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Yip C, Wyler SC, Liang K, Yamazaki S, Cobb T, Safdar M, Metai A, Merchant W, Wessells R, Rothenfluh A, Lee S, Elmquist J, You YJ. Neuronal E93 is required for adaptation to adult metabolism and behavior. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101939. [PMID: 38621602 PMCID: PMC11053319 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metamorphosis is a transition from growth to reproduction, through which an animal adopts adult behavior and metabolism. Yet the neural mechanisms underlying the switch are unclear. Here we report that neuronal E93, a transcription factor essential for metamorphosis, regulates the adult metabolism, physiology, and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. METHODS To find new neuronal regulators of metabolism, we performed a targeted RNAi-based screen of 70 Drosophila orthologs of the mammalian genes enriched in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Once E93 was identified from the screen, we characterized changes in physiology and behavior when neuronal expression of E93 is knocked down. To identify the neurons where E93 acts, we performed an additional screen targeting subsets of neurons or endocrine cells. RESULTS E93 is required to control appetite, metabolism, exercise endurance, and circadian rhythms. The diverse phenotypes caused by pan-neuronal knockdown of E93, including obesity, exercise intolerance and circadian disruption, can all be phenocopied by knockdown of E93 specifically in either GABA or MIP neurons, suggesting these neurons are key sites of E93 action. Knockdown of the Ecdysone Receptor specifically in MIP neurons partially phenocopies the MIP neuron-specific knockdown of E93, suggesting the steroid signal coordinates adult metabolism via E93 and a neuropeptidergic signal. Finally, E93 expression in GABA and MIP neurons also serves as a key switch for the adaptation to adult behavior, as animals with reduced expression of E93 in the two subsets of neurons exhibit reduced reproductive activity. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that E93 is a new monogenic factor essential for metabolic, physiological, and behavioral adaptation from larval behavior to adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Yip
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Wyler
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Katrina Liang
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience and Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Maryam Safdar
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aarav Metai
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Warda Merchant
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel Elmquist
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Young-Jai You
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Elmquist J. LBSUN99 Combination Of Drosophila And Mammalian Genetics Identifies Lcorl As A Novel Regulator Of Metabolism. J Endocr Soc 2022. [PMCID: PMC9625331 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac150.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and adult-onset diabetes result from a complex interaction of multiple genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. The hypothalamus contains multiple nuclei required for the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. One nucleus, termed the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), facilitates glucose homeostasis and metabolic adaptations to challenges such as high fat diet (HFD) and exercise. Using a combination of Drosophila and mouse genetics, we uncovered a novel gene network whose function is required for VMH-regulated whole body metabolism. Using Drosophila to rapidly screen orthologs of genes enriched in the mouse VMH, we identified the gene encoding the Ecdysone Induced Protein 93F (E93; human ortholog, Ligand dependent corepressor-like, Lcorl). Adult flies with neural knockdown of E93 are obese and hyperphagic, with increased energy stores, reduced exercise endurance, and dampened circadian amplitude. These findings reveal a novel role of E93 in metabolism. We found that the knockdown of E93 specifically in myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) and GABAergic neurons are sufficient to recapitulate the phenotype seen in a pan-neuronal E93 knockdown. | In mice, we found that Lcorl, the mammalian orthologue of E93, is highly expressed throughout the entire VMH. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mice harboring both a Lcorl KO and a floxed allele to investigate its function in the whole-body and in a tissue specific manner. Lcorl KO mice are viable and fertile. However, they have disruptions in growth, lipid metabolism, and circadian rhythm. Taken together these data reveal that Lcorl is as a novel regulator of energy metabolism and circadian rhythm. Additionally, this study shows the power of combined drosophila and mammalian genetics in uncovering novel regulators of metabolism. Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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Arble DM, Bass J, Behn CD, Butler MP, Challet E, Czeisler C, Depner CM, Elmquist J, Franken P, Grandner MA, Hanlon EC, Keene AC, Joyner MJ, Karatsoreos I, Kern PA, Klein S, Morris CJ, Pack AI, Panda S, Ptacek LJ, Punjabi NM, Sassone-Corsi P, Scheer FA, Saxena R, Seaquest ER, Thimgan MS, Van Cauter E, Wright KP. Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disruption on Energy Balance and Diabetes: A Summary of Workshop Discussions. Sleep 2015; 38:1849-60. [PMID: 26564131 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A workshop was held at the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases with a focus on the impact of sleep and circadian disruption on energy balance and diabetes. The workshop identified a number of key principles for research in this area and a number of specific opportunities. Studies in this area would be facilitated by active collaboration between investigators in sleep/circadian research and investigators in metabolism/diabetes. There is a need to translate the elegant findings from basic research into improving the metabolic health of the American public. There is also a need for investigators studying the impact of sleep/circadian disruption in humans to move beyond measurements of insulin and glucose and conduct more in-depth phenotyping. There is also a need for the assessments of sleep and circadian rhythms as well as assessments for sleep-disordered breathing to be incorporated into all ongoing cohort studies related to diabetes risk. Studies in humans need to complement the elegant short-term laboratory-based human studies of simulated short sleep and shift work etc. with studies in subjects in the general population with these disorders. It is conceivable that chronic adaptations occur, and if so, the mechanisms by which they occur needs to be identified and understood. Particular areas of opportunity that are ready for translation are studies to address whether CPAP treatment of patients with pre-diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevents or delays the onset of diabetes and whether temporal restricted feeding has the same impact on obesity rates in humans as it does in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Cecilia Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - Matthew P Butler
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Czeisler
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joel Elmquist
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Erin C Hanlon
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | | | - Ilia Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Louis J Ptacek
- Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Naresh M Punjabi
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Frank A Scheer
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth R Seaquest
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Matthew S Thimgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
| | - Eve Van Cauter
- Sleep, Metabolism and Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Heymsfield SB, Avena NM, Baier L, Brantley P, Bray GA, Burnett LC, Butler MG, Driscoll DJ, Egli D, Elmquist J, Forster JL, Goldstone AP, Gourash LM, Greenway FL, Han JC, Kane JG, Leibel RL, Loos RJ, Scheimann AO, Roth CL, Seeley RJ, Sheffield V, Tauber M, Vaisse C, Wang L, Waterland RA, Wevrick R, Yanovski JA, Zinn AR. Hyperphagia: current concepts and future directions proceedings of the 2nd international conference on hyperphagia. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22 Suppl 1:S1-S17. [PMID: 24574081 PMCID: PMC4159941 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperphagia is a central feature of inherited disorders (e.g., Prader-Willi Syndrome) in which obesity is a primary phenotypic component. Hyperphagia may also contribute to obesity as observed in the general population, thus raising the potential importance of common underlying mechanisms and treatments. Substantial gaps in understanding the molecular basis of inherited hyperphagia syndromes are present as are a lack of mechanistic of mechanistic targets that can serve as a basis for pharmacologic and behavioral treatments. DESIGN AND METHODS International conference with 28 experts, including scientists and caregivers, providing presentations, panel discussions, and debates. RESULTS The reviewed collective research and clinical experience provides a critical body of new and novel information on hyperphagia at levels ranging from molecular to population. Gaps in understanding and tools needed for additional research were identified. CONCLUSIONS This report documents the full scope of important topics reviewed at a comprehensive international meeting devoted to the topic of hyperphagia and identifies key areas for future funding and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicole M. Avena
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Leslie Baier
- Diabetes Molecular Genetics Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Phillip Brantley
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - George A. Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lisa C. Burnett
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Driscoll
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony P. Goldstone
- Metabolic & Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Frank L. Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joan C. Han
- Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James G. Kane
- Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA), Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ann O. Scheimann
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian L. Roth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Center of Excellence in Obesity and Diabetes, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Val Sheffield
- Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Maïthé Tauber
- Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital des Enfants and Paul Sabatier Université, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Vaisse
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Liheng Wang
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert A. Waterland
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew R. Zinn
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Gautron L, Lee C, Funahashi H, Friedman J, Lee S, Elmquist J. Melanocortin-4 receptor expression in a vago-vagal circuitry involved in postprandial functions. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:6-24. [PMID: 19882715 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vagal afferents regulate energy balance by providing a link between the brain and postprandial signals originating from the gut. In the current study, we investigated melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) expression in the nodose ganglion, where the cell bodies of vagal sensory afferents reside. By using a line of mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the MC4R promoter, we found GFP expression in approximately one-third of nodose ganglion neurons. By using immunohistochemistry combined with in situ hybridization, we also demonstrated that approximately 20% of GFP-positive neurons coexpressed cholecystokinin receptor A. In addition, we found that the GFP is transported to peripheral tissues by both vagal sensory afferents and motor efferents, which allowed us to assess the sites innervated by MC4R-GFP neurons. GFP-positive efferents that co-expressed choline acetyltransferase specifically terminated in the hepatic artery and the myenteric plexus of the stomach and duodenum. In contrast, GFP-positive afferents that did not express cholinergic or sympathetic markers terminated in the submucosal plexus and mucosa of the duodenum. Retrograde tracing experiments confirmed the innervation of the duodenum by GFP-positive neurons located in the nodose ganglion. Our findings support the hypothesis that MC4R signaling in vagal afferents may modulate the activity of fibers sensitive to satiety signals such as cholecystokinin, and that MC4R signaling in vagal efferents may contribute to the control of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9077, USA
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Gautron L, Lee C, Funahashi H, Friedman J, Lee S, Elmquist J. Melanocortin-4 receptor expression in a vago-vagal circuitry involved in postprandial functions. J Comp Neurol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder is associated with an elevated risk of numerous metabolic disturbances, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type II, and death after myocardial infarction. Several recent papers also indicate that disturbances of mood may alter peripheral signaling pathways that regulate metabolic processes, including those involving leptin and ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lutter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9127, USA.
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van de Wall E, Leshan R, Xu AW, Balthasar N, Coppari R, Liu SM, Jo YH, MacKenzie RG, Allison DB, Dun NJ, Elmquist J, Lowell BB, Barsh GS, de Luca C, Myers MG, Schwartz GJ, Chua SC. Collective and individual functions of leptin receptor modulated neurons controlling metabolism and ingestion. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1773-85. [PMID: 18162515 PMCID: PMC2276717 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two known types of leptin-responsive neurons reside within the arcuate nucleus: the agouti gene-related peptide (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) neuron and the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron. By deleting the leptin receptor gene (Lepr) specifically in AgRP/NPY and/or POMC neurons of mice, we examined the several and combined contributions of these neurons to leptin action. Body weight and adiposity were increased by Lepr deletion from AgRP and POMC neurons individually, and simultaneous deletion in both neurons (A+P LEPR-KO mice) further increased these measures. Young (periweaning) A+P LEPR-KO mice exhibit hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure, with increased weight gain, oxidative sparing of triglycerides, and increased fat accumulation. Interestingly, however, many of these abnormalities were attenuated in adult animals, and high doses of leptin partially suppress food intake in the A+P LEPR-KO mice. Although mildly hyperinsulinemic, the A+P LEPR-KO mice displayed normal glucose tolerance and fertility. Thus, AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons each play mandatory roles in aspects of leptin-regulated energy homeostasis, high leptin levels in adult mice mitigate the importance of leptin-responsiveness in these neurons for components of energy balance, suggesting the presence of other leptin-regulated pathways that partially compensate for the lack of leptin action on the POMC and AgRP/NPY neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van de Wall
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 12461, USA
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Münzberg H, Jobst EE, Bates SH, Jones J, Villanueva E, Leshan R, Björnholm M, Elmquist J, Sleeman M, Cowley MA, Myers MG. Appropriate inhibition of orexigenic hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons independently of leptin receptor/STAT3 signaling. J Neurosci 2007; 27:69-74. [PMID: 17202473 PMCID: PMC6672286 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3168-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin directly suppresses the activity of orexigenic neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). We examined c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (CFLIR) as a marker of ARC neuronal activity in db/db mice devoid of the signaling form of the leptin receptor (LRb) and s/s mice that express LRb(S1138) [which is defective for STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling]. Both db/db and s/s animals are hyperphagic and obese. This analysis revealed that CFLIR in agouti related peptide-expressing orexigenic ARC neurons is basally elevated in db/db but not s/s mice. Consistent with these observations, electrophysiologic evaluation of a small number of neurons in s/s animals suggested that leptin appropriately suppresses the frequency of IPSCs on ARC proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that are mediated by the release of GABA from orexigenic ARC neurons. CFLIR in POMC neurons of s/s mice was also increased compared with db/db animals. Thus, these data suggest that, although LRb-->STAT3 signaling is crucial for the regulation of feeding, it is not required for the acute or chronic regulation of orexigenic ARC neurons, and the activation of STAT3-mediated transcription by leptin is not required for the appropriate development of leptin responsiveness in these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Erin E. Jobst
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97239
| | - Sarah H. Bates
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Justin Jones
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Eneida Villanueva
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Rebecca Leshan
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Marie Björnholm
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Joel Elmquist
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and
| | - Mark Sleeman
- Obesity and Diabetes Research, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591
| | - Michael A. Cowley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97239
| | - Martin G. Myers
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Elmquist
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., #NE5.110, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, USA
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Ludwig DS, Tritos NA, Mastaitis JW, Kulkarni R, Kokkotou E, Elmquist J, Lowell B, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E. Melanin-concentrating hormone overexpression in transgenic mice leads to obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:379-86. [PMID: 11160162 PMCID: PMC199192 DOI: 10.1172/jci10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of investigation suggest that the hypothalamic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) regulates body weight in mammals. Obese mice lacking functional leptin overexpress the MCH message in the fed or fasted state. Acute intracerebroventricular injection of MCH increases energy intake in rats. Mice lacking the MCH gene are lean. To test the hypothesis that chronic overexpression of MCH in mice causes obesity, we produced transgenic mice that overexpress MCH (MCH-OE) in the lateral hypothalamus at approximately twofold higher levels than normal mice. On the FVB genetic background, homozygous transgenic animals fed a high-fat diet ate 10% more and were 12% heavier at 13 weeks of age than wild-type animals, and they had higher systemic leptin levels. Blood glucose levels were higher both preprandially and after an intraperitoneal glucose injection. MCH-OE animals were insulin-resistant, as demonstrated by markedly higher plasma insulin levels and a blunted response to insulin; MCH-OE animals had only a 5% decrease in blood glucose after insulin administration, compared with a 31% decrease in wild-type animals. MCH-OE animals also exhibited a twofold increase in islet size. To evaluate the contribution of genetic background to the predisposition to obesity seen in MCH-OE mice, the transgene was bred onto the C57BL/6J background. Heterozygote C57BL/6J mice expressing the transgene showed increased body weight on a standard diet, confirming that MCH overexpression can lead to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Ludwig
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Silveira DC, Klein P, Ransil BJ, Liu Z, Hori A, Holmes GL, de LaCalle S, Elmquist J, Herzog AG. Lateral asymmetry in activation of hypothalamic neurons with unilateral amygdaloid seizures. Epilepsia 2000; 41:34-41. [PMID: 10643921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reproductive disorders are unusually frequent among women with temporal lobe seizures. The particular type of disorder may be related to the laterality and focality of epileptiform discharges. Here we examined whether unilateral amygdaloid seizures activate hypothalamic neurons involved in reproductive function and reproductive endocrine secretion in female rats and whether such activation shows lateral asymmetry. METHODS Numbers of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons in various hypothalamic regions were compared for three groups of animals: (a) unilateral amygdala-kindled, (b) implanted but unstimulated, and (c) unimplanted. RESULTS Fos-ir neurons showed strong ipsilateral occurrence in the medial preoptic, ventrolateral part of the ventromedial, and ventral premammillary nuclei, sexually dimorphic regions involved in reproductive endocrine regulation. No significant lateral asymmetry was observed for other investigated hypothalamic regions. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral amygdaloid seizures activate hypothalamic neurons that regulate reproductive endocrine secretion in a laterally asymmetric fashion. This may explain the clinical association of different reproductive endocrine disorders with left and right temporal epileptiform discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Silveira
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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