Associations of coal mine dust exposure with arterial stiffness and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in chinese coal miners

OBJECTIVE

Whether coal mine dust exposure increases cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk was rarely explored. Our objective was to examine the association between coal mine dust exposure and cardiovascular risk.

METHODS

We estimated cumulative coal mine dust exposure (CDE) for 1327 coal miners by combining data on workplace dust concentrations and work history. We used brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV, a representative indicator of arterial stiffness) and ten-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk to assess potential CVD risk, exploring their associations with CDE.

RESULTS

Positive dose-response relationships of CDE with baPWV and ten-year ASCVD risk were observed after adjusting for covariates. Specifically, each 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in CDE was related to a 0.27 m/s (95% CI: 0.21, 0.34) increase in baPWV and a 1.29 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.46) elevation in OR (odds ratio) of risk of abnormal baPWV. Moreover, each 1 SD increase in CDE was associated with a 0.74% (95% CI: 0.63%, 0.85%) increase in scores of ten-year ASCVD and a 1.91 (95% CI: 1.62, 2.26) increase in OR of risk of ten-year ASCVD. When compared with groups unexposed to coal mine dust, significant increase in the risk of arterial stiffness and ten-year ASCVD in the highest CDE groups were detected.

CONCLUSION

The study suggested that cumulative exposure to coal mine dust was associated with elevated arterial stiffness and ten-year ASCVD risk in a dose-response manner. These findings contribute valuable insights for cardiovascular risk associated with coal mine dust.

Construction of novel multi-epitope-based diagnostic biomarker HP16118P and its application in the differential diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis latent infection

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that significantly threatens human health. However, the differential diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis (ATB) remains a challenge for clinicians in early detection and preventive intervention. In this study, we developed a novel biomarker named HP16118P, utilizing 16 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, 11 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, and 8 B cell epitopes identified from 15 antigens associated with LTBI-RD using the IEDB database. We analyzed the physicochemical properties, spatial structure, and immunological characteristics of HP16118P using various tools, which indicated that it is a hydrophilic and relatively stable alkaline protein. Furthermore, HP16118P exhibited good antigenicity and immunogenicity, while being non-toxic and non-allergenic, with the potential to induce immune responses. We observed that HP16118P can stimulate the production of high levels of IFN-γ+ T lymphocytes in individuals with ATB, LTBI, and health controls. IL-5 induced by HP16118P demonstrated potential in distinguishing LTBI individuals and ATB patients (p=0.0372, AUC=0.8214, 95% CI [0.5843 to 1.000]) with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 71.43%. Furthermore, we incorporated the GM-CSF, IL-23, IL-5, and MCP-3 induced by HP16118P into 15 machine learning algorithms to construct a model. It was found that the Quadratic discriminant analysis model exhibited the best diagnostic performance for discriminating between LTBI and ATB, with a sensitivity of 1.00, specificity of 0.86, and accuracy of 0.93. In summary, HP16118P has demonstrated strong antigenicity and immunogenicity, with the induction of GM-CSF, IL-23, IL-5, and MCP-3, suggesting their potential for the differential diagnosis of LTBI and ATB.

Development of an Interpretable Deep Learning Model for Pathological Tumor Response Assessment After Neoadjuvant Therapy

BACKGROUND

Neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery has become the standard of care for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and accurate pathological response assessment is critical to assess the therapeutic efficacy. However, it can be laborious and inconsistency between different observers may occur. Hence, we aim to develop an interpretable deep-learning model for efficient pathological response assessment following neoadjuvant therapy in ESCC.

METHODS

This retrospective study analyzed 337 ESCC resection specimens from 2020-2021 at the Pudong-Branch (Cohort 1) and 114 from 2021-2022 at the Puxi-Branch (External Cohort 2) of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. Whole slide images (WSIs) from these two cohorts were generated using different scanning machines to test the ability of the model in handling color variations. Four pathologists independently assessed the pathological response. The senior pathologists annotated tumor beds and residual tumor percentages on WSIs to determine consensus labels. Furthermore, 1850 image patches were randomly extracted from Cohort 1 WSIs and binarily classified for tumor viability. A deep-learning model employing knowledge distillation was developed to automatically classify positive patches for each WSI and estimate the viable residual tumor percentages. Spatial heatmaps were output for model explanations and visualizations.

RESULTS

The approach achieved high concordance with pathologist consensus, with an R^2 of 0.8437, a RAcc_0.1 of 0.7586, a RAcc_0.3 of 0.9885, which were comparable to two senior pathologists (R^2 of 0.9202/0.9619, RAcc_0.1 of 8506/0.9425, RAcc_0.3 of 1.000/1.000) and surpassing two junior pathologists (R^2 of 0.5592/0.5474, RAcc_0.1 of 0.5287/0.5287, RAcc_0.3 of 0.9080/0.9310). Visualizations enabled the localization of residual viable tumor to augment microscopic assessment.

CONCLUSION

This work illustrates deep learning's potential for assisting pathological response assessment. Spatial heatmaps and patch examples provide intuitive explanations of model predictions, engendering clinical trust and adoption (Code and data will be available at https://github.com/WinnieLaugh/ESCC_Percentage once the paper has been conditionally accepted). Integrating interpretable computational pathology could help enhance the efficiency and consistency of tumor response assessment and empower precise oncology treatment decisions.

Effect of Static Magnetic Field on the Quality of Pork during Super-Chilling Storage

Fresh pork tenderloin was stored at -3 °C under different static magnetic fields (SMF) of 0, 4, and 10 mT (control, MF-4, and MF-10) to investigate their physicochemical properties changes during storage of 8 days. The initial equilibrium temperature of the samples stored with 4 mT MF was found to be -2.3 °C, which was slightly lower (0.3 °C) than that the control value. The super-chilling phenomenon on the pork was then observed, as the samples stored under the magnetic field did not freeze throughout storage period, but the control experienced a sudden change in temperature after 138 h and then froze. The preservation effect of MF-4 on meat quality was the best in all treatment groups. MF-4 achieved a higher water-retention rate, with drip and cook losses of 6.5% and 29.0% lower than the control, respectively. Meanwhile, the MF-4 effectively delayed the color change in the meat during the storage and the texture hardening after cooking, and effectively controlled the growth of the total volatile saline nitrogen content on the samples. In addition, MF-4 delayed the reduction in myofibrillar protein solubility, sulfhydryl content, and emulsification capacity, indicating that this field inhibited the denaturation of myofibrillar protein. This study can be considered as an application reference of magnetic fields during meat storage at a super-chilled temperature.

Polar Aromatic Two-dimensional Dion-Jacobson Halide Perovskites for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution

Polar materials with spontaneous polarization (Ps) have emerged as highly promising photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution owing to the Ps-enhanced photogenerated carrier separation. However, traditional inorganic polar materials often suffer from limitations such as wide band gaps and poor carrier transport, which hinders their photocatalytic H2 evolution efficiency. Here, we rationally synthesized a series of isostructural two-dimensional (2D) aromatic Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskites, namely (2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridinium)PbI4 (2-APDPI), (3-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridinium)PbI4 (3-APDPI), and (4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridinium)PbI4 (4-APDPI), where 2-APDPI and 4-APDPI crystalize in polar space groups with piezoelectric constants (d33) of approximately 40 pm V-1 and 3-APDPI adopts a centrosymmetric structure. Strikingly, owing to the Ps-facilitated separation of photogenerated carriers, polar 2-APDPI and 4-APDPI exhibit a 3.9- and 2.8-fold increase, respectively, in photocatalytic H2 evolution compared to the centrosymmetric 3-APDPI. As a pioneering study, this work provides an efficient approach for exploring new polar photocatalysts and highlights their potential in promoting photocatalytic H2 evolution.

Phosphocholine-induced energy source shift alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction in lung cells caused by geospecific PM2.5 components

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is globally recognized for its adverse implications on human health. Yet, remain limited the individual contribution of particular PM2.5 components to its toxicity, especially considering regional disparities. Moreover, prevention solutions for PM2.5-associated health effects are scarce. In the present study, we comprehensively characterized and compared the primary PM2.5 constituents and their altered metabolites from two locations: Taiyuan and Guangzhou. Analysis of year-long PM2.5 samples revealed 84 major components, encompassing organic carbon, elemental carbon, ions, metals, and organic chemicals. PM2.5 from Taiyuan exhibited higher contamination, associated health risks, dithiothreitol activity, and cytotoxicities than Guangzhou's counterpart. Applying metabolomics, BEAS-2B lung cells exposed to PM2.5 from both cities were screened for significant alterations. A correlation analysis revealed the metabolites altered by PM2.5 and the critical toxic PM2.5 components in both regions. Among the PM2.5-down-regulated metabolites, phosphocholine emerged as a promising intervention for PM2.5 cytotoxicities. Its supplementation effectively attenuated PM2.5-induced energy metabolism disorder and cell death via activating fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting Phospho1 expression. The highlighted toxic chemicals displayed combined toxicities, potentially counteracted by phosphocholine. Our study offered a promising functional metabolite to alleviate PM2.5-induced cellular disorder and provided insights into the geo-based variability in toxic PM2.5 components.

Numerical analyses for three-dimensional face stability of circular tunnels in purely cohesive soils with linearly increasing strength

The tunnel face stability in purely cohesive soils with linearly increasing strength was investigated using three-dimensional finite element limit analysis (FELA). Both the collapse (active failure) and blow-out (passive failure) of the tunnel face were considered in the analysis. The rigorous upper bound (UB) and lower bound (LB) solutions of the load factor were calculated with a wide range of ground conditions to cover a broad scope of practical application. The results showed that the whole surface of the face is at failure in the collapse case; while in the blow-out case, there exists a gradual evolution process from partial failure to global failure within the tunnel face with increasing buried depth. Later, based on 960 finite element limit analysis results, a series of practical equations were proposed for tunnel face stability analysis in purely cohesive soils. These equations can be employed to quickly calculate the UB and LB solutions of the limit support pressure and the stability number of a tunnel face in both the collapse and blow-out cases. Finally, the calculation results from these equations were compared with those from previous studies in detail. The comparisons showed that the proposed equations make an improvement over existing methods and can be used as an efficient tool in practical engineering.

Maize catalases are recruited by a virus to modulate viral multiplication and infection

Given the detrimental effects of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in plant cells, various antioxidant mechanisms have evolved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis, encompassing both enzymatic components (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic ones. Despite extensive research on the role of antioxidant systems in plant physiology and responses to abiotic stresses, the potential exploitation of antioxidant enzymes by plant viruses to facilitate viral infection remains insufficiently addressed. Herein, we demonstrate that maize catalases (ZmCATs) exhibited up-regulated enzymatic activities upon sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. ZmCATs played crucial roles in SCMV multiplication and infection by catalysing the decomposition of excess cellular H2 O2 and promoting the accumulation of viral replication-related cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein through interaction. Peroxisome-localized ZmCATs were found to be distributed around SCMV replication vesicles in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Additionally, the helper component-protease (HC-Pro) of SCMV interacted with ZmCATs and enhanced catalase activities to promote viral accumulation. This study unveils a significant involvement of maize catalases in modulating SCMV multiplication and infection through interaction with two viral factors, thereby enhancing our understanding regarding viral strategies for manipulating host antioxidant mechanisms towards robust viral accumulation.

Intermittent hypoxia induces myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix production of MRC5s via HIF-1α-TGF-β/Smad pathway

PURPOSE

To investigate whether or not intermittent hypoxia (IH), the main characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may affect the myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production of lung fibroblast through the HIF-1α-TGF-β/Smad pathway and assess the interventional role of a HIF-1α inhibitor, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2).

METHOD

The human lung fibroblast MRC5 cells were exposed to normoxia or IH conditions, and the expression of myofibroblast differentiation marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and ECM protein collagen I were evaluated. To clarify the underlying mechanism, the expression level of HIF-1α, TGF-β, and p-Smads/Smads were measured and the effects of inhibiting HIF-1α with 2-ME2 on the α-SMA expression level and ECM production through the TGF-β/Smad pathway were assessed. Si HIF-1α was applied to genetically inhibit HIF-1α in MRC5 cells, and the related proteins were assessed.

RESULTS

IH increased the protein and mRNA expression of Collagen I and α-SMA of MRC5 cells in a time-dependent manner. IH activated the protein and mRNA level of HIF-1α and TGF-β and increased the phosphorylation of Smad2/Smad3 of MRC5 cells in a time-dependent manner. 2-ME2 inhibited the activation of HIF-1α induced by IH and decreased overexpression of TGF-β, p-Smad2/Smad2, and p-Smad3/Smad3, which in turn partially reversed the upregulation of α-SMA and Collagen I induced by IH in MRC5 cells. When HIF-1α was successfully silenced by si-HIF-1α, upregulation of TGF-β induced by intermittent hypoxia was partially decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that IH contributes to myofibroblast differentiation and excessive ECM production of MRC5 cells through activation of the HIF-1α-TGF-β/Smad pathway. 2-ME2 partially attenuated myofibroblast differentiation induced by IH by inhibiting the HIF-1α-TGF-β/Smad pathway.

Novel Electromagnetic Heat Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Tangerine Peel

A novel electromagnetic heat method is presented for green extraction of natural compounds from peel residue. In the processing cavity obtained through 3D printing, a core made of amorphous alloy was applied to strengthen the magnetic flux. During the process, an induced electric field was produced in the extract medium owing to an oscillating magnetic field at 50 kHz rather than a pair of electrodes; thus, electrochemical reactions could be avoided. A thermal effect and temperature rise were observed under the field, and essential oil was obtained via this electromagnetic heat hydrodistillation. In addition, the numerical relationships between magnetic field, induced electric field (IEF), induced current density, and temperature profile were elaborated; they were positively correlated with the extraction yield of essential oils. It was found that the waveforms of the magnetic field, induced electric field, and excitation voltage were not consistent. Using a higher magnetic field resulted in high current densities and terminal temperatures in the extracts, as well as higher essential oil yields. When the magnetic field strength was 1.39 T and the extraction time was 60 min, the maximum yield of essential oil reached 1.88%. Meanwhile, conventional hydrodistillation and ohmic heating hydrodistillation were conducted for the comparison; all treatments had no significant impact on the densities. In addition, the essential oil extracted by electromagnetic heat had the lowest acid value and highest saponification value. The proportion of monoterpenoids and oxygen-containing compounds of essential oil extracted by this proposed method was higher than the other two methods. In the end, the development of this electromagnetic heat originating from magnetic energy has the potential to recover high-value compounds from biomass waste.

ERK1/2-CEBPB Axis-Regulated hBD1 Enhances Anti-Tuberculosis Capacity in Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a global health crisis with substantial morbidity and mortality rates. Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC-II) play a critical role in the pulmonary immune response against Mtb infection by secreting effector molecules such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here, human β-defensin 1 (hBD1), an important AMP produced by AEC-II, has been demonstrated to exert potent anti-tuberculosis activity. HBD1 overexpression effectively inhibited Mtb proliferation in AEC-II, while mice lacking hBD1 exhibited susceptibility to Mtb and increased lung tissue inflammation. Mechanistically, in A549 cells infected with Mtb, STAT1 negatively regulated hBD1 transcription, while CEBPB was the primary transcription factor upregulating hBD1 expression. Furthermore, we revealed that the ERK1/2 signaling pathway activated by Mtb infection led to CEBPB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, which subsequently promoted hBD1 expression. Our findings suggest that the ERK1/2-CEBPB-hBD1 regulatory axis can be a potential therapeutic target for anti-tuberculosis therapy aimed at enhancing the immune response of AEC-II cells.

A Millimeter-Wave Broadband Multi-Mode Substrate-Integrated Gap Waveguide Traveling-Wave Antenna with Orbit Angular Momentum

Orbit angular momentum (OAM) has been considered a new dimension for improving channel capacity in recent years. In this paper, a millimeter-wave broadband multi-mode waveguide traveling-wave antenna with OAM is proposed by innovatively utilizing the transmitted electromagnetic waves (EMWs) characteristic of substrate-integrated gap waveguides (SIGWs) to introduce phase delay, resulting in coupling to the radiate units with a phase jump. Nine "L"-shaped slot radiate elements are cut in a circular order at a certain angle on the SIGW to generate spin angular momentum (SAM) and OAM. To generate more OAM modes and match the antenna, four "Π"-shaped slot radiate units with a 90° relationship to each other are designed in this circular array. The simulation results show that the antenna operates at 28 GHz, with a -10 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) = 35.7%, ranging from 25.50 to 35.85 GHz and a VSWR ≤ 1.5 dB from 28.60 to 32.0 GHz and 28.60 to 32.0 GHz. The antenna radiates a linear polarization (LP) mode with a gain of 9.3 dBi at 34.0~37.2 GHz, a l = 2 SAM-OAM (i.e., circular polarization OAM (CP-OAM)) mode with 8.04 dBi at 25.90~28.08 GHz, a l = 1 and l = 2 hybrid OAM mode with 5.7 dBi at 28.08~29.67 GHz, a SAM (i.e., left/right hand circular polarization (L/RHCP) mode with 4.6 dBi at 29.67~30.41 GHz, and a LP mode at 30.41~35.85 GHz. In addition, the waveguide transmits energy with a bandwidth ranging from 26.10 to 38.46 GHz. Within the in-band, only a quasi-TEM mode is transmitted with an energy transmission loss |S21| ≤ 2 dB.

IbMYC2 Contributes to Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance via Modulating Anthocyanin Accumulation and ROS-Scavenging System in Sweet Potato

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors extensively affect various physiological processes in plant metabolism, growth, and abiotic stress. However, the regulation mechanism of bHLH transcription factors in balancing anthocyanin biosynthesis and abiotic stress in sweet potato (Ipomoea batata (L.) Lam.) remains unclear. Previously, transcriptome analysis revealed the genes that were differentially expressed among the purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivar 'Jingshu 6' and its anthocyanin-rich mutant 'JS6-5'. Here, we selected one of these potential genes, IbMYC2, which belongs to the bHLH transcription factor family, for subsequent analyses. The expression of IbMYC2 in the JS6-5 storage roots is almost four-fold higher than Jingshu 6 and significantly induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), NaCl, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)6000. Overexpression of IbMYC2 significantly enhances anthocyanin production and exhibits a certain antioxidant capacity, thereby improving salt and drought tolerance. In contrast, reducing IbMYC2 expression increases its susceptibility. Our data showed that IbMYC2 could elevate the expression of anthocyanin synthesis pathway genes by binding to IbCHI and IbDFR promoters. Additionally, overexpressing IbMYC2 activates genes encoding reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging and proline synthesis enzymes under salt and drought conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the IbMYC2 gene exercises a significant impact on crop quality and stress resistance.

Expansion of YALIcloneHR toolkit for Yarrowia lipolytica combined with Golden Gate and CRISPR technology

Metabolic Engineering of yeast is a critical approach to improving the production capacity of cell factories. To obtain genetically stable recombinant strains, the exogenous DNA is preferred to be integrated into the genome. Previously, we developed a Golden Gate toolkit YALIcloneNHEJ, which could be used as an efficient modular cloning toolkit for the random integration of multigene pathways through the innate non-homologous end-joining repair mechanisms of Yarrowia lipolytica. We expanded the toolkit by designing additional building blocks of homologous arms and using CRISPR technology. The reconstructed toolkit was thus entitled YALIcloneHR and designed for gene-specific knockout and integration. To verify the effectiveness of the system, the gene PEX10 was selected as the target for the knockout. This system was subsequently applied for the arachidonic acid production, and the reconstructed strain can accumulate 4.8% of arachidonic acid. The toolkit will expand gene editing technology in Y. lipolytica, which would help produce other chemicals derived from acetyl-CoA in the future.

The History and Prediction of Prebiotics and Postbiotics: A Patent Analysis

Prebiotics and postbiotics have gained attention as functional food additives due to their substantial influence on the gut microbiome and potential implications for human health on a broader scale. In addition, the number of patents for these additives has also increased, yet their functional classification has been problematic. In this study, we classified 2215 patents granted from 2001 to 2020 by functionality to enable predictions of future development directions. These patents encompassed subjects as diverse as feed supplementation, regulation of intestinal homeostasis, prevention of gastrointestinal ailments, targeted drug administration and augmentation of drug potency. The progression of patents issued during this time frame could be divided into three phases: occasional accounts prior to 2001, a period from 2001 to 2013 during which an average of 42 patents were issued annually, followed by a surge exceeding 140 patents annually after 2013. The latter increase has indicated that pre- and post-biotics have been recognized as biologically relevant. Patent mining therefore can enable forecasts of the future trajectory of these biologics and provide insights to evaluate their advancement. Moreover, this research is the first attempt to generalize and predict the directions of prebiotics and postbiotics using patent information and offers a comprehensive perspective for the potential utilization of prebiotics and postbiotics across a wide variety of fields.

Selenium-SelK-GPX4 axis protects nucleus pulposus cells against mechanical overloading-induced ferroptosis and attenuates senescence of intervertebral disc

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is one of the most prevalent spinal degenerative disorders and imposes places heavy medical and economic burdens on individuals and society. Mechanical overloading applied to the intervertebral disc (IVD) has been widely recognized as an important cause of IVDD. Mechanical overloading-induced chondrocyte ferroptosis was reported, but the potential association between ferroptosis and mechanical overloading remains to be illustrated in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. In this study, we discovered that excessive mechanical loading induced ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which were detected by mitochondria and associated markers, by increasing the intracellular free Ca2+ level through the Piezo1 ion channel localized on the plasma membrane and ER membrane in NP cells. Besides, we proposed that intracellular free Ca2+ level elevation and the activation of ER stress are positive feedback processes that promote each other, consistent with the results that the level of ER stress in coccygeal discs of aged Piezo1-CKO mice were significantly lower than that of aged WT mice. Then, we confirmed that selenium supplementation decreased intracellular free Ca2+ level by mitigating ER stress through upregulating Selenoprotein K (SelK) expression. Besides, ferroptosis caused by the impaired production and function of Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) due to mechanical overloading-induced calcium overload could be improved by selenium supplementation through Se-GPX4 axis and Se-SelK axis in vivo and in vitro, eventually presenting the stabilization of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Our findings reveal the important role of ferroptosis in mechanical overloading-induced IVDD, and selenium supplementation promotes significance to attenuate ferroptosis and thus alleviates IVDD, which might provide insights into potential therapeutic interventions for IVDD.

Allosteric inhibition of myosin by phenamacril: a synergistic mechanism revealed by computational and experimental approaches

BACKGROUND

Myosin plays a crucial role in cellular processes, while its dysfunction can lead to organismal malfunction. Phenamacril (PHA), a highly species-specific and non-competitive inhibitor of myosin I (FgMyoI) from Fusarium graminearum, has been identified as an effective fungicide for controlling plant diseases caused by partial Fusarium pathogens, such as wheat scab and rice bakanae. However, the molecular basis of its action is still unclear.

RESULTS

This study used multiple computational approaches first to elucidate the allosteric inhibition mechanism of FgMyoI by PHA at the atomistic level. The results indicated the increase of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding affinity upon PHA binding, which might impede the release of hydrolysis products. Furthermore, simulations revealed a broadened outer cleft and a significantly more flexible interface for actin binding, accompanied by a decrease in signaling transduction from the catalytic center to the actin-binding interface. These various effects might work together to disrupt the actomyosin cycle and hinder the ability of motor to generate force. Our experimental results further confirmed that PHA reduces the enzymatic activity of myosin and its binding with actin.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, our findings demonstrated that PHA might suppress the function of myosin through a synergistic mechanism, providing new insights into myosin allostery and offering new avenues for drug/fungicide discovery targeting myosin. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Snapshot of the Probiotic Potential of Kluveromyces marxianus DMKU-1042 Using a Comparative Probiogenomics Approach

Kluyveromyces marxianus is a rapidly growing thermotolerant yeast that secretes a variety of lytic enzymes, utilizes different sugars, and produces ethanol. The probiotic potential of this yeast has not been well explored. To evaluate its probiotic potential, the yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus DMKU3-1042 was analyzed using next-generation sequencing technology. Analysis of the genomes showed that the yeast isolates had a GC content of 40.10-40.59%. The isolates had many genes related to glycerol and mannose metabolism, as well as genes for acetoin and butanediol metabolism, acetolactate synthase subunits, and lactic acid fermentation. The strain isolates were also found to possess genes for the synthesis of different vitamins and Coenzyme A. Genes related to heat and hyperosmotic shock tolerance, as well as protection against reactive oxygen species were also found. Additionally, the isolates contained genes for the synthesis of lysine, threonine, methionine, and cysteine, as well as genes with anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory properties. Based on our analysis, we concluded that the strain DMKU3-1042 possesses probiotic properties that make it suitable for use in food and feed supplementation.

Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmic Surgery: Current Applications and Expectations

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has found rapidly growing applications in ophthalmology, achieving robust recognition and classification in most kind of ocular diseases. Ophthalmic surgery is one of the most delicate microsurgery, requiring high fineness and stability of surgeons. The massive demand of the AI assist ophthalmic surgery will constitute an important factor in boosting accelerate precision medicine. In clinical practice, it is instrumental to update and review the considerable evidence of the current AI technologies utilized in the investigation of ophthalmic surgery involved in both the progression and innovation of precision medicine. Bibliographic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using keywords such as "ophthalmic surgery", "surgical selection", "candidate screening", and "robot-assisted surgery" to find articles about AI technology published from 2018 to 2023. In addition to the Editorials and letters to the editor, all types of approaches are considered. In this paper, we will provide an up-to-date review of artificial intelligence in eye surgery, with a specific focus on its application to candidate screening, surgery selection, postoperative prediction, and real-time intraoperative guidance.

Identifying the hydrochemical features, driving factors, and associated human health risks of high-fluoride groundwater in a typical Yellow River floodplain, North China

Fluoride enrichment (> 1.5 mg/L) in groundwater has become a global threat, particularly given the hazards to human health. This study collected 58 unconfined groundwater samples from Fengpei Plain in June 2022 for hydrochemical and stable isotope analyses combined with multiple methods to explore sources, influencing factors, and potential health hazards of groundwater F-. The results showed that groundwater F- concentration ranged from 0.08 to 8.14 mg/L, with an average of 1.91 mg/L; over 41.4% of them exceeded the acceptable level of 1.5 mg/L prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The dominant hydrochemical facies changed from Ca·Mg-HCO3 and Ca·Mg-SO4·Cl type in low-F- groundwater to Na-HCO3 and Na-SO4·Cl water types in high-F- groundwater. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and ionic correlation analysis indicated that F- is positively correlated to pH, EC, Na+, K+, SO42-, and TDS, but negatively to Ca2+ and δ18O. Groundwater F- accumulation was primarily driven by F--bearing minerals dissolution such as fluorite. Simultaneously, the carbonates precipitation, positive cation exchange processes, and salt effect were conducive to groundwater F- enrichment. However, competitive adsorption between OH-/HCO3- and F-, evaporation, and anthropogenic activities only had a weak effect on the F- enrichment in groundwater. The hazard quotient (HQ) assessment results show that 67.2% of groundwater samples pose a non-carcinogenic risk (HQ > 1) for infants, followed by 53.4% for children, 32.8% for females, and 25.9% for males. The Monte Carlo simulation results agreed with those of the deterministic model that minors are more susceptible than adults. These findings are vital to providing insights into the geochemical behavior, driving factors, and drinking water safety of high-F- groundwater worldwide.

Multiple feature fusion transformer for modeling penicillin fermentation process with unequal sampling intervals

The quality prediction of batch processes is an important task in the field of biological fermentation. However, dynamic nonlinearity, unequal sampling intervals, uneven duration, and multiple features of a batch process make this task challenging. Thus, the multiple-feature fusion transformer (MFFT) model is proposed for the time series quality prediction of a batch process. First, the application of sequence-to-sequence architecture enables MFFT to perform a wide range of sequence prediction tasks. Second, the transformer parallel operation model imposes no rigid requirement for the order of sequence input, allowing the model to deal with problems of unequal interval sampling and utilize the sequence information. Third, MFFT integrates a pretrained ResNet50 as a mycelium status classifier for fusing image information into the features. Moreover, a multiple-feature encoding structure is proposed to integrate sampling time and mycelium status. Finally, multiple tasks in penicillin fermentation have shown that MFFT significantly outperforms existing methods for time series prediction.

Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for tendinopathy

Tendinopathy is a debilitating and crippling syndrome resulting from the degeneration of tendon tissue, leading to loss of mechanical properties and function, and eventual tendon rupture. Unfortunately, there is currently no treatment for tendinopathy that can prevent or delay its progression. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that transport bioactive substances produced by cells, such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and DNA. They can generate by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) throughout the body and play a role in intercellular communication and regulation of homeostasis. Recent research suggests that MSCs-derived exosomes (MSCs-exos) may serve as useful therapeutic candidates for promoting tendon healing. This review focuses on the function and mechanisms of MSCs-exos in tendinopathy treatment and discusses their potential application for treating this condition.

Tourism experiences reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in the Chinese older adult: a prospective cohort study

Background

Given the etiological complexity of cognitive impairment, no effective cure currently exists for precise treatment of dementia. Although scholars have noted tourism's potential role in managing cognitive impairment and mild dementia, more robust empirical investigation is needed in this area. This study aimed to examine the associations between tourism and cognitive impairment and dementia in older Chinese adults.

Method

From a nationwide community-based cohort, 6,717 individuals aged ≥60 were recruited from 2011 to 2014, of whom 669 (9.96%) had had at least one tourism experience in the 2 years prior to enrollment. All the participants were then prospectively followed up until 2018. The association between tourism and cognitive impairment was examined by the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to evaluate the effect of tourism experience on cognitive impairment and dementia.

Results

A total of 1,416 individuals were newly diagnosed with cognitive impairment and 139 individuals with dementia onset during follow-up. The incidence of cognitive impairment was significantly lower among participants with tourism experiences (316.94 per 10,000 person-years) than those without such experiences (552.38 per 10,000 person-years). Cox regression showed that tourism decreased the risk of cognitive impairment (aHR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.41-0.62) when adjusted for behavioral covariates and characteristics. Compared with participants without tourism experiences, those with 1, 2, and ≥3 tourism experiences had a lower risk of cognitive impairment with the aHRs of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.52-0.99), 0.65 (0.42-1.01), and 0.68 (0.44-0.98), respectively. Tourism experiences also reduced participants' risk of dementia (aHR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19-0.89).

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated associations between tourism and reduced risks of cognitive impairment and dementia in older Chinese adults. Thus, tourism could serve as a novel approach to dementia prevention.

Investigations of Single-Subunit tRNA Methyltransferases from Yeast

tRNA methylations, including base modification and 2'-O-methylation of ribose moiety, play critical roles in the structural stabilization of tRNAs and the fidelity and efficiency of protein translation. These modifications are catalyzed by tRNA methyltransferases (TRMs). Some of the TRMs from yeast can fully function only by a single subunit. In this study, after performing the primary bioinformatic analyses, the progress of the studies of yeast single-subunit TRMs, as well as the studies of their homologues from yeast and other types of eukaryotes and the corresponding TRMs from other types of organisms was systematically reviewed, which will facilitate the understanding of the evolutionary origin of functional diversity of eukaryotic single-subunit TRM.

Initial Post-Release Performance of Cultured Cyprinus chilia Juveniles in a Shallow Lake in Southwestern China

The post-release performance of cultured fish is crucial for understanding the viability of cultured fish and assessing the effects of stock enhancement programs. This study aimed to investigate the initial post-release performance of cultured Cyprinus chilia juveniles by examining their movement, spatial distribution, gut fullness, and gut microbiota in nature. In July 2022, a total of 20,000 C. chilia juveniles, tagged with visible implant fluorescence (VIE), were released into Qilu Lake, a shallow lake in southwestern China. Subsequently, continuous recapture was conducted at fixed recapture sites using trap nets during the first 7 days, one month and three months after release. Out of the released fish, 512 were recaptured, resulting in a recapture rate of 2.56%. The recaptured fish had a 100% tag retention rate. The majority (98.05%) of the recaptured fish were found in the recapture sites located on the eastern or western lakeshore, while only 10 fish were recaptured from the recapture sites in the northern lake area. The water depth range where the recaptured fish were found ranged from 190 to 350 cm, with most fish preferring depths less than 300 cm. The majority of the released fish migrated towards the eastern and western lakeshore, with long-distance movement (greater than 100 m) primarily occurring within the first four days after release. The level of gut fullness in the released fish initially decreased and then increased over time following release. Regarding gut microbiota, the dominant phyla observed in most samples were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Fusobacteria. Furthermore, significant variations in the dominant genera were observed across different samples. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed clear separation between the microbial communities of pre-release and post-release C. chilia juveniles. This study demonstrated that VIE tagging was a suitable method for short-term marking of C. chilia juveniles. Lakeshores with water depths less than 300 cm were identified as preferred habitats for C. chilia juveniles. The primary adaptation period for cultured C. chilia juveniles released into the natural environment was found to be approximately 4-5 days. These findings contribute to our understanding of the post-release performance of cultured fish and may provide guidance for the management and evaluation of relevant stock enhancement programs.

Effects of water-coal interactions on coal mine water quality in China: a lixiviation experiment and actual water quality investigation

Water-coal interactions are dominant factors that affect water quality in coal mines. Using lixiviation, the effects of water-coal interactions on pH, salinity, and hazardous elemental enrichment in coal mine water and associated trends were simulated and analyzed. The salinity and hazardous element contents were low in the alkaline solution filtrate. However, the salinity and contents of hazardous elements (As, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, U, and Be) in acid solution filtrate increased significantly with a decrease in pH. The pH of the solution filtrate was affected by the mineral composition of the coal, wherein the pyrite content could generally determine the pH. In addition, the spatial distribution and utilization potential of coal mine water quality in China was determined based on water quality data surveys. For water-deficient regions in northern China, particularly in the northwest, the local mine water had high salinity, a high pH, and a low content of hazardous elements; therefore, the reuse of mine water for water consumption is feasible. Conversely, the mine water in the southwest region had high salinity and a low pH and was enriched in harmful elements with potential ecological and health risks. The actual water quality characteristics of the coal mine water matched the results of the laboratory simulation analysis, confirming the effect from water-coal interactions. This work provides a reference for understanding the determinants of coal mine water quality and the potential for water environment protection.

Genetic Evidence for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Transmission Between the Invasive Plant Ageratina adenophora and Co-occurring Neighbor Plants

To understand the disease-mediated invasion of exotic plants and the potential risk of disease transmission in local ecosystems, it is necessary to characterize population genetic structure and spatio-temporal dynamics of fungal community associated with both invasive and co-occurring plants. In this study, multiple genes were used to characterize the genetic diversity of 165 strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC) isolated from healthy leaves and symptomatic leaves of invasive plant Ageratina adenophora, as well as symptomatic leaves of its neighbor plants from eleven geographic sites in China. The data showed that these CGSC strains had a high genetic diversity in each geographic site (all Hd > 0.67 and Pi > 0.01). Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity varied greatly in individual gene locus: gs had the highest haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.8972), gapdh had the highest nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.0705), and ITS had the lowest nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.0074). Haplotypes were not clustered by geographic site, invasive age, or isolation source. AMOVA revealed that the genetic variation was mainly from within-populations, regardless of geographic or isolation origin. Both AMOVA and neutrality tests indicated these CGSC strains occurred gene exchange among geographic populations but did not experience population expansion along with A. adenophora invasion progress. Our data indicated that A. adenophora primarily accumulated these CGSC fungi in the introduced range, suggesting a high frequency of CGSC transmission between A. adenophora and co-occurring neighbor plants. This study is valuable for understanding the disease-mediated plant invasion and the potential risk of disease transmission driven by exotic plants in local ecosystems.

Next-Generation TB Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, BCG demonstrates limited efficacy, particularly in adults. Efforts to develop effective TB vaccines have been ongoing for nearly a century. In this review, we have examined the current obstacles in TB vaccine research and emphasized the significance of understanding the interaction mechanism between MTB and hosts in order to provide new avenues for research and establish a solid foundation for the development of novel vaccines. We have also assessed various TB vaccine candidates, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the emerging mRNA vaccines as well as virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, which are currently in preclinical stages or clinical trials. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with developing different types of TB vaccines and outlined future directions for TB vaccine research, aiming to expedite the development of effective vaccines. This comprehensive review offers a summary of the progress made in the field of novel TB vaccines.

RARRES2 regulates lipid metabolic reprogramming to mediate the development of brain metastasis in triple negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, is characterized by a high incidence of brain metastasis (BrM) and a poor prognosis. As the most lethal form of breast cancer, BrM remains a major clinical challenge due to its rising incidence and lack of effective treatment strategies. Recent evidence suggested a potential role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBrM), but the underlying mechanisms are far from being fully elucidated.

METHODS

Through analysis of BCBrM transcriptome data from mice and patients, and immunohistochemical validation on patient tissues, we identified and verified the specific down-regulation of retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2), a multifunctional adipokine and chemokine, in BrM of TNBC. We investigated the effect of aberrant RARRES2 expression of BrM in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Key signaling pathway components were evaluated using multi-omics approaches. Lipidomics were performed to elucidate the regulation of lipid metabolic reprogramming of RARRES2.

RESULTS

We found that down-regulation of RARRES2 is specifically associated with BCBrM, and that RARRES2 deficiency promoted BCBrM through lipid metabolic reprogramming. Mechanistically, reduced expression of RARRES2 in brain metastatic potential TNBC cells resulted in increased levels of glycerophospholipid and decreased levels of triacylglycerols by regulating phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) signaling pathway to facilitate the survival of breast cancer cells in the unique brain microenvironment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our work uncovers an essential role of RARRES2 in linking lipid metabolic reprogramming and the development of BrM. RARRES2-dependent metabolic functions may serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for BCBrM.

Detection of Chili Foreign Objects Using Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Chemometric and Target Detection Algorithms

Chilies undergo multiple stages from field production to reaching consumers, making them susceptible to contamination with foreign materials. Visually similar foreign materials are difficult to detect manually or using color sorting machines, which increases the risk of their presence in the market, potentially affecting consumer health. This paper aims to enhance the detection of visually similar foreign materials in chilies using hyperspectral technology, employing object detection algorithms for fast and accurate identification and localization to ensure food safety. First, the samples were scanned using a hyperspectral camera to obtain hyperspectral image information. Next, a spectral pattern recognition algorithm was used to classify the pixels in the images. Pixels belonging to the same class were assigned the same color, enhancing the visibility of foreign object targets. Finally, an object detection algorithm was employed to recognize the enhanced images and identify the presence of foreign objects. Random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and minimum distance classification algorithms were used to enhance the hyperspectral images of the samples. Among them, RF algorithm showed the best performance, achieving an overall recognition accuracy of up to 86% for randomly selected pixel samples. Subsequently, the enhanced targets were identified using object detection algorithms including R-CNN, Faster R-CNN, and YoloV5. YoloV5 exhibited a recognition rate of over 96% for foreign objects, with the shortest detection time of approximately 12 ms. This study demonstrates that the combination of hyperspectral imaging technology, spectral pattern recognition techniques, and object detection algorithms can accurately and rapidly detect challenging foreign objects in chili peppers, including red stones, red plastics, red fabrics, and red paper. It provides a theoretical reference for online batch detection of chili pepper products, which is of significant importance for enhancing the overall quality of chili pepper products. Furthermore, the detection of foreign objects in similar particulate food items also holds reference value.

Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Cadmium Stress by Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency and Regulating Sugar Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) plays prominent multifunctional roles in the mediation of various physiological processes and stress responses to plants. In this study, hydroponic experiments were carried out to explore the effects of NaHS pretreatment on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under 50 μM cadmium (Cd). Compared with Cd treatment alone, 50 μM NaHS pretreatment increased the plant height, soluble sugar content of shoots and roots, and dry weight of shoots and roots under Cd stress, while the Cd concentration of shoots and roots was significantly reduced by 18.1% and 25.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, NaHS pretreatment protected the photosynthetic apparatus by increasing the net photosynthetic rate and PSII electron transportation rate of wheat leaves under Cd stress. NaHS pretreatment significantly increased the soluble sugar content to maintain the osmotic pressure balance of the leaf cells. The gene expression results associated with photosynthetic carbon assimilation and sucrose synthesis in wheat leaves suggested that the NaHS pretreatment significantly up-regulated the expression of TaRBCL, TaRBCS, and TaPRK, while it down-regulated the expression of TaFBA, TaSuSy, TaSAInv, and TaA/NInv. In summary, NaHS pretreatment improved the resistance of wheat seedlings under Cd stress by increasing the rate of photosynthesis and regulating the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism.

Genetic structure of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in China and relationship with the knockdown resistance mutations

BACKGROUND

Mosquito control is needed to prevent dengue fever, which is mainly spread by Aedes albopictus in China. Application of insecticides is one of the main mosquito control methods; however, this approach can fail due to the knockdown resistance (kdr) gene mutation that causes decreased sensitivity to insecticides in Ae. albopictus. The kdr mutation patterns among different regions in China differ significantly. However, the underlying mechanism and factors that influence kdr mutation remain unclear. To explore the potential influence of genetic background on the development of insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus, we analyzed the genetic structure of Ae. albopictus populations in China and its correlation with major kdr mutations.

METHODS

We collected Ae. albopictus from 17 sites in 11 provinces (municipalities) across China from 2016 to 2021 and extracted the genomic DNA from individual adult mosquitoes. We selected eight microsatellite loci for genotyping, and based on microsatellite scores, we estimated intraspecific genetic diversity, population structure, and effective population size. The association between the intrapopulation genetic variation and F1534 mutation rate was evaluated by the Pearson correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

Based on variation analysis of the microsatellite loci of 453 mosquitoes representing 17 populations throughout China, more than 90% of the variation occurred within individuals, whereas only about 9% of the variation occurred among populations, indicating that field populations of Ae. albopictus are highly polymorphic. The northern populations tended to belong to gene pool I (BJFT 60.4%, SXXA 58.4%, SDJN 56.1%, SXYC 46.8%), the eastern populations tended to belong to pool III (SH 49.5%, JZHZ 48.1%), and the southern populations tended to belong to three different gene pools. Moreover, we observed that the greater the fixation index (F_ST), the lower the wild-type frequency of F1534 of VSGC.

CONCLUSIONS

The degree of genetic differentiation among Ae. albopictus populations in China was low. These populations were divided into three gene pools, in which the northern and eastern pools are relatively homogeneous, while the southern gene pool is heterogeneous. The possible correlation between its genetic variations and kdr mutations is also noteworthy.

Mechanism and Modulation of SidE Family Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila

Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, causing fever and lung infection, with a death rate up to 15% in severe cases. In the process of infection, Legionella pneumophila secretes over 330 effectors into host cell via the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to modulate multiple host cellular physiological processes, thereby changing the environment of the host cell and promoting the growth and propagation of the bacterium. Among these effector proteins, SidE family proteins from Legionella pneumophila catalyze a non-canonical ubiquitination reaction, which combines mono-ADP-ribosylation and phosphodiesterase activities together to attach ubiquitin onto substrates. Meanwhile, the activity of SidE family proteins is also under multiple modulations by other effectors. Herein we summarize the key insights into recent studies in this area, emphasizing the tight link between the modular structure of SidE family proteins and the pathogen virulence as well as the fundamental mechanism and modulation network for further extensive research.

PP19128R, a Multiepitope Vaccine Designed to Prevent Latent Tuberculosis Infection, Induced Immune Responses In Silico and In Vitro Assays

Background: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the primary source of active tuberculosis (ATB), but a preventive vaccine against LTBI is lacking. Methods: In this study, dominant helper T lymphocyte (HTL), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and B-cell epitopes were identified from nine antigens related to LTBI and regions of difference (RDs). These epitopes were used to construct a novel multiepitope vaccine (MEV) based on their antigenicity, immunogenicity, sensitization, and toxicity. The immunological characteristics of the MEV were analyzed with immunoinformatics technology and verified by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine assay in vitro. Results: A novel MEV, designated PP19128R, containing 19 HTL epitopes, 12 CTL epitopes, 8 B-cell epitopes, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, and helper peptides, was successfully constructed. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the antigenicity, immunogenicity, and solubility of PP19128R were 0.8067, 9.29811, and 0.900675, respectively. The global population coverage of PP19128R in HLA class I and II alleles reached 82.24% and 93.71%, respectively. The binding energies of the PP19128R-TLR2 and PP19128R-TLR4 complexes were -1324.77 kcal/mol and -1278 kcal/mol, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that the PP19128R vaccine significantly increased the number of interferon gamma-positive (IFN-γ⁺) T lymphocytes and the levels of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10. Furthermore, positive correlations were observed between PP19128R-specific cytokines in ATB patients and individuals with LTBI. Conclusions: The PP19128R vaccine is a promising MEV with excellent antigenicity and immunogenicity and no toxicity or sensitization that can induce robust immune responses in silico and in vitro. This study provides a vaccine candidate for the prevention of LTBI in the future.

Effects of Hygrothermal and Salt Mist Ageing on the Properties of Epoxy Resins and Their Composites

Epoxy and epoxide composites have a wide range of outdoor applications wherein they are affected by ageing. In this study, epoxy casting plates and epoxy-based composite rods for use in overhead conductors were prepared. A concurrent investigation concerning the ageing of epoxy resins and their carbon fibre composites was carried out via artificially accelerated experiments under hygrothermal and salt mist conditions. The moisture penetration along the depth, water absorption, appearance, hardness, density of the epoxy resins, and variation patterns of the impact strength and tensile strength of the epoxy-based composites were investigated. The ageing mechanisms were explored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both ageing modes had essentially similar influences on the properties of the resins and their composites; moreover, they did not significantly affect the chemical structure and microstructure of the epoxy resin, with the physical adsorption of water primarily observed during the ageing process. The moisture absorption behaviour of the epoxy obeyed Fick's law. Although the water penetration rate in the salt mist ageing mode was slightly higher than that in the hygrothermal ageing mode during the early ageing stage, it was essentially the same during the later stage. The final moisture absorption rate at saturation was approximately 1.1% under both modes. The flexural strengths and impact strengths of the composites in both ageing modes followed a similar trend. They decreased gradually with the ageing time and then stabilized at almost the same value. The flexural strength was reduced from 803 MPa to 760 MPa and the impact strength from 383 J/m2 to 310 J/m2, indicating a decrease of approximately 5.4% and 19%, respectively. The absorbed water during the ageing process caused micro-cracks at the interface between the fibres and resin, weakening the interfacial strength and reducing the mechanical properties of the composites.

The occurrence and partition of total petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment, seawater, and biota of the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula, China

To investigate the occurrence and partition of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), sediment, seawater, and biota of the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula (China) were sampled in 2016. Due to shipping activities and discharge of industrial wastes, the TPH levels in the sediment decreased from the coastal areas to the offshore area. Waterborne TPH concentrations showed a decreasing order of autumn > summer > spring > winter, probably caused by low input of pollutants from the river into the ocean in dry seasons and frequent aquaculture operations in wet seasons. The distribution coefficient (logKd) between sediment and seawater ranged from 2.00 to 5.05, suggesting that TPHs are preferentially retained by the sediment. Significant positive correlations between logKd and total organic carbon (TOC), mud (fine particles), and temperature, as well as negative correlations between logKd and dissolved oxygen (DO), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), and oxidation-reduction potential (Eh), suggest interactions between environmental behaviors of TPHs and physicochemical factors. Mean bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of TPHs in fish, shrimps, and mollusks were determined to be 240 ± 200, 900 ± 1800, and 2630 ± 1280, respectively, suggesting that considerable bioaccumulation occurs in shrimps when TPHs are transported from the seawater to the shrimps. A negative linear correlation between logTPHs and trophic level indicated biodilution of TPHs along the marine food web. This is the first study that has focused on the accumulation of TPHs in the entire sediment-seawater-biota system.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of phospholipase D gene in leaves of sorghum in response to abiotic stresses

Abiotic stress caused by unsuitable environmental changes brings serious impacts on the growth and development of sorghum, resulting in significant loss in yield and quality every year. Phospholipase D is one of the key enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, and participates in plants response to abiotic stresses and phytohormones, whereas as the main producers of Phosphatidic acid (PA) signal, the detailed information about Phospholipase D associated (SbPLD) family in sorghum has been rarely reported. This study was performed to identify the PLD family gene in sorghum based on the latest genome annotation and to determine the expression of PLDs under abiotic stresses by qRT-PCR analysis. In this study, 13 PLD genes were identified in sorghum genome and further divided into 7 groups according to the phylogenetic analysis. All sorghum PLD family members harbored two conserved domains (HDK1&2) with catalytic activity, and most members contained a C2 domain. In ζ subfamily, C2 domain was replaced by PX and PH domain. The exon-intron structure of SbPLD genes within the same subfamily was highly conservative. The tissue specific expression analysis revealed different expression of SbPLD genes in various developmental stages. High level expression of SbPLDα3 was observed in almost all tissues, whereas SbPLDα4 was mainly expressed in roots. Under abiotic stress conditions, SbPLD genes responded actively to NaCl, ABA, drought (PEG) and cold (4 °C) treatment at the transcriptional level. The expression of SbPLDβ1 was significantly up-regulated, while the transcription of SbPLDζ was suppressed under various stress conditions. In addition, SbPLDβ1 and SbPLDδ2 were predicted to be the target genes of sbi-miR159 and sbi-miR167, respectively. This study will help to decipher the roles of PLDs in sorghum growth and abiotic stress responses.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01200-9.

Metal Nanoclusters/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Films as the Alternatives for Fabricating Remote-Type White Light-Emitting Diodes

Packing luminescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs) into polymers and fabricating novel MNCs/polymer composite materials is effective in obtaining high-performance light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Herein, water soluble Cu and Au nanoclusters are encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by a casting method. The obtained MNCs/PVA composite films are highly emissive with triple primary colors, and inherit the merits of PVA, such as transparency, flexibility, machinability, stability and self-healing ability. By employing the MNCs/PVA composite films as down-conversions, remote type monochromic and white LEDs are fabricated. The white LEDs (WLEDs) exhibit a maximum color rendering index (CRI) of 86 with a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinate of (0.33,0.35). By varying the three MNCs/PVA film arrangement, the correlated color temperature (CCT) of the WLEDs is tuned from 5582 to 9490 K, which signifies the possibility of MNCs/PVA as alternative light-emitting materials for advanced illumination and display in the future.

Integrative analysis of the 3D genome structure reveals that CTCF maintains the properties of mouse female germline stem cells

The three-dimensional configuration of the genome ensures cell type-specific gene expression profiles by placing genes and regulatory elements in close spatial proximity. Here, we used in situ high-throughput chromosome conformation (in situ Hi-C), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to characterize the high-order chromatin structure signature of female germline stem cells (FGSCs) and identify its regulating key factor based on the data-driven of multiple omics data. By comparison with pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), adult stem cells (ASCs), and somatic cells at three major levels of chromatin architecture, A/B compartments, topologically associating domains, and chromatin loops, the chromatin architecture of FGSCs was most similar to that of other ASCs and largely different from that of PSCs and somatic cells. After integrative analysis of the three-dimensional chromatin structure, active compartment-associating loops (aCALs) were identified as a signature of high-order chromatin organization in FGSCs, which revealed that CCCTC-binding factor was a major factor to maintain the properties of FGSCs through regulation of aCALs. We found FGSCs belong to ASCs at chromatin structure level and characterized aCALs as the high-order chromatin structure signature of FGSCs. Furthermore, CTCF was identified to play a key role in regulating aCALS to maintain the biological functions of FGSCs. These data provide a valuable resource for future studies of the features of chromatin organization in mammalian stem cells and further understanding of the fundamental characteristics of FGSCs.

Acupuncture for breathlessness in advanced cancer: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis

INTRODUCTION

Breathlessness in advanced cancer, a frequent multicomponent and debilitating disorder, severely reduces function and quality of patients' life. Multiple studies have shown that non-pharmacological therapies can effectively palliate breathlessness in advanced cancer. However, no systematic review has investigated the application of acupuncture, as a non-pharmacological treatment, for breathlessness in advanced cancer. A systematic review will be conducted to summarise evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of acupuncture as a therapeutic option for breathlessness in advanced cancer based on existing randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

METHODS

RCTs will be retrieved from nine scientific databases, including the MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science via the Web of Knowledge, Embase via Ovid, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials via the Cochrane Library, and Allied and Complementary Medicine Database via EBSCO, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database; three clinical registry platforms, including the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, NIH Clinical trials.gov and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, as well as from other sources. Studies published since inception of these databases to 1 August 2021 will be retrieved. Search terms will include breathlessness, cancer, acupuncture and RCT. Two investigators will independently select and extract data from RCTs and assess the risk of bias. The primary outcome, which is alleviation of breathlessness, will be assessed. Meta-analysis will be performed using RevMan V.5.4 and STATA V.15.0. The TSA 0.9.5.10 β software will be used to conduct trial sequential analysis. Finally, the quality of evidence from RCTs will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation System tool.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals or conference reports. Since this study involves acquisition of secondary data, ethical approval requirements will be waived.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42021240085.

Transition-metal-free allylation of 2-azaallyls with allyl ethers through polar and radical mechanisms

Allylation of nucleophiles with highly reactive electrophiles like allyl halides can be conducted without metal catalysts. Less reactive electrophiles, such as allyl esters and carbonates, usually require a transition metal catalyst to facilitate the allylation. Herein, we report a unique transition-metal-free allylation strategy with allyl ether electrophiles. Reaction of a host of allyl ethers with 2-azaallyl anions delivers valuable homoallylic amine derivatives (up to 92%), which are significant in the pharmaceutical industry. Interestingly, no deprotonative isomerization or cyclization of the products were observed. The potential synthetic utility and ease of operation is demonstrated by a gram scale telescoped preparation of a homoallylic amine. In addition, mechanistic studies provide insight into these C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming reactions.

Curcumin induces ferroptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer via activating autophagy

BACKGROUND

Emerging studies showed curcumin can inhibit glioblastoma and breast cancer cells via regulating ferroptosis. However, the role of ferroptosis in the inhibitory effect of curcumin on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear.

METHODS

Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to measure the viability of A549 and H1299 cells under different conditions. Cell proliferation was examined by Ki67 immunofluorescence. The morphological changes of cells and tumor tissues were observed by optical microscope and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and iron contents were determined by corresponding assay kit. The related protein expression levels were detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe ultrastructure changes of A549 and H1299 cells.

RESULTS

Curcumin inhibited tumor growth and cell proliferation, but promoted cell death. Characteristic changes of ferroptosis were observed in curcumin group, including iron overload, GSH depletion and lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, the protein level of ACSL4 was higher and the levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 were lower in curcumin group than that in control group. Incubation of ferroptosis inhibitors ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) or knockdown of iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 (IREB2) notably weakened curcumin-induced anti-tumor effect and ferroptosis in A549 and H1299 cells. Further investigation suggested that curcumin induced mitochondrial membrane rupture and mitochondrial cristae decrease, increased autolysosome, increased the level of Beclin1 and LC3, and decreased the level of P62. Curcumin-induced autophagy and subsequent ferroptosis were both alleviated with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) or siBeclin1.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin induced ferroptosis via activating autophagy in NSCLC, which enhanced the therapeutic effect of NSCLC.

Acupuncture methods for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common symptomatic, inflammatory, and immunological disorder of nasal mucosa. Multiple clinical trials and systematic reviews have implicated acupuncture methods as potentially effective treatment strategies for AR, however, considering the great burden of AR, it is crucial to explore the most recent clinical evidence supporting acupuncture in AR. Besides, the methodologies reported in previous studies as well as those commonly applied during clinical practices greatly vary. Herein, we conducted network meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of diverse acupuncture methods for AR treatment.

METHODS

We conducted a literature search for relevant reports published from inception to 1 July 2020 in several scientific databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, CNKI, WF, VIP, CBM, AMED as well as related registration platforms. Primary outcomes as reported in the identified studies were assessed using nasal symptoms. All Meta-analyses were performed with RevMan, ADDIS, and STATA software. To ensure consistency among our reviewers, the intra-class correlation coefficient was used.

RESULTS

Exactly 39 studies with 3433 participants were covered in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that all acupuncture types were superior to sham acupuncture in terms of total nasal symptom score and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire. Moxibustion was recommended as the most effective intervention as it reduced nasal symptoms in 6 treatments. On the other hand, manual acupuncture plus conventional medicine was recommended as the most effective intervention in improving the quality of life in 9 treatments. Notably, moxibustion was recommended as the most effective intervention that changed the content of IgE in 9 treatments. Moreover, adverse events of these interventions were acceptable.

CONCLUSION

Our findings revealed that all acupuncture methods are effective and safe for AR. Moreover, either moxibustion or manual acupuncture plus conventional medicine are potentially the most effective treatment strategies for AR. Based on these findings, it is evident that acupuncture therapy is not inferior to pharmacologic therapy. Therefore, for AR patients who are either unresponsive to conventional medicine or are intolerant to adverse events, acupuncture therapy should be administered. However, the quality of these included trials was mainly ranked as moderate quality, we recommend additional well-designed RCTs with larger sample sizes to validate these findings.

Naphthoquinone-Based Meroterpenoids from Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. B9173

Naphthoquinone-based meroterpenoids are hybrid polyketide-terpenoid natural products with chemical diversity and a broad range of biological activities. Here, we report the isolation of a group of naphthoquinone-containing compounds from Streptomyces sp. B9173, and their structures were elucidated by using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including 1D, 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass (HRMS) analysis. Seven flaviogeranin congeners or intermediates, three of which were new, have been derived from common naphthoquinone backbone and subsequent oxidation, methylation, prenylation, and amino group incorporation. Both flaviogeranin B1 (1) and B (2) contain an amino group which was incorporated into the C8 of 1,3,6,8-terhydroxynaphthalene (THN). Flaviogeranin D (3) contains an intact C-geranylgeranyl residue attached to the C2 of THN, while the O-geranylgeranyl group of 2 links with the hydroxyl on the C2 site of THN. Four compounds were selected and tested for antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity, with 3 and flaviogeranin C2 (5) displaying potent activity against selected bacteria and cancer cell lines. In light of the structure features of isolated compounds and the biosynthetic genes, a biosynthetic pathway of naphthoquinone-based flaviogeranins has been proposed. These isolated compounds not only extend the structural diversity but also represent new insights into the biosynthesis of naphthoquinone-based meroterpenoids.

Structure-guided protein engineering increases enzymatic activities of the SGNH family esterases

BACKGROUND

Esterases and lipases hydrolyze short-chain esters and long-chain triglycerides, respectively, and therefore play essential roles in the synthesis and decomposition of ester bonds in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Many SGNH family esterases share high similarity in sequences. However, they have distinct enzymatic activities toward the same substrates. Due to a lack of structural information, the detailed catalytic mechanisms of these esterases remain barely investigated.

RESULTS

In this study, we identified two SGNH family esterases, CrmE10 and AlinE4, from marine bacteria with significantly different preferences for pH, temperature, metal ion, and organic solvent tolerance despite high sequence similarity. The crystal structures of these two esterases, including wild type and mutants, were determined to high resolutions ranging from 1.18 Å to 2.24 Å. Both CrmE10 and AlinE4 were composed of five β-strands and nine α-helices, which formed one compact N-terminal α/β globular domain and one extended C-terminal domain. The aspartic residues (D178 in CrmE10/D162 in AlinE4) destabilized the conformations of the catalytic triad (Ser-Asp-His) in both esterases, and the metal ion Cd²⁺ might reduce enzymatic activity by blocking proton transfer or substrate binding. CrmE10 and AlinE4 showed distinctly different electrostatic surface potentials, despite the similar atomic architectures and a similar swap catalytic mechanism. When five negatively charged residues (Asp or Glu) were mutated to residue Lys, CrmE10 obtained elevated alkaline adaptability and significantly increased the enzymatic activity from 0 to 20% at pH 10.5. Also, CrmE10 mutants exhibited dramatic change for enzymatic properties when compared with the wide-type enzyme.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings offer a perspective for understanding the catalytic mechanism of different esterases and might facilitate the industrial biocatalytic applications.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus intergenic siRNAs target a host long noncoding RNA to modulate disease symptoms

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its related begomoviruses cause fast-spreading diseases in tomato worldwide. How this virus induces diseases remains largely unclear. Here we report a noncoding RNA-mediated model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of TYLCV-tomato interaction and disease development. The circular ssDNA genome of TYLCV contains a noncoding intergenic region (IR), which is known to mediate viral DNA replication and transcription in host cells, but has not been reported to contribute directly to viral disease development. We demonstrate that the IR is transcribed in dual orientations during plant infection and confers abnormal phenotypes in tomato independently of protein-coding regions of the viral genome. We show that the IR sequence has a 25-nt segment that is almost perfectly complementary to a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA, designated as SlLNR1) in TYLCV-susceptible tomato cultivars but not in resistant cultivars which contains a 14-nt deletion in the 25-nt region. Consequently, we show that viral small-interfering RNAs (vsRNAs) derived from the 25-nt IR sequence induces silencing of SlLNR1 in susceptible tomato plants but not resistant plants, and this SlLNR1 downregulation is associated with stunted and curled leaf phenotypes reminiscent of TYLCV symptoms. These results suggest that the lncRNA interacts with the IR-derived vsRNAs to control disease development during TYLCV infection. Consistent with its possible function in virus disease development, over-expression of SlLNR1 in tomato reduces the accumulation of TYLCV. Furthermore, gene silencing of the SlLNR1 in the tomato plants induced TYLCV-like leaf phenotypes without viral infection. Our results uncover a previously unknown interaction between vsRNAs and host lncRNA, and provide a plausible model for TYLCV-induced diseases and host antiviral immunity, which would help to develop effective strategies for the control of this important viral pathogen.

A survey of argasid ticks and tick-associated pathogens in the Peripheral Oases around Tarim Basin and the first record of Argas japonicus in Xinjiang, China

Argasid ticks (Acari: Argasidae) carry and transmit a variety of pathogens of animals and humans, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. There are several studies reporting ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and associated tick-borne pathogens in Xinjiang, China. However, little is known about the argasid ticks and argasid tick-associated pathogens in this area. In this study, a total of 3829 adult argasid ticks infesting livestock were collected at 12 sampling sites of 10 counties in the Peripheral Oases, which carry 90% of the livestock and humans population, around the Tarim Basin (southern Xinjiang) from 2013 to 2016. Tick specimens were identified to two species from different genera by morphology and sequences of mitochondrial 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA were derived to confirm the species designation. The results showed that the dominant argasid ticks infesting livestock in southern Xinjiang were Ornithodoros lahorensis (87.86%, 3364/3829). Ornithodoros lahorensis was distributed widely and were collected from 10 counties of southern Xinjiang. Argas japonicus was collected from Xinjiang for the first time. In addition, we screened these ticks for tick-associated pathogens and showed the presence of DNA sequences of Rickettsia spp. of Spotted fever group and Anaplasma spp. in the argasid ticks. This finding suggests the potential role for Argas japonicus as a vector of pathogens to livestock and humans.

High-quality-draft genome sequence of the heavy metal resistant and exopolysaccharides producing bacterium Mucilaginibacter pedocola TBZ30T

Mucilaginibacter pedocola TBZ30T (= CCTCC AB 2015301T = KCTC 42833T) is a Gram- negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-spore-forming bacterium isolated from a heavy metal contaminated paddy field. It shows resistance to multiple heavy metals and can adsorb/remove Zn2+ and Cd2+ during cultivation. In addition, strain TBZ30T produces exopolysaccharides (EPS). These features make it a great potential to bioremediate heavy metal contamination and biotechnical application. Here we describe the genome sequence and annotation of strain TBZ30T. The genome size is 7,035,113 bp, contains 3132 protein-coding genes (2736 with predicted functions), 50 tRNA encoding genes and 14 rRNA encoding genes. Putative heavy metal resistant genes and EPS associated genes are found in the genome.

Tree-based approach for exploring marine spatial patterns with raster datasets

From multiple raster datasets to spatial association patterns, the data-mining technique is divided into three subtasks, i.e., raster dataset pretreatment, mining algorithm design, and spatial pattern exploration from the mining results. Comparison with the former two subtasks reveals that the latter remains unresolved. Confronted with the interrelated marine environmental parameters, we propose a Tree-based Approach for eXploring Marine Spatial Patterns with multiple raster datasets called TAXMarSP, which includes two models. One is the Tree-based Cascading Organization Model (TCOM), and the other is the Spatial Neighborhood-based CAlculation Model (SNCAM). TCOM designs the “Spatial node→Pattern node” from top to bottom layers to store the table-formatted frequent patterns. Together with TCOM, SNCAM considers the spatial neighborhood contributions to calculate the pattern-matching degree between the specified marine parameters and the table-formatted frequent patterns and then explores the marine spatial patterns. Using the prevalent quantification Apriori algorithm and a real remote sensing dataset from January 1998 to December 2014, a successful application of TAXMarSP to marine spatial patterns in the Pacific Ocean is described, and the obtained marine spatial patterns present not only the well-known but also new patterns to Earth scientists.

Transcriptome and key genes expression related to carbon fixation pathways in Chlorella PY-ZU1 cells and their growth under high concentrations of CO2

BACKGROUND

The biomass yield of Chlorella PY-ZU1 drastically increased when cultivated under high CO₂ condition compared with that cultivated under air condition. However, less attention has been given to the microalgae photosynthetic mechanisms response to different CO₂ concentrations. The genetic reasons for the higher growth rate, CO₂ fixation rate, and photosynthetic efficiency of microalgal cells under higher CO₂ concentration have not been clearly defined yet.

RESULTS

In this study, the Illumina sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly of Chlorella PY-ZU1 cells cultivated under 15% CO₂ were performed and compared with those of cells grown under air. It was found that carbonic anhydrase (CAs, enzyme for interconversion of bicarbonate to CO₂) dramatically decreased to near 0 in 15% CO₂-grown cells, which indicated that CO₂ molecules directly permeated into cells under high CO₂ stress without CO₂-concentrating mechanism. Extrapolating from the growth conditions and quantitative Real-Time PCR of CCM-related genes, the K_m (CO₂) (the minimum intracellular CO₂ concentration that rubisco required) of Chlorella PY-ZU1 might be in the range of 80-192 μM. More adenosine triphosphates was saved for carbon fixation-related pathways. The transcript abundance of rubisco (the most important enzyme of CO₂ fixation reaction) was 16.3 times higher in 15% CO₂-grown cells than that under air. Besides, the transcript abundances of most key genes involved in carbon fixation pathways were also enhanced in 15% CO₂-grown cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Carbon fixation and nitrogen metabolism are the two most important metabolisms in the photosynthetic cells. These genes related to the two most metabolisms with significantly differential expressions were beneficial for microalgal growth (2.85 g L^-1) under 15% CO₂ concentration. Considering the micro and macro growth phenomena of Chlorella PY-ZU1 under different concentrations of CO₂ (0.04-60%), CO₂ transport pathways responses to different CO₂ (0.04-60%) concentrations was reconstructed.