1
|
Belouard N, Behm JE. Multiple paternity in the invasive spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). Environ Entomol 2023; 52:949-955. [PMID: 37611175 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
In biological invasions, multiple paternity can preserve genetic diversity over time and space and contribute to invasion success. Therefore, knowledge on the mating system of invasive species is essential to develop adequate management practices to mitigate their impact on ecosystems. The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845), is an invasive pest that has colonized more than 10 eastern US states in less than 10 yr. Multiple paternity may contribute to its success, but little is known about spotted lanternfly's mating system. We explored the mating system using mated females and female-egg mass pairs sampled in the field. First, we assessed the existence of multiple mating by counting the number of spermatophores in the genital tract of all females. Second, we searched for genetic evidence for multiple paternity within egg masses by genotyping the female-egg mass pairs at 7 microsatellite loci. Third, we assessed whether multiple mating was correlated with female traits and distance from the introduction site. One to 3 spermatophores per female were found during dissections, confirming the existence of polyandrous female spotted lanternfly. We found genetic evidence for a minimum of 2 fathers in 4 egg masses associated with polyandrous females, validating multiple paternity in spotted lanternfly. Multiple paternity was associated with egg mass size, and multiple paternity was highest in populations closest to the original introduction site and decreased toward the invasion front. Multiple paternity may contribute to the invasion success of spotted lanternfly, and control efforts should consider the mating system and the implications of its spatial patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Belouard
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), Univ Rennes, CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Jocelyn E Behm
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Belouard N, Behm JE. Spotted! Computer-aided individual photo-identification allows for mark-recapture of invasive spotted lanternfly ( Lycorma delicatula). Front Insect Sci 2023; 3:1112551. [PMID: 38469539 PMCID: PMC10926401 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The spotted lanternfly is an invasive pest for which we lack individual movement data due in part to the difficulty posed by individual identification. We developed a computer-aided method to identify individual adult spotted lanternfly using wing spot patterns from photos processed in the software I3S and demonstrated the method's accuracy with lab and field validations. Based on 176 individuals in the lab, we showed that digitizing the spots of one wing allowed a 100% reliable individual identification. The errors due to user input and the variation in the angle of the image were largely negligible compared to inter-individual variations. We applied this method in the context of a mark-recapture experiment to assess the feasibility of this method in the field. We initially identified a total of 84 unique spotted lanternflies, 31 of which were recaptured after four hours along with 49 new individuals. We established that the analysis of recaptures can possibly be automated based on scores and may not require systematic visual pairwise comparison. The demonstration of the effectiveness of this method on relatively small sample sizes makes it a promising tool for field experimentation as well as lab manipulations. Once validated on larger datasets and in different contexts, it will provide ample opportunity to collect useful data on spotted lanternfly ecology that can greatly inform management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Belouard
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), Univ Rennes, CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Jocelyn E. Behm
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramirez VA, De Bona S, Helmus MR, Behm JE. Multiscale assessment of oviposition habitat associations and implications for management in the spotted lanternfly (
Lycorma delicatula
), an emerging invasive pest. J Appl Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Ramirez
- Integrative Ecology Lab Temple University 1925 N. 12th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sebastiano De Bona
- Integrative Ecology Lab Temple University 1925 N. 12th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Matthew R. Helmus
- Integrative Ecology Lab Temple University 1925 N. 12th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Jocelyn E. Behm
- Integrative Ecology Lab Temple University 1925 N. 12th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Xia S, Wu D, Behm JE, Meng Y, Yuan H, Wen P, Hughes AC, Yang X. Understanding global and regional patterns of termite diversity and regional functional traits. iScience 2022; 25:105538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
5
|
Liu S, Behm JE, Meng Y, Zhang W, Xia S, Yang X, Fu S. Nitrogen addition enhances the bottom-up effects in the detrital food web. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
|
6
|
Huron NA, Behm JE, Helmus MR. Paninvasion severity assessment of a U.S. grape pest to disrupt the global wine market. Commun Biol 2022; 5:655. [PMID: 35788172 PMCID: PMC9253006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic impacts from plant pests are often felt at the regional scale, yet some impacts expand to the global scale through the alignment of a pest’s invasion potentials. Such globally invasive species (i.e., paninvasives) are like the human pathogens that cause pandemics. Like pandemics, assessing paninvasion risk for an emerging regional pest is key for stakeholders to take early actions that avoid market disruption. Here, we develop the paninvasion severity assessment framework and use it to assess a rapidly spreading regional U.S. grape pest, the spotted lanternfly planthopper (Lycorma delicatula; SLF), to spread and disrupt the global wine market. We found that SLF invasion potentials are aligned globally because important viticultural regions with suitable environments for SLF establishment also heavily trade with invaded U.S. states. If the U.S. acts as an invasive bridgehead, Italy, France, Spain, and other important wine exporters are likely to experience the next SLF introductions. Risk to the global wine market is high unless stakeholders work to reduce SLF invasion potentials in the U.S. and globally. The spotted lanternfly planthopper poses a global threat as a paninvasive wine grape pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Huron
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Jocelyn E Behm
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Matthew R Helmus
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meng Y, Chen H, Behm JE, Xia S, Wang B, Liu S, Yang X. Effects of different tea plantation management systems on arthropod assemblages and network structure. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Hui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Jocelyn E. Behm
- Center for Biodiversity Department of Biology Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
| | - Shangwen Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
- Center of Plant Ecology Core Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Bo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
- Center of Plant Ecology Core Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Shengjie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
- Center of Plant Ecology Core Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
- Center of Plant Ecology Core Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jesse WAM, Molleman J, Franken O, Lammers M, Berg MP, Behm JE, Helmus MR, Ellers J. Disentangling the effects of plant species invasion and urban development on arthropod community composition. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:3294-3306. [PMID: 32216012 PMCID: PMC7317202 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban development and species invasion are two major global threats to biodiversity. These threats often co-occur, as developed areas are more prone to species invasion. However, few empirical studies have tested if both factors affect biodiversity in similar ways. Here we study the individual and combined effects of urban development and plant invasion on the composition of arthropod communities. We assessed 36 paired invaded and non-invaded sample plots, invaded by the plant Antigonon leptopus, with half of these pairs located in natural and the other half in developed land-use types on the Caribbean island of St. Eustatius. We used several taxonomic and functional variables to describe community composition and diversity. Our results show that both urban development and A. leptopus invasion affected community composition, albeit in different ways. Development significantly increased species richness and exponential Shannon diversity, while invasion had no effect on these variables. However, invasion significantly increased arthropod abundance and caused biotic homogenization. Specifically, uninvaded arthropod communities were distinctly different in species composition between developed and natural sites, while they became undistinguishable after A. leptopus invasion. Moreover, functional variables were significantly affected by species invasion, but not by urban development. Invaded communities had higher community-weighted mean body size and the feeding guild composition of invaded arthropod communities was characterized by the exceptional numbers of nectarivores, herbivores, and detritivores. With the exception of species richness and exponential Shannon diversity, invasion influenced four out of six response variables to a greater degree than urban development did. Hence, we can conclude that species invasion is not just a passenger of urban development but also a driver of change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. M. Jesse
- Department of Ecological Science – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jasper Molleman
- Department of Ecological Science – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Oscar Franken
- Department of Ecological Science – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mark Lammers
- Department of Ecological Science – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Evolution and BiodiversityUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Matty P. Berg
- Department of Ecological Science – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences – Community and Conservation EcologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jocelyn E. Behm
- Integrative Ecology LabCenter for BiodiversityDepartment of BiologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Matthew R. Helmus
- Integrative Ecology LabCenter for BiodiversityDepartment of BiologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Science – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Behm JE. Is biodiversity needed for sustainability? A spotlight on urban landscapes. Am J Bot 2020; 107:703-706. [PMID: 32304094 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn E Behm
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Assour HR, Behm JE. First Occurrence of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the Caribbean Island of Curaçao. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:863-865. [PMID: 31140148 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The predatory ladybird species, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), is native to Asia and Australia but has established populations outside its native range, most recently on the eastern and northern coast of South America. Here, we report for the first time the identification of the introduced ladybird beetle, C. sexmaculata, to the Caribbean islands, specifically the island of Curaçao. Although C. sexmaculata is typically considered beneficial and used as a means of biological control in continental ecosystems, due to its high predatory and reproductive ability, it has the potential to cause major ecological impacts as an invader to sensitive Caribbean island ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Assour
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Dept of Biology, Temple Univ, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J E Behm
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Dept of Biology, Temple Univ, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marin J, Rapacciuolo G, Costa GC, Graham CH, Brooks TM, Young BE, Radeloff VC, Behm JE, Helmus MR, Hedges SB. Evolutionary time drives global tetrapod diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2378. [PMID: 29436494 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global variation in species richness is widely recognized, but the explanation for what drives it continues to be debated. Previous efforts have focused on a subset of potential drivers, including evolutionary rate, evolutionary time (maximum clade age of species restricted to a region), dispersal (migration from one region to another), ecological factors and climatic stability. However, no study has evaluated these competing hypotheses simultaneously at a broad spatial scale. Here, we examine their relative contribution in determining the richness of the most comprehensive dataset of tetrapods to our knowledge (84% of the described species), distinguishing between the direct influences of evolutionary rate, evolutionary time and dispersal, and the indirect influences of ecological factors and climatic stability through their effect on direct factors. We found that evolutionary time exerted a primary influence on species richness, with evolutionary rate being of secondary importance. By contrast, dispersal did not significantly affect richness patterns. Ecological and climatic stability factors influenced species richness indirectly by modifying evolutionary time (i.e. persistence time) and rate. Overall, our findings suggest that global heterogeneity in tetrapod richness is explained primarily by the length of time species have had to diversify.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Marin
- Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 502 SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA .,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité UMR 7205, Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne-Universités, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Giovanni Rapacciuolo
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 N Lake Road, Merced, CA 95340, USA.,NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, 7th Floor, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Gabriel C Costa
- Department of Biology, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.,World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Bruce E Young
- NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, 7th Floor, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Volker C Radeloff
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jocelyn E Behm
- Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 502 SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.,Department of Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R Helmus
- Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 502 SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - S Blair Hedges
- Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 502 SERC Building, 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Liu
- CAS key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
- Ailaoshan Station for Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies; Chinese Ecosystem Research Net; Jingdong Yunnan 676200 China
| | - Jing Hu
- CAS key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
- Environmental Protection Agency of Hohhot; Hohhot Inner Mongolia 010011 China
| | - Jocelyn E. Behm
- Center for Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
| | - Xinxing He
- CAS key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Jianmin Gan
- CAS key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
- Ailaoshan Station for Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies; Chinese Ecosystem Research Net; Jingdong Yunnan 676200 China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- CAS key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Mengla Yunnan 666303 China
- Ailaoshan Station for Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies; Chinese Ecosystem Research Net; Jingdong Yunnan 676200 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jesse WAM, Behm JE, Helmus MR, Ellers J. Human land use promotes the abundance and diversity of exotic species on Caribbean islands. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:4784-4796. [PMID: 29851186 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Human land use causes major changes in species abundance and composition, yet native and exotic species can exhibit different responses to land use change. Native populations generally decline in human-impacted habitats while exotic species often benefit. In this study, we assessed the effects of human land use on exotic and native reptile diversity, including functional diversity, which relates to the range of habitat use strategies in biotic communities. We surveyed 114 reptile communities from localities that varied in habitat structure and human impact level on two Caribbean islands, and calculated species richness, overall abundance, and evenness for every plot. Functional diversity indices were calculated using published trait data, which enabled us to detect signs of trait filtering associated with impacted habitats. Our results show that environmental variation among sampling plots was explained by two Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination axes related to habitat structure (i.e., forest or nonforest) and human impact level (i.e., addition of man-made constructions such as roads and buildings). Several diversity indices were significantly correlated with the two PCA axes, but exotic and native species showed opposing responses. Native species reached the highest abundance in forests, while exotic species were absent in this habitat. Human impact was associated with an increase in exotic abundance and species richness, while native species showed no significant associations. Functional diversity was highest in nonforested environments on both islands, and further increased on St. Martin with the establishment of functionally unique exotic species in nonforested habitat. Habitat structure, rather than human impact, proved to be an important agent for environmental filtering of traits, causing divergent functional trait values across forested and nonforested environments. Our results illustrate the importance of considering various elements of land use when studying its impact on species diversity and the establishment and spread of exotic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A M Jesse
- Department of Ecological Science - Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jocelyn E Behm
- Department of Ecological Science - Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R Helmus
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Science - Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Behm JE, Waite BR, Hsieh ST, Helmus MR. Benefits and limitations of three-dimensional printing technology for ecological research. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:32. [PMID: 30200934 PMCID: PMC6131837 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological research often involves sampling and manipulating non-model organisms that reside in heterogeneous environments. As such, ecologists often adapt techniques and ideas from industry and other scientific fields to design and build equipment, tools, and experimental contraptions custom-made for the ecological systems under study. Three-dimensional (3D) printing provides a way to rapidly produce identical and novel objects that could be used in ecological studies, yet ecologists have been slow to adopt this new technology. Here, we provide ecologists with an introduction to 3D printing. RESULTS First, we give an overview of the ecological research areas in which 3D printing is predicted to be the most impactful and review current studies that have already used 3D printed objects. We then outline a methodological workflow for integrating 3D printing into an ecological research program and give a detailed example of a successful implementation of our 3D printing workflow for 3D printed models of the brown anole, Anolis sagrei, for a field predation study. After testing two print media in the field, we show that the models printed from the less expensive and more sustainable material (blend of 70% plastic and 30% recycled wood fiber) were just as durable and had equal predator attack rates as the more expensive material (100% virgin plastic). CONCLUSIONS Overall, 3D printing can provide time and cost savings to ecologists, and with recent advances in less toxic, biodegradable, and recyclable print materials, ecologists can choose to minimize social and environmental impacts associated with 3D printing. The main hurdles for implementing 3D printing-availability of resources like printers, scanners, and software, as well as reaching proficiency in using 3D image software-may be easier to overcome at institutions with digital imaging centers run by knowledgeable staff. As with any new technology, the benefits of 3D printing are specific to a particular project, and ecologists must consider the investments of developing usable 3D materials for research versus other methods of generating those materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn E Behm
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Ecological Science-Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Brenna R Waite
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S Tonia Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew R Helmus
- Integrative Ecology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jamshidi S, Behm JE, Eveillard D, Kiers ET, Vandenkoornhuyse P. Using hybrid automata modelling to study phenotypic plasticity and allocation strategies in the plant mycorrhizal mutualism. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
16
|
Behm JE, Geurts R, Kiers ET. Parasponia: a novel system for studying mutualism stability. Trends Plant Sci 2014; 19:757-63. [PMID: 25239777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how mutualistic interactions are stabilized in the presence of cheaters is a major question in evolutionary biology. The legume-rhizobia mutualism has become a model system for studying how plants control cheating partners. However, the generality and evolutionary origins of these control mechanisms are intensely debated. In this Opinion article, we argue that a novel system--the Parasponia-rhizobia mutualism--will significantly advance research in mutualism stability. Parasponia is the only non-legume lineage to have evolved a rhizobial symbiosis, which provides an evolutionary replicate to test how rhizobial exploitation is controlled. Evidence also suggests that this symbiosis is young. This allows studies at an earlier evolutionary stage in mutualisms, so the origin of control mechanisms can be better understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn E Behm
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rene Geurts
- Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Drovendaalsesteeg 1, 6709PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Engelmoer DJP, Behm JE, Toby Kiers E. Intense competition between arbuscular mycorrhizal mutualists in an in vitro root microbiome negatively affects total fungal abundance. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:1584-1593. [PMID: 24050702 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The root microbiome is composed of an incredibly diverse microbial community that provides services to the plant. A major question in rhizosphere research is how species in root microbiome communities interact with each other and their host. In the nutrient mutualism between host plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), competition often leads to certain species dominating host colonization, with the outcome being dependent on environmental conditions. In the past, it has been difficult to quantify the abundance of closely related species and track competitive interactions in different regions of the rhizosphere, specifically within and outside the host. Here, we used an artificial root system (in vitro root organ cultures) to investigate intraradical (within the root) and extraradical (outside the root) competitive interactions between two closely related AMF species, Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus aggregatum, under different phosphorus availabilities. We found that competitive interactions between AMF species reduced overall fungal abundance. R. irregularis was consistently the most abundant symbiont for both intraradical and extraradical colonization. Competition was the most intense for resources within the host, where both species negatively affected each other's abundance. We found the investment ratio (i.e. extraradical abundance/intraradical abundance) shifted for both species depending on whether competitors were present or not. Phosphorus availability did not change the outcome of these interactions. Our results suggest that studies on competitive interactions should focus on intraradical colonization dynamics and consider how changes in investment ratio are mediated by fungal species interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J P Engelmoer
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Behm JE, Yang X, Chen J. Slipping through the cracks: rubber plantation is unsuitable breeding habitat for frogs in Xishuangbanna, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73688. [PMID: 24040026 PMCID: PMC3769397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of tropical forests into agriculture may present a serious risk to amphibian diversity if amphibians are not able to use agricultural areas as habitat. Recently, in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province – a hotspot of frog diversity within China – two-thirds of the native tropical rainforests have been converted into rubber plantation agriculture. We conducted surveys and experiments to quantify habitat use for breeding and non-breeding life history activities of the native frog species in rainforest, rubber plantation and other human impacted sites. Rubber plantation sites had the lowest species richness in our non-breeding habitat surveys and no species used rubber plantation sites as breeding habitat. The absence of breeding was likely not due to intrinsic properties of the rubber plantation pools, as our experiments indicated that rubber plantation pools were suitable for tadpole growth and development. Rather, the absence of breeding in the rubber plantation was likely due to a misalignment of breeding and non-breeding habitat preferences. Analyses of our breeding surveys showed that percent canopy cover over pools was the strongest environmental variable influencing breeding site selection, with species exhibiting preferences for pools under both high and low canopy cover. Although rubber plantation pools had high canopy cover, the only species that bred in high canopy cover sites used the rainforest for both non-breeding and breeding activities, completing their entire life cycle in the rainforest. Conversely, the species that did use the rubber plantation for non-breeding habitat preferred to breed in low canopy sites, also avoiding breeding in the rubber plantation. Rubber plantations are likely an intermediate habitat type that ‘slips through the cracks’ of species habitat preferences and is thus avoided for breeding. In summary, unlike the rainforests they replaced, rubber plantations alone may not be able to support frog populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn E. Behm
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Quan RC, Ren G, Behm JE, Wang L, Huang Y, Long Y, Zhu J. Why does Rhinopithecus bieti prefer the highest elevation range in winter? A test of the sunshine hypothesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24449. [PMID: 21915329 PMCID: PMC3168501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors that affect spatiotemporal distribution patterns of animals usually include resource availability, temperature, and the risk of predation. However, they do not explain the counterintuitive preference of high elevation range in winter by the black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). We asked whether variation of sunshine along with elevations is the key driving force. To test this hypothesis, we conducted field surveys to demonstrate that there was a statistically significant pattern of high elevation use during winter. We then asked whether this pattern can be explained by certain environmental factors, namely temperature, sunshine duration and solar radiation. Finally, we concluded with a possible ecological mechanism for this pattern. In this study, we employed GIS technology to quantify solar radiation and sunshine duration across the monkey's range. Our results showed that: 1) R. bieti used the high altitude range between 4100-4400 m in winter although the yearly home range spanned from 3500-4500 m; 2) both solar radiation and sunshine duration increased with elevation while temperature decreased with elevation; 3) within the winter range, the use of range was significantly correlated with solar radiation and sunshine duration; 4) monkeys moved to the areas with high solar radiation and duration following a snowfall, where the snow melts faster and food is exposed earlier. We concluded that sunshine was the main factor that influences selection of high elevation habitat for R. bieti in winter. Since some other endotherms in the area exhibit similar winter distributional patterns, we developed a sunshine hypothesis to explain this phenomenon. In addition, our work also represented a new method of integrating GIS models into traditional field ecology research to study spatiotemporal distribution pattern of wildlife. We suggest that further theoretical and empirical studies are necessary for better understanding of sunshine influence on wildlife range use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Chang Quan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Guopeng Ren
- Ecology, Conservation, and Environment Center (ECEC), Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jocelyn E. Behm
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- Ecology, Conservation, and Environment Center (ECEC), Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Ecology, Conservation, and Environment Center (ECEC), Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Jianguo Zhu
- Ecology, Conservation, and Environment Center (ECEC), Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gilman RT, Behm JE. HYBRIDIZATION, SPECIES COLLAPSE, AND SPECIES REEMERGENCE AFTER DISTURBANCE TO PREMATING MECHANISMS OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION. Evolution 2011; 65:2592-605. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
22
|
Tabor GM, Tylka GL, Behm JE, Bronson CR. Heterodera glycines Infection Increases Incidence and Severity of Brown Stem Rot in Both Resistant and Susceptible Soybean. Plant Dis 2003; 87:655-661. [PMID: 30812856 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2003.87.6.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth chamber experiments were conducted to investigate whether parasitism by Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, increases incidence and severity of brown stem rot (BSR) of soybean, caused by Phialophora gregata, in both resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars. Soybean genotypes with various combinations of resistance and susceptibility to both pathogens were inoculated with P. gregata alone or P. gregata plus H. glycines. In most tests of H. glycines-susceptible genotypes, incidence and severity of internal stem discoloration, characteristic of BSR, was greater in the presence than in the absence of H. glycines, regardless of susceptibility or resistance to BSR. There was less of an increasing effect of H. glycines on stem symptoms in genotypes resistant to both BSR and H. glycines; however, P. gregata colonization of these genotypes was increased. Stems of both a BSR-resistant and a BSR-susceptible genotype were colonized earlier by P. gregata in the presence than in the absence of H. glycines. Our findings indicate that H. glycines can increase the incidence and severity of BSR in soybean regardless of resistance or susceptibility to either pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Tabor
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - G L Tylka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J E Behm
- Monsanto Company, 229 Stanford Parkway, Findlay, OH 45840
| | - C R Bronson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Behm JE, Tylka GL, Niblack TL, Wiebold WJ, Donald PA. Effects of Zinc Fertilization of Corn on Hatching of Heterodera glycines in Soil. J Nematol 1995; 27:164-171. [PMID: 19277276 PMCID: PMC2619598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of zinc fertilizers on hatching and soil population densities of Heterodera glycines. In vitro egg hatching in solutions of reagent-grade zinc sulfate and zinc chloride and fertilizer-grade zinc sulfate was significantly greater than hatching in deionized water, whereas zinc chelate fertilizer significantly inhibited egg hatching relative to deionized water. In greenhouse experiments, no differences in cumulative percentage egg hatch were detected in soil naturally infested with H. glycines amended with fertilizer-grade zinc sulfate and zinc chelate at rates equivalent to 0, 1.12, 11.2, and 112 kg Zn/ha and subsequently planted with corn (Zea mays L.). In a field experiment, no significant differences in H. glycines egg population densities and corn yields were detected among plots fertilized with 0, 11.2, and 22.4 kg Zn/ha rates of zinc chelate. Yields of H. glycines-susceptible soybean planted in plots 1 year after zinc fertilization of corn plots also were not significantly affected. Zinc compounds significandy affected H. glycines egg hatching in vitro, but had no effect on hatching in natural soils.
Collapse
|