Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of four genetically modified soybean events using plasmid and genomic DNA calibrators

A calibration curve is required for reliable and accurate quantitative real-time PCR analysis of genetically modified (GM) organisms, necessitating the use of reference materials as calibrators. In this study, two types of DNA calibrators-plasmid DNA (pDNA) and genomic DNA (gDNA)-were used to quantify four GM soybean events (SYHT0H2, MON87751, DAS-44406-6, and DAS-81419-2). The PCR efficiency and linearity for the calibrators adhered to the CODEX guidelines. The conversion factor (Cf) was calculated as the ratio of copies of GM events to those of endogenous genes using the pDNA calibration curve. To assess the accuracy and repeatability of these assays, quantification at GM levels of 3% and 1% was performed. Based on our results, we believe that the pDNA calibrator assessed in this study can be used as a reference material for GMO quantitative analysis and can replace gDNA, especially considering the ease of management and advantages of mass production.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01392-0.

Bismuth ferrite based acetone gas sensor: evaluation of graphene oxide loading

We report a BiFeO3/graphene oxide (BFO/GO) perovskite, synthesized using a CTAB-functionalized glycine combustion route, as a potential material for acetone gas sensing applications. The physicochemical properties of the developed perovskite were analysed using XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, HRTEM, EDAX and XPS. The gas sensing performance was analysed for various test gases, including ethanol, acetone, propanol, ammonia, nitric acid, hydrogen sulphide and trimethylamine at a concentration of 500 ppm. Among the test gases, the developed BFO showed the best selectivity towards acetone, with a response of 61% at an operating temperature of 250 °C. All the GO-loaded BFO samples showed an improved gas sensing performance compared with pristine BFO in terms of sensitivity, the response/recovery times, the transient response curves and the stability. The 1 wt% GO-loaded BiFeO3 sensor showed the highest sensitivity of 89% towards acetone (500 ppm) at an operating temperature of 250 °C. These results show that the developed perovskites have significant potential for use in acetone gas sensing applications.

Measurement of Direct-Photon Cross Section and Double-Helicity Asymmetry at sqrt[s]=510 GeV in p[over →]+p[over →] Collisions

We present measurements of the cross section and double-helicity asymmetry A_{LL} of direct-photon production in p[over →]+p[over →] collisions at sqrt[s]=510  GeV. The measurements have been performed at midrapidity (|η|<0.25) with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. At relativistic energies, direct photons are dominantly produced from the initial quark-gluon hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force at leading order. Therefore, at sqrt[s]=510  GeV, where leading-order-effects dominate, these measurements provide clean and direct access to the gluon helicity in the polarized proton in the gluon-momentum-fraction range 0.02<x<0.08, with direct sensitivity to the sign of the gluon contribution.

Magnetocaloric effect and Griffiths phase analysis in a nanocrystalline Ho2NiMnO6 and Ho2CoMnO6 double perovskite

Rare-earth double perovskite oxides have intriguing magnetocaloric properties at cryogenic temperatures. In this study, Ho₂NiMnO₆ and Ho₂CoMnO₆ were synthesized using the sol-gel method, which crystallized in a monoclinic structure in the P2₁/n space group. The magnetic phase transition was observed at 81.2 K for Ho₂NiMnO₆ and 73.5 K for Ho₂CoMnO₆. The presence of a paramagnetic matrix and short-range ferromagnetic clusters causes magnetic disorder in these double perovskites, resulting in Griffiths phase formation. The Arrott plot confirms that compounds undergo second-order phase transition. At an applied magnetic field of 5 T, the maximum magnetic entropy change (-ΔS) for the studied compounds is 1.7 and 2.2 J kg^-1 K^-1, respectively. The transition metals Ni and Co in a double perovskite cause lattice distortion in the structural parameters and oxidation states of manganese (Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺), which changes the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties. The quantitative approach provides a systematic study of magnetocaloric properties of the rare earth double perovskite compounds with ferromagnetic 3d transition elements.

Three-dimensional mapping of mineral in intact shark centra with energy dispersive x-ray diffraction

The centra of shark vertebrae consist of cartilage mineralized by a bioapatite similar to bone's carbonated hydroxyapatite, and, without a repair mechanism analogous to remodeling in bone, these structures still survive millions of cycles of high-strain loading. The main structures of the centrum are an hourglass-shaped double cone and the intermedialia which supports the cones. Little is known about the nanostructure of shark centra, specifically the relationship between bioapatite and cartilage fibers, and this study uses energy dispersive diffraction (EDD) with polychromatic synchrotron x-radiation to study the spatial organization of the mineral phase and its crystallographic texture. The unique energy-sensitive detector array at beamline 6-BM-B, the Advanced Photon Source, enables EDD to quantify the texture within each sampling volume with one exposure while constructing 3D maps via specimen translation across the sampling volume. This study maps a centrum from two shark orders, a carcharhiniform and a lamniform, with different intermedialia structures. In the blue shark (Prionace glauca, Carcharhiniformes), the bioapatite's c-axes are oriented laterally within the centrum's cone walls but axially within the wide wedges of the intermedialia; the former is interpreted to resist lateral deformation, the latter to support axial loads. In the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus, Lamniformes), there is some tendency for c-axis variation with position, but the situation is unclear because one dimension of the sampling volume is considerably larger than the thickness and spacing of the intermedialia's radially-oriented lamellae. Because elastic modulus in collagen plus bioapatite mineralized tissues varies significantly with both volume fraction of bioapatite and crystallographic texture, the present 3D EDD-derived maps should inform future 3D numerical models of shark centra under applied load.

Clinical significance of time-varying on-treatment platelet reactivity after percutaneous coronary intervention

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of serial measurement of platelet reactivity (PR) using the VerifyNow, P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) assay following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during antiplatelet therapy.

Background

On-treatment PR changes over time, but the prognostic value of serial PR measurements has not been defined.

Methods

We enrolled 3204 patients who had PCI and who were measured at PCI and 1 month. We constructed regular and time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models to compare the prognostic value between baseline and serial FU of PR on a primary endpoint of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke over a three-year period.

Results

Time-varying PR and baseline PR were both associated with an increased risk of the primary endpoint, but the duration of association with primary endpoint differed. The prognostic value of time-varying PR (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.008, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.005–1.011, p=0.001) was rapidly decreased until 3 month and no prognostic value of time-varying PR after 3 month (adjusted HR 0.999, 95% CI 0.997–1.002, p=0.683). Baseline PR was associated with an increased risk of primary endpoint upto 1 year (adjusted HR 1.005, 95% CI 1.003–1.008, p&lt;0.001) and no prognostic value of baseline PR after 1 year (adjusted HR 0.999, 95% CI 0.997–1.002, p=0.827) was not noted, which showed more slow reduction of the prognostic value of baseline PR.

Conclusions

Time-varying on-treatment PR reflects more real-world clinical practice. The prognostic value of PR decreased rapidly after PCI and we have to be cautious to use of single time point for the prediction of clinical event using on-treatment PR.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Postnatal regulation of B-1a cell development and survival by the CIC-PER2-BHLHE41 axis

B-1 cell development mainly occurs via fetal and neonatal hematopoiesis and is suppressed in adult bone marrow hematopoiesis. However, little is known about the factors inhibiting B-1 cell development at the adult stage. We report that capicua (CIC) suppresses postnatal B-1a cell development and survival. CIC levels are high in B-1a cells and gradually increase in transitional B-1a (TrB-1a) cells with age. B-cell-specific Cic-null mice exhibit expansion of the B-1a cell population and a gradual increase in TrB-1a cell frequency with age but attenuated B-2 cell development. CIC deficiency enhances B cell receptor (BCR) signaling in transitional B cells and B-1a cell viability. Mechanistically, CIC-deficiency-mediated Per2 derepression upregulates Bhlhe41 levels by inhibiting CRY-mediated transcriptional repression for Bhlhe41, consequently promoting B-1a cell formation in Cic-null mice. Taken together, CIC is a key transcription factor that limits the B-1a cell population at the adult stage and balances B-1 versus B-2 cell formation.

Colloid coload versus crystalloid coload to prevent maternal hypotension in women receiving prophylactic phenylephrine infusion during caesarean delivery: a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The optimal fluid strategy to prevent maternal hypotension during caesarean delivery remains unclear. This study aim was to compare the incidence of post-spinal anaesthesia hypotension in women receiving either colloid or crystalloid coload in the setting of prophylactic phenylephrine infusion during caesarean delivery.

METHODS

Healthy mothers undergoing elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia were randomised to receive a rapid intravenous coload with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 10 mL/kg (colloid group) or balanced crystalloid solution (Plasma Solution A) 10 mL/kg (crystalloid group) during spinal anaesthesia. All women had a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion initiated at 25 μg/min immediately after the subarachnoid block and titrated to systolic blood pressure using a standardised protocol. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypotension (systolic blood pressure <80% of baseline) until delivery.

RESULTS

The incidence of hypotension was 50% in the colloid group and 62% in the crystalloid group (absolute difference, -12% [95% CI -33% to 9%]; relative risk, 0.8 [95% CI 0.56 to 1.14]; P=0.314). No significant difference between groups was found in the number of hypotensive episodes (median 0.5 [IQR 0 to 1] vs 1 [0 to 2], P=0.132) or phenylephrine dose (675 [IQR 425 to 975] μg vs 750 [625 to 950] μg, P=0.109). The incidence of severe hypotension, symptomatic hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, and the neonatal outcomes were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found no benefit of colloid coload compared with crystalloid coload for preventing maternal hypotension in the presence of prophylactic phenylephrine infusion during caesarean delivery.

Regulation of positive and negative selection and TCR signaling during thymic T cell development by capicua

Central tolerance is achieved through positive and negative selection of thymocytes mediated by T cell receptor (TCR) signaling strength. Thus, dysregulation of the thymic selection process often leads to autoimmunity. Here, we show that Capicua (CIC), a transcriptional repressor that suppresses autoimmunity, controls the thymic selection process. Loss of CIC prior to T-cell lineage commitment impairs both positive and negative selection of thymocytes. CIC deficiency attenuated TCR signaling in CD4⁺CD8⁺ double-positive (DP) cells, as evidenced by a decrease in CD5 and phospho-ERK levels and calcium flux. We identified Spry4, Dusp4, Dusp6, and Spred1 as CIC target genes that could inhibit TCR signaling in DP cells. Furthermore, impaired positive selection and TCR signaling were partially rescued in Cic and Spry4 double mutant mice. Our findings indicate that CIC is a transcription factor required for thymic T cell development and suggests that CIC acts at multiple stages of T cell development and differentiation to prevent autoimmunity.

Negative reviews online: an exploratory analysis of patient complaints about dental services in Western Australia

OBJECTIVE

Rates of online reviews are continually increasing. Coinciding with this, is the beneficial abundance of subjective information that is now available to patients. Such information can be persuasive in selecting a healthcare provider. This analysis of one-and-two-star Google reviews received by dental practices within the Perth metropolitan region aims to identify common themes within dental practice complaints.

METHODS

This mixed-methods study was conducted by gathering reviews from the 'Google review' feature, which have been published by users between 2013 and 2020. These data were then coded into recognised themes, and crucial quotes were selected and de-identified creating a narrative about the themes present which formed the qualitative component of this research.

RESULTS

A total of 413 negative reviews were included in this study. From these, 1071 specific complaints were identified. Major themes identified included treatment issues, staffing, communication and professionalism, finance, and premise. Spread across these five themes were an additional thirty-eight subthemes. Overall, treatment was a primary concern for patients, making up 37.1% of the results. Within the subthemes 'treatment dissatisfaction (unspecified)' was also high, at 23.1%.

CONCLUSION

This study identified the most common complaints received by dental clinics on Google review within the Perth metropolitan area. Further investigation is required to provide supplementary data regarding factors that may influence complaint rates and types, such as the socio-economic status of areas and geographical factors such as distance from the Perth metropolitan.

Ichthyosis, psoriasiform dermatitis, and recurrent fungal infections in patients with biallelic mutations in PERP

BACKGROUND

Germline autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive mutations in PERP, encoding p53 effector related to PMP-22 (PERP), a component of epidermal desmosomes, have been associated with a spectrum of keratodermas. Monoallelic nonsense mutations cause Olmsted syndrome with severe periorificial keratoderma and palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK). Biallelic recessive frameshift and missense mutations are associated with milder forms of the disease, including generalised erythrokeratoderma and PPK.

OBJECTIVES

To add new insights into the genotype-phenotype correlations as a consequence of PERP mutations and to provide a comprehensive review of the literature.

METHODS

Among 26 previously unresolved families within a cohort of 180 extended Iranian families with syndromic or non-syndromic ichthyosis, two families with shared clinical features were examined by whole-exome sequencing and genome-wide homozygosity mapping. Mycological and dermatopathological studies were performed to further characterise their atypical phenotypic presentations.

RESULTS

In two unrelated multiplex consanguineous families affected by ichthyosis, two novel biallelic PERP variants, NM_022121.5, c.89T > C, p.Leu30Pro and c.466G > C, p.Gly156Arg, located inside of genomic homozygosity regions of the probands were detected. Interestingly, some patients had areas of scaly psoriasiform plaques on the background of generalised ichthyosis that appeared during active cutaneous fungal infections. Mycological examinations of these lesions revealed infections caused by Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, or Trichophyton rubrum. Histopathology of the psoriasiform lesions shared some features with psoriasis, which when combined with clinical presentation, led to incorrect diagnosis of guttate psoriasis or pustular psoriasis.

CONCLUSIONS

PERP variants in ichthyosis patients can confer susceptibility to recalcitrant cutaneous fungal infections. Additionally, patients with episodic psoriasiform dermatitis in the setting of keratoderma should be considered for PERP genotyping and cutaneous fungal examinations.

Production effects and bioavailability of N-acetyl-l-methionine in lactating dairy cows

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the production effects of N-acetyl-l-methionine (NALM; experiment 1) and to estimate its bioavailability (BA) and rumen escape (RE; experiment 2), respectively, in lactating dairy cows. In experiment 1, 18 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated, 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with three 28-d periods. Treatments were (1) basal diet estimated to supply 45 g/d digestible Met (dMet) or 1.47% of metabolizable protein (MP; control), (2) basal diet top-dressed with 32 g/d of NALM to achieve dMet supply of 2.2% of MP, and (3) basal diet top-dressed with 56 g/d of NALM to achieve dMet supply of 2.6% of MP. The NALM treatments supplied estimated 17 and 29 g/d dMet from NALM, respectively, based on manufacturer's specifications. In experiment 2, 4 rumen-cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four 12-d periods. A 12-d period for baseline data collection and 4 d for determination of RE of NALM preceded the Latin square experiment. For determination of RE, 30 g of NALM were dosed into the rumen simultaneously with Cr-EDTA (used as a rumen fluid kinetics marker) and samples of ruminal contents were collected at 0 (before dosing), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, and 24 h after dosing. Rumen escape of NALM was calculated using the estimated passage rate based on the measured Cr rate of disappearance. Bioavailability of abomasally dosed NALM was determined using the area under the curve of plasma Met concentration technique. Two doses of l-Met (providing 7.5 and 15 g of dMet) and 2 doses of NALM (11.2 and 14.4 g dMet) were separately pulse-dosed into the abomasum of the cows and blood was collected from the jugular vein for Met concentration analysis at 0 (before dosing), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 h after dosing. Supplementation of NALM did not affect DMI, milk yield, feed efficiency, or milk protein and lactose concentrations and yields in experiment 1. Milk fat concentration and energy-corrected milk yield decreased linearly with NALM dose. Plasma Met concentration was not affected by NALM dose. The estimated relative BA of abomasally dosed NALM (experiment 2) was 50% when dosed at 14.4 g/cow (11.2 g/d dMet from NALM) and 24% when dosed at 28.8 g/cow (14.4 g/d dMet from NALM). The estimated RE of NALM was 19% based on the measured k_p of Cr at 11%/h. The total availability of ingested NALM was estimated at 9.5% for the lower NALM dose when taking into account RE (19%) and bioavailability in the small intestine (50%). Overall, NALM supplementation to mid-lactation dairy cows fed a MP-adequate basal diet below NRC (2001) recommendations (45 g/d or 1.47% Met of MP) decreased milk fat and energy-corrected milk yields but did not affect milk or milk true protein yields. Further evaluation of BA of NALM at different doses is warranted. In addition, intestinal conversion of NALM to Met needs additional investigation to establish a possible saturation of the enzyme aminoacylase I at higher NALM doses.

Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in p^{↑}+p Collisions at sqrt[s]=200 GeV

Studying spin-momentum correlations in hadronic collisions offers a glimpse into a three-dimensional picture of proton structure. The transverse single-spin asymmetry for midrapidity isolated direct photons in p^{↑}+p collisions at sqrt[s]=200  GeV is measured with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Because direct photons in particular are produced from the hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force, this measurement is a clean probe of initial-state spin-momentum correlations inside the proton and is in particular sensitive to gluon interference effects within the proton. This is the first time direct photons have been used as a probe of spin-momentum correlations at RHIC. The uncertainties on the results are a 50-fold improvement with respect to those of the one prior measurement for the same observable, from the Fermilab E704 experiment. These results constrain gluon spin-momentum correlations in transversely polarized protons.

Clinical impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance in patients of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stent

Background

There is little data about clinical role of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided Percutaneous (PCI) in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods

From 2005 to 2018, a total of 8,129 patients who underwent PCI with STEMI were investigated from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institute of Health database. Patients with Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, bare metal stent implantation, thrombolytic treatment, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery were excluded. We categorized patients into two groups based on the treatment strategy: IVUS-guided PCI group (n=1,544), and coronary angiography guidance (CAG)-guided PCI group (n=6,585). The primary endpoint was composite of major adverse cardiovascular (MACE), including, cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), repeat target vessel revascularization (TVR) and stent thrombosis (ST).

Results

IVUS-guided PCI was performed in 19% patients (1544/8129). After propensity score matching, there were no statistically difference in the rate of cardiac death (0% in IVUS vs. 0.26% in CAG, p=0.947), MI (2.01% vs. 2.01%, p=0.408), TVR (1.23% vs. 0.91%, p=0.131), ST (0.32% vs. 0.45%, p=0.828) and composite of MACE at 1 year between two groups (2.01% vs. 2.40%, p=0.843). Independent risk factors for MACE were diabetes mellitus and multi-vessel disease, but not IVUS-guided PCI (HR 1.167, 95% CI, 0.896–1.520, p=0.251).

Conclusion

This study suggests that routine usage of IVUS in the setting of STEMI may not be necessary. Large-scaled random study will be needed for further evaluation.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of R2NiMnO6 (R = Eu, Gd, Tb)

The crystal structure, cryogenic magnetic properties, and magnetocaloric performance of double perovskite Eu₂NiMnO₆ (ENMO), Gd₂NiMnO₆ (GNMO), and Tb₂NiMnO₆ (TNMO) ceramic powder samples synthesized by solid-state method have been investigated. X-ray diffraction structural investigation reveal that all compounds crystallize in the monoclinic structure with a P2₁/n space group. A ferromagnetic to paramagnetic (FM-PM) second-order phase transition occurred in ENMO, GNMO, and TNMO at 143, 130, and 112 K, respectively. Maximum magnetic entropy changes and relative cooling power with a 5 T applied magnetic field are determined to be 3.2, 3.8, 3.5 J/kgK and 150, 182, 176 J/kg for the investigated samples, respectively. The change in structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric effect attributed to the superexchange mechanism of Ni²⁺–O–Mn³⁺ and Ni²⁺–O–Mn⁴⁺. The various atomic sizes of Eu, Gd, and Tb affect the ratio of Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺, which is responsible for the considerable change in properties of double perovskite.

Antithrombotic therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation and stable coronary artery disease of 1-year and 3-year after percutaneous coronary intervention: a nationwide population-based study

Background

In a recent trial, rivaroxaban monotherapy was noninferior for efficacy and superior for safety to rivaroxaban plus single antiplatelet therapy, as antithrombotic therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and stable coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there are limited data regarding the comparative effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulant (OAC) monotherapy versus OAC plus single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) in real-world practice, especially after the introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC).

Purpose

To compare the effectiveness, safety, and net clinical benefit of OAC monotherapy to OAC plus SAPT in patients with AF and stable CAD of 1-year and 3-year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a contemporary real-world observational cohort.

Methods

Using the Korean nationwide claims database, we included AF patients who underwent PCI from January 1, 2009 to February 28, 2019. Considering dynamic changes of antithrombotic therapy according to the period after receiving PCI, the index antithrombotic treatment was independently defined at the different time after receiving PCI and we conducted two cohort: 1-year and 3-year after PCI. In each cohort, the baseline characteristics of OAC monotherapy and OAC plus SAPT groups were balanced using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) methods. To assess clinical outcomes, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, major bleeding, and composite clinical outcomes of each outcome were analyzed.

Results

In cohort with 1-year after PCI, 678 patients with OAC monotherapy and 3159 patients with OAC plus SAPT were included. In cohort with 3-year after PCI, 1038 patients with OAC monotherapy and 2128 patients with OAC plus SAPT were enrolled. The baseline characteristics were well-balanced after IPTW between the two groups in both cohorts. Among total population, about 45% of patients prescribed DOAC as OAC treatment. Among patients with 1-year after PCI, OAC monotherapy and OAC plus SAPT showed comparable results for ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, major bleeding, and composite clinical outcomes (Figure). In cohort with 3-year after PCI, OAC monotherapy and OAC plus SAPT showed comparable results for ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, but OAC monotherapy was associated with a lower risk of the composite clinical outcome (hazard ratio [HR] 0.762, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.607–0.950), mainly driven by reduction of major bleeding risk (HR 0.762, 95% CI 0.607–0.950) compared to OAC plus SAPT (Figure).

Conclusion

OAC monotherapy might be, at least, comparable choice for patients with AF and stable CAD compared to OAC plus SAPT. In patients with stable CAD more than 3-years after index PCI, OAC monotherapy could be better therapeutic choice to achieve less major bleeding and positive net clinical benefit.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Management of dental emergencies amongst Australian general medical practitioners - A case-vignette study

BACKGROUND

In Australia, because of inequity in dental service accessibility and affordability, patients can see general medical practitioners (GPs) for acute dental conditions.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study consisted of surveys distributed to the board registered GPs practising in Australia. The main outcome measures included statistical analysis of GPs managing different dental emergency scenarios and their confidence and expectations in managing dental emergencies.

RESULTS

A total of 425 GPs participated in the study. The sample primarily consisted of GPs practising in metropolitan clinics (n = 315). Most participants reported that they would refer to the dentist for mobilized tooth (n = 402). There was a negative correlation between GPs with 5-29 years of experience and traumatized tooth management (P < 0.05). GPs aged between 40 and 49 years were more inclined to treat patients with mobilized teeth [Multivariate (MV): 0.42(0.09-0.74)]. However, GPs with 0-5 years of experience were less likely to manage patients with dental abscess [MV: -0.52(-0.80 to -0.24)].

CONCLUSION

Most GPs referred dental emergencies to dentists. GP management of dental emergencies were predominantly palliative. Therefore, opportunities for collaborative practice models amongst GPs and dentists may be needed to bridge the gap in the regional and remote locations.

An initial experience with a novel technique of single-port robotic resection for rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

The da Vinci single-port (SP) system is designed to facilitate single-incision robotic surgery in a narrow space. We developed a new procedure of rectal resection using this system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of SP robotic rectal resection for rectal cancer patients based on our initial experience.

METHODS

A study was conducted on consecutive patients with mid or low rectal cancer who had SP robotic resection at our institution between July and September 2020. The demographic characteristics, perioperative data, and pathology results of the patients were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

There were 5 patients (3 males, 2 females, median age 57 years (range 36-73 years). The median tumor height from the anal verge was 4 cm (range 3-5 cm). Two patients received preoperative chemoradiotherapy for advanced rectal cancer. A single docking was conducted, and the median docking time was 4 min 20 s (range 3 min 30 s to 5 min). The median total operation time was 195 min (range 155-240 min), and the median time of pelvic dissection was 45 min (range 36-62 min). All patients had circumferential and distal tumor-free resection margins. One patient experienced an anastomosis-related complication. The median duration of hospital stay was 7 days (range 7-8 days).

CONCLUSIONS

Our initial experience suggests that SP robotic rectal resection is safe and feasible. Further clinical trials comparing SP and multiport robotic rectal resection should be conducted to verify the superior aspects of this new system.

Reasons why patients with tuberculosis in South Korea stop anti-TB treatment: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: As there had been no reduction in the TB burden in South Korea since 2000, a public-private mix (PPM) strategy was launched in 2011. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons for lost to follow-up (LTFU) among TB patients and their clinical characteristics.METHOD: A multicentre, cross-sectional study based on in-depth interviews with patients and their families by TB specialist nurses was conducted. Patients who were reported with a final outcome of LTFU in 2015-2017 at all PPM hospitals across the country were enrolled. Enrolled patients were classified into six subgroups by age and three major reasons for LTFU (adverse effects, refusal of treatment, marginalisation) and their clinical features were compared.RESULTS: Among 780 patients, those who were lost to follow-up due to adverse effects accounted for the largest proportion (n = 387). LTFU in those aged <65 years who refused treatment (n = 189) and those aged <65 years who were marginalised (n = 108) were related to having smear-positive TB and a previous history of unfavourable outcomes.CONCLUSION: To reduce LTFU in South Korea, comprehensive strategies, including management of adverse effects, systematic counselling and education, should be implemented.

Elevated Ozone Levels Affect Metabolites and Related Biosynthetic Genes in Tartary Buckwheat

Global climate change and the industrial revolution have increased the concentration of tropospheric ozone, a photochemical air pollutant that can negatively affect plant growth and crop production. In the present study, we investigated the effects of O₃ on the metabolites and transcripts of tartary buckwheat. A total of 36 metabolites were identified by gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and principal component analysis was performed to verify the metabolic differences between nontreated and O₃-treated tartary buckwheat. The content of threonic acid increased after 2 days of the O₃ treatment, whereas it decreased after 4 days of exposure, after which it gradually increased until the eighth day of exposure. In addition, the levels of most metabolites decreased significantly after the O₃ treatment. On the contrary, the levels of two anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, increased more than 11.36- and 11.43-fold, respectively, after the O₃ treatment. To assess the effect of O₃ on the genomic level, we analyzed the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes in O₃-treated and nontreated buckwheat using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that the expression of all anthocyanin pathway genes increased significantly in the O₃-treated buckwheat compared to that in the nontreated buckwheat. Altogether, our results suggested that O₃ affected the transcripts and metabolites of tartary buckwheat, which would eventually cause phenotypic changes in plants.

Deletion Timing of Cic Alleles during Hematopoiesis Determines the Degree of Peripheral CD4+ T Cell Activation and Proliferation

Capicua (CIC) is a transcriptional repressor that regulates several developmental processes. CIC deficiency results in lymphoproliferative autoimmunity accompanied by expansion of CD44^hiCD62L^lo effector/memory and follicular Th cell populations. Deletion of Cic alleles in hematopoietic stem cells (Vav1-Cre-mediated knockout of Cic) causes more severe autoimmunity than that caused by the knockout of Cic in CD4⁺CD8⁺ double positive thymocytes (Cd4-Cre-mediated knockout of Cic). In this study, we compared splenic CD4⁺ T cell activation and proliferation between whole immune cell-specific Cic-null (Cic^f/f;Vav1-Cre) and T cell-specific Cic-null (Cic^f/f;Cd4-Cre) mice. Hyperactivation and hyperproliferation of CD4⁺ T cells were more apparent in Cic^f/f;Vav1-Cre mice than in Cic^f/f;Cd4-Cre mice. Cic^f/f;Vav1-Cre CD4⁺ T cells more rapidly proliferated and secreted larger amounts of IL-2 upon TCR stimulation than did Cic^f/f;Cd4-Cre CD4⁺ T cells, while the TCR stimulation-induced activation of the TCR signaling cascade and calcium flux were comparable between them. Mixed wild-type and Cic^f/f;Vav1-Cre bone marrow chimeras also exhibited more apparent hyperactivation and hyperproliferation of Cic-deficient CD4⁺ T cells than did mixed wild-type and Cic^f/f;Cd4-Cre bone marrow chimeras. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CIC deficiency at the beginning of T cell development endows peripheral CD4⁺ T cells with enhanced T cell activation and proliferative capability.

One-step lateral window approach for removal of benign minor sinus pathologies combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation without bone grafts: a retrospective study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of a lateral window approach for removal of benign minor sinus pathologies combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation. From 2014 to 2018, all patients who received sinus pathology removal via a lateral window approach combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation were screened. The serous exudate or minor sinus pathology was drained or removed via lateral window approach. Subsequently, transcrestal sinus floor elevation without grafting and simultaneous implant placement were performed. Panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography were taken preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and after prosthesis delivery. Twelve patients were included in this study. The decrease in Schneiderian membrane thickness was statistically significant (P<0.001). Endo-sinus bone formation was observed on the buccal (1.35±2.31mm) and palatal (1.61±2.65mm) sites of the implant. The implant survival rate was 100%. All implants survived for an average of 21.83±11.11 months. Within the limitations of this study, we suggest that the lateral window approach for minor sinus pathology removal combined with transcrestal sinus floor elevation has several advantages including endo-sinus bone gain without bone graft, minimal patient discomfort, reduced postoperative complications and shorter treatment period.

Investigation of photodarkening in tandem-pumped Yb-doped fibers

Investigation of photodarkening (PD) in Yb-doped fibers tandem-pumped at 1018 nm is reported. For a homemade Yb-doped aluminosilicate double-clad fiber (YADF), the transmitted power of a 633 nm probe beam is reduced by 2.4% over 2 hours for the tandem pumping configuration at 1018 nm, which is significantly smaller than 33.3% for a laser diode (LD) pumping at 976 nm. A tandem-pumped Yb fiber amplifier also shows a much smaller decrease in the amplified output power over time than a LD-pumped Yb fiber amplifier. Based on fluorescence spectra of the YADF, we can not only associate PD of the YADF to intrinsic oxygen deficiency centers or Tm³⁺ impurities but also confirm the impact of the excited Yb³⁺ ion density on PD. The benefits of the tandem pumping in a high-power Yb fiber laser system will be discussed.

The concordance rate of non-chromosomal congenital malformations in twins based on zygosity: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the concordance rate of non-chromosomal congenital malformations in twin pairs based on zygosity.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

A tertiary hospital in Korea.

POPULATION

Twin pairs born at Seoul National University Hospital between 2001 and 2019.

METHODS

Congenital malformations were diagnosed by postnatal workups of neonates or autopsy in cases of stillborn infants. Zygosity was confirmed by sex, chorionicity and DNA analysis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Concordance rate of congenital malformations in twin pairs based on zygosity.

RESULTS

In total, 3386 twin pairs were included. The risk of a congenital malformation in the index twin increased significantly if the co-twin had the congenital malformation, and the concordance rate was higher in monozygotic (MZ) than in dizygotic (DZ) twins (37.04 versus 16.77, P < 0.001). An increased risk of a congenital malformation in the presence of the same congenital malformation in the co-twin was observed only for malformations of the nervous system, eye/ear/face/neck, circulatory system, cleft lip/palate, genital organs, urinary system and musculoskeletal system. Significantly higher concordance rates in MZ than in DZ twin pairs were observed only for the nervous system (40.00 versus 0.00, P < 0.001), circulatory system (32.97 versus 19.74, P = 0.021), cleft lip/palate (44.44 versus 0.00, P = 0.017) and urinary system (22.22 versus 0.00, P = 0.004), whereas significant differences were not found for the genital organs or musculoskeletal system.

CONCLUSIONS

Monozygotic twins had higher concordance rates than DZ twins only in specific organ systems. It may be speculated that nervous system, circulatory system, cleft lip/palate and urinary system are primarily genetically affected.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT

Monozygotic twins had higher concordance rates than dizygotic twins only in specific organ systems.

Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetry for Very Forward Neutral Pion Production in Polarized p+p Collisions at sqrt[s]=510 GeV

Transverse single-spin asymmetries of very forward neutral pions generated in polarized p+p collisions allow us to understand the production mechanism in terms of perturbative and nonperturbative strong interactions. During 2017, the RHICf Collaboration installed an electromagnetic calorimeter in the zero-degree region of the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and measured neutral pions produced at pseudorapidity larger than 6 in polarized p+p collisions at sqrt[s]=510  GeV. The large nonzero asymmetries increasing both in longitudinal momentum fraction x_{F} and transverse momentum p_{T} have been observed at low transverse momentum p_{T}<1  GeV/c for the first time, at this collision energy. The asymmetries show an approximate x_{F} scaling in the p_{T} region where nonperturbative processes are expected to dominate. A non-negligible contribution from soft processes may be necessary to explain the nonzero neutral pion asymmetries.

Midkine Promotes Odontoblast-like Differentiation and Tertiary Dentin Formation

Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradation process that is essential for tissue development, cell differentiation, and survival. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in tooth development has not been definitively identified. The goal of this study was to investigate how autophagy is involved in midkine (MK)-mediated odontoblast-like differentiation, mineralization, and tertiary dentin formation in a mouse tooth pulp exposure model. In vitro studies show that MK and LC3 have similar expression patterns during odontoblast-like cell differentiation. Odontoblast-like cell differentiation is promoted through MK-mediated autophagy, which leads to increased mineralized nodule formation. Subcutaneous transplantation of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate with rMK-treated human dental pulp cells led to dentin pulp-like tissue formation through MK-mediated autophagy. Furthermore, MK-mediated autophagy induces differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells that form DSP-positive tertiary dentin in vivo. Our findings may provide 1) novel insight into the role of MK in regulating odontoblast-like differentiation and dentin formation in particular via autophagy and 2) potential application of MK in vital pulp therapy.

Clinical features and prognosis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) share common risk factors. They could therefore be expressed in a single patient. However, the prevalence, clinical characteristics and prognosis of individuals with comorbid IPF and COPD are not known. </sec> <sec> <title>METHOD</title> From 2003 to 2007, the Korean Interstitial Lung Disease Study Group created a register for idiopathic interstitial pneumonia using 2002 ATS/ERS (American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society) criteria. Of the 1546 IPF patients assessed, 143 had decreased lung function consistent with COPD (IPF-COPD). COPD was diagnosed based on age (≥40 years) and pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV₁]/forced vital capacity [FVC] ratio < 0.7). </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> The median age of the IPF-COPD group was 71.0 years (interquartile range 66.0-76.0); most patients were male (88.1%). FVC (%) was significantly higher in the IPF-COPD group; however, FEV₁ (%) was significantly lower in the IPF-COPD group (P < 0.001). Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DL_CO) was not significantly different between the two groups. In survival analysis, age and FVC (%), but not COPD, were significantly associated with prognosis (respectively P = 0.003, 0.001 and 0.401). COPD severity was also not related to prognosis (P = 0.935). </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSION</title> The prevalence of IPF-COPD was estimated to be ∼9.2% among all IPF patients; prognosis of patients with IPF-COPD was not worse than those with IPF alone. </sec>.

Efficacy and Safety of Flow-Diverter Therapy for Recurrent Aneurysms after Stent-Assisted Coiling

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Flow-diverter treatment for previously stented aneurysms has been reported to be less effective and prone to complications. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness and safety of flow diverters for recurrent aneurysms after stent-assisted coiling.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients who underwent flow-diverter placement for recurrent aneurysms after stent-assisted coiling between March 2015 and March 2019 were recruited. Clinical and radiographic characteristics and clinical and angiographic outcomes were retrospectively evaluated.

RESULTS

Among 133 patients who underwent flow-diverter insertion, 17 (male/female ratio = 5:12; mean age, 53.8 years) were treated for recurrent aneurysms after stent placement with (n = 16) or without (n = 1) coiling. Eight patients initially presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage; 7, with headache; and 2, with visual field defects. Angiographic morphology included large/giant saccular in 12 patients, dissecting in 2, fusiform in 1, traumatic pseudoaneurysm in 1, and ruptured blood blister-like aneurysm in 1. The duration between the first treatment and flow-diverter placement ranged from 2 weeks to 15 months (median, 6 months). Flow-diverter placement was successful in all cases without any complications. All patients had favorable outcomes (mRS, 0-2), without any newly appearing symptoms. Aneurysms were followed up with conventional angiography at least once in 6-18 months. Sixteen aneurysms showed complete occlusion, and 1 aneurysm was enlarged.

CONCLUSIONS

Results from this case series investigating flow-diverter placement for recurrent aneurysms after stent-assisted coiling suggested that the procedure is safe and effective. Further study in a larger population may be warranted.

Genome-wide Identification of Foxf2 Target Genes in Palate Development

Cleft palate is among the most common structural birth defects in humans. Previous studies have shown that mutations in FOXF2 are associated with cleft palate in humans and mice and that Foxf2 acts in a Shh-Foxf-Fgf18-Shh molecular network controlling palatal shelf growth. In this study, we combined RNA-seq and ChIP-seq approaches to identify direct transcriptional target genes mediating Foxf2 function in palate development in mice. Of 155 genes that exhibited Foxf2-dependent expression in the developing palatal mesenchyme, 88 contained or were located next to Foxf2-binding sites. Through in situ hybridization analyses, we demonstrate that expression of many of these target genes, including multiple genes encoding transcription factors and several encoding extracellular matrix-modifying proteins, were specifically upregulated in the posterior region of palatal shelves in Foxf2^-/- mouse embryos. Foxf2 occupancy at many of these putative target loci, including Fgf18, in the developing palatal tissues was verified by ChIP-polymerase chain reaction analyses. One of the Foxf2 target genes, Chst2, encodes a carbohydrate sulfotransferase integral to glycosaminoglycan sulfation. Correlating with ectopic Chst2 expression, Foxf2^-/- embryos a exhibited region-specific increase in sulfated keratan sulfate and a concomitant reduction in chondroitin sulfate accumulation in the posterior palatal mesenchyme. However, expression of the core protein of versican, a major chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan important in palatal shelf morphogenesis, was increased, whereas expression of collagen I was reduced in the corresponding region of the palatal mesenchyme. These results indicate that, in addition to regulating palatal shelf growth through the Fgf18-Shh signaling network, Foxf2 controls palatal shelf morphogenesis through regulating expression of multiple transcription factors as well as through directly controlling the synthesis and processing of extracellular matrix components in the palatal mesenchyme. Our ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data sets provide an excellent resource for comprehensive understanding of the molecular network controlling palate development.

An Ultrasonically Powered Implantable Microprobe for Electrolytic Ablation

Electrolytic ablation (EA) is a promising nonthermal tumor ablation technique that destroys malignant cells through induction of a locoregional pH change. EA is typically performed by inserting needle electrodes inside the tumor followed by application of direct current (DC), thus inducing electrolysis and creating localized pH changes around the electrodes. In this paper, we report an ultrasonically powered implantable EA microprobe that may increase the clinical relevance of EA by allowing wireless control over device operation (capability to remotely turn the device on and off) and providing flexibility in treatment options (easier to administer fractionated doses over a longer period). The wireless EA microprobe consists of a millimeter-sized piezoelectric ultrasonic receiver, a rectifier circuit, and a pair of platinum electrodes (overall size is 9 × 3 × 2 mm³). Once implanted through a minimally invasive procedure, the microprobe can stay within a solid tumor and be repeatedly used as needed. Ultrasonic power allows for efficient power delivery to mm-scale devices implanted deep within soft tissues of the body. The microprobe is capable of producing a direct current of 90 µA at a voltage of 5 V across the electrodes under low-intensity ultrasound (~200 mW/cm²). The DC power creates acidic (pH < 2) and alkaline (pH > 12.9) regions around the anode and the cathode, respectively. The pH change, measured using tissue-mimicking agarose gel, extends to 0.8 cm³ in volume within an hour at an expansion rate of 0.5 mm³/min. The microprobe-mediated EA ablative capability is demonstrated in vitro in cancer cells and ex vivo in mouse liver.

Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial washing in sputum-scarce or smear-negative cases with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized study

OBJECTIVES

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial washing (BW) are two major methods used to obtain high-quality respiratory specimens from patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) but a sputum-scarce or smear-negative status. We aimed to compare the value of BAL and BW in the diagnosis of TB in such patients.

METHODS

We enrolled patients with suspected pulmonary TB but with a sputum-scarce or smear-negative status who were referred for bronchoscopy between October 2013 and January 2016. Participants were randomized into the BAL and BW groups for evaluation. The primary outcome was the diagnostic yield for TB detection. Secondary outcomes included culture positivity, positivity of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and procedure-related complications.

RESULTS

A total of 94 patients were assessed and 91 (43 in the BAL group, 48 in the BW group) were analysed. Twenty-one patients (48.8%) in the BAL group and 30 (62.5%) in the BW group had a final diagnosis of pulmonary TB. The detection rate of M. tuberculosis by culture or NAAT was significantly higher in BAL specimens than in BW specimens (85.7% vs 50.0%, p 0.009). The procedure-related complications were hypoxic events, 2/43 (4.7%) in the BAL group and 5/48 (10.4%) in the BW group; and post-bronchoscopic fever, 3/43 (7.0%) in the BAL group and 4/48 (8.3%) in the BW group.

DISCUSSION

As long as it is tolerable, BAL rather than BW, should be used to obtain specimens for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in sputum-scarce or smear-negative cases.

Total hip arthroplasty in hereditary multiple exostoses with secondary osteoarthritis: A case report

RATIONALE

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is an autosomal dominant disease that causes multiple exostoses throughout the body. It usually occurs around the metaphysis of the long bones, and when it involves the hip, symptoms arise due to deformity and the mass effect. If the lesion does not involve the joint or is not associated with arthritis, symptoms can be relieved by surgical excision of the osteochondroma. However, if secondary osteoarthritis (OA) or subluxation of the joint has progressed, joint replacement arthroplasty should be considered.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 57-year-old woman with HME visited our outpatient department with severe right hip pain. She complained of difficulty walking and severe discomfort during activities of daily living. She was short in stature and had a family history of HME.

DIAGNOSIS

A physical examination revealed limited motion in the hip joint and a limb length discrepancy. Plain radiography and a computed tomography scan revealed huge osteochondromas on bilateral proximal femurs and advanced OA with subluxation of the right hip joint.

INTERVENTIONS

Cementless total hip arthroplasty of the right hip joint via the modified posterolateral approach was done.

OUTCOMES

The patient showed good clinical scores and functional improvement at the 2-year follow-up.

LESSONS

Total hip arthroplasty for an anatomically deformed joint is technically difficult, and there are many factors to consider that can make surgeons reluctant to use this modality. However, with careful preparation, arthroplasty is a good surgical option for symptomatic and functional recovery in HME patients with hip joint involvement.

Evaluation of polypharmacy in Japan using the national health insurance claims database in 2015-2017

Background

There is growing awareness of polypharmacy as a global issue. Several countries have introduced policies to optimize multidrug prescriptions. In Japan, hospital prescription fee “F100” and outpatient prescription fee “F400” have been instituted to promote the correct use of drugs, the medical treatment fee is restricted when seven or more types of drugs are prescribed. However, non-polypharmacy patients who need multiple drugs are also comprehensively evaluated within the purview of the same drug insurance claim criteria. Thus, the current state of such policies is still unclear. This study identified the age group in which drug claims have changed based on drug insurance claim criteria and elucidated the relationship between policy interventions and multidrug prescriptions.

Methods

We analyzed F100 and F400 cases using open data from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan from April 2015 to March 2017. These sources include a population of about 69 million patients. Moreover, the growth rate of the number of patients who were prescribed seven or more types of drugs was evaluated.

Results

F100 prescription claims decreased by − 12.7% (n = 3,239,070) in 2016 as compared to 2015 (n = 3,700,396), and the number of F400 prescription claims decreased by − 7.7% (n = 28,745,468) in 2016 as compared to 2015 (n = 31,142,484), for seven or more types of drugs. The drug insurance claim rate among people over the age of 65 was 74.2% to F100 and 77.9% to F400, and this age group represented the highest proportion among all age groups.

Conclusions

The rate of health insurance claims for multidrug prescriptions clearly decreased after the institution of policy interventions to optimize the use of seven or more types of drugs. The present study suggests that the prescription fee restriction could reduce the rate of multidrug prescriptions and consequent decreases the risk of adverse drug-related events in polypharmacy patients.

Key messages

Policy interventions related to the optimization of drug prescriptions encourage behavioral factors of healthcare providers. Polypharmacy treatment must be established through prescriptions information linkage between clinical practices and community.

3334Updated meta-analysis of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stent versus second-generation durable polymer drug-eluting stent implantations

Background

Data regarding clinical outcomes of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stent (BP-DES) versus second-generation durable polymer drug-eluting stent (DP-DES) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are inconclusive.

Purpose

We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to investigate the clinical outcomes of BP-DES compared with second-generation DP-DES in patients who have undergone PCI.

Methods

We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through January 2019 for randomized controlled trials comparing BP-DES with second-generation DP-DES in patients treated with PCI. All-cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), definite/probable stent thrombosis (ST) were compared between the groups. Additionally, a landmark analysis with the landmark set at 1 year and a subgroup analysis according to stent characteristics were performed.

Results

Data from 23 trials including 28802 randomized patients were analyzed. At a median follow up of 3.1 years, no significant differences were found in terms of all-cause death (odds ratio [OR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95–1.16), cardiac death (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.87–1.17), MI (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.82–1.03), TVR (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.86–1.11), TLR (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.85–1.11), and definite/probable ST (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.70–1.07) between the groups. Landmark analysis showed that there were similar risks in all-cause death (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93–1.17), cardiac death (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.92–1.36), MI (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.79–1.13), TVR (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.73–1.23), TLR (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80–1.24), and definite/probable ST (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.67–1.28) between the groups. The similar tendency of any study endpoints between the groups was consistent in the subgroup, including stent platform (stainless steel vs. alloy), the drug coating distribution (abluminal vs. circumferential), the polymer degradation period (<6 months vs. >6 months), or the drug release duration (<6 months vs. >6 months) of BP-DES, or the DAPT duration (≥6 months vs. ≥12 months). However, the uses of BP-DES with sirolimus-eluting (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72–0.98) or ultrathin strut (defined as <70μm; OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68–0.97) were predictive for lower risk of MI.

Clinical outcomes

Conclusions

In our updated meta-analysis, BP-DES implantation was associated with comparable clinical outcomes compared with second-generation DP-DES implantation. However, PCI with ultrathin biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent could reduce the risk of MI.

P4776Age-dependent anti-thrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation patients with intermediate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 1 or 2) of ischemic stroke

Background

Although older age is one of the most important risk factor for stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF), it is unclear whether oral anticoagulants are beneficial for AF patients with intermediate CHA2DS2-VASc score (1 for male or 2 for female) according to age threshold. We sought to investigate the effect of age-dependent antithrombotic therapy for ischemic stroke in Korean intermediate risk AF patients.

Methods

We enrolled 29,592 patients (males with CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1 and females with CHA2DS2-VASc score of 2) using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. The clinical endpoint was the occurrence of ischemic stroke. The propensity score matching method was used to balance covariates across treated and untreated patients.

Results

Treated male AF patients were 6,570 (67.1%) with age <55 years, 7,115 (70.9%) with 55–64 years and 6,470 (68.3%) with 65–74 years in each age risk criterion. Also, treated female AF patients were 3,156 (71.3%) with age <55 years, 2,838 (71.0%) with 55–64 years and 3,440 (72.6%) with 65–74 years in each age risk criterion. Among male and female patients (age <55 years and 55–64 years) with 1 risk factor, an annual ischemic stroke rate was not significantly different between treated and untreated patients at full follow-up. However, treated AF patients who are in age 65–74 year without other risk factor had a much lower annual risk of ischemic stroke [(1.05%/year (male) and 1.04%/year (female)] compared with untreated patients [(1.77%/year (male) (p<0.026) and 1.86%/year (female) (p<0.041).

Conclusions

Age is an important predictor in determining the risk of ischemic stroke in AF patients with intermediate CHA2DS2-VASc scores (1 for male or 2 for female). We suggest that the benefit of anti-thrombotic therapy for intermediate risk AF patients depends on age threshold.

P2799Long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention with biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stent versus second-generation durable polymer drug-eluting stent: evidence from a meta-analysis

Background

The true benefit of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stent (BP-DES) over second-generation durable polymer drug-eluting stent (DP-DES) expected to be represented during late period of follow-up after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but prior meta-analysis only evaluated short-term outcomes.

Purpose

We aimed to compare the long-term clinical outcomes after PCI with BP-DES versus second-generation DP-DES by a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials comparing BP-DES with second-generation DP-DES implantations were searched through PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. All-cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), and definite/probable stent thrombosis (ST) were compared between the groups. In addition, a landmark analysis with the landmark set at 1-year and a subgroup analysis based on stent characteristics were performed.

Results

Fifteen trials that included a total of 21311 randomized patients with at least 2 years follow-up were analyzed. At a median follow-up of 4.2 years, no significant differences in the risks of all-cause death (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–1.14), cardiac death (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.88–1.20), MI (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.79–1.01), TVR (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.82–1.12), TLR (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.85–1.11), and definite/probable ST (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.67–1.05) were found between the groups. In the 1-year landmark analysis, the rates of all-cause death (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93–1.17), cardiac death (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.92–1.36), MI (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.79–1.13), TVR (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.73–1.23), TLR (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80–1.24), and definite/probable ST (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.67–1.31) were similar between the groups. There were comparable rates of any study endpoints between the groups regardless of stent platform (stainless steel vs. alloy), the polymer degradation period (<6 months vs. >6 months) or the drug release duration (<6 months vs. >6 months) of BP-DES, or the DAPT duration (≥6 months vs. ≥12 months). However, the use of BP-DES with sirolimus eluting (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70–0.97), circumferential drug distribution (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65–0.96), thin strut (defined as <100μm; OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.97), or ultrathin strut (defined as <70μm; OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64–0.94) were associated with lower rates of MI than did second-generation DP-DES. Moreover, BP-DES with circumferential drug distribution (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69–0.98) was predictive for reduced rates of TVR.

Clinical outcomes

Conclusions

In this meta-analysis, long-term clinical outcomes were equivalent between BP-DES and second-generation DP-DES implantations. However, among BP-DESs, the improved risks of MI in those with sirolimus eluting, circumferential drug distribution, thin strut, or ultrathin strut and decreased rates of TVR in those with circumferential drug distribution were noted.

Nuclear Dependence of the Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetry in the Production of Charged Hadrons at Forward Rapidity in Polarized p+p, p+Al, and p+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

We report on the nuclear dependence of transverse single-spin asymmetries (TSSAs) in the production of positively charged hadrons in polarized p^{↑}+p, p^{↑}+Al, and p^{↑}+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV. The measurements have been performed at forward rapidity (1.4<η<2.4) over the range of transverse momentum (1.8<p_{T}<7.0  GeV/c) and Feynman x (0.1<x_{F}<0.2). We observed positive asymmetries for positively charged hadrons in p^{↑}+p collisions, and significantly reduced asymmetries in p^{↑}+A collisions. These results reveal a nuclear dependence of TSSAs for charged-hadron production in a regime where perturbative techniques are applicable. These results provide new opportunities to use p^{↑}+A collisions as a tool to investigate the rich phenomena behind TSSAs in hadronic collisions and to use TSSAs as a new handle in studying small-system collisions.

Intertrochanteric fracture with low-energy trauma in a young woman with anorexia nervosa: A case report

RATIONALE

Anorexia nervosa is a chronic psychiatric disease defined by severe weight loss, due to fear of obesity, and self-imposed semi-starvation. Of the many complications following anorexia nervosa, low bone mineral density (BMD) is a significant risk factor for fractures. Anorexia nervosa is associated with higher risk of incident fracture in females across all age groups, and in males >40 years old. Sites at highest risk of fracture include the hip/femur and pelvis in females, and vertebrae in males with anorexia nervosa.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 29-year-old woman known to have suffered from anorexia nervosa 15 years ago visited the emergency department due to right hip pain after falling while getting out of a taxi. During the period of anorexia nervosa, she had a body mass index (BMI) of 14.06 kg/m (weight, 36 kg; height, 1.60 m) and suffered from amenorrhea. At the time of presentation, she had a BMI of 19.53 kg/m (weight, 50 kg; height, 1.60 m) and had regular menstrual periods, indicating clinical recovery from anorexia nervosa.

DIAGNOSES

Plain radiography, computed tomography, and bone scintigraphy revealed AO 31-A2.2 type right hip proximal femur intertrochanteric fracture. The BMD showed a T score of -3.9 in the hip and -3.6 at the lumbar level, indicating severe osteoporosis.

INTERVENTIONS

Osteosynthesis was performed with proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) and wiring.

OUTCOMES

There were no specific symptoms, such as trauma or infection, during postoperative rehabilitation and postoperative management, and she was discharged after 2 weeks. After 1 year of follow-up at our outpatient clinic, she had no complications.

LESSONS

Here, we describe an unusual case of unilateral femoral intertrochanteric fracture that occurred after clinical recovery from anorexia nervosa. This case indicated that the risk of fracture remains even after recovery of BMI. We propose that women who have clinically recovered from anorexia nervosa should be advised to undergo annual osteodensitometric analyses after consulting with specialists in other areas (psychiatry, endocrinology, eating disorders).

Cudrania Tricuspidata Extract and Its Major Constituents Inhibit Oxidative Stress-Induced Liver Injury

The fruits, leaves, and roots of Cudrania tricuspidata have been reported to contain large amounts of vitamin B, vitamin C, and flavonoids. They exhibit various physiological activities such as antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the hepatoprotective effects of C. tricuspidata extracts against oxidative stress-mediated liver injury have not yet been investigated. We thus examined whether C. tricuspidata leaf extracts (CTEs) protect against oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in vitro and in vivo and elucidated the underlying mechanism. The cytoprotective effects of CTE through the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) activation were presented and measured by biochemical analysis in HepG2 cells. To assess the protective effects of CTE in vivo, mice were administered with CTE (250 and 500 mg/kg; 5 days; p.o.) before a single dose of acetaminophen (APAP) (300 mg/kg; 24 h; i.p.). CTE increased ARE luciferase activity when compared with extracts of other parts of C. tricuspidata. CTE upregulated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and its target gene expression. In addition, CTE inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and iron (Fe) treatment in primary hepatocytes or HepG2 cells. The cytoprotective effects of CTE against oxidative stress might be due to kaempferol, the major flavonoid present in CTE. Kaempferol pretreatment blocked AA+Fe-induced ROS production and reversed glutathione depletion, which in turn led to decreased cell death. Furthermore, the protective effects of CTE against liver injury induced by excess APAP in mice or primary hepatocytes were observed. CTE could be a promising therapeutic candidate against oxidative stress-induced liver injury.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Extracts of Korean Mint

Traditionally, Agastache rugosa (Korean mint) has been widely used to treat various infectious diseases. The aims of this study were to: (i) determine the phenylpropanoid content of the plant using high-performance liquid chromatography; (ii) undertake total anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenolic assays; (iii) and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the methanol extracts from the stem, leaves, and flowers of Korean mint. The total anthocyanin, flavonoid, and phenolic content assays showed that the flowers had higher phenolic levels than the stem and leaves. The reducing power, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl superoxide radical scavenging abilities, and the hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities were also evaluated so that the antioxidant activities of the extracts from the different plant parts could be evaluated. The flower extracts revealed higher antioxidant properties than the other parts. The antibacterial properties of the methanol extracts from A. rugosa were analyzed by the disc diffusion method, and the flower extracts had higher antibacterial activities against the six bacterial strains used in the study than the other parts. This study provides information on the synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phenolics derived from the different parts of Korean mint.

Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.)

In this study, we investigated optimal light conditions for enhancement of the growth and accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics in the sprouts of canola (Brassica napus L.). We found that the shoot lengths and fresh weights of red light-irradiated sprouts were higher than those of sprouts exposed to white, blue, and blue + red light, whereas root length was not notably different among red, blue, white, and blue + red light treatments. The accumulations of total glucosinolates in plants irradiated with white, blue, and red lights were not significantly different (19.32 ± 0.13, 20.69 ± 0.05, and 20.65 ± 1.70 mg/g dry weight (wt.), respectively). However, sprouts exposed to blue + red light contained the lowest levels of total glucosinolates (17.08 ± 0.28 mg/g dry wt.). The accumulation of total phenolic compounds was the highest in plants irradiated with blue light (3.81 ± 0.08 mg/g dry wt.), 1.33 times higher than the lowest level in plants irradiated with red light (2.87 ± 0.05 mg/g dry wt.). These results demonstrate that red light-emitting diode (LED) light is suitable for sprout growth and that blue LED light is effective in increasing the accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics in B. napus sprouts.

Pseudorapidity Dependence of Particle Production and Elliptic Flow in Asymmetric Nuclear Collisions of p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and ^{3}He+Au at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 GeV

Asymmetric nuclear collisions of p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and ^{3}He+Au at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV provide an excellent laboratory for understanding particle production, as well as exploring interactions among these particles after their initial creation in the collision. We present measurements of charged hadron production dN_{ch}/dη in all such collision systems over a broad pseudorapidity range and as a function of collision multiplicity. A simple wounded quark model is remarkably successful at describing the full data set. We also measure the elliptic flow v_{2} over a similarly broad pseudorapidity range. These measurements provide key constraints on models of particle emission and their translation into flow.

Real-time tracking of a surface ship using a bottom-mounted horizontal array

The cascade of blind deconvolution and array invariant has been successful to localize and track a surface ship radiating random waveforms, using a 56-m long vertical array in 100-m deep shallow water. In this paper, it is shown that a 60-m long, bottom-mounted horizontal array can be utilized for blind deconvolution to extract the Green's functions from the same ship (100-800 Hz), in conjunction with the array invariant for source-range estimation. The additional information obtained with a horizontal array is the source bearing (azimuth angle, ϕ) from the well-resolved ray angle identified for blind deconvolution to extract the phase component of the unknown source waveforms. The overall tracking performance shows good agreement with global positioning system (GPS) measurements to less than 11% in terms of standard deviation of relative range error at ranges of 0.3-1.5 km, except when the ship is around the broadside (e.g., | ϕ | < 25 ° ) of the horizontal array. On the other hand, the source bearings are in excellent agreement with the GPS data except near the endfire due to the lower angular resolution. The potential for simultaneous localization of multiple ships is also discussed.

Metabolic Analysis of Vigna unguiculata Sprouts Exposed to Different Light-Emitting Diodes

In order to determine the effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on plant metabolism, the present study examined the primary and secondary metabolite profiles of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. sprouts that were exposed to red, blue, white, or a combination of red and blue LEDs using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). A total of 39 hydrophilic compounds were identified and quantitated using GC-TOF-MS, and six phenylpropanoids and six carotenoids were quantified using HPLC. The plants grown under blue LED light contained the highest level of total carotenoids (253.72 ± 17.27 μg/g) and phenylpropanoids (2600.51 ± 4.90 μg/g). Thus, the current study provides a new approach for enhancing the carotenoid and phenylpropanoid production of V. unguiculata.

Multi-parametric cell profiling with a CMOS quad-modality cellular interfacing array for label-free fully automated drug screening

Cells are complex systems with concurrent multi-physical responses, and cell physiological signals are often encoded with spatiotemporal dynamics and further coupled with multiple cellular activities. However, most existing electronic sensors are only single-modality and cannot capture multi-parametric cellular responses. In this paper, a 1024-pixel CMOS quad-modality cellular interfacing array that enables multi-parametric cell profiling for drug development is presented. The quad-modality CMOS array features cellular impedance characterization, optical detection, extracellular potential recording, and biphasic current stimulation. The fibroblast transparency and surface adhesion are jointly monitored by cellular impedance and optical sensing modalities for comprehensive cell growth evaluation. Simultaneous current stimulation and opto-mechanical monitoring based on cardiomyocytes are demonstrated without any stimulation/sensing dead-zone. Furthermore, drug dose-dependent multi-parametric feature extractions in cardiomyocytes from their extracellular potentials and opto-mechanical signals are presented. The CMOS array demonstrates great potential for fully automated drug screening and drug safety assessments, which may substantially reduce the drug screening time and cost in future new drug development.

Comparative analysis of glucosinolates and metabolite profiling of green and red mustard (brassica juncea) hairy roots

Here, accumulation of glucosinolates and expression of glucosinolates biosynthesis genes in green and red mustard hairy roots were identified and quantified by HPLC and qRT-PCR analyses. The total glucosinolates content of green mustard hairy root (10.09 µg/g dry weight) was 3.88 times higher than that of red mustard hairy root. Indolic glucosinolates (glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin) in green mustard were found at 30.92, 6.95, and 5.29 times higher than in red mustard hairy root, respectively. Conversely, levels of glucotropaeolin (aromatic glucosinolate) was significantly higher in red mustard than in green mustard. Accumulation of glucoraphasatin, an aliphatic glucosinolate, was only observed only in red mustard hairy roots. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression level of genes related to aliphatic and aromatic glucosinolate biosynthesis were higher in red mustard, exception BjCYP83B. The expression of BjCYP79B2, which encodes a key enzyme involved in the indolic glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway, was higher in green mustard than in red mustard. Additionally, to further distinguish between green mustard and red mustard hairy roots, hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and subjected to principal component analysis. The results indicated that core primary metabolites and glucosinolate levels were higher in the hairy roots of green mustard than in those of red mustard.