1
|
Smith S, Ní Gabhann J, McCarthy E, Coffey B, Mahony R, Byrne JC, Stacey K, Ball E, Bell A, Cunnane G, Doran MF, Molloy ES, Lee RZ, Harvey B, Kearns G, Jefferies CA. Estrogen receptor α regulates tripartite motif-containing protein 21 expression, contributing to dysregulated cytokine production in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:163-72. [PMID: 24449583 DOI: 10.1002/art.38187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of 17β-estradiol in the regulation of the autoantigen tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM-21) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Monocytes isolated from healthy control subjects and patients with SLE were stimulated with 17β-estradiol and/or the estrogen receptor α (ERα) antagonist methyl-piperidino-pyrazole dihydrochloride. TRIM-21, ERα, and CREMα expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. MatInspector software was used to identify putative binding sites within the TRIM-21 promoter. ERα binding to the TRIM-21 gene promoter region in monocytes was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. TRIM-21 and interferon regulatory factor 3 protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated a role of estrogen in the regulation of TRIM-21 expression in monocytes, which correlated positively with ERα gene expression in patients with SLE. Investigations into the human TRIM-21 promoter revealed the presence of an estrogen response element, with ChIP assays confirming ERα binding to this site. Studies into estrogen-induced TRIM-21 expression revealed a hyperresponsiveness of SLE patients to 17β-estradiol, which led to the enhanced levels of TRIM-21 observed in these individuals. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a role of estrogen in the regulation of TRIM-21 expression through an ERα-dependent mechanism, a pathway that we observed to be overactive in SLE patients. Treatment of monocytes with an ERα antagonist abrogated estrogen-induced TRIM-21 expression and, as a consequence, decreased the expression of interleukin-23. These findings identify TRIM-21 as a novel ERα-regulated gene and provide novel insights into the link between estrogen and the molecular pathogenesis of SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán Smith
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ní Gabhann J, Hams E, Smith S, Wynne C, Byrne JC, Brennan K, Spence S, Kissenpfennig A, Johnston JA, Fallon PG, Jefferies CA. Btk regulates macrophage polarization in response to lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85834. [PMID: 24465735 PMCID: PMC3897530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a strong inducer of inflammation and does so by inducing polarization of macrophages to the classic inflammatory M1 population. Given the role of Btk as a critical signal transducer downstream of TLR4, we investigated its role in M1/M2 induction. In Btk deficient (Btk−\−) mice we observed markedly reduced recruitment of M1 macrophages following intraperitoneal administration of LPS. Ex vivo analysis demonstrated an impaired ability of Btk−/− macrophages to polarize into M1 macrophages, instead showing enhanced induction of immunosuppressive M2-associated markers in response to M1 polarizing stimuli, a finding accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of STAT1 and enhanced STAT6 phosphorylation. In addition to STAT activation, M1 and M2 polarizing signals modulate the expression of inflammatory genes via differential activation of transcription factors and regulatory proteins, including NF-κB and SHIP1. In keeping with a critical role for Btk in macrophage polarization, we observed reduced levels of NF-κB p65 and Akt phosphorylation, as well as reduced induction of the M1 associated marker iNOS in Btk−/− macrophages in response to M1 polarizing stimuli. Additionally enhanced expression of SHIP1, a key negative regulator of macrophage polarisation, was observed in Btk−/− macrophages in response to M2 polarizing stimuli. Employing classic models of allergic M2 inflammation, treatment of Btk−/− mice with either Schistosoma mansoni eggs or chitin resulted in increased recruitment of M2 macrophages and induction of M2-associated genes. This demonstrates an enhanced M2 skew in the absence of Btk, thus promoting the development of allergic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Ní Gabhann
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily Hams
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Smith
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Wynne
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer C. Byrne
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kiva Brennan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shaun Spence
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Padraic G. Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline A. Jefferies
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Byrne JC, Ní Gabhann J, Stacey KB, Coffey BM, McCarthy E, Thomas W, Jefferies CA. Bruton's tyrosine kinase is required for apoptotic cell uptake via regulating the phosphorylation and localization of calreticulin. J Immunol 2013; 190:5207-15. [PMID: 23596312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to regulating B cell development and activation, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) functions downstream of multiple TLRs, including TLR7, to regulate innate immune responses in myeloid cells. Although critical for defense against RNA viruses such as influenza and Sendai virus, recognition of self-RNA by TLR7 also has been shown to be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. To date, the role of Btk in regulating TLR7-mediated responses is poorly understood. In the current study, we have demonstrated a hitherto undiscovered role for Btk in apoptotic cell uptake, identifying the molecular chaperone calreticulin (CRT) as a novel substrate for Btk in regulating this response. CRT together with the transmembrane receptor CD91 function at the cell membrane and regulate uptake of C1q-opsonised apoptotic cells. Our results show that Btk directly phosphorylates CRT and that in the absence of Btk, CRT fails to localize with CD91 at the cell surface and at the phagocytic cup. Critically, a blocking Ab against CRT in wild-type macrophages mimics the inability of Btk-deficient macrophages to phagocytose apoptotic cells efficiently, indicating the critical importance of Btk in regulating CRT-driven apoptotic cell uptake. Our data have revealed a novel regulatory role for Btk in mediating apoptotic cell clearance, with CRT identified as the critical component of the CRT/CD91/C1q system targeted by Btk. Given the importance of clearing apoptotic cell debris to prevent inappropriate exposure of TLRs to endogenous ligands, our results have important implications regarding the role of Btk in myeloid cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Byrne
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics and RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ní Gabhann J, Spence S, Wynne C, Smith S, Byrne JC, Coffey B, Stacey K, Kissenpfennig A, Johnston J, Jefferies CA. Defects in acute responses to TLR4 in Btk-deficient mice result in impaired dendritic cell-induced IFN-γ production by natural killer cells. Clin Immunol 2012; 142:373-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
5
|
Coss KP, Byrne JC, Coman DJ, Adamczyk B, Abrahams JL, Saldova R, Brown AY, Walsh O, Hendroff U, Carolan C, Rudd PM, Treacy EP. IgG N-glycans as potential biomarkers for determining galactose tolerance in Classical Galactosaemia. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:212-20. [PMID: 22133299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
N-glycan processing and assembly defects have been demonstrated in untreated and partially treated patients with Classical Galactosaemia. These defects may contribute to the ongoing pathophysiology of this disease. The aim of this study was to develop an informative method of studying differential galactose tolerance levels and diet control in individuals with Galactosaemia, compared to the standard biochemical markers. Ten Galactosaemia adults with normal intellectual outcomes were analyzed in the study. Five subjects followed galactose liberalization, increments of 300 mg to 4000 mg/day over 16 weeks, and were compared to five adult Galactosaemia controls on a galactose restricted diet. All study subjects underwent clinical and biochemical monitoring of red blood cell galactose-1-phosphate (RBC Gal-1-P) and urinary galactitol levels. Serum N-glycans were isolated and analyzed by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) with galactosylation of IgG used as a specific biomarker of galactose tolerance. IgG N-glycan profiles showed consistent individual alterations in response to diet liberalization. The individual profiles were improved for all, but one study subject, at a galactose intake of 1000 mg/day, with decreases in agalactosylated (G0) and increases in digalactosylated (G2) N-glycans. We conclude that IgG N-glycan profiling is an improved method of monitoring variable galactosylation and determining individual galactose tolerance in Galactosaemia compared to the standard methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Coss
- University College Dublin, Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
König HG, Fenner BJ, Byrne JC, Schwamborn RF, Bernas T, Jefferies CA, Prehn JHM. Fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 1 interacts with NEMO to regulate NF-κB signaling in neurons. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:6058-70. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal survival and plasticity critically depend on constitutive activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). We here describe a role for a small intracellular fibroblast growth factor homologue, the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 1 (FHF1/FGF12) in the regulation of NF-κB activity in mature neurons. FHF's have previously been described to control neuronal excitability, and mutations in FHF isoforms give rise to a form of progressive spinocerebellar ataxia. Using a protein-array approach, we identified FHF1b as a novel interactor of the canonical NF–κB modulator IKKγ/NEMO. Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down and GAL4-reporter experiments, as well as proximity ligation assays confirmed the interaction of FHF1 and NEMO, and demonstrated that a major site of interaction occurred within the axon initial segment. Fhf1 gene silencing strongly activated neuronal NF-κB activity and increased neurite lengths, branching patterns and spine counts in mature cortical neurons. The effects of FHF1 on neuronal NF-κB activity and morphology required the presence of NEMO. Our results imply that FHF1 negatively regulates the constitutive NF-κB activity in neurons.
Collapse
|
7
|
Watson CJ, Ledwidge MT, Phelan D, Collier P, Byrne JC, Dunn MJ, McDonald KM, Baugh JA. Proteomic analysis of coronary sinus serum reveals leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein as a novel biomarker of ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4:188-97. [PMID: 21282491 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.110.952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) prevention strategies require biomarkers that identify disease manifestation. Increases in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) correlate with increased risk of cardiovascular events and HF development. We hypothesize that coronary sinus serum from a high BNP hypertensive population reflects an active pathological process and can be used for biomarker exploration. Our aim was to discover differentially expressed disease-associated proteins that identify patients with ventricular dysfunction and HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary sinus serum from 11 asymptomatic, hypertensive patients underwent quantitative differential protein expression analysis by 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and then studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from 40 asymptomatic, hypertensive patients and 105 patients across the spectrum of ventricular dysfunction (32 asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, 26 diastolic HF, and 47 systolic HF patients). Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG) was consistently overexpressed in high BNP serum. LRG levels correlate significantly with BNP in hypertensive, asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, diastolic HF, and systolic HF patient groups (P≤0.05). LRG levels were able to identify HF independent of BNP. LRG correlates with coronary sinus serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (P=0.009) and interleukin-6 (P=0.021). LRG is expressed in myocardial tissue and correlates with transforming growth factor-βR1 (P<0.001) and α-smooth muscle actin (P=0.025) expression. CONCLUSIONS LRG was identified as a serum biomarker that accurately identifies patients with HF. Multivariable modeling confirmed that LRG is a stronger identifier of HF than BNP and this is independent of age, sex, creatinine, ischemia, β-blocker therapy, and BNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Watson
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, St Vincent's University Hospital and The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fan Y, Murphy TB, Byrne JC, Brennan L, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RWG. Applying Random Forests To Identify Biomarker Panels in Serum 2D-DIGE Data for the Detection and Staging of Prostate Cancer. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:1361-73. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Bones J, Byrne JC, O'Donoghue N, McManus C, Scaife C, Boissin H, Nastase A, Rudd PM. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis of serum from patients with stomach cancer reveals potential markers arising from host defense response mechanisms. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:1246-65. [PMID: 21142185 DOI: 10.1021/pr101036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the reduced incidence of gastric cancer in the developed world, a diagnosis of stomach carcinoma still carries a poor prognosis due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease in the early stages, subsequent advanced stage diagnosis, and a low 5 year survival rate. Endoscopy remains the primary standard for diagnosis of stomach carcinoma and the current marker, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) lacks the levels of sensitivity and specificity required in order to make it clinically useful for diagnostic monitoring. Therefore, there is a current need for additional markers to improve the diagnostic accuracy for the early stages of stomach cancer. Together, glycomic, proteomic, and glycoproteomic analyses of serum have the potential to identify such probable markers. A discovery study is reported here using preoperative serum from 80 stomach cancer patients, 10 patients bearing benign stomach disease, and 20 matched controls. Glycomic analysis of the total and immunoaffinity depleted serum revealed statistically significant increases in the levels of sialyl Lewis X epitopes (SLe(X)) present on triantennary glycans accompanied by increased levels of core fucosylated agalactosyl biantennary glycans present on IgG (referred to as the IgG G0 glycoform) which are associated with increasing disease pathogenesis. Protein expression analysis using 2D-DiGE returned a number of differentially expressed protein candidates in the depleted serum, many of which were shown to carry triantennary SLe(X) during subsequent glycomic investigations. Biological pathway analysis of the experimental data returned complement activation and acute phase response signaling as the most significantly altered pathways in the stomach cancer patient serum. Upon the basis of these findings, it is suggested that increased expression of IgG G0 and complement activation are a host response to the presence of the stomach tumor while the increased expression of SLe(X) and acute phase response proteins is a result of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling, including IL-6, during carcinogenesis. The approach presented herein provides an insight into the underlying mechanisms of disease and the resulting changes in the glycome and glycoproteome offer promise as potential markers for diagnosis and prognostic monitoring in stomach cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stanta JL, Saldova R, Struwe WB, Byrne JC, Leweke FM, Rothermund M, Rahmoune H, Levin Y, Guest PC, Bahn S, Rudd PM. Identification of N-Glycosylation Changes in the CSF and Serum in Patients with Schizophrenia. J Proteome Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100897p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Stanta JL, Saldova R, Struwe WB, Byrne JC, Leweke FM, Rothermund M, Rahmoune H, Levin Y, Guest PC, Bahn S, Rudd PM. Identification of N-Glycosylation Changes in the CSF and Serum in Patients with Schizophrenia. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4476-89. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1002356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
Abstract
Long-term outcomes of classic galactosemia (GAL) remain disappointing. It is unclear if the complications result mainly from prenatal-neonatal toxicity or persistent glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis abnormalities. We performed gene expression profiling (T transcriptome) to characterize key-altered genes and gene clusters of four patients with GAL with variable outcomes maintained on a galactose-restricted diet, compared with controls. Significant perturbations of multiple cell signaling pathways were observed including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, and ubiquitin mediated proteolysis. A number of genes significantly altered were further investigated in the GAL cohort including SPARC (osteonectin) and S100A8 (S100 calcium-binding protein). The whole serum N-glycan profile and IgG glycosylation status of 10 treated patients with GAL were compared with healthy control serum and IgG using a quantitative high-throughput analytical HPLC platform. Increased levels of agalactosylated and monogalactosylated structures and decreases in certain digalactosylated structures were identified in the patients. The persistent abnormal glycosylation of serum glycoproteins seen with the microarray data indicates persisting metabolic dyshomeostasis and gene dysregulation in "treated" GAL. Strict restriction of dietary galactose is clearly life saving in the neonatal period; long-term severe galactose restriction may contribute to ongoing systemic abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Coman
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Byrne JC, Downes MR, O'Donoghue N, O'Keane C, O'Neill A, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Dunn M, Watson RWG. 2D-DIGE as a strategy to identify serum markers for the progression of prostate cancer. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:942-57. [PMID: 19093873 DOI: 10.1021/pr800570s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common solid organ malignancy affecting men in the United States and Western Europe. Currently, the main diagnostic tools used to look for evidence of prostate cancer include physical examination using digital rectal exam (DRE), serum concentrations of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and biopsy. However, due to the low specificity of PSA in differentiating prostate cancer from other benign conditions, many patients undergo overtreatment for their disease. There is an urgent need for additional markers to improve the diagnostic accuracy for early stages of prostate cancer. Proteomic analysis of serum has the potential to identify such markers. An initial discovery study has been completed using 12 serum samples from patients with different grades of prostate cancer (Gleason score 5 and 7) undergoing radical prostatectomy. Serum samples were subjected to immunoaffinity depletion and protein expression analysis using 2D-DIGE. Image analysis isolated 63 spots that displayed differential expression between the Gleason score 5 and 7 cohorts (p < 0.05), 13 of which were identified as statistically significant using two independent image analysis packages. Identification of differentially expressed spots was carried out using LC-MS/MS. Because of their functional relevance and potential significance with regards to prostate cancer progression, two of these proteins, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (ZAG), have undergone extensive validation in serum and tissue samples from the original cohort and also from a larger independent cohort of patients. These results have indicated that PEDF is a more accurate predictor of early stage prostate cancer. We are confident that proteomics-based approaches have the potential to provide more insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease and also hold great promise for biomarker discovery in prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
14
|
Byrne JC, Downes MR, O'Donoghue N, Fitzpatrick JM, Dunn MJ, Watson RWG. Fasting status as a consideration for human serum collection and preparation prior to depletion and analysis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3055-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the commonest solid-organ malignancy to affect men in Europe and the USA; it is estimated that one in six men will develop this cancer in their lifetime. Current screening relies on a digital rectal examination with a serum prostate-specific antigen test. Novel urinary diagnostic tests are potentially interesting screening tools for this disease. We examined published reports assessing the use of urinary markers for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Using a PubMed-based search we identified studies of urinary markers for prostate cancer published from 1985 to February 2006 using the search terms 'urine', 'marker' and 'prostate cancer'. Studies to date have used small cohorts and relied on prostatic biopsies to provide histology. The sensitivity and specificity of markers are wide ranging but with only a few studies published on each putative marker it is difficult to assess their potential impact. Using urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer is a relatively novel diagnostic approach; they are appealing as a screening test because they are not invasive. Further work is needed to identify and validate 'signature markers' indicative of prostatic malignancy. The newer proteomic platforms are promising biomarker discovery tools that might uncover the next generation of urinary biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Downes
- Proteome Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Downes MR, Byrne JC, Dunn MJ, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RWG, Pennington SR. Application of proteomic strategies to the identification of urinary biomarkers for prostate cancer: a review. Biomarkers 2006; 11:406-16. [PMID: 16966158 DOI: 10.1080/13547500600799821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, genes and proteins are now studied on a more comprehensive scale. Studying disease processes at only the genetic or transcriptomic level will give an incomplete amount of information. A proteomic approach potentially allows for a more global overview of how disease processes affect the proteins present in cells, tissues and organisms. The challenge arises in determining which proteins are affected in specific diseases and establishing which of these changes are unique to a particular disease. Existing and emerging proteomic technologies allow for high throughput analysis of proteins in a variety of sample types. Prostate cancer is a significant male health problem in the Western world. It is widely accepted that more specific prognostic and diagnostic markers of prostate cancer are urgently required. The present paper suggests that urine may be an attractive biofluid in which to pursue the identification of novel biomarkers of prostate cancer. This review introduces some proteomic techniques including mass spectrometry and the newer, quantitative proteomic strategies. It focuses on the potential application of these platforms to novel urinary biomarker identification in prostate malignancy. It also includes a synopsis of the current literature on urinary proteomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Downes
- Proteome Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
|
20
|
Abstract
We assessed the prevalence of conventional risk factors for ischaemic heart disease in patients with peripheral vascular disease, and the scope for preventative treatment with lipid-lowering therapy in this group, by retrospectively reviewing 299 patients who had undergone peripheral angiography in 1996. A total of 278 patients had severe peripheral vascular disease; 44% were current smokers at the time of their angiogram, and 36% had a history of coronary artery disease (either myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass surgery, coronary angioplasty or angina). Cholesterol had been measured in 80 (27%) patients, of whom 26 (9%) were receiving treatment for hypercholesterolaemia. Patients with a history of ischaemic heart disease were more likely to have had their cholesterol measured (50% vs. 15%; p < 0.001). Hypertension (defined as systolic > 160 mmHg or diastolic > 90 mmHg) was present in 44%. There was no difference in the distribution of risk factors between those with and those without known ischaemic heart disease. There is a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for coronary disease in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease. Effective prevention is available for coronary artery disease, but we found low levels of treatment. There is considerable scope for intervention to reduce the risk of coronary disease in such patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Clark
- Department of Cardiology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cochrane SM, Byrne JC, Robinson GB. The permselectivity of glomerular basement membrane can be compromised by glycation or by exposure to low levels of hypochlorite. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1361:217-28. [PMID: 9300803 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies indicated that chemically crosslinking glomerular basement membrane (GBM) rendered it more permeable to water and to macromolecules. Here possible mechanisms for the introduction of crosslinks into GBM under pathological conditions were explored. Glycation with glucose and with fructose over periods of 2 wk (fructose) and 6 weeks (glucose) rendered the GBM more permeable to water and myoglobin as judged from in vitro ultrafiltration behaviour. The membranes were also made more permeable to serum following glycation. The permeation changes were shown to be dependent on glycoxidative reactions judging by their inhibition by EDTA and DTPA. Aminoguanidine also prevented glycation from altering the permeability of GBM. Fluorescence studies indicated the formation of bityrosine in glycated GBM. Studies with oxidants showed that while hydrogen peroxide superoxide and peroxynitrite had little effect on GBM, hypochlorite anion was capable of increasing GBM permeability to water, myoglobin, albumin and serum. Changes in permeation were induced by very low quantities of hypochlorite, well within the range of the amounts of hypochlorite formed by activated neutrophils. Thus glycoxidation, or oxidation by hypochlorite, are chemical mechanisms by which GBM permeability can be increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Cochrane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Skin burns are accepted to be a complication of defibrillation, however there is no published data on their frequency, cause and treatment. A postal questionnaire survey was designed to assess the relative frequency of defibrillation burns in coronary care units and identify the possible factors contributing to their occurrence. Treatments prescribed in coronary care units were also noted. The questionnaire was sent to the Senior Sister/Charge Nurse in all 263 coronary care units in the United Kingdom. 232 Replies were received (88.2%). Defibrillation burns were seen in 98.7% of CCU's. Ten contributory factors were proposed. The commonest implicated cause was recurrent defibrillation. The most frequently prescribed topical treatment was 1% silver sulphadiazine cream (Flamazine). Defibrillation burns are relatively common in coronary care units. Many result from recurrent defibrillation and may be unavoidable in the patient undergoing prolonged resuscitation. However there are other identifiable factors which, if avoided, may lead to a reduction in the number of burns seen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G W McNaughton
- Department of Accident and Emergency, Western Infrmary, Glasgow
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if cancer detection rates vary with prostate size using a sextant core biopsy pattern. METHODS We reviewed 1021 transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided sextant pattern prostate biopsies to determine if cancer detection varied based on prostate size. Prostate size was determined using a computer generated elliptical estimation method. Sextant core biopsies were taken, and the patients divided into groups based on estimated size of the prostate and biopsy outcome. Large prostates were those that were estimated by TRUS as 50 cc or more. Prostates were considered small if they were less than 50 cc. Groups were compared based on size and biopsy outcome. RESULTS Adenocarcinoma was detected in 33% (334 of 1021) of the patients. Large prostates were noted in 34% (346 of 1021), of which 23% (80 of 346) had cancer detected by sextant biopsy. Small prostates were noted in 66% (675 of 1021), of which 38% (254 of 675) had cancer detected. The difference in cancer detection in large and small glands using a sextant pattern was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Patients with positive biopsies had significantly smaller prostate sizes (40 cc +/- 26) when compared with those with negative biopsies (51 cc +/- 33) (P < 0.01). Only 14% (8 of 58) of patients with gland sizes 100 cc or greater had positive sextant biopsies while 49% (118 of 239) with prostates 25 cc or less had cancer detected. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to control for differences in age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA density, TRUS findings, and digital rectal examination between the large and small prostate groups. The difference in cancer detection persisted (P < 0.05) CONCLUSIONS Currently no evidence exists to support differing cancer rates based on gland size alone. Our cancer detection rate using a sextant pattern was higher in men with prostates less than 50 cc, and patients diagnosed with cancer had significantly smaller prostates than those with a negative sextant biopsy. Our data suggest that significant sampling error may occur in men with large glands, and more biopsies may be needed under these circumstances. The effects of tumor volume, focality, and specimen size in relation to overall gland size may contribute to these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Uzzo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Foundation, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Furth PA, Choe WT, Rex JH, Byrne JC, Baker CC. Sequences homologous to 5' splice sites are required for the inhibitory activity of papillomavirus late 3' untranslated regions. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:5278-89. [PMID: 8035806 PMCID: PMC359047 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.8.5278-5289.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) late genes is limited to terminally differentiated keratinocytes in an infected epithelium. We have previously shown that although the BPV-1 late polyadenylation site is functional in nonpermissive cells, a 53-nucleotide (nt) fragment of the late 3' untranslated region acts posttranscriptionally to reduce polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA levels. This 53-nt fragment does not appear to function by destabilizing polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA (P. A. Furth and C. C. Baker, J. Virol. 65:5806-5812, 1991). In this study, we used site-directed mutagenesis and deletion analysis to demonstrate that the sequence AAG/GUAAGU, which is identical to the consensus 5' splice site sequence, was both necessary and sufficient for the inhibitory activity of the 53-nt fragment. Furthermore, base pairing between the 5' end of the U1 small nuclear RNA and this 5' splice site-like sequence was shown to be required for the inhibitory activity in vivo. We have also further mapped the human papillomavirus type 16 late 3' inhibitory element (I. M. Kennedy, J. K. Haddow, and J. B. Clements, J. Virol. 65:2093-2097, 1991) to a 51-nt region containing four overlapping sequence motifs with partial homology to 5' splice sites. Mutation of each of these motifs demonstrated that only one of these motifs is required for the inhibitory activity. However, the presence of the other motifs may contribute to the full inhibitory activity of the element. No BPV-1 or human papillomavirus type 16 mRNAs which are spliced by using the potential 5' splice sites present in the viral late 3' untranslated regions have been identified. This suggests that the primary function of these 5' splice site-like sequences is the inhibition of late gene expression. The most likely mechanism of action of these elements is reduction of polyadenylation efficiency, perhaps through interference with 3'-terminal exon definition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Furth
- Laboratory of Tumor Virus Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Potteiger JA, Welch JC, Byrne JC. From parturition to marathon: a 16-wk study of an elite runner. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25:673-7. [PMID: 8321103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study monitored a 34-yr-old distance runner for 16 wk immediately postparturition, as she trained for the 1992 United States Olympic Marathon Trials. Weight (WT), percent fat (%FAT), aerobic power (VO2max), and energy intake/expenditure were evaluated 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk post-parturition. WT declined steadily throughout the investigation, while %FAT decreased through the first 12 wk. Minimal changes in VO2max (4 wk; 52.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 to 16 wk: 55.3 ml.kg-1.min-1) occurred; however, there were substantial changes in oxygen uptake at the lactate threshold (VO2-LT) and at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (VO2-OBLA). VO2-LT increased from 35.6 ml.kg-1.min-1 at 4 wk to 43.5 ml.kg-1.min-1 at 8 wk. VO2-OBLA increased from 40.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 at 4 wk to 51.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 at 8 wk. VO2-LT and VO2-OBLA did not change during the final 8 wk of training. Energy intake was consistently below energy expenditure. No physical or medical complications were encountered during training. This subject was able to improve VO2-LT and VO2-OBLA through high-intensity training without compromising her health. The evidence indicates that well-trained female athletes, while under physician care, may participate in rigorous physical activity soon after pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Potteiger
- Department of Physical Education, Indiana State University, Terre Haute 47809
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Human cervical carcinoma cell lines that were either positive or negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences were analyzed for evidence of mutation of the p53 and retinoblastoma genes. Each of five HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines expressed normal pRB and low levels of wild-type p53 proteins, which are presumed to be altered in function as a consequence of association with HPV E7 and E6 oncoproteins, respectively. In contrast, mutations were identified in the p53 and RB genes expressed in the C-33A and HT-3 cervical cancer cell lines, which lack HPV DNA sequences. Mutations in the p53 genes mapped to codon 273 and codon 245 in the C33-A and HT-3 cell lines, respectively, located in the highly conserved regions of p53, where mutations appear in a variety of human cancers. Mutations in RB occurred at splice junctions, resulting in in-frame deletions, affecting exons 13 and 20 in the HT-3 and C-33A cell lines, respectively. These mutations resulted in aberrant proteins that were not phosphorylated and were unable to complex with the adenovirus E1A oncoprotein. These results support the hypothesis that the inactivation of the normal functions of the tumor-suppressor proteins pRB and p53 are important steps in human cervical carcinogenesis, either by mutation or from complex formation with the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Scheffner
- Laboratory of Tumor Virus Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schiffman MH, Bauer HM, Lorincz AT, Manos MM, Byrne JC, Glass AG, Cadell DM, Howley PM. Comparison of Southern blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction methods for the detection of human papillomavirus DNA. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:573-7. [PMID: 1645370 PMCID: PMC269821 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.3.573-577.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A methodologic study was performed to compare the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot hybridization, two commonly used testing strategies for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Three laboratories tested masked aliquots of exfoliated cervical cell specimens obtained from 120 women by cervicovaginal lavage. The study population included 32 women with condylomatous atypia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 88 control women with no known history of cervical neoplasia. Two laboratories used PCR with different sets of consensus primers for HPV detection. The third laboratory used low-stringency Southern blot hybridization to identify all HPV types, followed by high-stringency Southern and/or dot blot hybridization to confirm specific HPV types. One of the PCR primer sets detected HPV types with a differential efficiency that was not predicted by analysis of DNA sequences or direct testing of HPV-containing plasmids. In contrast, the second PCR primer set was shown to be a much broader consensus system, detecting the same HPV types as Southern blotting, though requiring much less clinical specimen. Over 80% of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or condylomatous atypia were found to be HPV infected both by Southern blotting and by the second PCR primer set. Among the control women, 11% were HPV positive by Southern blotting, while 31% were positive with the second set of primers. Most of the HPV infections found only by PCR were not due to HPV type 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, or 45. These known HPV types were uncommon among normal women in the study population, even as determined by the PCR method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Schiffman
- Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Griffith MJ, Carey CM, Byrne JC, Coltart DJ, Jenkins BS, Webb-Peploe MM. Echocardiographic left ventricular wall thickness: a poor predictor of the severity of aortic valve stenosis. Clin Cardiol 1991; 14:227-31. [PMID: 2013179 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960140310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy is thought to be helpful in grading the severity of aortic stenosis. This study compared M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular wall dimensions with Gorlin aortic valve area. Good quality echocardiograms were obtained in 294 patients with aortic stenosis who also underwent cardiac catheterization. Patients with grade 3 or 4 aortic regurgitation were excluded. The correlation was calculated between the aortic valve area and the left ventricular wall dimensions. Correlation coefficients were poor; r = 0.13 for the septum, r = 0.15 for the posterior wall, and r = 0.17 for the mean wall dimension. Correlation was not improved significantly if patients with poor left ventricular function or systemic hypertension were excluded. Correlation with other hemodynamic parameters was better, peak left ventricular systolic pressure having r values of 0.36 and 0.30 for posterior wall and septum. Mean and peak aortic valve gradient had r values approaching 0.30 for both dimensions. If the peak gradient was included in multivariate analysis, the wall dimensions then had no predictive power for severity of aortic stenosis. This study demonstrates that the degree of left ventricular wall hypertrophy is not related to the severity of aortic outflow obstruction and therefore cannot be used to grade the severity of aortic stenosis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
In an effort to understand the physiologic processes which contribute to, or hinder the transport of stones through the ureter, we examined the intraluminal ureteral pressures and peristaltic activity above and below the acutely obstructed site. Because of patient differences, variability in stone size, shape and composition, an in vivo animal model was developed to study acute ureteral obstruction. Five adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized. A midline celiotomy was made and an open-ended ureteral catheter was inserted through a distal ureterotomy and advanced up the ureter. An angiographic balloon catheter was inserted through a small nephrotomy and directed down the ureter. The experiment was divided into phases: control, ureteral obstruction (balloon inflation) and release of obstruction (balloon deflation). Compared to control values, peristaltic rate above the obstruction increased significantly (p less than 0.05), as well as baseline, peak, and delta (peak minus baseline) pressures. In contrast, the peristaltic rate below the obstructed site remained approximately the same as its control, despite the significant decreases in baseline, peak, and delta (p less than 0.05) pressures. Failure of transmission of effective peristalsis across the obstructed site may hinder stone passage; however, this remains to be proven. Moreover, the failure of transmission of the increased rate of peristalsis past the balloon and persistence of peristaltic activity below the site of obstruction despite absence of urine flow suggest segmental forces influence peristaltic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Crowley
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York 10021
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The prevalence of right-to-left interatrial shunts was determined by contrast echocardiography in a blind comparison of 61 divers who had had decompression sickness, divided into four predetermined clinical subgroups, and a control group of 63 who had not. The prevalence of shunt was 15/63 in the controls and did not differ significantly in 24 divers with onset of neurological symptoms more than 30 minutes after surfacing (4/24) or 6 with joint pain only (1/6). In divers who had neurological symptoms within 30 minutes of surfacing the prevalence of shunt was 19/29, significantly higher. Rashes soon after surfacing were related to shunts but late rashes were not.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
McBride AA, Byrne JC, Howley PM. E2 polypeptides encoded by bovine papillomavirus type 1 form dimers through the common carboxyl-terminal domain: transactivation is mediated by the conserved amino-terminal domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:510-4. [PMID: 2536165 PMCID: PMC286500 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.2.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The E2 open reading frame (ORF) of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) encodes positive- and negative-acting factors that regulate viral gene expression. The full-length ORF encodes a transactivator, and two transcriptional repressors are expressed from the 3' half of the ORF. Previous analysis has shown that a conserved C-terminal region of 101 amino acids, which is shared by E2 transactivator and repressor proteins, contains the specific DNA binding activity. Further analysis of the E2 transactivator shows that a conserved N-terminal domain of approximately 220 amino acids is crucial for the transcriptional activation function, whereas the variable internal region is not required. The E2 proteins bind to a sequence, ACCGN4CGGT, several copies of which are sufficient to constitute an E2-dependent enhancer. By using a gel retardation assay and proteins derived by in vitro transcription and translation, we were able to show that the E2 polypeptides bind as dimers to a single DNA binding site. The dimeric E2 proteins are stable in the absence of DNA and dimerization is mediated through the DNA binding domain. This may reveal an additional mechanism of repression that could potentially result from the formation of inactive heterodimers between transactivator and repressor species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A McBride
- Laboratory of Tumor Virus Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) can function in an orientation- and position-independent manner as an E2-dependent enhancer. Dissection of the long control region has revealed two E2-responsive elements, E2RE1 and E2RE2, which map, respectively, between nucleotides 7611 and 7806 and between nucleotides 7200 and 7386 of the BPV-1 genome. In this study, we have carried out a detailed analysis of E2RE1, which has previously been shown to be involved in the regulation of the BPV-1 promoters P89 and P7940. One characteristic of E2RE1 is the presence of a pair of ACCN6GGT motifs (E2 binding sites) at each end of the element. To determine the contribution of these sites, as well as other sequences within E2RE1, to enhancer function, specific mutations and deletions were generated by oligonucleotide reconstruction. The functional analysis of these mutations confirmed that a pair of E2 binding sites was essential for E2-dependent enhancer activity but also indicated that cooperativity between the motifs at each end of E2RE1 creates a highly responsive element. Isolated ACCN6GGT motif pairs could also act as E2-dependent enhancers but at a significantly reduced level in comparison to the intact element. The sequences between the E2 binding sites in E2RE1 were not required for enhancer function and could actually block the enhancer activity of an isolated pair of E2 binding sites when positioned between the binding sites and the enhancer-deleted simian virus 40 early promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Spalholz
- Laboratory of Tumor Virus Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Infection of NIH 3T3 cells with a combination of HCMV and BPV resulted in more foci than infection with BPV alone. Foci were microscopically apparent at 4 days in the mixed infection and did not appear until 2 days later in the cultures infected with BPV alone. The enhancement was abolished by heat inactivation of the HCMV and also when the HCMV was replaced by a "mock inoculum." Southern blot analysis of cellular DNA from transformed cells showed a similar amount of extrachromosomal BPV DNA in cells infected by BPV alone and in cells co-infected with HCMV. No HCMV antigens could be found in these cells by immunofluorescence. The mechanisms of the enhancement are not known. Stimulation of host DNA synthesis by HCMV could possibly increase the transforming efficiency of BPV. Alternatively, the increase in BPV transforming efficiency could be due to a transient increase in BPV-1 transcription by an HCMV transcriptional transactivation factor. Since both HCMV and human papillomaviruses are commonly found in the uterine cervix, HCMV may play a role in human cervical cancer by enhancing the carcinogenic potential of human papillomavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Goldstein
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Byrne JC, Tsao MS, Fraser RS, Howley PM. Human papillomavirus-11 DNA in a patient with chronic laryngotracheobronchial papillomatosis and metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:873-8. [PMID: 2442608 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198710013171406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
36
|
Sarver N, Muschel R, Byrne JC, Khoury G, Howley PM. Enhancer-dependent expression of the rat preproinsulin gene in bovine papillomavirus type 1 vectors. Mol Cell Biol 1985; 5:3507-16. [PMID: 3018523 PMCID: PMC369181 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.5.12.3507-3516.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of position in a bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) vector on foreign gene expression was assessed with the rat preproinsulin (rI1) gene. The rI1 gene was inserted at each of the BPV-1/pML2d junctions in either transcriptional orientation in derivatives of the pdBPV-1(142-6) vector which consists of the BamHI linear genome of BPV-1 DNA cloned into pML2d. Transformed lines of C127 cells were established and assayed for rI1 gene expression. Cells containing the rI1 gene at the 3' end of the BPV-1 transforming region expressed rat proinsulin, whereas cells with the gene at the 5' end of the nontransforming region did not. Variability in the plasmid copy number or in the extent of DNA rearrangement could not account for this difference. We conclude that the expression of the rat preproinsulin gene (which is normally tissue specific for pancreatic islet cells) in C127 cells depends on the transcriptional activation afforded by viral enhancer sequences located at the 3' end of the transforming region. Intervening BPV-1 or pML2d sequences appear to block this enhancer-mediated gene activation. In agreement with enhancer-dependent activation, a rat preproinsulin gene located in a blocked position (i.e., not adjacent to the BPV-1 enhancer) could be activated by the insertion of a DNA fragment containing the simian virus 40, Moloney murine sarcoma virus, or BPV-1 enhancer element adjacent to the rI1 gene. Thus, a gene which is normally not expressed in a particular cell may be activated when placed adjacent to a viral enhancer in a BPV-1 vector.
Collapse
|
37
|
Howley PM, Schenborn ET, Lund E, Byrne JC, Dahlberg JE. The bovine papillomavirus distal "enhancer" is not cis essential for transformation or for plasmid maintenance. Mol Cell Biol 1985; 5:3310-5. [PMID: 3018516 PMCID: PMC369151 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.5.11.3310-3315.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed a mutant of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) DNA that lacked a transcriptional enhancer located 3' to the polyadenylation site of the early viral RNAs expressed in transformed cells. This mutant DNA, when separated from the procaryotic sequences, transforms mouse cells with an efficiency comparable to that of the full BPV-1 genome, and it exists as a stable multicopy plasmid in transformed cells. The BPV-1 distal enhancer suppresses the effects of a cis-inhibitory element in pML2 sequences but is not essential for the expression of the viral genes involved in cellular transformation or plasmid maintenance.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) or cloned BPV-1 DNA can transform susceptible rodent cells, and the viral DNA remains as a stable extrachromosomal plasmid in the transformed cells. The transforming region of the BPV-1 genome has previously been localized to a specific fragment comprising 69% of the genome, which also contains the elements sufficient for extrachromosomal plasmid maintenance. To define more precisely the viral DNA sequences which are involved in cellular transformation, we have tested the ability of defined deletion mutants of BPV-1 DNA to morphologically transform mouse C127 cells. Cells containing the mutated DNAs have been examined for anchorage independence and tumorigenicity in nude mice. Several distinct regions of the BPV-1 genome were found to influence expression of the viral transformation functions. A transcriptional regulatory region located in the noncoding region 5' to the early open reading frames is essential for transcriptional activity and transformation. A transcriptional enhancer element, located 3' to the polyadenylation site for the viral RNAs expressed in transformed cells, has previously been shown to be essential for transformation (Lusky et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 3:1108-1122, 1983). Deletion mutants affecting the E2 open reading frame, particularly the NH2 half, are significantly impaired in their ability to transform, suggesting that the E2 gene product is an important transforming protein of BPV-1. Mutants lacking the E6 and E7 open reading frames are still able to induce transformation but at a lowered efficiency, and the transformants have altered characteristics. Mutations localized within the E1 open reading frame do not significantly affect the transforming functions but result in the integration of the viral genome in the transformed cells, implicating the E1 gene product in stable plasmid replication and maintenance.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
We describe a bovine papillomavirus hybrid plasmid containing the neomycin resistance gene from Tn5 inserted into a mammalian cell transcriptional unit. This plasmid is maintained as a stable extrachromosomal element (20 to 100 copies per diploid genome) in mouse cells selected either for the transformed phenotype or for resistance to the aminoglycoside G418. Cells selected for G418 resistance initially display a flat, nontransformed phenotype before exhibiting the gross morphological characteristics of transformation. The delay in the appearance of the transformed phenotype indicated that some intracellular event or series of events subsequent to the establishment of transcriptionally active bovine papillomavirus 1 hybrid plasmid is required for the manifestation of the transformed phenotype.
Collapse
|
40
|
Byrne JC, Tözeren A. A bladder contractility constant. Am J Physiol 1983; 245:R673-7. [PMID: 6638214 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1983.245.5.r673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Muscle contractility can be characterized by two related properties: force and velocity. The initial velocity of a tetanic contraction is inversely related to preload. This was demonstrated experimentally by Hill and quantified in his well-known empiric equation. Subsequent investigators argued that a theoretical maximum contractile element velocity (V max) could be predicted from the rate of change of isometric force. V max has been applied clinically in heart studies, prompting others to use similar methods to evaluate bladder contractility. These attempts have so far been unsuccessful. The present study shows for whole canine bladders that the time to reach maximum isometric force from the moment of onset of active contraction is a constant independent of muscle length, preload, and maximum force. This can be expressed as a frequency constant (omega) whose calculation appears similar to that for V max. In contrast to V max, omega is obtained only from the active component of pressure.
Collapse
|
41
|
Turek LP, Byrne JC, Lowy DR, Dvoretzky I, Friedman RM, Howley PM. Interferon induces morphologic reversion with elimination of extrachromosomal viral genomes in bovine papillomavirus-transformed mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:7914-8. [PMID: 6185955 PMCID: PMC347460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.24.7914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of mouse L-cell interferon on bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) transformation of murine cells was examined. Mouse interferon reduced the level of BPV-1-induced transformation of mouse C127 cells by 95%. Long-term treatment of established BPV-1-transformed mouse cell clones with mouse L-cell interferon led to a decrease in the average number of the plasmid viral genomes present in these cells to 1/3 to 1/8. Although revertant lines could not be isolated from these lines in the absence of treatment with interferon, flat revertants were easily selected from two independent clonal transformed lines carried for 60 generations in the continued presence of 200 units of interferon per ml. These flat revertants had the biological characteristics of nontransformed C127 cells and could be retransformed by BPV-1. Southern blot hybridization failed to detect BPV-1 DNA in any of eight independent revertant lines examined under conditions that could detect 0.2 copies per cell. We conclude that interferon treatment has resulted in a selective reduction of the amount of extrachromosomal BPV-1 DNA in transformed cells and has cured some treated cells completely of their viral DNA.
Collapse
|
42
|
Sarver N, Byrne JC, Howley PM. Transformation and replication in mouse cells of a bovine papillomavirus--pML2 plasmid vector that can be rescued in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:7147-51. [PMID: 6296820 PMCID: PMC347295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique ability of bovine papillomavirus (BPV-1) DNA to replicate as a stable, multicopy plasmid in transformed mouse cells has led to its utilization as a eukaryotic cloning vector. One limitation of the system has been the marked reduction in transformation efficiency when BPV-1 DNA or the subgenomic transforming segment of BPV-1 DNA (BPV69T) is covalently linked to pBR322 sequences. A dual host replicon consisting of BPV-1 DNA and pML2d, a deletion variant of pBR322, was constructed and shown to be highly efficient for transformation of mouse cells in vitro. The hybrid molecule replicates as a stable, unintegrated, multicopy plasmid in transformed mouse cells. The resident BPV-1-pML2d plasmid DNA was rescued in bacteria and the recovered plasmids were shown to be identical in structure and to have the same transformation efficiency as the original transforming DNA. In contrast, the transforming efficiency of BPV69T DNA is less than 1/100th that of BPV-1 DNA when the DNA is left covalently linked to pML2d. These observations indicate that, although the nontransforming region of BPV-1 (BPV31NT) DNA is not essential for transformation, it has a facilitative role in the transformation process.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
|
45
|
Abstract
Two new human papovavirus isolates (JMV and MMV) from the urines of patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome were morphologically and serologically identical to BK virus (BKV). The genomes of these two new isolates were found to be indistinguishable from prototype BKV DNA in a variety of nucleic acid hybridization experiments. Like BKV DNA, JMV and MMV DNAs share approximately 20% of their polynucleotide sequences with simian virus 40 DNA. The genome of JMV was indistinguishable from that of BKV by restriction endonuclease analysis; MMV DNA contained three instead of four R-Hind cleavage sites and one rather than no R-HpaII cleavage sites. Physical maps of the BKV and MMV genomes were constructed using restriction endonucleases, and these maps were oriented to the map of simian virus 40 DNA.
Collapse
|
46
|
Fareed GC, Byrne JC, Martin MA. Triplication of a unique genetic segment in a simian virus 40-like virus of human origin and evolution of new viral genomes. J Mol Biol 1974; 87:275-88. [PMID: 4372357 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
47
|
Gleason DM, Bottaccini MR, Reilly RJ, Byrne JC. Urethral compliance and its role in female voiding dysfunctions. Invest Urol 1973; 11:83-91. [PMID: 4738013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
48
|
Abstract
The pattern of simian virus 40 (SV40) deoxyribonucleic acid transcription has been examined in 11 SV40-transformed cell lines. In all cases, substantial regions of the minus strand (35-75%) appeared to be transcribed. In the lines tested, these regions included the "early" gene sequences. The SV40-specific ribonucleic acid from at least two of the transformed cell lines represented significantly greater portions of the minus strand than are represented in "early" lytic ribonucleic acid. Small regions of the plus strand appeared to be transcribed in only two of the transformed cell lines.
Collapse
|
49
|
Byrne JC, Bottaccini MR, Gleason DM. Energy loss during micturition. Invest Urol 1972; 10:221-5. [PMID: 4640492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
50
|
|