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Mekis N, Bianchi T, Doyle C, Gauchat M, Geerling I, Linneman J, Staats S, Campeanu C. Gridless adult cervical spine radiography and its' effect on image quality and radiation dose: A phantom study. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:359-366. [PMID: 38141429 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Imaging of the cervical spine in general radiography is most frequently performed using an anti-scatter grid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a gridless setting on image quality and radiation dose during digital radiography of the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) cervical spine. METHODS A phantom study was performed with a variety of tube voltages (63-75 kV) with and without an anti-scatter grid. The tube current time product (mAs) and dose area product (DAP) were recorded and used to calculate effective dose (ED) and individual organ dose using PCXMC 2.0 software, as well as entrance surface dose (ESD) and objective image quality: signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Subjective visual image quality grading characteristics (VGC) was performed by five qualified radiographers. RESULTS In a gridless setting, the AP and LAT positions showed significantly lower DAP (1.6 μGym2; 61.3 % and 1.6 μGym2; 51.2%), ESD (27.6 μGy; 57.3% and 77.2 μGy; 47.2%) and ED (4.2 μSv; 61.3% and 2.3 μSv; 48.9%). In a gridless setting in the AP position, there is a slight significant deterioration in image quality. In the lateral projection, on the other hand, the image quality without the use of grid was only significantly reduced in three of six criteria and there was no difference in the objective image quality between the two settings examined. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that gridless setting significantly decreases radiation dose and image quality, but the quality in the lateral projection is still acceptable for diagnostic purpose. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The protocol without the use of the anti-scatter grid in cervical spine radiography leads to a reduction in the radiation dose in both projections, but the image quality in the AP is significantly reduced for all criteria examined, with a slight deterioration in image quality in the lateral projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mekis
- University of Ljubljana, Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Zdravstvena Pot 5, 100 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - T Bianchi
- Department of Technical Medical Radiology, School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Av. de Beaumont 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Doyle
- Radiography and Diagnostic Imaging, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfied, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - M Gauchat
- Department of Technical Medical Radiology, School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Av. de Beaumont 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I Geerling
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Petrus Driessenstraat 3, 9714 CA Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Linneman
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Petrus Driessenstraat 3, 9714 CA Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Staats
- Radiography in Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Central University of the Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - C Campeanu
- Department of Technical Medical Radiology, School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Av. de Beaumont 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yang L, Tian J, Wang J, Zeng J, Wang T, Lin B, Linneman J, Li L, Niu Y, Gou D, Zhang Y. The protective role of EP300 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1037217. [PMID: 36910531 PMCID: PMC9992637 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1037217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a lethal disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, which is mediated by the abnormal proliferation/migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Recent reports suggest the involvement of histone acetylation in PAH development and that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have therapeutic potential for the treatment of PAH. EP300 is an acetyltransferase that plays diverse roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the functions of EP3000 in PH are rarely studied. Results In this work, we found that the expression of EP300 was increased in the pulmonary arteries of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH rats. Knockdown of EP300 by AAV-mediated shRNA exacerbated the PH, with a higher right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI), and wall thickness in the pulmonary artery of MCT-induced PH rat. On the cellular level, the proliferation of PASMCs was promoted by EP300 knockdown. In addition, the expression of EP300 was increased in PASMCs by the overexpression of EGR1, while the deletion of EGR1 binding sites in the EP300 promoter region decreased the activity of EP300 promoter. Moreover, deleting the EP300 promoter region containing EGR1 binding sites using CRISPR/Cas9 abolished the upregulation of EP300 in MCT-induced rats and exacerbated MCT-induced PH. To summarize, our data indicate that EP300 upregulation mediated by EGR1 has a protective effect on MCT-induced PH. Conclusion These findings showed EP300 expression was increased in the MCT-induced PH model in rats, which could be mediated by EGR1; the EP300 also displayed the potential to provide protection from PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinglin Tian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Boya Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - John Linneman
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Li Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Niu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Deming Gou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Xu J, Zhong Y, Yin H, Linneman J, Luo Y, Xia S, Xia Q, Yang L, Huang X, Kang K, Wang J, Niu Y, Li L, Gou D. Methylation-mediated silencing of PTPRD induces pulmonary hypertension by promoting pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell migration via the PDGFRB/PLCγ1 axis. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1795-1807. [PMID: 35848503 PMCID: PMC9451921 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary hypertension is a lethal disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and is mediated by abnormal proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) is the most potent mitogen for PASMCs and is involved in vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension development. Therefore, the objective of our study is to identify novel mechanisms underlying vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. METHODS We explored the effects and mechanisms of PTPRD downregulation in PASMCs and PTPRD knockdown rats in pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia. RESULTS We demonstrated that PTPRD is dramatically downregulated in PDGF-BB-treated PASMCs, pulmonary arteries from pulmonary hypertension rats, and blood and pulmonary arteries from lung specimens of patients with hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH) and idiopathic PAH (iPAH). Subsequently, we found that PTPRD was downregulated by promoter methylation via DNMT1. Moreover, we found that PTPRD knockdown altered cell morphology and migration in PASMCs via modulating focal adhesion and cell cytoskeleton. We have demonstrated that the increase in cell migration is mediated by the PDGFRB/PLCγ1 pathway. Furthermore, under hypoxic condition, we observed significant pulmonary arterial remodeling and exacerbation of pulmonary hypertension in heterozygous PTPRD knock-out rats compared with the wild-type group. We also demonstrated that HET group treated with chronic hypoxia have higher expression and activity of PLCγ1 in the pulmonary arteries compared with wild-type group. CONCLUSION We propose that PTPRD likely plays an important role in the process of pulmonary vascular remodeling and development of pulmonary hypertension in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Haoyang Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - John Linneman
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yixuan Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Sijian Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Qinyi Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Lei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Xingtao Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Kang Kang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Yanqin Niu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Li Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
| | - Deming Gou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Vascular Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Disease, Carson International Cancer Center
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Deng L, Chen J, Chen B, Wang T, Yang L, Liao J, Yi J, Chen Y, Wang J, Linneman J, Niu Y, Gou D. LncPTSR Triggers Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension by Regulating [Ca2+]i in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:524-538. [PMID: 35148256 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0480oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by vascular remodeling and sustained increase in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP). The molecular mechanisms behind PH development remain unclear. Here, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) attenuated by platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) was identified and its functional roles were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Using RNA-seq data and rapid amplification of cDNA ends, a lncRNA neighboring the locus of plasma membrane calcium transporting ATPase 4 (PMCA4) was identified and named lncPTSR. It is a highly-conserved nuclear lncRNA, and was downregulated in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) with PDGF-BB stimulation or hypoxia induction. Gene interruption/overexpression assays revealed that lncPTSR negatively regulates rat PASMCs proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. LncPTSR interruption in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats using adenovirus associated virus type 9 (AAV9)-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in a significant increase in RVSP and vascular remodeling in normoxic condition. LncPTSR knockdown also suppressed PMCA4 expression and attenuated the intracellular Ca2+ efflux of PASMCs in vitro and in vivo. Further studies suggest a complex cross-talk between lncPTSR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway: inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) abolishes the PDGF-BB-mediated lncPTSR downregulation, and lncPTSR plays a feedback regulation for MAPK signaling molecules. The present study suggests that lncPTSR participates in pulmonary artery (PA) remodeling via modulating the expression of PMCA4 and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis downstream of PDGF-BB driven MEK/ERK signaling. These results suggest lncPTSR may be a promising therapeutic target in PH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Deng
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, China;
| | | | - Bin Chen
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Guangzhou Medical University, 26468, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbo Yi
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, 26468, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- University of California San Diego, 8784, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - John Linneman
- Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, 12275, St Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Yanqin Niu
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deming Gou
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, China
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Buissink C, Alrowily M, Dougoud C, Linneman J, Lirot M, Mzobe N, Tootell AK, van der Heij-Meijer A. Impact of gonad shielding for AP pelvis on dose and image quality on different female sizes: A phantom study. Radiography (Lond) 2020; 26 Suppl 2:S71-S78. [PMID: 32651066 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In clinical practice AP pelvis standard protocols are suitable for average size patients. However, as the average body size has increased over the past decades, radiographers have had to improve their practice in order to ensure that adequate image quality with minimal radiation dose to the patient is achieved. Gonad shielding has been found to be an effective way to reduce the radiation dose to the ovaries. However, the effect of increased body size, or fat thickness, in combination with gonad shielding is unclear. The goal of the study was to investigate the impact of gonad shielding in a phantom of adult female stature with increasing fat thicknesses on SNR (as a measure for image quality) and dose for AP pelvis examination. METHODS An adult Alderson female pelvis phantom was imaged with a variety of fat thickness categories as a representation of increasing BMI. 72 images were acquired using both AEC and manual exposure with and without gonad shielding. The radiation dose to the ovaries was measured using a MOSFET system. The relationship between fat thickness, SNR and dose when the AP pelvis was performed with and without shielding was investigated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. P-values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Ovary dose and SNR remained constant despite the use of gonad shielding while introducing fat layers. CONCLUSION The ovary dose did not increase with an increase of fat thickness and the image quality was not altered. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Based on this phantom study it can be suggested that obese patients can expect the same image quality as average patients while respecting ALARA principle when using adequate protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Buissink
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - M Alrowily
- University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Dougoud
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Linneman
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M Lirot
- Télécom Physique Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - N Mzobe
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A K Tootell
- University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - A van der Heij-Meijer
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
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Pickett W, Brison RJ, Berg RL, Zentner J, Linneman J, Marlenga B. Pediatric farm injuries involving non-working children injured by a farm work hazard: five priorities for primary prevention. Inj Prev 2005; 11:6-11. [PMID: 15691981 PMCID: PMC1730186 DOI: 10.1136/ip.2004.005769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe pediatric farm injuries experienced by children who were not engaged in farm work, but were injured by a farm work hazard and to identify priorities for primary prevention. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from a novel evaluation of an injury control resource using a retrospective case series. DATA SOURCES Fatal, hospitalized, and restricted activity farm injuries from Canada and the United States. SUBJECTS Three hundred and seventy known non-work childhood injuries from a larger case series of 934 injury events covering the full spectrum of pediatric farm injuries. METHODS Recurrent injury patterns were described by child demographics, external cause of injury, and associated child activities. Factors contributing to pediatric farm injury were described. New priorities for primary prevention were identified. RESULTS The children involved were mainly resident members of farm families and 233/370 (63.0%) of the children were under the age of 7 years. Leading mechanisms of injury varied by data source but included: bystander and passenger runovers (fatalities); drowning (fatalities); machinery entanglements (hospitalizations); falls from heights (hospitalizations); and animal trauma (hospitalizations, restricted activity injuries). Common activities leading to injury included playing in the worksite (all data sources); being a bystander to or extra rider on farm machinery (all data sources); recreational horseback riding (restricted activity injuries). Five priorities for prevention programs are proposed. CONCLUSIONS Substantial proportions of pediatric farm injuries are experienced by children who are not engaged in farm work. These injuries occur because farm children are often exposed to an occupational worksite with known hazards. Study findings could lead to more refined and focused pediatric farm injury prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pickett
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Marlenga B, Brison RJ, Berg RL, Zentner J, Linneman J, Pickett W. Evaluation of the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks using a case series of injuries. Inj Prev 2005; 10:350-7. [PMID: 15583256 PMCID: PMC1730149 DOI: 10.1136/ip.2004.005298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential for the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) to prevent the occurrence of pediatric farm injuries. This evaluation focuses upon farm injuries experienced when children were engaged in farm work. DESIGN Novel outcome evaluation involving primary review of three retrospective case series. SETTING Fatal, hospitalized, and restricted activity injuries from the United States and Canada. SUBJECTS Nine hundred and thirty four pediatric farm injury cases. METHODS The applicability of NAGCAT to each case was rated. For injuries where NAGCAT were applicable, recurrent injury patterns were described and the potential for NAGCAT to prevent their occurrence was assessed. RESULTS A total of 283 (30.3%) cases involved children engaged in farm work. There was an applicable NAGCAT guideline in 64.9% of the work related cases. Leading individual guidelines applicable to the injury events were: (1) working with large animals; (2) driving a farm tractor; and (3) farm work with an all-terrain vehicle. In the judgment of the research team, 59.6% of these injuries were totally preventable if the principles espoused by NAGCAT had been applied. CONCLUSIONS NAGCAT are a set of consensus guidelines aimed at the prevention of pediatric farm injuries. The findings suggest that NAGCAT, if applied, would be efficacious in preventing many of the most serious injuries experienced by children engaged in farm work. However, work related injuries represent only a modest portion of pediatric farm injuries. This new information assists in the refinement of NAGCAT as an injury control resource and puts its potential efficacy into context.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Marlenga
- National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, USA.
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Greenlee A, Quail C, Berg R, Linneman J, Mercieca M. Pregnancy Outcomes for Murine Embryos Exposed In Vitro to the Estrogenic Pesticide o,p’-DDT. Fertil Steril 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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