilhelmi EDO, Opitz B, Ostrowski M, Panter M, Arribas MP, Pedaletti G, Pelletier G, Petrucci PO, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Raue M, Rayner SM, Reimer A, Reimer O, Renaud M, de los Reyes R, Rieger F, Ripken J, Rob L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Rudak B, Rulten CB, Ruppel J, Ryde F, Sahakian V, Santangelo A, Schlickeiser R, Schöck FM, Schönwald A, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Shalchi A, Sikora M, Skilton JL, Sol H, Spengler G, Stawarz Ł, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Stinzing F, Sushch I, Szostek A, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tibolla O, Tluczykont M, Valerius K, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vialle JP, Viana A, Vincent P, Vivier M, Völk HJ, Volpe F, Vorobiov S, Vorster M, Wagner SJ, Ward M, Wierzcholska A, Zajczyk A, Zdziarski AA, Zech A, Zechlin HS. Search for a dark matter annihilation signal from the galactic center halo with H.E.S.S. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:161301. [PMID: 21599352 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.161301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A search for a very-high-energy (VHE; ≥100 GeV) γ-ray signal from self-annihilating particle dark matter (DM) is performed towards a region of projected distance r∼45-150 pc from the Galactic center. The background-subtracted γ-ray spectrum measured with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) γ-ray instrument in the energy range between 300 GeV and 30 TeV shows no hint of a residual γ-ray flux. Assuming conventional Navarro-Frenk-White and Einasto density profiles, limits are derived on the velocity-weighted annihilation cross section (σv) as a function of the DM particle mass. These are among the best reported so far for this energy range and in particular differ only little between the chosen density profile parametrizations. In particular, for the DM particle mass of ∼1 TeV, values for (σv) above 3×10(-25) cm(3) s(-1) are excluded for the Einasto density profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abramowski
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carrigan S, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Charles E, Chaty S, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Corbel S, Corbet R, DeCesar ME, den Hartog PR, Dermer CD, de Palma F, Digel SW, Donato D, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dubus G, Dumora D, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fuhrmann L, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Healey SE, Hill AB, Horan D, Hughes RE, Itoh R, Jean P, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Koerding E, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lee SH, Lemoine-Goumard M, Garde ML, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Naumann-Godo M, Nestoras I, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ripken J, Ritz S, Romani RW, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schinzel FK, Sgrò C, Shaw MS, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Sokolovsky KV, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stawarz Ł, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Tanaka Y, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wallace E, Wang P, Winer BL, Wolff MT, Wood KS, Yang Z, Ylinen T, Ziegler M, Maehara H, Nishiyama K, Kabashima F, Bach U, Bower GC, Falcone A, Forster JR, Henden A, Kawabata KS, Koubsky P, Mukai K, Nelson T, Oates SR, Sakimoto K, Sasada M, Shenavrin VI, Shore SN, Skinner GK, Sokoloski J, Stroh M, Tatarnikov AM, Uemura M, Wahlgren GM, Yamanaka M. Gamma-ray emission concurrent with the nova in the symbiotic binary V407 Cygni. Science 2010; 329:817-21. [PMID: 20705855 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Novae are thermonuclear explosions on a white dwarf surface fueled by mass accreted from a companion star. Current physical models posit that shocked expanding gas from the nova shell can produce x-ray emission, but emission at higher energies has not been widely expected. Here, we report the Fermi Large Area Telescope detection of variable gamma-ray emission (0.1 to 10 billion electron volts) from the recently detected optical nova of the symbiotic star V407 Cygni. We propose that the material of the nova shell interacts with the dense ambient medium of the red giant primary and that particles can be accelerated effectively to produce pi(0) decay gamma-rays from proton-proton interactions. Emission involving inverse Compton scattering of the red giant radiation is also considered and is not ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carrigan S, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto E Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Essig R, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Horan D, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Llena Garde M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ripken J, Ritz S, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Fermi large area telescope search for photon lines from 30 to 200 GeV and dark matter implications. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:091302. [PMID: 20366979 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.091302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dark matter (DM) particle annihilation or decay can produce monochromatic gamma rays readily distinguishable from astrophysical sources. gamma-ray line limits from 30 to 200 GeV obtained from 11 months of Fermi Large Area Space Telescope data from 20-300 GeV are presented using a selection based on requirements for a gamma-ray line analysis, and integrated over most of the sky. We obtain gamma-ray line flux upper limits in the range 0.6-4.5x10{-9} cm{-2} s{-1}, and give corresponding DM annihilation cross-section and decay lifetime limits. Theoretical implications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Acero F, Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Anton G, Barres de Almeida U, Bazer-Bachi AR, Becherini Y, Behera B, Bernlöhr K, Bochow A, Boisson C, Bolmont J, Borrel V, Brucker J, Brun F, Brun P, Bühler R, Bulik T, Büsching I, Boutelier T, Chadwick PM, Charbonnier A, Chaves RCG, Cheesebrough A, Chounet LM, Clapson AC, Coignet G, Dalton M, Daniel MK, Davids ID, Degrange B, Deil C, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Domainko W, Drury LO, Dubois F, Dubus G, Dyks J, Dyrda M, Egberts K, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Farnier C, Fegan S, Feinstein F, Fiasson A, Förster A, Fontaine G, Füßling M, Gabici S, Gallant YA, Gérard L, Gerbig D, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Glück B, Goret P, Göring D, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinz S, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hoffmann A, Hofmann W, Hofverberg P, Hoppe S, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Jahn C, Jung I, Katarzyński K, Katz U, Kaufmann S, Kerschhaggl M, Khangulyan D, Khélifi B, Keogh D, Klochkov D, Kluźniak W, Kneiske T, Komin N, Kosack K, Kossakowski R, Lamanna G, Lenain JP, Lohse T, Marandon V, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Masbou J, Maurin D, McComb TJL, Medina MC, Méhault J, Moderski R, Moulin E, Naumann-Godo M, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nekrassov D, Nicholas B, Niemiec J, Nolan SJ, Ohm S, Olive JF, Wilhelmi EDO, Orford KJ, Ostrowski M, Panter M, Arribas MP, Pedaletti G, Pelletier G, Petrucci PO, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Rayner SM, Reimer O, Renaud M, Rieger F, Ripken J, Rob L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Rudak B, Rulten CB, Ruppel J, Sahakian V, Santangelo A, Schlickeiser R, Schöck FM, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Shalchi A, Sikora M, Skilton JL, Sol H, Stawarz Ł, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Stinzing F, Superina G, Szostek A, Tam PH, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tibolla O, Tluczykont M, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Venter L, Vialle JP, Vincent P, Vivier M, Völk HJ, Volpe F, Wagner SJ, Ward M, Zdziarski AA, Zech A. Detection of Gamma Rays from a Starburst Galaxy. Science 2009; 326:1080-2. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1178826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Acero
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 70, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - F. Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 5 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A. G. Akhperjanian
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - G. Anton
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - A. R. Bazer-Bachi
- Centre d’Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Y. Becherini
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - B. Behera
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K. Bernlöhr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Bochow
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C. Boisson
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - J. Bolmont
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - V. Borrel
- Centre d’Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - J. Brucker
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F. Brun
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - P. Brun
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers/La Direction des Sciences de la Matière/Commissariat àl’Energie Atomique, CE Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - R. Bühler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T. Bulik
- Astronomical Observatory, The University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
| | - I. Büsching
- Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - T. Boutelier
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers/CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - P. M. Chadwick
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - A. Charbonnier
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - R. C. G. Chaves
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Cheesebrough
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - L.-M. Chounet
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A. C. Clapson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G. Coignet
- Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - M. Dalton
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. K. Daniel
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - I. D. Davids
- Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - B. Degrange
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - C. Deil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. J. Dickinson
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - A. Djannati-Ataï
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - W. Domainko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L. O’C. Drury
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 5 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - F. Dubois
- Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - G. Dubus
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers/CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - J. Dyks
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Dyrda
- Instytut Fizyki Jadrowej PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - K. Egberts
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Emmanoulopoulos
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P. Espigat
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - C. Farnier
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 70, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - S. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - F. Feinstein
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 70, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - A. Fiasson
- Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - A. Förster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G. Fontaine
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - M. Füßling
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Gabici
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 5 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Y. A. Gallant
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 70, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - L. Gérard
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - D. Gerbig
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - B. Giebels
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - J. F. Glicenstein
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers/La Direction des Sciences de la Matière/Commissariat àl’Energie Atomique, CE Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - B. Glück
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P. Goret
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers/La Direction des Sciences de la Matière/Commissariat àl’Energie Atomique, CE Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - D. Göring
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D. Hauser
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Hauser
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S. Heinz
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G. Heinzelmann
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Henri
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers/CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - G. Hermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. A. Hinton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A. Hoffmann
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - W. Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P. Hofverberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S. Hoppe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. Horns
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Jacholkowska
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - O. C. de Jager
- Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - C. Jahn
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - I. Jung
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K. Katarzyński
- Toruń Centre for Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 11, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - U. Katz
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S. Kaufmann
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Kerschhaggl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Khangulyan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Khélifi
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - D. Keogh
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - D. Klochkov
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - W. Kluźniak
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T. Kneiske
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nu. Komin
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers/La Direction des Sciences de la Matière/Commissariat àl’Energie Atomique, CE Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - K. Kosack
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Kossakowski
- Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - G. Lamanna
- Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - J.-P. Lenain
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - T. Lohse
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - V. Marandon
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - O. Martineau-Huynh
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - A. Marcowith
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 70, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - J. Masbou
- Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - D. Maurin
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - T. J. L. McComb
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - M. C. Medina
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - J. Méhault
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 70, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - R. Moderski
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - E. Moulin
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - M. Naumann-Godo
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - M. de Naurois
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - D. Nedbal
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, V Holesovickách 2, 180 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D. Nekrassov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Nicholas
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - J. Niemiec
- Instytut Fizyki Jadrowej PAN, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - S. J. Nolan
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S. Ohm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J-F. Olive
- Centre d’Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - E. de Oña Wilhelmi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K. J. Orford
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - M. Ostrowski
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - M. Panter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Paz Arribas
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Pedaletti
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G. Pelletier
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers/CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - P.-O. Petrucci
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers/CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - S. Pita
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - G. Pühlhofer
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. Punch
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - A. Quirrenbach
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. C. Raubenheimer
- Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - M. Raue
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- European Associated Laboratory for Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - S. M. Rayner
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - O. Reimer
- Institut für Astro und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- KIPAC Kavli Institute for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Renaud
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - F. Rieger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- European Associated Laboratory for Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - J. Ripken
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Rob
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, V Holesovickách 2, 180 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S. Rosier-Lees
- Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - G. Rowell
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - B. Rudak
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - C. B. Rulten
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - J. Ruppel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - V. Sahakian
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A. Santangelo
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - R. Schlickeiser
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - F. M. Schöck
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - U. Schwanke
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Schwarzburg
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - S. Schwemmer
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Shalchi
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Lehrstuhl IV: Weltraum und Astrophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M. Sikora
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. L. Skilton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - H. Sol
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - Ł. Stawarz
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - R. Steenkamp
- University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - C. Stegmann
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F. Stinzing
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Physikalisches Institut, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G. Superina
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A. Szostek
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers/CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - P. H. Tam
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J.-P. Tavernet
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - R. Terrier
- Astroparticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 10, rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. UMR 7164 (CNRS, Université Paris VII, CEA, Observatoire de Paris)
| | - O. Tibolla
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Tluczykont
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. van Eldik
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G. Vasileiadis
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 70, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - C. Venter
- Unit for Space Physics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - L. Venter
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - J. P. Vialle
- Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
| | - P. Vincent
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et des Hautes Energies, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, CNRS/IN2P3, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - M. Vivier
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers/La Direction des Sciences de la Matière/Commissariat àl’Energie Atomique, CE Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - H. J. Völk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F. Volpe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S. J. Wagner
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Ward
- University of Durham, Department of Physics, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - A. A. Zdziarski
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Zech
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
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Acciari VA, Aliu E, Arlen T, Bautista M, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Bradbury SM, Buckley JH, Bugaev V, Butt Y, Byrum K, Cannon A, Celik O, Cesarini A, Chow YC, Ciupik L, Cogan P, Cui W, Dickherber R, Fegan SJ, Finley JP, Fortin P, Fortson L, Furniss A, Gall D, Gillanders GH, Grube J, Guenette R, Gyuk G, Hanna D, Holder J, Horan D, Hui CM, Humensky TB, Imran A, Kaaret P, Karlsson N, Kieda D, Kildea J, Konopelko A, Krawczynski H, Krennrich F, Lang MJ, LeBohec S, Maier G, McCann A, McCutcheon M, Millis J, Moriarty P, Ong RA, Otte AN, Pandel D, Perkins JS, Petry D, Pohl M, Quinn J, Ragan K, Reyes LC, Reynolds PT, Roache E, Roache E, Rose HJ, Schroedter M, Sembroski GH, Smith AW, Swordy SP, Theiling M, Toner JA, Varlotta A, Vincent S, Wakely SP, Ward JE, Weekes TC, Weinstein A, Williams DA, Wissel S, Wood M, Walker RC, Davies F, Hardee PE, Junor W, Ly C, Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Anton G, Barres de Almeida U, Bazer-Bachi AR, Becherini Y, Behera B, Bernlöhr K, Bochow A, Boisson C, Bolmont J, Borrel V, Brucker J, Brun F, Brun P, Bühler R, Bulik T, Büsching I, Boutelier T, Chadwick PM, Charbonnier A, Chaves RCG, Cheesebrough A, Chounet LM, Clapson AC, Coignet G, Dalton M, Daniel MK, Davids ID, Degrange B, Deil C, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Domainko W, Drury LO, Dubois F, Dubus G, Dyks J, Dyrda M, Egberts K, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Farnier C, Feinstein F, Fiasson A, Förster A, Fontaine G, Füssling M, Gabici S, Gallant YA, Gérard L, Gerbig D, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Glück B, Goret P, Göhring D, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinz S, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hoffmann A, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Hoppe S, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Jahn C, Jung I, Katarzyński K, Katz U, Kaufmann S, Kendziorra E, Kerschhaggl M, Khangulyan D, Khélifi B, Keogh D, Kluźniak W, Kneiske T, Komin N, Kosack K, Lamanna G, Lenain JP, Lohse T, Marandon V, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Maurin D, McComb TJL, Medina MC, Moderski R, Moulin E, Naumann-Godo M, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nekrassov D, Nicholas B, Niemiec J, Nolan SJ, Ohm S, Olive JF, de Oña Wilhelmi E, Orford KJ, Ostrowski M, Panter M, Paz Arribas M, Pedaletti G, Pelletier G, Petrucci PO, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Rayner SM, Renaud M, Rieger F, Ripken J, Rob L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Rudak B, Rulten CB, Ruppel J, Sahakian V, Santangelo A, Schlickeiser R, Schöck FM, Schröder R, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Shalchi A, Sikora M, Skilton JL, Sol H, Spangler D, Stawarz Ł, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Stinzing F, Superina G, Szostek A, Tam PH, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tibolla O, Tluczykont M, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Venter L, Vialle JP, Vincent P, Vivier M, Völk HJ, Volpe F, Wagner SJ, Ward M, Zdziarski AA, Zech A, Anderhub H, Antonelli LA, Antoranz P, Backes M, Baixeras C, Balestra S, Barrio JA, Bastieri D, Becerra González J, Becker JK, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bernardini E, Biland A, Bock RK, Bonnoli G, Bordas P, Borla Tridon D, Bosch-Ramon V, Bose D, Braun I, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Costado MT, Covino S, Curtef V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Cea del Pozo E, Delgado Mendez C, De los Reyes R, De Lotto B, De Maria M, De Sabata F, Dominguez A, Dorner D, Doro M, Elsaesser D, Errando M, Ferenc D, Fernández E, Firpo R, Fonseca MV, Font L, Galante N, García López RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Goebel F, Hadasch D, Hayashida M, Herrero A, Hildebrand D, Höhne-Mönch D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Jogler T, Kranich D, La Barbera A, Laille A, Leonardo E, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, López M, Lorenz E, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mankuzhiyil N, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Mazin D, Meucci M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Miyamoto H, Moldón J, Moles M, Moralejo A, Nieto D, Nilsson K, Ninkovic J, Oya I, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pegna RG, Perez-Torres MA, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Prada F, Prandini E, Puchades N, Reichardt I, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Rissi M, Robert A, Rügamer S, Saggion A, Saito TY, Salvati M, Sanchez-Conde M, Satalecka K, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shore SN, Sidro N, Sierpowska-Bartosik A, Sillanpää A, Sitarek J, Sobczynska D, Spanier F, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Wagner RM, Zabalza V, Zandanel F, Zanin R, Zapatero J. Radio Imaging of the Very-High-Energy γ-Ray Emission Region in the Central Engine of a Radio Galaxy. Science 2009; 325:444-8. [PMID: 19574351 DOI: 10.1126/science.1175406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Barres de Almeida U, Bazer-Bachi AR, Becherini Y, Behera B, Benbow W, Bernlöhr K, Boisson C, Bochow A, Borrel V, Braun I, Brion E, Brucker J, Brun P, Brucker R, Bulik T, Büsching I, Boutelier T, Carrigan S, Chadwick PM, Charbonnier A, Chaves RCG, Cheesebrough A, Chounet LM, Clapson AC, Coignet G, Costamante L, Dalton M, Degrange B, Deil C, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Domainko W, Drury LO, Dubois F, Dubus G, Dyks J, Dyrda M, Egberts K, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Farnier C, Feinstein F, Fiasson A, Fontaine G, Füsling M, Gabici S, Gallant YA, Gérard L, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Glück B, Goret P, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinz S, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hoffmann A, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Hoppe S, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Jung I, Katarzyński K, Kaufmann S, Kendziorra E, Kerschhaggl M, Khangulyan D, Khélifi B, Keogh D, Komin N, Kosack K, Lamanna G, Lenain JP, Lohse T, Marandon V, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Maurin D, McComb TJL, Medina C, Moderski R, Moulin E, Naumann-Godo M, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nekrassov D, Niemiec J, Nolan SJ, Ohm S, Olive JF, de Oña Wilhelmi E, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ostrowski M, Panter M, Pedaletti G, Pelletier G, Petrucci PO, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Rayner SM, Renaud M, Rieger F, Ripken J, Rob L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Rudak B, Rulten CB, Ruppel J, Sahakian V, Santangelo A, Schlickeiser R, Schöck FM, Schröder R, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Shalchi A, Skilton JL, Sol H, Spangler D, Stawarz Ł, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Superina G, Tam PH, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tibolla O, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vialle JP, Vincent P, Vivier M, Völk HJ, Volpe F, Wagner SJ, Ward M, Zdziarski AA, Zech A. Energy spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons at TeV energies. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:261104. [PMID: 19437632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.261104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The very large collection area of ground-based gamma-ray telescopes gives them a substantial advantage over balloon or satellite based instruments in the detection of very-high-energy (>600 GeV) cosmic-ray electrons. Here we present the electron spectrum derived from data taken with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. In this measurement, the first of this type, we are able to extend the measurement of the electron spectrum beyond the range accessible to direct measurements. We find evidence for a substantial steepening in the energy spectrum above 600 GeV compared to lower energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Barres de Almeida U, Bazer-Bachi AR, Becherini Y, Behera B, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Bernlöhr K, Boisson C, Bochow A, Borrel V, Braun I, Brion E, Brucker J, Brun P, Bühler R, Bulik T, Büsching I, Boutelier T, Carrigan S, Chadwick PM, Charbonnier A, Chaves RCG, Chounet LM, Clapson AC, Coignet G, Costamante L, Dalton M, Degrange B, Deil C, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Domainko W, Drury LO, Dubois F, Dubus G, Dyks J, Egberts K, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Farnier C, Feinstein F, Fiasson A, Förster A, Fontaine G, Füssling M, Gabici S, Gallant YA, Gérard L, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Glück B, Goret P, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinz S, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hoffmann A, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Hoppe S, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Jung I, Katarzyński K, Kaufmann S, Kendziorra E, Kerschhaggl M, Khangulyan D, Khélifi B, Keogh D, Komin N, Kosack K, Lamanna G, Lenain JP, Lohse T, Marandon V, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Maurin D, McComb TJL, Medina C, Moderski R, Moulin E, Naumann-Godo M, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nekrassov D, Niemiec J, Nolan SJ, Ohm S, Olive JF, de Oña Wilhelmi E, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ostrowski M, Panter M, Pedaletti G, Pelletier G, Petrucci PO, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Quirrenbach A, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Rayner SM, Renaud M, Rieger F, Ripken J, Rob L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Rudak B, Ruppel J, Sahakian V, Santangelo A, Schlickeiser R, Schöck FM, Schröder R, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Shalchi A, Skilton JL, Sol H, Spangler D, Stawarz Ł, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Superina G, Tam PH, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tibolla O, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vialle JP, Vincent P, Vivier M, Völk HJ, Volpe F, Wagner SJ, Ward M, Zdziarski AA, Zech A. Limits on an energy dependence of the speed of light from a flare of the active galaxy PKS 2155-304. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:170402. [PMID: 18999724 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, several models have predicted an energy dependence of the speed of light in the context of quantum gravity. For cosmological sources such as active galaxies, this minuscule effect can add up to measurable photon-energy dependent time lags. In this Letter a search for such time lags during the High Energy Stereoscopic System observations of the exceptional very high energy flare of the active galaxy PKS 2155-304 on 28 July 2006 is presented. Since no significant time lag is found, lower limits on the energy scale of speed of light modifications are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Bazer-Bachi AR, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Berge D, Bernlöhr K, Boisson C, Bolz O, Borrel V, Braun I, Brown AM, Bühler R, Büsching I, Carrigan S, Chadwick PM, Chounet LM, Coignet G, Cornils R, Costamante L, Degrange B, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Drury LO, Dubus G, Egberts K, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Feinstein F, Ferrero E, Fiasson A, Fontaine G, Funk S, Funk S, Füßling M, Gallant YA, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Goret P, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hoffmann A, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Hoppe S, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Kendziorra E, Kerschhaggl M, Khélifi B, Komin N, Konopelko A, Kosack K, Lamanna G, Latham IJ, Le Gallou R, Lemière A, Lemoine-Goumard M, Lenain JP, Lohse T, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Masterson C, Maurin G, McComb TJL, Moulin E, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nolan SJ, Noutsos A, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ouchrif M, Panter M, Pelletier G, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Ranchon S, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Rayner SM, Reimer A, Ripken J, Rob L, Rolland L, Rosier-Lees S, Rowell G, Sahakian V, Santangelo A, Saugé L, Schlenker S, Schlickeiser R, Schröder R, Schwanke U, Schwarzburg S, Schwemmer S, Shalchi A, Sol H, Spangler D, Spanier F, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Superina G, Tam PH, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Tluczykont M, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vialle JP, Vincent P, Völk HJ, Wagner SJ, Ward M. Fast Variability of TeraElectron Volt γ Rays from the Radio Galaxy M87. Science 2006; 314:1424-7. [PMID: 17068224 DOI: 10.1126/science.1134408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The detection of fast variations of the tera-electron volt (TeV) (10(12) eV) gamma-ray flux, on time scales of days, from the nearby radio galaxy M87 is reported. These variations are about 10 times as fast as those observed in any other wave band and imply a very compact emission region with a dimension similar to the Schwarzschild radius of the central black hole. We thus can exclude several other sites and processes of the gamma-ray production. The observations confirm that TeV gamma rays are emitted by extragalactic sources other than blazars, where jets are not relativistically beamed toward the observer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. G. Akhperjanian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. R. Bazer-Bachi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Beilicke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Benbow
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Berge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Bernlöhr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Boisson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - O. Bolz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - V. Borrel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I. Braun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. M. Brown
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Bühler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I. Büsching
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Carrigan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. M. Chadwick
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L.-M. Chounet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Coignet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Cornils
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Costamante
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Degrange
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. J. Dickinson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Djannati-Ataï
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. O'C. Drury
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Dubus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Egberts
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Emmanoulopoulos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Espigat
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Feinstein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - E. Ferrero
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Fiasson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Fontaine
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seb. Funk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Funk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Füßling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Y. A. Gallant
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Giebels
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. F. Glicenstein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Goret
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Hadjichristidis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Hauser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Hauser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Heinzelmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Henri
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Hermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. A. Hinton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Hoffmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Holleran
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Hoppe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Horns
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Jacholkowska
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - O. C. de Jager
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - E. Kendziorra
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Kerschhaggl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Khélifi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nu. Komin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Konopelko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Kosack
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Lamanna
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I. J. Latham
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Le Gallou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Lemière
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J.-P. Lenain
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Lohse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. M. Martin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - O. Martineau-Huynh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Marcowith
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Masterson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Maurin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. J. L. McComb
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - E. Moulin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. de Naurois
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Nedbal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. J. Nolan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Noutsos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. J. Orford
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. L. Osborne
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Ouchrif
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Panter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Pelletier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Pita
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Pühlhofer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Punch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Ranchon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - B. C. Raubenheimer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Raue
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. M. Rayner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Reimer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Ripken
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Rob
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Rolland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Rosier-Lees
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Rowell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - V. Sahakian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Santangelo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Saugé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Schlenker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Schlickeiser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Schröder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - U. Schwanke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Schwarzburg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Schwemmer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Shalchi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Sol
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Spangler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Spanier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Steenkamp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Stegmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Superina
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. H. Tam
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J.-P. Tavernet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Terrier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Tluczykont
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. van Eldik
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Vasileiadis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Venter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. P. Vialle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Vincent
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. J. Völk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. J. Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Ward
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Bazer-Bachi AR, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Berge D, Bernlöhr K, Boisson C, Bolz O, Borrel V, Braun I, Breitling F, Brown AM, Bühler R, Büsching I, Carrigan S, Chadwick PM, Chounet LM, Cornils R, Costamante L, Degrange B, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Drury LO, Dubus G, Egberts K, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Feinstein F, Ferrero E, Fiasson A, Fontaine G, Funk S, Funk S, Gallant YA, Giebels B, Glicenstein JF, Goret P, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Khélifi B, Komin N, Konopelko A, Kosack K, Latham IJ, Le Gallou R, Lemière A, Lemoine-Goumard M, Lohse T, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Masterson C, McComb TJL, de Naurois M, Nedbal D, Nolan SJ, Noutsos A, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ouchrif M, Panter M, Pelletier G, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Rayner SM, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ripken J, Rob L, Rolland L, Rowell G, Sahakian V, Saugé L, Schlenker S, Schlickeiser R, Schwanke U, Sol H, Spangler D, Spanier F, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Superina G, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Théoret CG, Tluczykont M, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vincent P, Völk HJ, Wagner SJ, Ward M. HESS observations of the galactic center region and their possible dark matter interpretation. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:221102. [PMID: 17155788 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.221102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The detection of gamma rays from the source HESS J1745-290 in the Galactic Center (GC) region with the High Energy Spectroscopic System (HESS) array of Cherenkov telescopes in 2004 is presented. After subtraction of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from the GC ridge, the source is compatible with a point source with spatial extent less than 1.2;{'}(stat) (95% C.L.). The measured energy spectrum above 160 GeV is compatible with a power law with photon index of 2.25+/-0.04(stat)+/-0.10(syst) and no significant flux variation is detected. It is finally found that the bulk of the very high energy emission must have non-dark-matter origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Bazer-Bachi AR, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Berge D, Bernlöhr K, Boisson C, Bolz O, Borrel V, Braun I, Breitling F, Brown AM, Chadwick PM, Chounet LM, Cornils R, Costamante L, Degrange B, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Drury LO, Dubus G, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Feinstein F, Fontaine G, Fuchs Y, Funk S, Gallant YA, Giebels B, Gillessen S, Glicenstein JF, Goret P, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Khélifi B, Klages S, Komin N, Konopelko A, Latham IJ, Le Gallou R, Lemière A, Lemoine-Goumard M, Leroy N, Lohse T, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Marcowith A, Masterson C, McComb TJL, de Naurois M, Nolan SJ, Noutsos A, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ouchrif M, Panter M, Pelletier G, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Raux J, Rayner SM, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ripken J, Rob L, Rolland L, Rowell G, Sahakian V, Saugé L, Schlenker S, Schlickeiser R, Schuster C, Schwanke U, Siewert M, Sol H, Spangler D, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Théoret CG, Tluczykont M, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vincent P, Völk HJ, Wagner SJ. A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by γ-rays from blazars. Nature 2006; 440:1018-21. [PMID: 16625189 DOI: 10.1038/nature04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The diffuse extragalactic background light consists of the sum of the starlight emitted by galaxies through the history of the Universe, and it could also have an important contribution from the 'first stars', which may have formed before galaxy formation began. Direct measurements are difficult and not yet conclusive, owing to the large uncertainties caused by the bright foreground emission associated with zodiacal light. An alternative approach is to study the absorption features imprinted on the gamma-ray spectra of distant extragalactic objects by interactions of those photons with the background light photons. Here we report the discovery of gamma-ray emission from the blazars H 2356 - 309 and 1ES 1101 - 232, at redshifts z = 0.165 and z = 0.186, respectively. Their unexpectedly hard spectra provide an upper limit on the background light at optical/near-infrared wavelengths that appears to be very close to the lower limit given by the integrated light of resolved galaxies. The background flux at these wavelengths accordingly seems to be strongly dominated by the direct starlight from galaxies, thus excluding a large contribution from other sources-in particular from the first stars formed. This result also indicates that intergalactic space is more transparent to gamma-rays than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, PO Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Bazer-Bachi AR, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Berge D, Bernlöhr K, Boisson C, Bolz O, Borrel V, Braun I, Breitling F, Brown AM, Chadwick PM, Chounet LM, Cornils R, Costamante L, Degrange B, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Drury LO, Dubus G, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Feinstein F, Fontaine G, Fuchs Y, Funk S, Gallant YA, Giebels B, Gillessen S, Glicenstein JF, Goret P, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser D, Hauser M, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Khélifi B, Klages S, Komin N, Konopelko A, Latham IJ, Le Gallou R, Lemière A, Lemoine-Goumard M, Leroy N, Lohse T, Marcowith A, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Masterson C, McComb TJL, de Naurois M, Nolan SJ, Noutsos A, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ouchrif M, Panter M, Pelletier G, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Raux J, Rayner SM, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ripken J, Rob L, Rolland L, Rowell G, Sahakian V, Saugé L, Schlenker S, Schlickeiser R, Schuster C, Schwanke U, Siewert M, Sol H, Spangler D, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Théoret CG, Tluczykont M, van Eldik C, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vincent P, Völk HJ, Wagner SJ. Discovery of very-high-energy γ-rays from the Galactic Centre ridge. Nature 2006; 439:695-8. [PMID: 16467831 DOI: 10.1038/nature04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The source of Galactic cosmic rays (with energies up to 10(15) eV) remains unclear, although it is widely believed that they originate in the shock waves of expanding supernova remnants. At present the best way to investigate their acceleration and propagation is by observing the gamma-rays produced when cosmic rays interact with interstellar gas. Here we report observations of an extended region of very-high-energy (> 10(11) eV) gamma-ray emission correlated spatially with a complex of giant molecular clouds in the central 200 parsecs of the Milky Way. The hardness of the gamma-ray spectrum and the conditions in those molecular clouds indicate that the cosmic rays giving rise to the gamma-rays are likely to be protons and nuclei rather than electrons. The energy associated with the cosmic rays could have come from a single supernova explosion around 10(4) years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Max-Planck Institut für Kernphysik, PO Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Aye KM, Bazer-Bachi AR, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Berge D, Berghaus P, Bernlöhr K, Boisson C, Bolz O, Borrel V, Braun I, Breitling F, Brown AM, Gordo JB, Chadwick PM, Chounet LM, Cornils R, Costamante L, Degrange B, Dickinson HJ, Djannati-Ataï A, Drury LO, Dubus G, Emmanoulopoulos D, Espigat P, Feinstein F, Fleury P, Fontaine G, Fuchs Y, Funk S, Gallant YA, Giebels B, Gillessen S, Glicenstein JF, Goret P, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser M, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Horns D, Jacholkowska A, de Jager OC, Khélifi B, Komin N, Konopelko A, Latham IJ, Le Gallou R, Lemière A, Lemoine-Goumard M, Leroy N, Lohse T, Marcowith A, Martin JM, Martineau-Huynh O, Masterson C, McComb TJL, de Naurois M, Nolan SJ, Noutsos A, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ouchrif M, Panter M, Pelletier G, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Raux J, Rayner SM, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ripken J, Rob L, Rolland L, Rowell G, Sahakian V, Saugé L, Schlenker S, Schlickeiser R, Schuster C, Schwanke U, Siewert M, Sol H, Spangler D, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Théoret CG, Tluczykont M, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vincent P, Völk HJ, Wagner SJ. Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma Rays Associated with an X-ray Binary. Science 2005; 309:746-9. [PMID: 16002580 DOI: 10.1126/science.1113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
X-ray binaries are composed of a normal star in orbit around a neutron star or stellar-mass black hole. Radio and x-ray observations have led to the presumption that some x-ray binaries called microquasars behave as scaled-down active galactic nuclei. Microquasars have resolved radio emission that is thought to arise from a relativistic outflow akin to active galactic nuclei jets, in which particles can be accelerated to large energies. Very high energy gamma-rays produced by the interactions of these particles have been observed from several active galactic nuclei. Using the High Energy Stereoscopic System, we find evidence for gamma-ray emission of >100 gigaelectron volts from a candidate microquasar, LS 5039, showing that particles are also accelerated to very high energies in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. G. Akhperjanian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K.-M. Aye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. R. Bazer-Bachi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Beilicke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - W. Benbow
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Berge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Berghaus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. Bernlöhr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Boisson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - O. Bolz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - V. Borrel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I. Braun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F. Breitling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. M. Brown
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Bussons Gordo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. M. Chadwick
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L.-M. Chounet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Cornils
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Costamante
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B. Degrange
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H. J. Dickinson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Djannati-Ataï
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. O'C. Drury
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Dubus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Emmanoulopoulos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Espigat
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F. Feinstein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Fleury
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Fontaine
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Y. Fuchs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Funk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Y. A. Gallant
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B. Giebels
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Gillessen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. F. Glicenstein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Goret
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Hadjichristidis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Hauser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Heinzelmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Henri
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Hermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. A. Hinton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - W. Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Holleran
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Horns
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Jacholkowska
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - O. C. de Jager
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B. Khélifi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nu. Komin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Konopelko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I. J. Latham
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Le Gallou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Lemière
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N. Leroy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T. Lohse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Marcowith
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J.-M. Martin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - O. Martineau-Huynh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Masterson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T. J. L. McComb
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. de Naurois
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. J. Nolan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Noutsos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. J. Orford
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. L. Osborne
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Ouchrif
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Panter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Pelletier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Pita
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Pühlhofer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Punch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B. C. Raubenheimer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Raue
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Raux
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. M. Rayner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Reimer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - O. Reimer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Ripken
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Rob
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Rolland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Rowell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - V. Sahakian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Saugé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Schlenker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Schlickeiser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Schuster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - U. Schwanke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Siewert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H. Sol
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Spangler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Steenkamp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Stegmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J.-P. Tavernet
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Terrier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. G. Théoret
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Tluczykont
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Vasileiadis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Venter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Vincent
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H. J. Völk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. J. Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers Street, 375036 Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, 9 av. du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, F-31029 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Aharonian F, Akhperjanian AG, Aye KM, Bazer-Bachi AR, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Berge D, Berghaus P, Bernlöhr K, Boisson C, Bolz O, Borgmeier C, Braun I, Breitling F, Brown AM, Gordo JB, Chadwick PM, Chounet LM, Cornils R, Costamante L, Degrange B, Djannati-Ataï A, Drury LO, Dubus G, Ergin T, Espigat P, Feinstein F, Fleury P, Fontaine G, Funk S, Gallant YA, Giebels B, Gillessen S, Goret P, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser M, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Horns D, de Jager OC, Jung I, Khélifi B, Komin N, Konopelko A, Latham IJ, Le Gallou R, Lemière A, Lemoine M, Leroy N, Lohse T, Marcowith A, Masterson C, McComb TJL, de Naurois M, Nolan SJ, Noutsos A, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ouchrif M, Panter M, Pelletier G, Pita S, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Raux J, Rayner SM, Redondo I, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ripken J, Rob L, Rolland L, Rowell G, Sahakian V, Saugé L, Schlenker S, Schlickeiser R, Schuster C, Schwanke U, Siewert M, Sol H, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Tavernet JP, Terrier R, Théoret CG, Tluczykont M, van der Walt DJ, Vasileiadis G, Venter C, Vincent P, Visser B, Völk HJ, Wagner SJ. A new population of very high energy gamma-ray sources in the Milky Way. Science 2005; 307:1938-42. [PMID: 15790849 DOI: 10.1126/science.1108643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Very high energy gamma-rays probe the long-standing mystery of the origin of cosmic rays. Produced in the interactions of accelerated particles in astrophysical objects, they can be used to image cosmic particle accelerators. A first sensitive survey of the inner part of the Milky Way with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) reveals a population of eight previously unknown firmly detected sources of very high energy gamma-rays. At least two have no known radio or x-ray counterpart and may be representative of a new class of "dark" nucleonic cosmic ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Aharonian FA, Akhperjanian AG, Aye KM, Bazer-Bachi AR, Beilicke M, Benbow W, Berge D, Berghaus P, Bernlöhr K, Bolz O, Boisson C, Borgmeier C, Breitling F, Brown AM, Gordo JB, Chadwick PM, Chitnis VR, Chounet LM, Cornils R, Costamante L, Degrange B, Djannati-Ataï A, Drury LO, Ergin T, Espigat P, Feinstein F, Fleury P, Fontaine G, Funk S, Gallant YA, Giebels B, Gillessen S, Goret P, Guy J, Hadjichristidis C, Hauser M, Heinzelmann G, Henri G, Hermann G, Hinton JA, Hofmann W, Holleran M, Horns D, De Jager OC, Jung I, Khélifi B, Komin N, Konopelko A, Latham IJ, Le Gallou R, Lemoine M, Lemière A, Leroy N, Lohse T, Marcowith A, Masterson C, McComb TJL, De Naurois M, Nolan SJ, Noutsos A, Orford KJ, Osborne JL, Ouchrif M, Panter M, Pelletier G, Pita S, Pohl M, Pühlhofer G, Punch M, Raubenheimer BC, Raue M, Raux J, Rayner SM, Redondo I, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ripken J, Rivoal M, Rob L, Rolland L, Rowell G, Sahakian V, Saugé L, Schlenker S, Schlickeiser R, Schuster C, Schwanke U, Siewert M, Sol H, Steenkamp R, Stegmann C, Tavernet JP, Théoret CG, Tluczykont M, Van Der Walt DJ, Vasileiadis G, Vincent P, Visser B, Völk HJ, Wagner SJ. High-energy particle acceleration in the shell of a supernova remnant. Nature 2004; 432:75-7. [PMID: 15525982 DOI: 10.1038/nature02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A significant fraction of the energy density of the interstellar medium is in the form of high-energy charged particles (cosmic rays). The origin of these particles remains uncertain. Although it is generally accepted that the only sources capable of supplying the energy required to accelerate the bulk of Galactic cosmic rays are supernova explosions, and even though the mechanism of particle acceleration in expanding supernova remnant (SNR) shocks is thought to be well understood theoretically, unequivocal evidence for the production of high-energy particles in supernova shells has proven remarkably hard to find. Here we report on observations of the SNR RX J1713.7 - 3946 (G347.3 - 0.5), which was discovered by ROSAT in the X-ray spectrum and later claimed as a source of high-energy gamma-rays of TeV energies (1 TeV = 10(12) eV). We present a TeV gamma-ray image of the SNR: the spatially resolved remnant has a shell morphology similar to that seen in X-rays, which demonstrates that very-high-energy particles are accelerated there. The energy spectrum indicates efficient acceleration of charged particles to energies beyond 100 TeV, consistent with current ideas of particle acceleration in young SNR shocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Aharonian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, PO Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
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