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Song Y, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Chen Y, Chen YJ, Zhu Z, Feng J, Qi Z, Yu JZ, Yang Z, Cai Z. Phosphocholine-induced energy source shift alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction in lung cells caused by geospecific PM 2.5 components. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317574121. [PMID: 38530899 PMCID: PMC10998597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317574121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is globally recognized for its adverse implications on human health. Yet, remain limited the individual contribution of particular PM2.5 components to its toxicity, especially considering regional disparities. Moreover, prevention solutions for PM2.5-associated health effects are scarce. In the present study, we comprehensively characterized and compared the primary PM2.5 constituents and their altered metabolites from two locations: Taiyuan and Guangzhou. Analysis of year-long PM2.5 samples revealed 84 major components, encompassing organic carbon, elemental carbon, ions, metals, and organic chemicals. PM2.5 from Taiyuan exhibited higher contamination, associated health risks, dithiothreitol activity, and cytotoxicities than Guangzhou's counterpart. Applying metabolomics, BEAS-2B lung cells exposed to PM2.5 from both cities were screened for significant alterations. A correlation analysis revealed the metabolites altered by PM2.5 and the critical toxic PM2.5 components in both regions. Among the PM2.5-down-regulated metabolites, phosphocholine emerged as a promising intervention for PM2.5 cytotoxicities. Its supplementation effectively attenuated PM2.5-induced energy metabolism disorder and cell death via activating fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting Phospho1 expression. The highlighted toxic chemicals displayed combined toxicities, potentially counteracted by phosphocholine. Our study offered a promising functional metabolite to alleviate PM2.5-induced cellular disorder and provided insights into the geo-based variability in toxic PM2.5 components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yi-Jie Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Zhitong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jieqing Feng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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He X, Huang XH, Ma Y, Huang C, Yu JZ. Unambiguous Analysis and Systematic Mapping of Oxygenated Aromatic Compounds in Atmospheric Aerosols Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1880-1889. [PMID: 38253570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Compositional analysis of organic aerosols (OAs) at the molecular level has been a long-standing challenge in field and laboratory studies. In this work, we applied different extraction protocols to aerosol samples collected from the ambient atmosphere and biomass burning sources, followed by Orbitrap mass spectrometric analysis with a soft electrospray ionization source operating in both positive and negative ionization modes. To systematically map the distribution of mono- and dioxygenated aromatic compounds (referred to as aromatic CHO1 and CHO2 formulas) in OA, we developed a unique two-dimensional Kendrick mass defect (2D KMD) framework. Our analysis unveiled a total of (76, 64, 70) aromatic CHO1 formulas and (103, 110, 106) CHO2 formulas, corresponding to samples obtained from ambient air, rice straw burning, and sugarcane leaf burning, respectively. These results reveal a significant number of additional distinct formulas exclusively present in ambient samples, suggesting a significant chemical transformation of OAs in the atmosphere. The analytical approach can be further extended to incorporate multiple layers of 2D KMD, enabling systematic mapping of the unexplored chemical space for complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohui Hilda Huang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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3
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Li Z, Yim SHL, He X, Xia X, Ho KF, Yu JZ. High spatial resolution estimates of major PM 2.5 components and their associated health risks in Hong Kong using a coupled land use regression and health risk assessment approach. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:167932. [PMID: 37863225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have focused on the spatial distribution of the typical components and source tracers of PM2.5 and their associated health risks, despite the fact that the chemical components of PM2.5 pose potentially significant and independent risks to human health. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of major PM2.5 components and their associated health risks in Hong Kong using a coupled land use regression and health risk assessment modeling approach. The established land use regression models of the major PM2.5 components and source tracers achieved a relatively high statistical performance, with training and leave-one-out cross-validation R2 values of 0.85-0.96 and 0.62-0.88, respectively. The high spatial resolution (500 m × 500 m) distribution patterns of the chemical components of PM2.5 showed the heterogeneity of population exposure to different components and the related potential health risks, as evidenced by the weak spatial correlations between the mass of PM2.5 and some components. Elemental carbon, nickel, arsenic, and chromium from PM2.5 made major contributions to the total health risk and should therefore be reduced further. Our results will enable researchers to determine independent associations between exposure to the various components of PM2.5 and health endpoints in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Steve Hung Lam Yim
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Xiao He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Wang Y, Liang S, Le Breton M, Wang QQ, Liu Q, Ho CH, Kuang BY, Wu C, Hallquist M, Tong R, Yu JZ. Field observations of C 2 and C 3 organosulfates and insights into their formation mechanisms at a suburban site in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166851. [PMID: 37673264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are formed from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their oxidation products in the presence of sulfate particles. While OSs represent an important component in secondary organic aerosol, the knowledge of their formation driving force, mechanisms, and environmental impact remain inadequately understood. In this study, we report ambient observations of C2-3 oxygenated VOCs derived OSs (C2-3 OSs) at a suburban location of Hong Kong during autumn 2016. The C2-3 OSs, including glycolaldehyde sulfate (GS), hydroxyacetone sulfate (HAS), glycolic acid sulfate (GAS), and lactic acid sulfate (LAS), were quantified/semi-quantified using offline liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of aerosol filter samples. The average sum concentration of C2-3 OSs was 36 ng/m3. Correlation analysis revealed that sulfate, surface area, and liquid water content were important factors influencing C2-3 OS formation. Online measurement with an iodide High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) coupled with the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO) was also conducted to monitor C2-3 OSs, and their potential oxygenated VOC precursors in both gas- and particle-phase, and aerosol acidity tracer simultaneously. Our measurements support that glycolaldehyde/glyoxal, hydroxyacetone, glycolic acid/glyoxal, and lactic acid/methylglyoxal are likely precursors for GS, HAS, GAS, and LAS, respectively. Additionally, we found strong correlation between C2-3 OSs and H3S2O8-, a marker for aerosol acidity, providing field observational evidence for acid-catalyzed formation of small OSs. Based on both online and offline measurements, acid-catalyzed formation mechanisms in particle/aqueous phase are proposed. Specifically, the unique structure of adjacent carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in the C2-3 oxygenated VOC precursors can facilitate the formation of (1) a five-member ring intermediate via intramolecular hydrogen bond to react with sulfur trioxide through heterogenous reaction or (2) cyclic sulfate intermediate via particle-phase reaction with sulfuric acid to generate C2-3 OSs. These proposed mechanisms provide an alternative pathway for the liquid-phase production of C2-3 OSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, China; Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shumin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qiong Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chin Hung Ho
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Yu Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Yu X, Chen Q, Miao R, Zhou Y, Zhang A, Ye J, Yang X, Tao S, Liu H, Yao W. Dissecting the contributions of organic nitrogen aerosols to global atmospheric nitrogen deposition and implications for ecosystems. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad244. [PMID: 37954202 PMCID: PMC10634623 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of particulate organic nitrogen (ONp) is a significant process in the global nitrogen cycle and may be pivotally important for N-limited ecosystems. However, past models largely overlooked the spatial and chemical inhomogeneity of atmospheric ONp and were thus deficient in assessing global ONp impacts. We constructed a comprehensive global model of atmospheric gaseous and particulate organic nitrogen (ON), including the latest knowledge on emissions and secondary formations. Using this model, we simulated global atmospheric ONp abundances consistent with observations. Our estimated global atmospheric ON deposition was 26 Tg N yr-1, predominantly in the form of ONp (23 Tg N yr-1) and mostly from wildfires (37%), oceans (22%) and aqueous productions (17%). Globally, ONp contributed as much as 40% to 80% of the total N deposition downwind of biomass-burning regions. Atmospheric ONp deposition thus constituted the dominant external N supply to the N-limited boreal forests, tundras and the Arctic Ocean, and its importance may be amplified in a future warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- NationalCenter for Applied Mathematics Shenzhen, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Ruqian Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Aoxing Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Weiqi Yao
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
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Yu X, Wong YK, Yu JZ. Abundance and sources of organic nitrogen in fine (PM 2.5) and coarse (PM 2.5-10) particulate matter in urban Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 2023; 901:165880. [PMID: 37536602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrogen (ON) in atmospheric particles is much less monitored compared to inorganic nitrogen (IN), despite its significant contribution to atmospheric N deposition budget. In this study, we expanded a newly developed instrumental method for IN and ON in PM2.5 samples to PM10 samples. We determined the quantities of ON and IN for paired PM2.5 and PM10 samples collected at an urban coastal site in Hong Kong, southern China over a year. These measurements also allowed the determination of IN and ON abundance in the coarse PM (i.e., PM2.5-10) by taking the difference between PM10 and PM2.5. The measurement results show that ON accounted for 27.6 % and 21.1 % of total N in fine and coarse particles, respectively, and was mainly (87.7 %) distributed in the fine mode at the site. The seasonal variation of ON/total N was relatively small in PM2.5 (23.6-30.4 %) while considerably larger in coarse PM (4.3-42.1 %). Analysis aided by concurrently measured source indicators revealed that sea spray, biological particle emissions, and dust mixed with anthropogenic pollutants are potentially significant sources of ON in coarse particles. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment further revealed that industrial emissions/coal combustion (43.6 %), soil dust emission (16.3 %), fresh sea salt emission (15.2 %), and aged sea salt (24.9 %) are major sources of PMcoarse-bound ON at the site. The contributions of industrial emissions/coal combustion and soil dust emission to ON were significantly higher in autumn and winter. Fresh sea salt emissions contributed greater proportions to ON in spring and summer, while ON associated with the aged sea salt source was higher in spring and autumn. These findings have advanced our quantitative understanding of the sources of PMcoarse-bound ON, which was scarcely determined in the past. Furthermore, the ON measurement data in fine and coarse particles helps estimate ON deposition, which has been previously under-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yee Ka Wong
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Li J, Ho SCH, Griffith SM, Huang Y, Cheung RKY, Hallquist M, Hallquist ÅM, Louie PKK, Fung JCH, Lau AKH, Yu JZ. Concurrent measurements of nitrate at urban and suburban sites identify local nitrate formation as a driver for urban episodic PM 2.5 pollution. Sci Total Environ 2023; 897:165351. [PMID: 37422231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) is often among the leading components of urban particulate matter (PM) during PM pollution episodes. However, the factors controlling its prevalence remain inadequately understood. In this work, we analyzed concurrent hourly monitoring data of NO3- in PM2.5 at a pair of urban and suburban locations (28 km apart) in Hong Kong for a period of two months. The concentration gradient in PM2.5 NO3- was 3.0 ± 2.9 (urban) vs. 1.3 ± 0.9 μg m-3 (suburban) while that for its precursors nitrogen oxides (NOx) was 38.1 vs 4.1 ppb. NO3- accounted for 45 % of the difference in PM2.5 between the sites. Both sites were characterized to have more available NH3 than HNO3. Urban nitrate episodes, defined as periods of urban-suburban NO3- difference exceeding 2 μg m-3, constituted 21 % of the total measurement hours, with an hourly NO3- average gradient of 4.2 and a peak value of 23.6 μg m-3. Our comparative analysis, together with 3-D air quality model simulations, indicates that the high NOx levels largely explain the excessive NO3- concentrations in our urban site, with the gas phase HNO3 formation reaction contributing significantly during the daytime and the N2O5 hydrolysis pathway playing a prominent role during nighttime. This study presents a first quantitative analysis that unambiguously shows local formation of NO3- in urban environments as a driver for urban episodic PM2.5 pollution, suggesting effective benefits of lowering urban NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Simon C H Ho
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yeqi Huang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Rico K Y Cheung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa M Hallquist
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 47/F, Revenue Tower, 5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jimmy C H Fung
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR; Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR.
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Xu Y, Feng X, Chen Y, Zheng P, Hui L, Chen Y, Yu JZ, Wang Z. Development of an enhanced method for atmospheric carbonyls and characterizing their roles in photochemistry in subtropical Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 2023; 896:165135. [PMID: 37379917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds are ubiquitous and play vital roles in tropospheric photochemistry and oxidation capacity, particularly affecting radical cycling and ozone formation. An enhanced method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed to simultaneously quantify 47 carbonyl compounds with carbon (C) numbers from 1 to 13. Applying this new method to samples collected at ground and ship-borne field campaigns, we investigated the abundance, characteristic distribution, and photochemical activity of carbonyl species in the coastal atmosphere of Hong Kong. The total concentration of detected carbonyls ranged from 9.1 to 32.7 ppbv and exhibited distinct spatial variability. In addition to the usual abundant carbonyl species (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone), aliphatic saturated aldehydes with C ≥ 5 (particularly hexaldehyde and nonanaldehyde), and di‑carbonyls, exhibit significant abundance and photochemical reactivity in the coastal site and on the sea. The measured carbonyls could contribute to an estimated peroxyl radical formation rate of 1.88-8.43 ppb/h via OH oxidation and photolysis, greatly enhancing oxidation capacity and radical cycling. The ozone formation potential (OFP) estimated from the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) was dominated (69 %-82 %) by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, with significant contribution (4 %-13 %) from di‑carbonyls. Furthermore, another dozens of long-chain carbonyls without MIR values, which were typically below detection or not included in the conventional analytical method, would increase the ozone formation rate by an additional 2 %-33 %. Additionally, the glyoxal, methylglyoxal, benzaldehyde and other α, β-unsaturated aldehydes also exhibited considerable contribution to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. This study highlights the importance of various reactive carbonyls in the atmospheric chemistry of urban and coastal regions. The newly developed method can effectively characterize more carbonyl compounds and advance our understanding of their roles in photochemical air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Penggang Zheng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Tu YY, Yuan GM, Shi FP, Zhou XM, Liu SY, Yu JZ, Wan YZ, Shi L. [Predictor of clinical response to subcutaneous immunotherapy with dust mites in polysensitized allergic rhinitis patients]. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2023; 58:992-997. [PMID: 37767656 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115330-20230329-00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of 1-year subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) with dust mites in polysensitized allergic rhinitis (AR) patients and to analyze the serological markers associated with clinical response. Methods: A retrospective analysis of data from 69 polysensitized AR patients who completed 1-year SCIT with dust mites from Oct 2020 to Mar 2022 in Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital was conducted. The median patient age was 21 years, including 41 males and 28 females. The changes in symptoms and serum IgE, IgG4 assessed before and after treatment were evaluated. The differences in serological markers between effective and ineffective groups were analyzed. Multivariate regression analysis was used to investigate the predictors of clinical response. SPSS 22.0 software was used for data processing. Results: After immunotherapy, there was a significant reduction in symptom scores and a substantial improvement in the quality of life of polysensitized AR patients (all P<0.001). Dust mite specific IgG4 (sIgG4) significantly increased and dust mite specific IgE (sIgE)/sIgG4 significantly decreased (all P<0.05). sIgE, total IgE (tIgE), sIgE/tIgE and sIgE/sIgG4 were significantly lower in ineffective group than those in effective group (all P<0.05). The clinical response of SCIT related only to dust mite sIgE (r=0.29, P=0.036), and sIgE≥53.86 kU/L had the best sensitivity (77.78%) and specificity (57.89%) to predict effective SCIT in polysensitized AR patients. Conclusions: One-year dust mite SCIT is effective for polysensitized AR patients. Pre-treatment serum dust mite sIgE≥53.86 kU/L may play a role in predicting clinical response of dust mite SCIT in polysensitized AR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Tu
- Department of Rhinology, Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - G M Yuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - F P Shi
- Department of Rhinology, Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - X M Zhou
- Department of Rhinology, Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - S Y Liu
- Department of Rhinology, Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - J Z Yu
- Department of Rhinology, Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Y Z Wan
- Department of Rhinology, Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - L Shi
- Department of Rhinology, Department of Allergy, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
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10
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Guo W, Yu JZ, Chan W. Face Mask as a Versatile Sampling Device for the Assessment of Personal Exposure to 54 Toxic Compounds in Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 37406339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), which contains hundreds of toxic compounds, significantly increases the risk of developing many human diseases, including lung cancer. The most common method of assessing personal exposure to ETS-borne toxicants is by sampling sidestream smoke generated by a smoking machine through a sorbent tube or filter, followed by solvent extraction and instrumental analysis. However, the ETS sampled may not truly represent the ETS in the ambient environment, due to complicating factors from the smoke released by the burning end of the cigarette and from the absorption of the chemicals in the respiratory tract of the smoker. In this study, we developed and validated an alternative air sampling method involving breathing through a face mask to simultaneously determine personal exposure to 54 ETS-borne compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds in real smoking scenarios. The newly developed method was used to evaluate the risk associated with exposure to ETS released from conventional cigarettes (CCs) and that from novel tobacco products such as e-cigarettes (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs), with the observation of cancer risk associated with exposure to ETS released from CCs significantly higher than that from ECs and HTPs. It is anticipated that this method offers a convenient and sensitive way to collect samples for assessing the health impacts of ETS exposure.
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11
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li W, Wu G, Qi Y, Li S, Zhu W, Yu JZ, Yu X, Zhang HH, Sun J, Wang W, Sheng L, Yao X, Gao H, Huang C, Ma Y, Zhou Y. Important Roles and Formation of Atmospheric Organosulfates in Marine Organic Aerosols: Influence of Phytoplankton Emissions and Anthropogenic Pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37357464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) could be potentially important compounds in marine organic aerosols, while their formation in marine atmospheres is far from clear due to a lack of cruise observations. In this work, shipboard atmospheric observations were conducted over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea to investigate the abundance and formation of biogenic isoprene/monoterpene-OSs in marine aerosols. The quantified OSs and NOSs accounted for 0.04-6.9% of marine organic aerosols and were 0.07-2.2% of the non-sea-salt (nss) sulfate in terms of sulfur content. Isoprene-related (nitrooxy-)OSs occupied 27-87% of the total quantified OSs, following the abundance order of summer > autumn > spring or winter. This order was driven by the marine phytoplankton biomass and sea surface temperature (SST), which controlled the seawater and atmospheric isoprene concentration levels. Under the severe impacts of anthropogenic pollutants from the East Asia continent in winter, monoterpene nitrooxy-OSs, generated with NOx involved in, increased to 34.4 ± 35.5 ng/m3 and contributed 68% of the quantified (nitrooxy-)OSs. Our results highlight the notable roles of biogenic OSs in marine organic aerosols over regions with high biological activity and high SST. The formation of biogenic OSs and their roles in altering marine aerosol properties calls for elaboration through cruise observations in different marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guanru Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuxuan Qi
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shubin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenqing Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lifang Sheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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12
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Liao K, Wang Q, Wang S, Yu JZ. Bayesian Inference Approach to Quantify Primary and Secondary Organic Carbon in Fine Particulate Matter Using Major Species Measurements. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5169-5179. [PMID: 36940370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The determination of primary organic carbon (POC) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in fine particulate matter using ambient measurements is essential in atmospheric chemistry. A novel Bayesian inference (BI) approach is proposed to achieve such quantification using only major component measurement data and tested in two case studies. One case study composes of filter-based daily compositional data made in the Pearl River Delta region, China, during 2012, while the other uses online measurement data recorded at the Dianshan Lake monitoring site in Shanghai in wintertime 2019. Source-specific organic trace measurement data are available in both the cases so that positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis is performed, where PMF-resolved POC and SOC are used as the best available reference values for model evaluation. Meanwhile, traditional techniques, i.e., minimum ratio value, minimum R squared, and multiple linear regression, are also employed and evaluated. For both the cases, the BI models have shown significant advantages in accurately estimating POC and SOC amounts over conventional methods. Further analysis suggests that using sulfate as the SOC tracer in BI model gives the best model performance. This methodological advance provides an improved and practical tool to derive POC and SOC levels for addressing PM-related environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Li T, Mao H, Wang Z, Yu JZ, Li S, Nie X, Herrmann H, Wang Y. Field Evidence for Asian Outflow and Fast Depletion of Total Gaseous Mercury in the Polluted Coastal Atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:4101-4112. [PMID: 36847858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric mercury (Hg) cycling in polluted coastal atmosphere is complicated and not fully understood. Here, we present measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM) monitored at a coastal mountaintop in Hong Kong downwind of mainland China. Sharp TGM peaks during cold front passages were frequently observed due to Asian pollution outflow with typical TGM/CO slopes of 6.8 ± 2.2 pg m-3 ppbv-1. Contrary to the daytime maximums of other air pollutants, TGM exhibited a distinct diurnal variation with a midday minimum. Moreover, we observed four cases of extremely fast TGM depletion after sunrise, during which TGM concentrations rapidly dipped to 0.3-0.6 ng m-3 accompanied by other pollutants on the rise. Simulated meteorological fields revealed that morning upslope flow transporting anthropogenically polluted but TGM-depleted air masses from the mixed layer caused morning TGM depletion at the mountaintop location. The TGM-depleted air masses were hypothesized to result mainly from fast photooxidation of Hg after sunrise with minor contributions from dry deposition (5.0%) and nocturnal oxidation (0.6%). A bromine-induced two-step oxidation mechanism involving abundant pollutants (NO2, O3, etc.) was estimated to play a dominant role, contributing 55%-60% of depleted TGM and requiring 0.20-0.26 pptv Br, an amount potentially available through sea salt aerosol debromination. Our findings suggest significant effects of the interaction between anthropogenic pollution and marine halogen chemistry on atmospheric Hg cycling in the coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Huiting Mao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shuwen Li
- Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms (LACS), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoling Nie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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14
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Kriström K, Häggström J, Tidholm A, Yu JZ, Fascetti AJ, Ljungvall I. Impact of blood tube additives and timing of sampling on blood taurine concentrations in clinically healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 45:59-70. [PMID: 36702086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dilated cardiomyopathy can be associated with taurine deficiency in dogs. Blood taurine concentrations can be analyzed in whole blood (WB) and plasma. The study objectives were to investigate agreement between taurine concentrations measured in WB, heparin plasma, and EDTA plasma, determine intraindividual variation in healthy dogs, and evaluate if time from feeding to sampling impacts concentrations. ANIMALS Ten English Cocker spaniels and 10 dogs of various breeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs were fasted 12 h prior to initial blood sampling, and the blood was collected at five occasions over eight h. Food was offered immediately after first and one h after fourth sampling time point. RESULTS Agreement between taurine concentrations in EDTA plasma and heparinized plasma was good (mean difference 4.5 nmol/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI) 36.8-45.8 nmol/mL). Whole blood concentrations were systematically higher than EDTA and heparin plasma concentrations (mean difference 132.7 nmol/mL, 95% CI 23.6-241.8 nmol/mL, and 127.6 nmol/mL, 95% CI 28.6-226.6 nmol/mL, respectively, all P < 0.001). Intraindividual daily variations in taurine concentration were seen in all additives, with largest variations in plasma (P < 0.001). Taurine concentration in heparinized plasma was higher at first and fifth sampling time points compared to the fourth (P = 0.014). DISCUSSION Agreement was found between taurine concentrations measured in different additives, with expected higher concentration in WB than plasma. Taurine concentrations measured in heparinized plasma varied with sampling time point. Intraindividual daily variations were observed in all additives, but mainly in plasma samples. CONCLUSION Taurine concentrations in dogs with suspected deficiency should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kriström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21A, SE-182 36 Danderyd, Sweden.
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Tidholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21A, SE-182 36 Danderyd, Sweden
| | - J Z Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A J Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - I Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Yi Y, Li Q, Zhang K, Li R, Yang L, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang S, Wang Y, Chen H, Huang L, Yu JZ, Li L. Highly time-resolved measurements of elements in PM 2.5 in Changzhou, China: Temporal variation, source identification and health risks. Sci Total Environ 2022; 853:158450. [PMID: 36058329 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The temporal variation, sources, and health risks of elemental composition in fine particles (PM2.5) were explored using online measurements of 19 elements with a time resolution of 1 h at an urban location in Changzhou, China, from December 10, 2020 to March 31, 2021. The mass concentration of PM2.5 was 50.1 ± 32.6 μg m-3, with a range of 3-218 μg m-3. The total concentration of 19 elements (2568 ± 1839 ng m-3) accounted for 5.1 % of PM2.5 mass concentration. S, Cl, Si, and Fe were the dominant elementary species, accounting for 90 % of total element mass concentrations during the whole campaign. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the major emission sources of elements in PM2.5. Seven factors, named secondary sulfate mixed with coal combustion, Cl-rich, traffic, iron and steel industry, soil dust, fireworks, and shipping, were identified. The major sources for elements were iron and steel industry, followed by soil dust and secondary sulfate mixed with coal combustion, explaining 32.0 %, 23.5 % and 16.7 % of the total source contribution, respectively. The total hazard index (HI) of elements was 3.01 for children and 1.18 for adults, much greater than the admissible level (HI = 1). The total carcinogenic risk (CR) in Changzhou was estimated to be 5.87 × 10-5, which was above the acceptable CR level (1 × 10-6). Among the calculated metal elements, Cr, Co and As have higher carcinogenic risk, and Co was found to trigger the highest noncarcinogenic risk to Children. Our results indicate that industrial emission is the dominant CR contributor, emphasizing the necessity for stringent regulation of industry sources. Overall, our study provides useful information for policymakers to reduce emissions and health risks from elements in the Yangtze River Delta region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liumei Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Jiangsu Changhuan Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213002, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Jiangsu Changhuan Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213002, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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Zeng L, Huang DD, Zhu S, Li F, Zhou M, Qiao L, Wang Q, Wang Q, Ma Y, Lou S, Shi H, In Hoi K, Mok KM, Ge X, Wang H, Yu JZ, Huang C, Li YJ. The interplays among meteorology, source, and chemistry in high particulate matter pollution episodes in urban Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 853:158347. [PMID: 36041601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High particulate matter (PM) pollution episodes still occur occasionally in urban China, despite of improvements in recent years. Investigating the influencing factors of high-PM episodes is beneficial in the formulation of effective control measures. We herein present the effects of weather condition, emission source, and chemical conversion on the occurrence of high-PM episodes in urban Shanghai using multiple online measurements. Three high-PM episodes, i.e., locally-accumulated, regionally-transported, and dust-affected ones, as well as a clean period were selected. Stagnant air with temperature inversion was found in both locally-accumulated and regionally-transported high-PM episodes, but differences in PM evolution were observed. In the more complicated dust-affected episode, the weather condition interacted with the emission/transport sources and chemical conversion, resulting in consecutive stages with different PM characteristics. Specifically, there were (1) stronger local accumulation in the pre-dust period, (2) dust-laden air with aged organic aerosol (OA) upon dust arrival, (3) pollutants being swept into the ocean, and (4) back to the city with aged OA. Our results suggest that (a) local emissions could be rapidly oxidized in some episodes but not all, (b) aged OA from long-range transport (aged in space) had a similar degree of oxygenation compared to the prolonged local oxidation (aged in time), and (c) OA aged over land and over the ocean were similar in chemical characteristics. The findings help better understand the causes and evolution of high-PM episodes, which are manifested by the interplays among meteorology, source, and chemistry, providing a scientific basis for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Shuhui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fangbing Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Huabin Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; The State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ka In Hoi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Kai Meng Mok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
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17
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Wang S, Wang Q, Zhu S, Zhou M, Qiao L, Huang D, Ma Y, Lu Y, Huang C, Fu Q, Duan Y, Yu JZ. Hourly organic tracers-based source apportionment of PM 2.5 before and during the Covid-19 lockdown in suburban Shanghai, China: Insights into regional transport influences and response to urban emission reductions. Atmos Environ (1994) 2022; 289:119308. [PMID: 35967886 PMCID: PMC9359772 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the Covid-19 outbreak, strict lockdown measures led to notable reductions in transportation-related emissions and significantly altered atmospheric pollution characteristics in urban and suburban areas. In this work, we compare comprehensive online measurements of PM2.5 major components and organic molecular markers in a suburban location in Shanghai, China before lockdown (Dec. 28, 2019 to Jan. 23, 2020) and during lockdown (Jan. 24 to Feb. 9, 2020). The NOx levels declined sharply by 59% from 44 to 18 ppb during the lockdown, while O3 rose two times higher to 42 ppb. The PM2.5 level dropped from 64 to 49 μg m-3 (-24%). The major components all showed reductions, with the reduction of nitrate most prominent at -58%, followed by organics at -19%, and sulfate at -17%. Positive matrix factorization analysis identifies fourteen source factors, including nine primary sources and five secondary sources. The secondary sources consist of sulfate-rich factor, nitrate-rich factor, and three secondary organic aerosol (SOA) factors, with SOA_I being anthropogenic SOA, SOA_II associated with later generation products of organic oxidation, and SOA_III being biogenic SOA. The combined secondary sources contributed to 69% and 63% (40 and 22 μg m-3) of PM2.5 before and during lockdown, respectively, among which the reductions in the nitrate-rich (-55%) factor was the most prominent. Among primary sources, large reductions (>80%) were observed in contributions from industrial, cooking, and vehicle emissions. Unlike some studies reporting that the restriction during the Covid-19 resulted in enhanced secondary sulfate and SOA formation, we observed decreases in both secondary inorganic and SOA formation despite the overall elevated oxidizing capacity in the suburban site. Our results indicate that the formation change in secondary inorganic and organic compounds in response to substantial reductions in urban primary precursors are different for urban and suburban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhui Zhu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, 55 Sanjiang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, 55 Sanjiang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Wang N, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang H, Zhao Y, Wu G, Li M, Zhou Z, Wang X, Yu JZ, Zhou Y. Ambient particle characteristics by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry at a coastal site in Hong Kong: a case study affected by the sea-land breeze. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14116. [PMID: 36325180 PMCID: PMC9620973 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The sea-land breeze (SLB) circulation plays a vital role in the transport of atmospheric pollutants in coastal cities. In this study, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) and combined bulk aerosol instruments were deployed to investigate the ambient particle characteristic at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong from February 22 to March 10, 2013. Significant SLB circulations were captured from March 6-10, 2013, during the campaign. During the SLB periods, air quality worsened, with PM2.5 concentrations reaching a peak of 55.6 μg m-3 and an average value of 42.8 ± 4.5 μg m-3. A total of 235,894 particles were measured during the SLB stage. Eight major sources were identified by investigating the mixing states of the total particles, including the coal-burning related particles (48.1%), biomass burning particles (6.7%), vehicle emission-related particles (16.4%), sea salt (9.2%), ship emission particles (2.7%), dust/steeling industries (3.7%), waste incineration (6.3%), and road dust (3.9%). It was noteworthy that the PM2.5 concentrations and particle numbers increased sharply during the transition of land wind to the sea breeze. Meanwhile, the continental sourced pollutants recirculated back to land resulting in a cumulative increase in pollutants. Both individual and bulk measurements support the above results, with high contributions from coal burning, biomass burning, bulk K+, and NO3 -, which were probably from the regional transportation from the nearby area. In contrast, the ship and vehicle emissions increased during the SLB period, with a high sulfate concentration partially originating from the ship emission. In this study, field evidence of continental-source pollutants backflow to land with the evolution of sea breeze was observed and helped our current understanding of the effect of SLB on air quality in the coastal city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Houwen Wang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanru Wu
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
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19
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Sun Z, Guo W, Chan CK, Jin L, Griffith SM, Yu JZ, Chan W. Polyurethane Foam Face Masks as a Dosimeter for Quantifying Personal Exposure to Airborne Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1604-1613. [PMID: 35972223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are commonly quantitated by collecting the analytes on solid sorbent tubes or passive air samplers, followed by solvent extraction and instrumental analysis, or by grab bag/canister measurements. We report herein a user-friendly sampling method by breathing through polyurethane foam (PUF) face masks to collect airborne VOCs and SVOCs for chemical analysis. Specifically, dibasic esters, phthalate esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, linalool, and nicotine trapped on PUF masks were quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as model VOCs and SVOCs. Results showed that the amount of these model VOCs and SVOCs trapped on PUF masks is proportional to the exposure duration. After cross-validation by parallel sampling using XAD-2 packed sorbent tubes, the method was used to quantitate VOCs and SVOCs in a variety of indoor and outdoor environments with varying air concentrations of analytes, temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Because air pollution is considered a major cause of many human diseases and premature deaths and the developed PUF mask sampling method showed high trapping efficiencies for both VOCs and SVOCs, it is believed that the developed sampling method will find wide application in assessing air pollution-associated disease risks with possible extension to more classes of VOCs and SVOCs when coupled with suitable instrumental detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Kong Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Long Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
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20
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Chow WS, Huang XHH, Leung KF, Huang L, Wu X, Yu JZ. Molecular and elemental marker-based source apportionment of fine particulate matter at six sites in Hong Kong, China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 813:152652. [PMID: 34954166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment of PM2.5 was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF) based on chemical speciation data from 24-h filters collected throughout 2015 at six sampling sites of varying urban influences in Hong Kong. The input data include major inorganic ions, organic and elemental carbon, elements, and organic tracers. Nine factors were resolved, including (1) secondary sulfate formation process, (2) secondary nitrate formation process, (3) industrial emissions, (4) biomass burning, (5) primary biogenic emissions, (6) vehicle emissions, (7) residual oil combustion, (8) dust, and (9) aged sea salt. The PMF-resolved factor contributions in conjunction with air mass back trajectories showed that the two major sources for PM2.5 mass, secondary sulfate (annual: 41%) and secondary nitrate (annual: 9.9%), were dominantly associated with regional and super-regional pollutant transport. Vehicular emissions are the most important local source, and its contributions exhibit a clear spatial variation pattern, with the highest (6.9 μg/m3, 24% of PM2.5) at a downtown roadside location and the lowest (0.4 μg/m3, 2.0% PM2.5) at two background sites away from city centers. The ability of producing a more reliable source separation and identifying new sources (e.g. primary biogenic source in this study) was a direct advantageous result of including organic tracers in the PMF analysis. PMF analysis conducted on the same dataset in this study but without including the organic tracers failed to separate the biomass burning emissions and industrial/coal combustion emissions. PMF analysis without the organic tracers would also over-apportion the contribution of vehicular emissions to PM2.5, which would bias the evaluation of the effectiveness of vehicle-related control measures. This work demonstrates the importance of organic markers in achieving more comprehensive and less biased source apportionment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Sze Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - X H Hilda Huang
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fung Leung
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangrong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment & Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Kuang B, Lin P, Liang Y, Huang C, Yu JZ. Abundance of organosulfates derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds: Seasonal and spatial contrasts at four sites in China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:151275. [PMID: 34743888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric organosulfates (OSs) derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) encode chemical interaction strength between anthroposphere and biosphere. We report BVOC-derived OSs in the summer of 2016 and the winter of 2017 at four locations in China (i.e., Hong Kong (HK), Guangzhou (GZ), Shanghai (SH), and Beijing (BJ)). The spatial coverage of three climatic zones from the south to the north in China is accompanied with a wide range of aerosol inorganic sulfate (4.9-13.8 μg/m3). We employed a combined targeted and untargeted approach using high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry to quantify/semi-quantify ~200 OSs and nitrooxy OSs derived from four types of precursors, namely C2-C3 oxygenated VOCs, isoprene, monoterpenes (MT), and sesquiterpenes (ST). The seasonal averages of the total quantified OSs across the four sites are in the range of 201-545 (summer) and 123-234 ng/m3 (winter), with the isoprene-derived OSs accounting for more than 80% (summer) and 57% (winter). The C2-3 OSs and isoprene-derived OSs share the same seasonality (summer >winter) and the same south-north spatial gradient as those of isoprene emissions. In contrast, the MT- and ST-derived OSs are of either comparable abundance or slightly higher abundance in winter at the four sites. The spatial contrasts for MT- and ST-derived OSs are not clearly discernable among GZ, SH, and BJ. HK is noted to have invariably lower abundances of all groups of OSs, in line with its aerosol inorganic sulfate being the lowest. These results indicate that BVOC emissions are the driving factor regulating the formation of C2-3 OSs and isoprene-derived OSs. Other factors, such as sulfate abundance, however, play a more important role in the formation of MT- and ST-derived OSs. This in turn suggests that the formation kinetics and/or pathways differ between these two sub-groups of BVOCs-derived OSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Binyu Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yongmei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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22
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Zhang J, He X, Ding X, Yu JZ, Ying Q. Modeling Secondary Organic Aerosol Tracers and Tracer-to-SOA Ratios for Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes Using a Chemical Transport Model. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:804-813. [PMID: 34979081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model was modified to simulate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from five explicit (α-pinene, β-pinene, d-limonene, Δ3-carene, and sabinene) and one lumped monoterpene (MT) species and sesquiterpenes (SQTs). The contribution of each oxidation pathway [including OH, O3, NO3, and O(3P)] was explicitly tracked in the SOA module. Three MT SOA tracers (pinic acid, PA; pinonic acid, PNA; and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid, MBTCA) and one SQT SOA tracer (β-caryophyllinic acid, BCARYA) were modeled to assess the tracer-to-SOA ratios (fSOA) for ambient SOA estimation. Good model performance for BCARYA and MBTCA and reasonable agreement between model predictions and observations of PA and PNA were achieved. The modeled daily fSOA showed significant variations, suggesting that using the chamber-derived constant fSOA could lead to large errors in estimating terpene SOA. Among the four tracers, MBTCA and BCARYA were more appropriate for tracking MT and SQT SOA due to their nonvolatility. Their fSOA values mainly depend on the organic aerosol loading and could be approximated using simple power-law equations. In addition, equations directly linking the tracer concentrations to the corresponding SOA concentrations were proposed and could lead to good SOA estimations. This work provides new insights into the formation of the key MT and SQT SOA tracers and would allow better assessments of the biogenic emissions to regional and global aerosol burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
| | - Xiao He
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
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23
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Wong YK, Huang XHH, Cheng YY, Yu JZ. Estimating primary vehicular emission contributions to PM 2.5 using the Chemical Mass Balance model: Accounting for gas-particle partitioning of organic aerosols and oxidation degradation of hopanes. Environ Pollut 2021; 291:118131. [PMID: 34530241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter emitted from vehicles (PMvehicle) represents a major air pollution source in urban areas. Ambient measurements of hopanes and elemental carbon have traditionally been coupled with the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model to quantify the contributions to fine PM from diesel and gasoline vehicular emissions (VE). The organic carbon part of PMvehicle, however, undergoes gas-particle partitioning and oxidation degradation as VE move from exhaust pipe to receptor sites. This creates an issue of deviation from mass conservation in the utility of CMB. The impact of this issue on quantifying PMvehicle has remained largely uncharacterized. In this study, we incorporate in CMB the gas-particle partitioning of VE organic aerosols and hopane oxidation, which is equivalent to adopting dynamic VE source profiles. The modified version of CMB is applied to quantify primary PMvehicle contributions at a roadside and a general urban site in Hong Kong. For the roadside site, the modified CMB reports predominant PMvehicle by diesel VE, a result consistent with previous studies. For the general urban site, the apportioned gasoline contribution by the modified CMB is tripled (0.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.7 ± 2.1 μg/m3) while the diesel contribution is reduced by one third (1.7 ± 1.2 vs. 1.1 ± 1.2 μg/m3), producing a gasoline-diesel split significantly different from that by traditional CMB (1:2 vs. 5:2). Our work strongly indicates that a static representation of VE source profiles in CMB modeling would create flawed PMvehicle estimation and demonstrates the necessity of considering gas-particle partitioning of organic aerosol and hopane oxidation degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ka Wong
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - X H Hilda Huang
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuk Ying Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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24
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Huang DD, Zhu S, An J, Wang Q, Qiao L, Zhou M, He X, Ma Y, Sun Y, Huang C, Yu JZ, Zhang Q. Comparative Assessment of Cooking Emission Contributions to Urban Organic Aerosol Using Online Molecular Tracers and Aerosol Mass Spectrometry Measurements. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:14526-14535. [PMID: 34672547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cooking organic aerosol (COA) is an important source of particulate pollutants in urbanized regions. Yet, the diversity and complexity of COA components make direct identification and quantification of COA difficult. In this study, we conducted collocated OA measurements with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (TAG) in Shanghai. Cooking molecular tracers (e.g., C18 fatty acids, azelaic acid) measured by TAG provide unambiguous source information for evaluating the tracer ion (C6H10O+, m/z 98) used for identification and apportionment of COA in AMS analysis. Based on the collocated AMS and TAG measurements, two COA factors, namely, a primary COA (PCOA) and an oxygenated COA (OCOA) produced from rapid oxygenation of freshly emitted PCOA, were identified. Criteria for identifying COA factors from AMS analysis with different oxygenation levels are proposed, i.e., characteristic mass spectra, temporal variations, etc. Furthermore, two positive matrix factorization approaches, namely, AMS-PMF and the molecular marker (MM)-PMF, were compared for COA quantification, where high consistency was found with the contribution of COA to total PM2.5 mass estimated to be 9 ± 7% by AMS-PMF and 6 ± 5% by the MM-PMF. Our study highlights the important impacts of cooking activities on air quality in urban areas. We also demonstrate the advantage of conducting collocated measurements using multiple high time resolution mass spectrometric techniques in advancing our understanding of atmospheric OA chemistry and improving the accuracy of source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuhui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingyu An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao He
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 154100, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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25
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Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also known as secondhand smoking, contains human carcinogens associated with the development of many human diseases, including stroke, heart disease, leukemia, and lung cancer. Due to these adverse health effects, a sensitive and selective method is crucial for assessing the health impacts of ETS. While current methods to evaluate ETS exposure are either invasive or nonspecific and insensitive, in this study, we assessed the use of polyurethane foam face masks as a sampling medium to collect tobacco smoke-specific nicotine and nitrosamines for estimating personal exposure to ETS. This method was used in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry coupled with isotope-dilution detection. After validation by comparison with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health standard method (NIOSH 2551) for nicotine, we quantitated ETS exposure in indoor and outdoor environments. The analysis shows the applicability of the method for monitoring nicotine down to ∼0.20 mg/m3 near an outdoor smoking hotspot and up to ∼5.2 mg/m3 in a room with burning cigarettes, all with a time resolution as short as 5 min. In comparison with the NIOSH method, the newly developed method is convenient, inexpensive, and does not require a personal sampling pump, thus can facilitate large-scale ETS exposure monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Jin L, Griffith SM, Sun Z, Yu JZ, Chan W. On the Flip Side of Mask Wearing: Increased Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and a Risk-Reducing Solution. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:14095-14104. [PMID: 34596392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surgical masks have been worn by the public worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet hazardous chemicals in the petroleum-derived polymer layer of masks are currently ignored and unregulated. These organic compounds pose potential health risks to the mask wearer through dermal contact or inhalation. Here, we show that surgical masks from around the world are loaded with semivolatile and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters, and reactive carbonyls at ng to μg/mask levels. Naphthalene was the most abundant mask-borne PAH, accounting for over 80% of total PAH levels; acrolein, a mutagenic carbonyl, was detected in most of the mask samples, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, an androgen antagonist, was detected in one-third of the samples. Furthermore, there is large mask-to-mask variability of the residue VOCs, revealing the uneven quality of masks. We confirm that masks containing more residue VOCs lead to significantly higher exposure levels and associated disease risks to the wearer, which should warrant the attention of the general public and regulatory agencies. We find that heating the masks at 50 °C for as short as 60 min lowers the total VOC content by up to 80%, providing a simple method to limit our exposure to mask-borne VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Zhihan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Surgical masks have been worn by the public worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet hazardous chemicals in the petroleum-derived polymer layer of masks are currently ignored and unregulated. These organic compounds pose potential health risks to the mask wearer through dermal contact or inhalation. Here, we show that surgical masks from around the world are loaded with semivolatile and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters, and reactive carbonyls at ng to μg/mask levels. Naphthalene was the most abundant mask-borne PAH, accounting for over 80% of total PAH levels; acrolein, a mutagenic carbonyl, was detected in most of the mask samples, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, an androgen antagonist, was detected in one-third of the samples. Furthermore, there is large mask-to-mask variability of the residue VOCs, revealing the uneven quality of masks. We confirm that masks containing more residue VOCs lead to significantly higher exposure levels and associated disease risks to the wearer, which should warrant the attention of the general public and regulatory agencies. We find that heating the masks at 50 °C for as short as 60 min lowers the total VOC content by up to 80%, providing a simple method to limit our exposure to mask-borne VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Zhihan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Zhang J, He X, Gao Y, Zhu S, Jing S, Wang H, Yu JZ, Ying Q. Estimation of Aromatic Secondary Organic Aerosol Using a Molecular Tracer-A Chemical Transport Model Assessment. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:12882-12892. [PMID: 34523345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A modified community multiscale air quality model, which can simulate the regional distributions of 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (DHOPA), a marker species for monoaromatic secondary organic aerosol (SOA), was applied to assess the applicability of using the DHOPA to aromatic SOA mass ratio (fSOA) from smog chamber experiments to estimate aromatic SOA during a three-week wintertime air quality campaign in urban Shanghai. The modeled daily DHOPA concentrations based on the chamber-derived mass yields agree well with the organic marker field measurements (R = 0.79; MFB = 0.152; and MFE = 0.440). Two-thirds of the DHOPA are from the oxidation of ARO1 (lumped less-reactive aromatic species; mostly toluene), with the rest from ARO2 (lumped more-reactive aromatic species; mostly xylenes). Modeled DHOPA is mainly in the particle phase under ambient organic aerosol (OA) loading but could exhibit significant gas-particle partitioning when a higher estimation of the DHOPA vapor pressure is used. The modeled fSOA shows a strong dependence on the OA loading when only semivolatile aromatic SOA components are included in the fSOA calculations. However, this OA dependence becomes weaker when non-volatile oligomers and dicarbonyl SOA products are considered. A constant fSOA value of ∼0.002 is determined when all aromatic SOA components are included, which is a factor of 2 smaller than the commonly applied chamber-based fSOA value of 0.004 for toluene. This model-derived fSOA value does not show much spatial variation and is not sensitive to alternative estimates of DHOPA vapor pressures and SOA yields, and thus provides an appropriate scaling factor to assess aromatic SOA from DHOPA measurements. This result helps refine the quantification of SOA attributable to monoaromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments and thereby facilitates the evaluation of control measures targeting these specific precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
| | - Xiao He
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Shuhui Zhu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200021, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
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Zhang K, Yang L, Li Q, Li R, Zhang D, Xu W, Feng J, Wang Q, Wang W, Huang L, Yaluk EA, Wang Y, Yu JZ, Li L. Hourly measurement of PM 2.5-bound nonpolar organic compounds in Shanghai: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2021; 789:148070. [PMID: 34323831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-bound nonpolar organic compounds (NPOCs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkanes, are commonly used as typical molecular markers for detailed source identification. Online thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TAG) system can obtain ambient data with hourly resolution, which is of great importance for investigating the diurnal characteristics and refined source identification of NPOCs. From June to October 2020, hourly ambient aerosol samples were collected and analyzed to investigate the characteristics and sources of 14 PAHs and 15 alkanes (C21-C35) in PM2.5 using TAG at a suburban site of Baoshan district in Shanghai, China. The average concentration of summed PAHs and alkanes during the sampling period was 1.27 ± 1.4 ng/m3 and 8.87 ± 3.46 ng/m3, respectively, in which Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) and Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP) are the dominant PAHs species, with n-Heptacosane (C27), n-Nonacosane (C29) and n-Hentriacontane (C31) being the most abundant n-alkane species. Carbon preference index (CPI) and carbon maximum (Cmax) number indicated that the sources of alkanes shifted from biogenic-oriented (such as plant wax) in the summer to anthropogenic-dominated (such as fossil fuels) in the autumn. Results from trajectory cluster analysis and potential source contribution function (PSCF) modeling showed that alkanes were mainly from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain including Anhui, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces, while PAHs were mainly from northeastern China. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model results indicated that gasoline (41.48%) and diesel (21.82%) were the two major sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs in summer and fall of 2020 in Shanghai, followed by coal consumption or catering (19.96%) and biomass burning (16.74%). Diurnal variation of PAHs sources resolved by PMF showed characteristic features consistent with the corresponding anthropogenic activities. For example, gasoline vehicle exhaust showed higher concentrations during traffic rush hours; while coal consumption or catering presented higher concentrations during lunch times from 10:00 to 12:00. In addition, the TAG data coupling with PMF also can be capable for source appointment of short-duration episodes. Health risk assessment showed that adult women were at greater lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) than people in other age groups, and people may subject to higher health risks at morning and night time. This work demonstrates that hourly NPOCs measured by TAG are uniquely specific on refined source identification and investigation into the characteristics of diurnal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liumei Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongping Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wu Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Elly Arukulem Yaluk
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Yu X, Li Q, Ge Y, Li Y, Liao K, Huang XH, Li J, Yu JZ. Simultaneous Determination of Aerosol Inorganic and Organic Nitrogen by Thermal Evolution and Chemiluminescence Detection. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:11579-11589. [PMID: 34396780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrogen (IN) and organic nitrogen (ON) molecules constitute a significant part of atmospheric aerosol. Unlike IN, the total ON quantity remains largely unquantified due to a lack of a simple and direct measurement method. This analytical deficiency hinders the quantitative assessment of the various environmental and health effect impacts by aerosol ON. In this work, we developed an analyzer system that utilizes programmed thermal evolution of carbonaceous and nitrogenous aerosols and chemiluminescence detection coupled with the multivariate curve resolution data treatment to achieve simultaneous quantification of IN and ON. The system is capable of detecting IN and ON as low as 96 ng N per sample on a small filter aliquot (1 cm2) without any pretreatment. This method breakthrough opens the door to quantifying an important pool of aerosol N that was analytically inaccessible in the past and holds the promise to quantifying IN and ON in other environmental samples. As a demonstration, quantification of aerosol ON at an urban site in Hong Kong, China, in samples spanning over a year reveals ON constituting a significant fraction (9-52%) of the total aerosol nitrogen and having major source origins in both secondary formation and primary emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yao Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yumin Li
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Kezheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaohui Hilda Huang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jinjian Li
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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31
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Abstract
Nitrooxy organosulfates derived from terpenes (NOSTP) represent an important class of products formed between anthropogenic pollution (e.g., SO2 and NOx) and natural emissions. NOSTP compounds have been consistently detected in atmospheric environments under varying urban influences. Their chemical linkages to both anthroposphere and biosphere make them valuable markers for tracking anthroposphere-biosphere interactions. However, their quantification, formation, and transformation kinetics in atmospheric aerosols are hindered due to the lack of NOSTP standards. In this work, we developed two routes for the first concise chemical synthesis of eight NOSTP from terpenes including α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, limonaketone, and β-caryophyllene. Subsequently, six of the synthesized NOSTP were for the first time positively identified in ambient aerosol samples, clarifying certain misidentifications in previous studies. More significantly, the availability of authentic standards allows irrefutable observation of three carbon skeleton-rearranged NOSTP, two derived from α-pinene, and one derived from β-caryophyllene, revealing the occurrence of previously unrecognized transformation pathways in the formation of NOSTP. Two synthesized NOSTP from β-pinene and limonene could not be detected, likely due to rapid hydrolysis of their immediate hydroxynitrate precursors outcompeting sulfation. Such mechanistic evidence is valuable in understanding the atmospheric chemistry of NOSTP and related compounds. This work demonstrates the usefulness of authentic standards in probing the NOSTP formation mechanisms in the atmosphere. Comparison of NOSTP ambient samples collected from four Chinese cities in two winter months indicates that anthropogenic chemical factors could outcompete terpene emissions in the formation of NOSTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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32
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Liao K, Park ES, Zhang J, Cheng L, Ji D, Ying Q, Yu JZ. A multiple linear regression model with multiplicative log-normal error term for atmospheric concentration data. Sci Total Environ 2021; 767:144282. [PMID: 33422960 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The homoscedasticity assumption (the variance of the error term is the same across all the observations) is a key assumption in the ordinary linear squares (OLS) solution of a linear regression model. The validity of this assumption is examined for a multiple linear regression model used to determine the source contributions to the observed black carbon concentrations at 12 background monitoring sites across China using a hybrid modeling approach. Residual analysis from the traditional OLS method, which assumes that the error term is additive and normally distributed with a mean of zero, shows pronounced heteroscedasticity based on the Breusch-Pagan test for 11 datasets. Noticing that the atmospheric black carbon data are log-normally distributed, we make a new assumption that the error terms are multiplicative and log-normally distributed. When the coefficients of the multilinear regression model are determined using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), the distribution of the residuals in 8 out of the 12 datasets is in good accordance with the revised assumption. Furthermore, the MLE computation under this novel assumption could be proved mathematically identical to minimizing a log-scale objective function, which considerably reduces the complexity in the MLE calculation. The new method is further demonstrated to have clear advantages in numerical simulation experiments of a 5-variable multiple linear regression model using synthesized data with prescribed coefficients and lognormally distributed multiplicative errors. Under all 9 simulation scenarios, the new method yields the most accurate estimations of the regression coefficients and has significantly higher coverage probability (on average, 95% for all five coefficients) than OLS (79%) and weighted least squares (WLS, 72%) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eun Sug Park
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3135, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States
| | - Linjun Cheng
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States.
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Chan W, Jin L, Sun Z, Griffith SM, Yu JZ. Fabric Masks as a Personal Dosimeter for Quantifying Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:5128-5135. [PMID: 33710865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using ordinary face masks as a sampling means to collect airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Nonwoven fabric masks can trap three-ring or larger PAHs at a high efficiency (>70%) and naphthalene at ∼17%. The sampling method is quantitative as confirmed by comparison with the standard method of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In conjunction with sensitive fluorescence detection, the method was applied to quantify nine airborne PAHs in a range of indoor and outdoor environments. Wearing the mask for 2 h allowed quantification of individual PAHs as low as 0.07 ng/m3. The demonstration shows applicability of the method in monitoring PAHs down to ∼30-80 ng/m3 in university office and laboratory settings and up to ∼900 ng/m3 in an incense-burning temple. Compared with traditional filter-/sorbent tube-based approaches, which require a sampling pump, our new method is simple, convenient, and inexpensive. More importantly, it closely tracks human exposure down to the individual level, thus having great potential to facilitate routine occupational exposure monitoring and large-scale surveillance of PAH concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Long Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhihan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Feng X, Zhang L, Chen J, Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K, Fu P, Yang X, Zhu L, Zeng Z. Impacts of Chemical Degradation on the Global Budget of Atmospheric Levoglucosan and Its Use As a Biomass Burning Tracer. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:5525-5536. [PMID: 33754698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan has been widely used to quantitatively assess biomass burning's contribution to ambient aerosols, but previous such assessments have not accounted for levoglucosan's degradation in the atmosphere. We develop the first global simulation of atmospheric levoglucosan, explicitly accounting for its chemical degradation, to evaluate the impacts on levoglucosan's use in quantitative aerosol source apportionment. Levoglucosan is emitted into the atmosphere from the burning of plant matter in open fires (1.7 Tg yr-1) and as biofuels (2.1 Tg yr-1). Sinks of atmospheric levoglucosan include aqueous-phase oxidation (2.9 Tg yr-1), heterogeneous oxidation (0.16 Tg yr-1), gas-phase oxidation (1.4 × 10-4 Tg yr-1), and dry and wet deposition (0.27 and 0.43 Tg yr -1). The global atmospheric burden of levoglucosan is 19 Gg with a lifetime of 1.8 days. Observations show a sharp decline in levoglucosan's concentrations and its relative abundance to organic carbon aerosol (OC) and particulate K+ from near-source to remote sites. We show that such features can only be reproduced when levoglucosan's chemical degradation is included in the model. Using model results, we develop statistical parametrizations to account for the atmospheric degradation in levoglucosan measurements, improving their use for quantitative aerosol source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xu Feng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Suresh Kumar Reddy Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, 695022, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
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35
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Lin M, Yu JZ. Assessment of oxidative potential by hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions of water-soluble PM 2.5 and their mixture effects. Environ Pollut 2021; 275:116616. [PMID: 33556731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition metals (TMs) (e.g. copper (Cu) and iron (Fe)) and certain organic compounds are known active constituents causing oxidative potential (OP) by inhaled ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in lung fluid. Humic-like substances (HULIS), isolated from atmospheric PM2.5, are largely metal-free and contain mixtures of organics that are capable of complexing TMs. TMs and HULIS co-exist in the water-extractable part of PM2.5. In this work, we used a solid phase extraction procedure to isolate the water-soluble TMs in the hydrophilic fraction (HPI) and HULIS in the hydrophobic fraction (HPO) and carried out this isolation procedure to a set of 32 real-world PM2.5 samples collected in Beijing and Hong Kong, China. We quantified two OP endpoints, namely hydroxyl radical formation (denoted as OP•OH) and ascorbic acid depletion (denoted as OPAA), by the two fractions separately and combined, as well as by the bulk water-soluble aerosols. OP•OH and OPAA were well-correlated in both separate fractions and their combined mixtures or bulk water-soluble aerosols. OP by HPI far exceeded that by HPO. On a per unit PM2.5 mass basis, the Hong Kong samples on average had a higher OPAA and OP•OH than the Beijing samples due to more water-soluble Cu. For HPI, Cu was a dominant OP•OH and OPAA contributor (>80%), although water-soluble Fe was present at a concentration approximately one order of magnitude higher. Suppression effects on OP•OH were observed through comparing the OP of the bulk water-soluble aerosol with that of HPI. Our work reveals the importance of monitoring PM2.5 chemical compositions (especially water-soluble redox active metals). Furthermore, we demonstrate the need to consider metal-organic interactions when evaluating the aggregate OP by PM2.5 from individual components or apportioning OP by PM2.5 to specific chemical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment & Sustainability, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Alam MS, Bloss W, Brean J, Brimblecombe P, Chan C, Chen Y, Coe H, Fu P, Gani S, Hamilton J, Harrison R, Jiang J, Kulmala M, Lugon L, McFiggans G, Mehra A, Milsom A, Nelson B, Pfrang C, Sartelet K, Shi Z, Srivastava D, Stewart G, Styring P, Su H, van Pinxteren D, Velasco E, Yu JZ. General discussion: Aerosol formation and growth; VOC sources and secondary organic aerosols. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:479-501. [PMID: 33877226 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd90011k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bloss W, Brimblecombe P, Chen Y, Coe H, Gani S, Gen M, Grimmond S, Harrison R, McFiggans G, Mihaylova L, Pfrang C, Shi Z, Slater J, Srivastava D, Styring P, Velasco E, Wang P, Yu JZ. General discussion: Urban air quality; Meteorological influences and air quality trends. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:191-206. [PMID: 33877223 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd90014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhu S, Wang Q, Qiao L, Zhou M, Wang S, Lou S, Huang D, Wang Q, Jing S, Wang H, Chen C, Huang C, Yu JZ. Tracer-based characterization of source variations of PM 2.5 and organic carbon in Shanghai influenced by the COVID-19 lockdown. Faraday Discuss 2020; 226:112-137. [PMID: 33241247 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Air quality in megacities is significantly impacted by emissions from vehicles and other urban-scale human activities. Amid the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in January 2020, strict policies were in place to restrict people's movement, bringing about steep reductions in pollution activities and notably lower ambient concentrations of primary pollutants. In this study, we report hourly measurements of fine particulate matter (i.e., PM2.5) and its comprehensive chemical speciation, including elemental and molecular source tracers, at an urban site in Shanghai spanning a period before the lockdown restriction (BR) (1 to 23 Jan. 2020) and during the restriction (DR) (24 Jan. to 9 Feb. 2020). The overall PM2.5 was reduced by 27% from 56.2 ± 40.9 (BR) to 41.1 ± 25.3 μg m-3 (DR) and the organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5 was similar, averaged at 5.45 ± 2.37 (BR) and 5.42 ± 1.75 μgC m-3 (DR). Reduction in nitrate was prominent, from 18.1 (BR) to 9.2 μg m-3 (DR), accounting for most of the PM2.5 decrease. Source analysis of PM2.5 using positive matrix factorization modeling of comprehensive chemical composition, resolved nine primary source factors and five secondary source factors. The quantitative source analysis confirms reduced contributions from primary sources affected by COVID-19, with vehicular emissions showing the largest drop, from 4.6 (BR) to 0.61 μg m-3 (DR) and the percentage change (-87%) in par with vehicle traffic volume and fuel sale statistics (-60% to -90%). In the same time period, secondary sources are revealed to vary in response to precursor reductions from the lockdown, with two sources showing consistent enhancement while the other three showing reductions, highlighting the complexity in secondary organic aerosol formation and the nonlinear response to broad primary precursor pollutants. The combined contribution from the two secondary sources to PM2.5 increased from 7.3 ± 6.6 (BR) to 14.8 ± 9.3 μg m-3 (DR), partially offsetting the reductions from primary sources and nitrate while their increased contribution to OC, from 1.6 ± 1.4 (BR) to 3.2 ± 2.0 μgC m-3 (DR), almost offset the decrease coming from the primary sources. Results from this work underscore challenges in predicting the benefits to PM2.5 improvement from emission reductions of common urban primary sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Cause and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Liao K, Yu JZ. Abundance and sources of benzo[a]pyrene and other PAHs in ambient air in Hong Kong: A review of 20-year measurements (1997-2016). Chemosphere 2020; 259:127518. [PMID: 32650173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) family is of environmental concern due to its toxicity, prompting the need of monitoring their long-term trends. Three monitoring programs in Hong Kong report concentrations of ambient PAHs, namely (1) respirable suspending particle (RSP) speciation program that monitored benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (1997 to March 2000), (2) total suspended particle speciation program that monitored BaP (1997-1999), and (3) toxic air pollutant monitoring program that monitors BaP and 16 other PAHs in the combined gas and particulate phases at two general urban stations once or twice a month since January 1998. In this work, we review all the available PAH measurements in Hong Kong during 1997-2016, with emphasis on the temporal trends of BaP and the other 16 PAHs. PAHs of 5-6 rings exhibit an ambiguous decline trend since 1998, with a negative Sen's slope that is statistically significant. Specifically, BaP was reduced by 78% from 1998 to 2016, with a Sen's slope of -0.013 ng m-3 year-1. Correlations of BaP with RSP major species of high source specificity and PAH diagnostic ratios are employed to explore the source origins of PAHs. Our analysis reveals that PAHs mainly come from a combination of vehicular emissions and biomass/coal combustion. The decline trend of PAHs is further found in consistence with the declined particulate matter emissions from vehicular exhaust and biomass/coal combustion. This study fills the data vacancy in the long-term trends of ambient PAHs for the Pearl River Delta region, one of the economically more advanced regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Kim J, Yu JZ, Chan RHW, Leung KL, Sumerlin TS, Fong B, Siu S, Lee JJ, Chung RY. Knowledge, attitudes and binge drinking among urban Chinese university students in Hong Kong. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although dormitory residents have been identified as a high-risk group for alcohol misuse in Chinese university settings, the factors associated with their drinking behaviors has not be characterized.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among hostel residents in two Hong Kong universities (n = 1455) using self-administered, anonymous surveys. In addition to examining the knowledge levels and drinking-related attitudes, we examined the factors associated with binge drinking in this population using multivariable regression analysis.
Results
Among university dormitory residents, the prevalence of past-month binge drinking was 26.8% among males and 12.8% among females. It was noted that although respondents demonstrated attitudes conducive towards alcohol-free socialization, they exhibited low levels of alcohol-related knowledge (mean knowledge score: 3.3/ 10, SD = 2.0). While about 59% were aware that alcohol is a carcinogen and that some medications should not be taken with alcohol, only 10.4% were familiar with symptoms of alcohol poisoning and only 23% were familiar with relative amounts of alcohol in different beverage categories. Of the respondents the factors independently associated with past-month binge drinking were: male sex, older age, full-time hostel residence, drinking roommates, drinking romantic partner, participation in drinking games, and having pro-alcohol attitudes (OR ranging from 1.33-3.69). Alcohol-related knowledge was not associated with binge drinking.
Conclusions
Although southern China is a low alcohol consumption area, binge drinking is common among university residents and requires multi-prong interventions. Heavy drinking is a neglected health problem among urban Chinese university students. Interventions targeting binge drinkers need to counteract pro-alcohol attitudes and peer effects. Increasing alcohol knowledge may additionally help to reduce alcohol-related harms in this age group.
Key messages
Urban Chinese university dormitory residents demonstrate low levels of alcohol knowledge. Pro-alcohol attitudes and peers effects need to be addressed in university anti-binge drinking interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- The School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J Z Yu
- The School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - R H W Chan
- The School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - K L Leung
- The School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - T S Sumerlin
- The School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - B Fong
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - S Siu
- KELY Organization, Hong Kong, China
| | - J J Lee
- The School of Nursing, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | - R Y Chung
- The School of Public Health & Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Ma Y, Cheng Y, Cao G, Yu JZ, Hu D. Correction to: Speciation of carboxylic components in humic-like substances (HULIS) and source apportionment of HULIS in ambient fine aerosols (PM 2.5) collected in Hong Kong. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:29697. [PMID: 32462619 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The correct name of the 3rd Author is presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Griffith SM, Wu G, Li L, Zhao Y, Li M, Zhou Z, Yu JZ. Field Evidence of Fe-Mediated Photochemical Degradation of Oxalate and Subsequent Sulfate Formation Observed by Single Particle Mass Spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:6562-6574. [PMID: 32339453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we deployed a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong from February 04 to April 17, 2013 to study individual oxalate particles and a monitor for aerosols and gases in ambient air (MARGA) to track the bulk oxalate concentrations in particle matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). A shallow dip in the bulk oxalate concentration was consistently observed before 10:00 am in the morning throughout the observation campaign, corresponding to a 20% decrease in the oxalate concentration on average during the decay process. Such a decrease in PM oxalate was found to be coincident with a decrease in Fe-containing oxalate particles, providing persuasive evidence of Fe-mediated photochemical degradation of oxalate. Oxalate mixed with Fe and Fe_NaK particles, from industry sources, were identified as the dominant factors for oxalate decay in the early morning. We further found an increase of sulfate intensity by a factor of 1.6 on these individual Fe-containing particles during the oxalate decomposition process, suggesting a facilitation of sulfur oxidation. This is the first report on the oxalate-Fe decomposition process with individual particle level information and provides unique evidence to advance our current understanding of oxalate and Fe cycling. The present work also indicates the importance of anthropogenic sourced iron in oxalate-Fe photochemical processing. In addition, V-containing oxalate particles, from ship emissions, also showed evidence of morning photodegradation and need further attention since current models rarely consider photochemical processing of oxalate_V particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
- Institute of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guanru Wu
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Institute of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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Ma Y, Cheng Y, Gao G, Yu JZ, Hu D. Speciation of carboxylic components in humic-like substances (HULIS) and source apportionment of HULIS in ambient fine aerosols (PM 2.5) collected in Hong Kong. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:23172-23180. [PMID: 32333354 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) are an important mixture of organic compounds, which account for a great part of water-soluble organic compounds in ambient aerosols. In this study, individual carboxylic and hydroxylic species in HULIS extracts of PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong during summer were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with prior chemical derivatization. Significantly higher levels of HULIS were observed on days mainly impacted by regional pollution (regional days, 4.11 ± 1.76 μg m-3) than on days under local emission influences (local days, 0.56 ± 0.30 μg m-3). Positive matrix factorization was applied to identify the major sources and apportion their contributions to HULIS. Simultaneous monitoring and analysis data from four different sampling sites showed that sources of HULIS in Hong Kong were mainly regional with small spatial variations. Secondary aerosol formation (both organic and inorganic) had a predominant contribution (52.7%) to HULIS during the whole sampling period. It accounted for 1.88 ± 0.91 μg m-3 of HULIS on regional days, which was about 5 times higher than its contribution (0.39 ± 0.34 μg m-3) on local days. Of the three identified primary sources, biomass burning had the largest contribution on both regional (34.9%) and local days (24.6%). Marine vessels were also a significant contributor, especially on local days (20.3%). Vehicle exhaust, on the other hand, showed a negligible contribution to HULIS (2.1%) in Hong Kong in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China.
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Lin M, Yu JZ. Assessment of Interactions between Transition Metals and Atmospheric Organics: Ascorbic Acid Depletion and Hydroxyl Radical Formation in Organic-Metal Mixtures. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:1431-1442. [PMID: 31917554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress has been recognized as an important cause of the adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM). Transition metals (TMs) (e.g., iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)) are known catalysts in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in surrogate lung fluid containing antioxidants. Humic-like substances (HULIS), extracted from atmospheric aerosols, retain the compositional complexity of real-world samples. It contains mixtures of organics that chelate TMs and was used in this work to examine the roles of atmospheric organics in affecting ROS formation and antioxidant depletion by TMs. Two types of metal-binding organics known to be present in HULIS, oxygen-containing (i.e., carboxylic acids) and reduced-nitrogen-containing organics (i.e., imidazoles), were first investigated for their effects on the ascorbic acid depletion (denoted as OPAA) and hydroxyl radical formation (denoted as OP•OH) from both Fe(II) and Cu(II) in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.40) containing ascorbic acid. Our results show that carboxylic acids enhance the OPAA and OP•OH by TMs while imidazoles suppress them. Similar experiments using three HULIS samples with distinctly different chemical compositions revealed complexity in metal-organics interactions. While ambient HULIS showed negligible impacts, two biomass burning source HULIS samples from rice straw and sugar cane leaf burning displayed unambiguous suppression or enhancement effects on OPAA and OP•OH by TMs. The effect was metal-specific and source HULIS-specific. The distinct behaviors of the three HULIS types can be explained by their different chemical compositions, for example, outstanding higher level of alkaloid compounds (e.g., imidazoles) in rice straw burning HULIS was consistent with the suppression effect exerted by this source of HULIS. In addition, we found OPAA and OP•OH are well-correlated while the proportion of OP•OH/OPAA by Cu is noticeably lower than that by Fe, indicating varying sensitivity of the metals to different OP end points. Our work highlights the importance and complexity of metal-organics interactions and the advantages of comeasurements of ROS generation and antioxidant depletion when assessing oxidative stress elicited by atmospheric PM.
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Lin M, Yu JZ. Effect of metal-organic interactions on the oxidative potential of mixtures of atmospheric humic-like substances and copper/manganese as investigated by the dithiothreitol assay. Sci Total Environ 2019; 697:134012. [PMID: 31476503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the corresponding oxidative stress has been recognized as one important cause for the adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM). Transition metals and humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM have been separately demonstrated to contribute to the oxidative potential (OP) of PM, however, only few studies investigated the impact of their interactions on the measured OP and the effect is little understood. HULIS is an abundant fraction of water-soluble organic material in PM and serves to represent real-world PM organics. In this study, we applied a cell-free dithiothreitol (DTT) assay to quantify the OP, termed as OPDTT, by two representative transition metals (i.e., copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn)), HULIS, and mixtures of HULIS and metals in concentration levels relevant to those in human lung fluid resulting from PM inhalation. The organic-metal mixture effect was found to be metal-specific and concentration-specific, covering the possibility spectrum from being synergistic, additive to antagonistic. HULIS was observed to suppress OPDTT up to 10-20% by Cu at a concentration of 0.08 μM while had no discernable effect at 0.5 μM Cu. On the contrary, obvious enhancement of OPDTT was recorded in the mixtures of HULIS and Mn (e.g. up to ~2 times at 2.5 μM of Mn) while no mixture effects could be discerned at 0.5 μM Mn. Our work demonstrates the need for considering the metal-organic interactions and the complexity when evaluating the total OP of their mixtures, such as ambient PM samples. Further work in metal-PM organics interactions should be conducted using methods capable of measuring specific oxidants, in addition to the ability to deplete the reducing agent (i.e., DTT), in order to acquire a deeper mechanistic insight into the interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Ma Y, Cheng Y, Qiu X, Cao G, Kuang B, Yu JZ, Hu D. Optical properties, source apportionment and redox activity of humic-like substances (HULIS) in airborne fine particulates in Hong Kong. Environ Pollut 2019; 255:113087. [PMID: 31541815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) account for a considerable fraction of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in ambient fine particulates (PM2.5) over the world. However, systemic studies regarding the chemical characteristics, sources and redox activity of HULIS are still limited. In this study, the mass concentration, optical properties, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generation potential of HULIS were investigated in PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong during 2011-2012, and they all showed higher levels on days under regional pollution than on days under long range transport (LRT) pollution and local emissions. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was conducted regarding the mass concentration and dithiothreitol (DTT) activity of HULIS. Four primary sources (i.e. marine vessels, industrial exhaust, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions), and two secondary sources (i.e. secondary organic aerosol formation and secondary sulfate) were identified. Most sources showed higher contributions to both the mass concentration and DTT activity of HULIS on regional days than on LRT and local days, except that marine vessels had a higher contribution on local days than the other two synoptic conditions. Secondary processes were the major contributor to HULIS (54.9%) throughout the year, followed by biomass burning (27.4%) and industrial exhaust (14.7%). As for the DTT activity of HULIS, biomass burning (62.9%) and secondary processes (25.4%) were found to be the top two contributors. Intrinsic ROS-generation potential of HULIS was also investigated by normalizing the DTT activity by HULIS mass in each source. HULIS from biomass burning were the most DTT-active, followed by marine vessels; while HULIS formed through secondary processes were the least DTT-active. For the optical properties of HULIS, multiple linear regression model was adopted to evaluate the contributions of various sources to the light absorbing ability of HULIS. Biomass burning was found to be the only source significantly associated with the light absorbing property of HULIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yubo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China
| | - Binyu Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China.
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Li X, Kuang BY, Huang C, Tong R, Yu JZ. Monoterpene and Sesquiterpene α-Hydroxy Organosulfates: Synthesis, MS/MS Characteristics, and Ambient Presence. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:12278-12290. [PMID: 31584263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds are important compounds signifying interactions between anthropogenic sulfur pollution and natural emission. In this work, we substantially expand the OS standard library through the chemical synthesis of 26 α-hydroxy OS standards from eight monoterpenes (i.e., α- and β-pinene, limonene, sabinene, Δ3-carene, terpinolene, and α- and γ-terpinene) and two sesquiterpenes (i.e., α-humulene and β-caryophyllene). The sulfation of unsymmetrically substituted 1,2-diol intermediates produced a regioisomeric mixture of two OSs. The major regioisomeric OSs were isolated and purified for full NMR characterization, while the minor regioisomers could only be determined by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (MS). The tandem mass spectra of the molecular ion formed through electrospray ionization confirmed the formation of abundant bisulfate ion fragments (m/z 97) and certain minor ion fragments characteristic of the carbon backbone. A knowledge of the MS/MS spectra and chromatographic retention times for authentic standards allows us to identify α-hydroxy OSs derived from six monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene in ambient samples. Notably, among two possible regioisomers of α-hydroxy OSs, we only detected the isomers with the sulfate group at the less substituted carbon position derived from α-pinene, limonene, sabinene, Δ3-carene, and terpinolene in the ambient samples. This observation sheds light on the atmospheric OS formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China
| | | | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex , Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233 , China
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Wang S, Zhou S, Tao Y, Tsui WG, Ye J, Yu JZ, Murphy JG, McNeill VF, Abbatt JPD, Chan AWH. Organic Peroxides and Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol: Source of Particulate Sulfate. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:10695-10704. [PMID: 31418552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur oxides (SOx) are important atmospheric trace species in both gas and particulate phases, and sulfate is a major component of atmospheric aerosol. One potentially important source of particulate sulfate formation is the oxidation of dissolved SO2 by organic peroxides, which comprises a major fraction of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, we investigated the reaction kinetics and mechanisms between SO2 and condensed-phase peroxides. pH-dependent aqueous phase reaction rate constants between S(IV) and organic peroxide standards were measured. Highly oxygenated organic peroxides with O/C > 0.6 in α-pinene SOA react rapidly with S(IV) species in the aqueous phase. The reactions between organic peroxides and S(IV) yield both inorganic sulfate and organosulfates (OS), as observed by electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry. For the first time, 34S-labeling experiments in this study revealed that dissolved SO2 forms OS via direct reactions without forming inorganic sulfate as a reactive intermediate. Kinetics of OS formation was estimated semiquantitatively, and such reaction was found to account for 30-60% of sulfur reacted. The photochemical box model GAMMA was applied to assess the implications of the measured SO2 consumption and OS formation rates. Our findings indicate that this novel pathway of SO2-peroxide reaction is important for sulfate formation in submicron aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - William G Tsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Columbia , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Columbia , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
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49
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Lin M, Yu JZ. Dithiothreitol (DTT) concentration effect and its implications on the applicability of DTT assay to evaluate the oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosol samples. Environ Pollut 2019; 251:938-944. [PMID: 31234260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell-free dithiothreitol (DTT) assay is widely used and the DTT consumption rate is interpreted to assess the oxidative potential (OP). Most researchers use an experimental procedure developed by Cho et al. (2005) while some adopt a procedure by Li et al. (2009). The key difference between the two procedures is the initial DTT concentration, 100 μM used in the former and 20 μM in the latter, raising an unaddressed issue of comparability. We examine in this work this issue using metal-free humic-like substance (HULIS) samples isolated from ambient aerosol and two metals (i.e. copper and manganese). We found that higher initial DTT concentrations led to higher DTT consumption rates for both HULIS and metals. For HULIS, the increase in DTT consumption rate was proportional to the initial DTT concentration (i.e., roughly by 5-fold), allowing correction of the concentration effect and direct comparison of results from the two protocols. However, the proportionality did not hold for the metals or metal-organic mixtures. The increase was much lower than the proportionality of 5 and metal concentration-dependent, specifically, 1.2-1.3 for Cu and from negligible to 2.0 for Mn. For six water extracts of ambient aerosol samples, in which HULIS and metals co-exist, the proportionality ranged from 1.3 to 2.2. This deviation from a linear dependence on initial DTT concentration, plausibly due to metal-DTT binding, impedes assessing and comparing OP of metals and metal-organic mixtures using different implementations of the DTT assay. Considering the different antioxidants concentrations in real human lung fluid, this work raises caution about using the DTT assay to assess metal-containing mixtures, such as ambient aerosol samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Wong YK, Huang XHH, Cheng YY, Louie PKK, Yu ALC, Tang AWY, Chan DHL, Yu JZ. Estimating contributions of vehicular emissions to PM 2.5 in a roadside environment: A multiple approach study. Sci Total Environ 2019; 672:776-788. [PMID: 30974367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular emissions (VE) are among the major sources of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in urban atmospheres, which adversely impact the environment and public health. Receptor models are widely used for estimating PM2.5 source contributions from VE (PMvehicle), but often give inconsistent results due to different modelling principles and assumptions. During December 2015-May 2017, we collected nine-months of hourly organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) data, as well as 24-h PM2.5 speciation data including major species and organic tracers on select days from an ad hoc roadside site in Hong Kong. The weekday vs. holiday and diurnal variations of EC tracked closely with those of traffic flow volume, indicating EC as a reliable tracer for PMvehicle in this area. We applied multiple approaches to estimate the PMvehicle, including the EC-tracer method with the hourly OC-EC data, and chemical mass balance (CMB) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses with the filter-based speciation data. Considering source profile variability, CMB gave the lowest PMvehicle estimate among the three approaches, possibly due to the degradation of organic markers (i.e., hopanes). The PMvehicle derived from the EC-tracer method and PMF were comparable, accounting for ~12% (3.4-4.0 μg/m3) of PM2.5 averaged across 20 samples in both approaches, but a larger sample size is needed for a more robust PMF solution. The monthly PMvehicle derived from the EC-tracer method was in the range of 3.2-6.6 μg/m3. The continuous measurement reveals a decreasing trend in PMvehicle throughout the entire sampling period, indicating the effectiveness of a recent vehicle control measures implemented by the Government in phasing out pre-Euro IV diesel commercial vehicles. This work implies that hourly OC-EC monitoring at strategically located spots is an effective way of monitoring vehicle control measures. It provides reasonable estimate of PMvehicle through comparing with other more sophisticated receptor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ka Wong
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - X H Hilda Huang
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuk Ying Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 47/F, Revenue Tower, 5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Alfred L C Yu
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 47/F, Revenue Tower, 5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Alice W Y Tang
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 47/F, Revenue Tower, 5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Damgy H L Chan
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 47/F, Revenue Tower, 5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment & Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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