1
|
Clavé E, Beyssac O, Bernard S, Royer C, Lopez-Reyes G, Schröder S, Rammelkamp K, Forni O, Fau A, Cousin A, Manrique JA, Ollila A, Madariaga JM, Aramendia J, Sharma SK, Fornaro T, Maurice S, Wiens RC. Radiation-induced alteration of apatite on the surface of Mars: first in situ observations with SuperCam Raman onboard Perseverance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11284. [PMID: 38760365 PMCID: PMC11101483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Planetary exploration relies considerably on mineral characterization to advance our understanding of the solar system, the planets and their evolution. Thus, we must understand past and present processes that can alter materials exposed on the surface, affecting space mission data. Here, we analyze the first dataset monitoring the evolution of a known mineral target in situ on the Martian surface, brought there as a SuperCam calibration target onboard the Perseverance rover. We used Raman spectroscopy to monitor the crystalline state of a synthetic apatite sample over the first 950 Martian days (sols) of the Mars2020 mission. We note significant variations in the Raman spectra acquired on this target, specifically a decrease in the relative contribution of the Raman signal to the total signal. These observations are consistent with the results of a UV-irradiation test performed in the laboratory under conditions mimicking ambient Martian conditions. We conclude that the observed evolution reflects an alteration of the material, specifically the creation of electronic defects, due to its exposure to the Martian environment and, in particular, UV irradiation. This ongoing process of alteration of the Martian surface needs to be taken into account for mineralogical space mission data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Clavé
- DLR - Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany.
| | - O Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, CNRS, UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - S Bernard
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, CNRS, UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - C Royer
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, CNRS, Univ. Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Sorbonne Univ, Guyancourt, France
| | - G Lopez-Reyes
- Research Group ERICA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - S Schröder
- DLR - Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Rammelkamp
- DLR - Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Forni
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A Fau
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A Cousin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J A Manrique
- Research Group ERICA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - A Ollila
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - J M Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - J Aramendia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - S K Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - T Fornaro
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Maurice
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - R C Wiens
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huidobro J, Madariaga JM, Carrizo D, Laserna JL, Rull F, Martínez-Frías J, Aramendia J, Sánchez-García L, García-Gómez L, Vignale FA, Farías ME, Veneranda M, Población I, Cabalín LM, López-Reyes G, Coloma L, García-Florentino C, Arana G, Castro K, Delgado T, Álvarez-Llamas C, Fortes FJ, Manrique JA. Multi-analytical characterization of an oncoid from a high altitude hypersaline lake using techniques employed in the Mars2020 and Rosalind Franklin missions on Mars. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341632. [PMID: 37573113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a geological sample of great astrobiological interest was studied through analytical techniques that are currently operating in situ on Mars and others that will operate in the near future. The sample analyzed consisted of an oncoid, which is a type of microbialite, collected in the Salar Carachi Pampa, Argentina. The main peculiarity of microbialites is that they are organo-sedimentary deposits formed by the in situ fixation and precipitation of calcium carbonate due to the growth and metabolic activities of microorganisms. For this reason, the Carachi Pampa oncoid was selected as a Martian analog for astrobiogeochemistry study. In this sense, the sample was characterized by means of the PIXL-like, SuperCam-like and SHERLOC-like instruments, which represent instruments on board the NASA Perseverance rover, and by means of RLS-like and MOMA-like instruments, which represent instruments on board the future ESA Rosalind Franklin rover. It was possible to verify that the most important conclusions and discoveries have been obtained from the combination of the results. Likewise, it was also shown that Perseverance rover-like remote-sensing instruments allowed a first detailed characterization of the biogeochemistry of the Martian surface. With this first characterization, areas of interest for in-depth analysis with Rosalind Franklin-like instruments could be identified. Therefore, from a first remote-sensing elemental identification (PIXL-like instrument), followed by a remote-sensing molecular characterization (SuperCam and SHERLOC-like instruments) and ending with an in-depth microscopic analysis (RLS and MOMA-like instruments), a wide variety of compounds were found. On the one hand, the expected minerals were carbonates, such as aragonite, calcite and high-magnesium calcite. On the other hand, unexpected compounds consisted of minerals related to the Martian/terrestrial surface (feldspars, pyroxenes, hematite) and organic compounds related to the past biological activity related to the oncoid (kerogen, lipid biomarkers and carotenes). Considering samples resembling microbialites have already been found on Mars and that one of the main objectives of the missions is to identify traces of past life, the study of microbialites is a potential way to find biosignatures protected from the inhospitable Martian environment. In addition, it should be noted that in this work, further conclusions have been obtained through the study of the results as a whole, which could also be carried out on Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Huidobro
- IBeA Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - J M Madariaga
- IBeA Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - D Carrizo
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB, INTA-CSIC), Spain
| | - J L Laserna
- LaserLab Research Group, University of Málaga (UMA), Spain
| | - F Rull
- ERICA Research Group, University of Valladolid (UVa), Spain
| | | | - J Aramendia
- IBeA Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | | | - L García-Gómez
- LaserLab Research Group, University of Málaga (UMA), Spain
| | - F A Vignale
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse, Germany
| | - M E Farías
- PUNABIO S.A. Campus USP-T, San Pablo, Argentina
| | - M Veneranda
- ERICA Research Group, University of Valladolid (UVa), Spain
| | - I Población
- IBeA Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - L M Cabalín
- LaserLab Research Group, University of Málaga (UMA), Spain
| | - G López-Reyes
- ERICA Research Group, University of Valladolid (UVa), Spain
| | - L Coloma
- IBeA Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | | | - G Arana
- IBeA Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - K Castro
- IBeA Research Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - T Delgado
- LaserLab Research Group, University of Málaga (UMA), Spain
| | | | - F J Fortes
- LaserLab Research Group, University of Málaga (UMA), Spain
| | - J A Manrique
- ERICA Research Group, University of Valladolid (UVa), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Azua-Bustos A, Fairén AG, González-Silva C, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Carrizo D, Sánchez-García L, Parro V, Fernández-Martínez MÁ, Escudero C, Muñoz-Iglesias V, Fernández-Sampedro M, Molina A, Villadangos MG, Moreno-Paz M, Wierzchos J, Ascaso C, Fornaro T, Brucato JR, Poggiali G, Manrique JA, Veneranda M, López-Reyes G, Sanz-Arranz A, Rull F, Ollila AM, Wiens RC, Reyes-Newell A, Clegg SM, Millan M, Johnson SS, McIntosh O, Szopa C, Freissinet C, Sekine Y, Fukushi K, Morida K, Inoue K, Sakuma H, Rampe E. Dark microbiome and extremely low organics in Atacama fossil delta unveil Mars life detection limits. Nat Commun 2023; 14:808. [PMID: 36810853 PMCID: PMC9944251 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying unequivocal signs of life on Mars is one of the most important objectives for sending missions to the red planet. Here we report Red Stone, a 163-100 My alluvial fan-fan delta that formed under arid conditions in the Atacama Desert, rich in hematite and mudstones containing clays such as vermiculite and smectites, and therefore geologically analogous to Mars. We show that Red Stone samples display an important number of microorganisms with an unusual high rate of phylogenetic indeterminacy, what we refer to as "dark microbiome", and a mix of biosignatures from extant and ancient microorganisms that can be barely detected with state-of-the-art laboratory equipment. Our analyses by testbed instruments that are on or will be sent to Mars unveil that although the mineralogy of Red Stone matches that detected by ground-based instruments on the red planet, similarly low levels of organics will be hard, if not impossible to detect in Martian rocks depending on the instrument and technique used. Our results stress the importance in returning samples to Earth for conclusively addressing whether life ever existed on Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Azua-Bustos
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) (CSIC-INTA), 28850, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alberto G Fairén
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) (CSIC-INTA), 28850, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Carrizo
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) (CSIC-INTA), 28850, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Victor Parro
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) (CSIC-INTA), 28850, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) (CSIC-INTA), 28850, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jacek Wierzchos
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ascaso
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fornaro
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Jose Antonio Manrique
- Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann M Ollila
- Purdue University, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Roger C Wiens
- Purdue University, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, West Lafayette, USA
| | | | - Samuel M Clegg
- Purdue University, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Maëva Millan
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA.,LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - Sarah Stewart Johnson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Science, Technology, and International Affairs Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Ophélie McIntosh
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Florence, Italy.,Science, Technology, and International Affairs Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Cyril Szopa
- Science, Technology, and International Affairs Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Caroline Freissinet
- Science, Technology, and International Affairs Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yasuhito Sekine
- Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukushi
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koki Morida
- Division of Natural System, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Inoue
- Division of Natural System, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakuma
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Elizabeth Rampe
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wiens RC, Udry A, Beyssac O, Quantin-Nataf C, Mangold N, Cousin A, Mandon L, Bosak T, Forni O, McLennan SM, Sautter V, Brown A, Benzerara K, Johnson JR, Mayhew L, Maurice S, Anderson RB, Clegg SM, Crumpler L, Gabriel TSJ, Gasda P, Hall J, Horgan BHN, Kah L, Legett C, Madariaga JM, Meslin PY, Ollila AM, Poulet F, Royer C, Sharma SK, Siljeström S, Simon JI, Acosta-Maeda TE, Alvarez-Llamas C, Angel SM, Arana G, Beck P, Bernard S, Bertrand T, Bousquet B, Castro K, Chide B, Clavé E, Cloutis E, Connell S, Dehouck E, Dromart G, Fischer W, Fouchet T, Francis R, Frydenvang J, Gasnault O, Gibbons E, Gupta S, Hausrath EM, Jacob X, Kalucha H, Kelly E, Knutsen E, Lanza N, Laserna J, Lasue J, Le Mouélic S, Leveille R, Lopez Reyes G, Lorenz R, Manrique JA, Martinez-Frias J, McConnochie T, Melikechi N, Mimoun D, Montmessin F, Moros J, Murdoch N, Pilleri P, Pilorget C, Pinet P, Rapin W, Rull F, Schröder S, Shuster DL, Smith RJ, Stott AE, Tarnas J, Turenne N, Veneranda M, Vogt DS, Weiss BP, Willis P, Stack KM, Williford KH, Farley KA. Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo3399. [PMID: 36007007 PMCID: PMC9410274 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Before Perseverance, Jezero crater's floor was variably hypothesized to have a lacustrine, lava, volcanic airfall, or aeolian origin. SuperCam observations in the first 286 Mars days on Mars revealed a volcanic and intrusive terrain with compositional and density stratification. The dominant lithology along the traverse is basaltic, with plagioclase enrichment in stratigraphically higher locations. Stratigraphically lower, layered rocks are richer in normative pyroxene. The lowest observed unit has the highest inferred density and is olivine-rich with coarse (1.5 millimeters) euhedral, relatively unweathered grains, suggesting a cumulate origin. This is the first martian cumulate and shows similarities to martian meteorites, which also express olivine disequilibrium. Alteration materials including carbonates, sulfates, perchlorates, hydrated silicates, and iron oxides are pervasive but low in abundance, suggesting relatively brief lacustrine conditions. Orbital observations link the Jezero floor lithology to the broader Nili-Syrtis region, suggesting that density-driven compositional stratification is a regional characteristic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger C. Wiens
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Arya Udry
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Olivier Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Cathy Quantin-Nataf
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Mangold
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, CNRS UMR 6112, Nantes Université, Université d’Angers, Université du Mans, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Cousin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | - Lucia Mandon
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, Meudon, France
| | - Tanja Bosak
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Forni
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Violaine Sautter
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Space Exploration Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Mayhew
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sylvestre Maurice
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | - Ryan B. Anderson
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel M. Clegg
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Larry Crumpler
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Patrick Gasda
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - James Hall
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Briony H. N. Horgan
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Linda Kah
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Carey Legett
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Pierre-Yves Meslin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | - Ann M. Ollila
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Francois Poulet
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Clement Royer
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, Meudon, France
| | | | | | - Justin I. Simon
- Center for Isotope Cosmochemistry and Geochronology, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - S. Michael Angel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Gorka Arana
- University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pierre Beck
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Bernard
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Tanguy Bertrand
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, Meudon, France
| | - Bruno Bousquet
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kepa Castro
- University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Baptiste Chide
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Elise Clavé
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ed Cloutis
- University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Erwin Dehouck
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Dromart
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Thierry Fouchet
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, Meudon, France
| | - Raymond Francis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Olivier Gasnault
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Xavier Jacob
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Evan Kelly
- University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Elise Knutsen
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, CNRS, Université Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, Sorbonne Université, Guyancourt, France
| | - Nina Lanza
- Space and Planetary Exploration Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Jeremie Lasue
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Le Mouélic
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, CNRS UMR 6112, Nantes Université, Université d’Angers, Université du Mans, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Ralph Lorenz
- Space Exploration Sector, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Noureddine Melikechi
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - David Mimoun
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Montmessin
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, CNRS, Université Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, Sorbonne Université, Guyancourt, France
| | | | - Naomi Murdoch
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Paolo Pilleri
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Pilorget
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Patrick Pinet
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | - William Rapin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, CNES, Toulouse, France
| | - Fernando Rull
- Research Group ERICA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Susanne Schröder
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - David L. Shuster
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Alexander E. Stott
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jesse Tarnas
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Marco Veneranda
- Research Group ERICA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David S. Vogt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin P. Weiss
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Stack
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Williford
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lalla EA, Konstantinidis M, Veneranda M, Daly MG, Manrique JA, Lymer EA, Freemantle J, Cloutis EA, Stromberg JM, Shkolyar S, Caudill C, Applin D, Vago JL, Rull F, Lopez-Reyes G. Raman Characterization of the CanMars Rover Field Campaign Samples Using the Raman Laser Spectrometer ExoMars Simulator: Implications for Mars and Planetary Exploration. Astrobiology 2022; 22:416-438. [PMID: 35041521 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landed on February 18, 2021, and has started ground operations. The ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover will touch down on June 10, 2023. Perseverance will be the first-ever Mars sample caching mission-a first step in sample return to Earth. SuperCam and Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals (SHERLOC) on Perseverance, and Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) on Rosalind Franklin, will comprise the first ever in situ planetary mission Raman spectroscopy instruments to identify rocks, minerals, and potential organic biosignatures on Mars' surface. There are many challenges associated when using Raman instruments and the optimization and quantitative analysis of resulting data. To understand how best to overcome them, we performed a comprehensive Raman analysis campaign on CanMars, a Mars sample caching rover analog mission undertaken in Hanksville, Utah, USA, in 2016. The Hanksville region presents many similarities to Oxia Planum's past habitable conditions, including liquid water, flocculent, and elemental compounds (such as clays), catalysts, substrates, and energy/food sources for life. We sampled and conducted a complete band analysis of Raman spectra as mission validation analysis with the RLS ExoMars Simulator or RLS Sim, a breadboard setup representative of the ExoMars RLS instrument. RLS Sim emulates the operational behavior of RLS on the Rosalind Franklin rover. Given the high fidelity of the Mars analog site and the RLS Sim, the results presented here may provide important information useful for guiding in situ analysis and sample triage for caching relevant for the Perseverance and Rosalind Franklin missions. By using the RLS Sim on CanMars samples, our measurements detected oxides, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, feldspars, and carotenoids, many with a higher degree of sensitivity than past results. Future work with the RLS Sim will aim to continue developing and improving the capability of the RLS system in the future ExoMars mission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Lalla
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Menelaos Konstantinidis
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marco Veneranda
- Unidad Asociada Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC-CAB, Boecillo, Spain
| | - Michael G Daly
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth A Lymer
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - James Freemantle
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edward A Cloutis
- Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jessica M Stromberg
- Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Kensington, Australia
| | - Svetlana Shkolyar
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christy Caudill
- Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration/Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Daniel Applin
- Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jorge L Vago
- European Space Agency, ESA/ESTEC (SCI-S), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rull
- Unidad Asociada Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC-CAB, Boecillo, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wiens RC, Maurice S, Robinson SH, Nelson AE, Cais P, Bernardi P, Newell RT, Clegg S, Sharma SK, Storms S, Deming J, Beckman D, Ollila AM, Gasnault O, Anderson RB, André Y, Michael Angel S, Arana G, Auden E, Beck P, Becker J, Benzerara K, Bernard S, Beyssac O, Borges L, Bousquet B, Boyd K, Caffrey M, Carlson J, Castro K, Celis J, Chide B, Clark K, Cloutis E, Cordoba EC, Cousin A, Dale M, Deflores L, Delapp D, Deleuze M, Dirmyer M, Donny C, Dromart G, George Duran M, Egan M, Ervin J, Fabre C, Fau A, Fischer W, Forni O, Fouchet T, Fresquez R, Frydenvang J, Gasway D, Gontijo I, Grotzinger J, Jacob X, Jacquinod S, Johnson JR, Klisiewicz RA, Lake J, Lanza N, Laserna J, Lasue J, Le Mouélic S, Legett C, Leveille R, Lewin E, Lopez-Reyes G, Lorenz R, Lorigny E, Love SP, Lucero B, Madariaga JM, Madsen M, Madsen S, Mangold N, Manrique JA, Martinez JP, Martinez-Frias J, McCabe KP, McConnochie TH, McGlown JM, McLennan SM, Melikechi N, Meslin PY, Michel JM, Mimoun D, Misra A, Montagnac G, Montmessin F, Mousset V, Murdoch N, Newsom H, Ott LA, Ousnamer ZR, Pares L, Parot Y, Pawluczyk R, Glen Peterson C, Pilleri P, Pinet P, Pont G, Poulet F, Provost C, Quertier B, Quinn H, Rapin W, Reess JM, Regan AH, Reyes-Newell AL, Romano PJ, Royer C, Rull F, Sandoval B, Sarrao JH, Sautter V, Schoppers MJ, Schröder S, Seitz D, Shepherd T, Sobron P, Dubois B, Sridhar V, Toplis MJ, Torre-Fdez I, Trettel IA, Underwood M, Valdez A, Valdez J, Venhaus D, Willis P. The SuperCam Instrument Suite on the NASA Mars 2020 Rover: Body Unit and Combined System Tests. Space Sci Rev 2021; 217:4. [PMID: 33380752 PMCID: PMC7752893 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The SuperCam instrument suite provides the Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, with a number of versatile remote-sensing techniques that can be used at long distance as well as within the robotic-arm workspace. These include laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), remote time-resolved Raman and luminescence spectroscopies, and visible and infrared (VISIR; separately referred to as VIS and IR) reflectance spectroscopy. A remote micro-imager (RMI) provides high-resolution color context imaging, and a microphone can be used as a stand-alone tool for environmental studies or to determine physical properties of rocks and soils from shock waves of laser-produced plasmas. SuperCam is built in three parts: The mast unit (MU), consisting of the laser, telescope, RMI, IR spectrometer, and associated electronics, is described in a companion paper. The on-board calibration targets are described in another companion paper. Here we describe SuperCam's body unit (BU) and testing of the integrated instrument. The BU, mounted inside the rover body, receives light from the MU via a 5.8 m optical fiber. The light is split into three wavelength bands by a demultiplexer, and is routed via fiber bundles to three optical spectrometers, two of which (UV and violet; 245-340 and 385-465 nm) are crossed Czerny-Turner reflection spectrometers, nearly identical to their counterparts on ChemCam. The third is a high-efficiency transmission spectrometer containing an optical intensifier capable of gating exposures to 100 ns or longer, with variable delay times relative to the laser pulse. This spectrometer covers 535-853 nm ( 105 - 7070 cm - 1 Raman shift relative to the 532 nm green laser beam) with 12 cm - 1 full-width at half-maximum peak resolution in the Raman fingerprint region. The BU electronics boards interface with the rover and control the instrument, returning data to the rover. Thermal systems maintain a warm temperature during cruise to Mars to avoid contamination on the optics, and cool the detectors during operations on Mars. Results obtained with the integrated instrument demonstrate its capabilities for LIBS, for which a library of 332 standards was developed. Examples of Raman and VISIR spectroscopy are shown, demonstrating clear mineral identification with both techniques. Luminescence spectra demonstrate the utility of having both spectral and temporal dimensions. Finally, RMI and microphone tests on the rover demonstrate the capabilities of these subsystems as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvestre Maurice
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Cais
- Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pernelle Bernardi
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
| | | | - Sam Clegg
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Gasnault
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ryan B. Anderson
- U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ USA
| | - Yves André
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Gorka Arana
- University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Pierre Beck
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Bernard
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Beyssac
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Louis Borges
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Bruno Bousquet
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kerry Boyd
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | - Kepa Castro
- University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jorden Celis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Baptiste Chide
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin Clark
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | - Agnes Cousin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gilles Dromart
- Univ Lyon, ENSL, Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, LGL-TPE, 69364 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Joan Ervin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Cecile Fabre
- GeoRessources, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Amaury Fau
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Forni
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Fouchet
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Jacob
- Institut de mécanique des fluides de Toulouse (CNRS, INP, Univ. Toulouse), Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Jacquinod
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
| | | | | | - James Lake
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Nina Lanza
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Jeremie Lasue
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Le Mouélic
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, CNRS UMR 6112, Nantes, France
| | - Carey Legett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Eric Lewin
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Ralph Lorenz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Eric Lorigny
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Soren Madsen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Nicolas Mangold
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, CNRS UMR 6112, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Meslin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - David Mimoun
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE), Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Franck Montmessin
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Paris, France
| | | | - Naomi Murdoch
- Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Logan A. Ott
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Laurent Pares
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Parot
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Paolo Pilleri
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Pinet
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Pont
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Benjamin Quertier
- Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - William Rapin
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Reess
- Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France
| | - Amy H. Regan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | - Clement Royer
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | - Violaine Sautter
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, CNRS, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Susanne Schröder
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seitz
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Université de Toulouse; UPS-OMP, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Michael J. Toplis
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacob Valdez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Dawn Venhaus
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Peter Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|