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Chapple R, Chivas-Joly C, Roux JC, Dumazert L, Ferry L, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Erskine EL, Kandola BK. Characterization of aerosolized particles in effluents from carbon fibre composites incorporating nanomaterials during simultaneous fire and impact. NanoImpact 2023; 29:100446. [PMID: 36503111 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the aerosols emitted from carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites (CFC) incorporating nanomaterials (nanoclays and nanotubes), subjected to simultaneous fire and impact, representing an aeroplane or automotive crash. Simultaneous fire and impact tests were performed using a previously described bespoke testing methodology with the capability to collect particles released from the front/back faces of the impacted composites plus the effluents. In this work the methodology has been further developed by connecting the Dekati Low Pressure Impactor (DLPI) and Mini Particle Sampler (MPS) sampling system in the extraction chimney. The aerosols emitted have been characterized using various devices devoted to the analysis of aerosols. The influence of the nanoadditives in the matrix on the number concentration and the size distribution of airborne particles produced, was studied with a cascade impactor in the 5 nm-10 μm range. The morphology of the separated soot fractions was examined by SEM. The measurement of aerodynamic size of particles that can deposit in human respiratory tract indicate that 75% of the soot and particles released from CFC could deposit in the lungs reaching the bronchi region at a minimum. There was however, a minimal difference between the number particle concentrations or particle-size mass distribution of particles from CFC and CFC containing nanoadditives. Moreover, no fibres were found in the effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chapple
- IMRI, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
| | - C Chivas-Joly
- LNE, CARMEN Platform, DMSI, 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France
| | - J-C Roux
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - L Dumazert
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - L Ferry
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - J-M Lopez-Cuesta
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | | | - B K Kandola
- IMRI, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK.
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2
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Ounoughene G, Chivas-Joly C, Longuet C, Le Bihan O, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Le Coq L. Evaluation of nanosilica emission in polydimethylsiloxane composite during incineration. J Hazard Mater 2019; 371:415-422. [PMID: 30875568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
At the end of their life cycle, it is expected that many industrial silicone components end up in incineration waste plants. Hence, the issue concerning the risks resulting from the generation of fumes (combustion gas and aerosol) has to be addressed. The aim of our work was to investigate the behavior and fate of nanosilicas from filled polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites burnt under two different scenarios of incineration. Combustion tests have been performed at lab-scale using a particular tubular furnace and a specific cone calorimeter. The collected fumes (particulate matter and gas phase) have been characterized using various techniques. The results show persistent nanosilica particles, newly produced nanosilica particles in the fumes and in the residues, as well as silicon oxycarbide SixOyCz particles which seem to originate from polysiloxane matrix decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ounoughene
- LUNAM, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, GEPEA, CNRS, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA), Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès Cedex, France; ADEME, 20 avenue du Grésillé, 49004, Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - C Chivas-Joly
- LNE, 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197, Trappes Cedex, France.
| | - C Longuet
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA), Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès Cedex, France
| | - O Le Bihan
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - J-M Lopez-Cuesta
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA), Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès Cedex, France
| | - L Le Coq
- LUNAM, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, GEPEA, CNRS, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
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Chivas-Joly C, Longuet C, Pourchez J, Leclerc L, Sarry G, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Physical, morphological and chemical modification of Al-based nanofillers in by-products of incinerated nanocomposites and related biological outcome. J Hazard Mater 2019; 365:405-412. [PMID: 30448553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The number of products containing nanomaterials is increasing this last ten years. Information and literature about the end-of-life of nanocomposites often remains partial and does not address the overall fate and transformations of nanoparticles that may affect biological responses. This paper underlines that the physico-chemical features of nanoparticles can be modified by the incineration process and the available toxicological data on pristine nanofillers might not be relevant to assess the modified nanoparticles included in soot. Combustion tests have been performed at lab-scale using a cone calorimeter modified to collect fumes (particulate matter and gas phase) and have been characterized using various techniques. Nanocomposites selected were poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) containing Al-based nanoparticles, i.e. boehmites or alumina. Evaluations of in vitro cytotoxicity responses on pristine nanofillers, soot and residual ash, show that safe boehmite nanoparticles, become toxic due to a chemical modification after incineration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chivas-Joly
- LNE, 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes Cedex, France.
| | - C Longuet
- C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - J Pourchez
- Univ. Lyon, IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CIS, INSERM, SainBioSE, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - L Leclerc
- Univ. Lyon, IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CIS, INSERM, SainBioSE, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - G Sarry
- Univ. Lyon, IMT Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CIS, INSERM, SainBioSE, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - J-M Lopez-Cuesta
- C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
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Chivas-Joly C, Gaie-Levrel F, Motzkus C, Ducourtieux S, Delvallée A, De Lagos F, Nevé SL, Gutierrez J, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Characterization of aerosols and fibers emitted from composite materials combustion. J Hazard Mater 2016; 301:153-162. [PMID: 26348148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the aerosols emitted during combustion of aircraft and naval structural composite materials (epoxy resin/carbon fibers and vinyl ester/glass fibers and carbon nanotubes). Combustion tests were performed at lab-scale using a modified cone calorimeter. The aerosols emitted have been characterized using various metrological devices devoted to the analysis of aerosols. The influence of the nature of polymer matrices, the incorporation of fibers and carbon nanotubes as well as glass reinforcements on the number concentration and the size distribution of airborne particles produced, was studied in the 5 nm-10 μm range. Incorporation of carbon fibers into epoxy resin significantly reduced the total particle number concentration. In addition, the interlaced orientation of carbon fibers limited the particles production compared to the composites with unidirectional one. The carbon nanotubes loading in vinyl ester resin composites influenced the total particles production during the flaming combustion with changes during kinetics emission. Predominant populations of airborne particles generated during combustion of all tested composites were characterized by a PN50 following by PN(100-500).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chivas-Joly
- Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), Pole Energie, Environnement et Combustion, 29, avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France.
| | - F Gaie-Levrel
- Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), Département métrologie des gaz et des aérosols, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - C Motzkus
- Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), Département métrologie des gaz et des aérosols, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - S Ducourtieux
- Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), Plateforme CARMEN, 29, avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France
| | - A Delvallée
- Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), Plateforme CARMEN, 29, avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France
| | - F De Lagos
- Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE), Pole Energie, Environnement et Combustion, 29, avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France
| | - S Le Nevé
- DGA-Aeronautical Systems, 47 rue Saint-Jean, 31130 Balma, France
| | - J Gutierrez
- DCNS Research, Indret, 44620 La Montagne, France
| | - J-M Lopez-Cuesta
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA), 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
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Ounoughene G, Le Bihan O, Chivas-Joly C, Motzkus C, Longuet C, Debray B, Joubert A, Le Coq L, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Behavior and Fate of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) When Incinerating PA6/HNTs Nanocomposite. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:5450-5457. [PMID: 25760854 DOI: 10.1021/es505674j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclay-based nanocomposites have been widely studied and produced since the late 1990s, and frequently end up in waste disposal plants. This work investigates the behavior of PA6/HNTs nanocomposites (nylon-6 incorporating halloysite nanotubes) during incineration. Incineration tests were performed at lab-scale using a specific tubular furnace modified in order to control the key incineration parameters within both the combustion and postcombustion zones. The combustion residues and combustion aerosol (particulate matter and gas phase) collected downstream of the incinerator furnace were characterized using various aerosol analysis techniques. Time tracking of the gas and particle-number concentrations revealed two-step char formation during combustion. HNTs transformed into other mineral structures which were found in both the aerosol and the residues. During combustion of the polymer, it appears that HNTs contribute to the formation of a cohesive char layer that protects the residual material.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ounoughene
- †LUNAM, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, GEPEA, CNRS, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
- ‡C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
- §ADEME, 20 avenue du Grésillé, 49004 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - O Le Bihan
- ∥INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - C Chivas-Joly
- ⊥LNE, 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes Cedex, France
| | - C Motzkus
- ⊥LNE, 29 Avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes Cedex, France
| | - C Longuet
- ‡C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - B Debray
- ∥INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - A Joubert
- †LUNAM, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, GEPEA, CNRS, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - L Le Coq
- †LUNAM, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, GEPEA, CNRS, UMR 6144, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - J-M Lopez-Cuesta
- ‡C2MA, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
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Ouf FX, Delcour S, Azema N, Coppalle A, Ferry L, Gensdarmes F, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Niang A, Pontreau S, Yon J. Contribution to the study of particle resuspension kinetics during thermal degradation of polymers. J Hazard Mater 2013; 250-251:298-307. [PMID: 23474404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Experimental results are reported on the resuspension of particles deposited on polymer samples representative of glove boxes used in the nuclear industry, under thermal degradation. A parametric study was carried out on the effects of heat flux, air flow rate, fuel type and particle size distribution. Small-scale experiments were conducted on 10 cm × 10 cm PolyMethyl MethAcrylate (PMMA) and PolyCarbonate (PC) samples covered with aluminium oxide particles with physical geometric diameters of 0.7 and 3.6 μm. It was observed for both polymer (fuel) samples that heat flux has no effect on the airborne release fraction (ARF), whereas particle size is a significant parameter. In the case of the PMMA sample, ARF values for 0.7 and 3.6 μm diameter particles range from 12.2% (± 6.2%) to 2.1% (± 0.6%), respectively, whereas the respective values for the PC sample range from 3.2% (± 0.8%) to 6.9% (± 3.9%). As the particle diameter increases, a significant decrease in particle release is observed for the PMMA sample, whereas an increase is observed for the PC sample. Furthermore, a peak airborne release rate is observed during the first instants of PMMA exposure to thermal stress. An empirical relationship has been proposed between the duration of this peak release and the external heat flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-X Ouf
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de Physique et de Métrologie des Aérosols, B.P. 68, 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Perrin D, Clerc L, Leroy E, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Bergeret A. Optimizing a recycling process of SMC composite waste. Waste Manag 2008; 28:541-8. [PMID: 17611098 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Investigations about the recycling of sheet moulding compounds (SMC) waste as incorporation material for thermoplastic polymer matrix are reported in this paper. A new efficient process is developed in order to strongly increase the reinforcement glass fraction of SMC leading to good mechanical performance of the new thermoplastic compounds. The overall process is composed of two main steps: mechanical and chemical. The second stage is characterised in terms of optimization and capability by means of experimental design and statistical process control techniques for finding the optimal chemical conditions and validating the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perrin
- Centre des Matériaux de Grande Diffusion, Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex, France.
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