1
|
Background rates of adverse events of special interest for COVID-19 vaccines: A multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) analysis. Vaccine 2023; 41:6227-6238. [PMID: 37673715 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global COVID Vaccine Safety (GCoVS) project was established in 2021 under the multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) consortium to facilitate the rapid assessment of the safety of newly introduced vaccines. This study analyzed data from GVDN member sites on the background incidence rates of conditions designated as adverse events of special interest (AESI) for COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring. METHODS Eleven GVDN global sites obtained data from national or regional healthcare databases using standardized methods. Incident events of 13 pre-defined AESI were included for a pre-pandemic period (2015-19) and the first pandemic year (2020). Background incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for inpatient and emergency department encounters, stratified by age and sex, and compared between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods using incidence rate ratios. RESULTS An estimated 197 million people contributed 1,189,652,926 person-years of follow-up time. Among inpatients in the pre-pandemic period (2015-19), generalized seizures were the most common neurological AESI (IR ranged from 22.15 [95% CI 19.01-25.65] to 278.82 [278.20-279.44] per 100,000 person-years); acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was the least common (<0.5 per 100,000 person-years at most sites). Pulmonary embolism was the most common thrombotic event (IR 45.34 [95% CI 44.85-45.84] to 93.77 [95% CI 93.46-94.08] per 100,000 person-years). The IR of myocarditis ranged from 1.60 [(95% CI 1.45-1.76) to 7.76 (95% CI 7.46-8.08) per 100,000 person-years. The IR of several AESI varied by site, healthcare setting, age and sex. The IR of some AESI were notably different in 2020 compared to 2015-19. CONCLUSION Background incidence of AESIs exhibited some variability across study sites and between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. These findings will contribute to global vaccine safety surveillance and research.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract 2886: Investigation of tumor-intrinsic activated Wnt/B-catenin signaling in immune avoidance of HCC. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence have indicated several tumor-intrinsic oncogene pathways in T cell exclusion and immune evasion of cancers . In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Wnt/β-catenin (CTNNB1) signaling activation is highly prevalent and has been reported to be associated with an immune avoided tumor microenvironment. ICG-001 is a small molecule inhibitor that prevents β-catenin from binding to cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CBP) by competitively binding itself to CBP. The inhibition of CBP/β-catenin selectively induces apoptosis in transformed cells and have shown tumor suppressive effects in several cancers.
Aim: This study aims to investigate the role of tumor-intrinsic Wnt/β-catenin pathway in controlling the expression of chemoattractants in HCC that influence immune cell migration into the tumor site.
Methods: We established a syngeneic C57BL/6 mouse model using a hepatoma murine Hepa1-6 isogenic cell line to allow us to interrogate how gain-of-function CTNNB1 mutation (S45P) affects immune surveillance and response to ICG-001 in HCC. The mice were divided into two groups and were subcutaneously injected with either Hepa1-6 vector (n=29) or Hepa1-6 CTNNB1 (S45P) (n=29). At day 6, each group were subdivided into two treatment groups: ICG-001 and untreated. The effect of ICG-001 on immune infiltrates was investigated by Opal multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues.
Results: Untreated mice bearing CTNNB1 (S45P) HCCs (n=15) showed larger tumor growth in comparison to their vector controls (n=14), suggesting CTNNB1 (S45P) conferred a more aggressive clone. After a week of ICG-001 treatment by continuous osmotic pump perfusion, 42.9% (6/14) of CTNNB1 (S45P) mice showed a positive response to ICG-001, where a tumor regressed volume was indicated in 4 mice and stable disease in 2 mice. Progressive disease with continuous tumor growth, on the other hand, was shown in all untreated mice. Multiplex fluorescent IHC of tumors obtained from ICG-001 treated CTNNB1 (S45P) mice showed an increased influx of M1 macrophage and CD8 T cells in the tumor site compared to an immune avoidance phenotype in untreated controls. Accordingly, our vector control group did exhibit response to ICG-001 when compared to their respective untreated groups. Based on these findings, it is plausible that CTNNB1 activation impairs the expression of chemoattractant in HCC, and prevents immune cell migration into the tumor site. Consequently, we further examined tumor tissues for chemokine expressions and found higher levels of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in ICG-001 treated CTNNB1 (S45P) when compared to their untreated control groups. In conclusion, our results suggested Wnt/β-catenin activation plays a role in immune evasion and contribution to a “cold” immune tumor microenvironment in HCC.
Citation Format: Aikha Melissa Go Wong, Alissa Michelle Go Wong, Loucia KY Can, Joseph Kwong, Anthony WH Chan, Jinna Chen, Michael Kahn, Nathalie Wong. Investigation of tumor-intrinsic activated Wnt/B-catenin signaling in immune avoidance of HCC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2886.
Collapse
|
3
|
SEPERA – a novel artificial intelligence-based side-specific extra-prostatic extension risk assessment tool for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(23)00527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
4
|
Long-Term Survival and Clinicopathological Implications of DNA Mismatch Repair Status in Endometrioid Endometrial Cancers in Hong Kong Chinese Women. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101385. [PMID: 34680502 PMCID: PMC8533409 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of DNA mismatch repair status (MMR) in survival of endometrioid endometrial cancer in Hong Kong Chinese women and its correlation to clinical prognostic factors, 238 patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer were included. Tumor MMR status was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Clinical characteristics and survival were determined. Association of MMR with survival and clinicopathological parameters were assessed. MMR deficiency (dMMR) was found in 43 cases (16.5%). dMMR was associated with poor prognostic factors including older age, higher stage, higher grade, larger tumor size and more radiotherapy usage. Long-term survival was worse in dMMR compared to the MMR proficient group. The dMMR group had more deaths, shorter disease-specific survival (DSS), shorter disease-free survival (DFS), less 10-year DSS, less 10-year DFS, and more recurrence. The 5-year DSS and 5-year DFS in the dMMR group only showed a trend of worse survival but did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, dMMR is present in a significant number of endometrioid endometrial cancers patients and is associated with poorer clinicopathological factors and survival parameters in the long run. dMMR should be considered in the risk stratification of endometrial cancer to guide adjuvant therapy and individualisation for longer follow up plan.
Collapse
|
5
|
Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 34424240 DOI: 10.3791/62931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is the most commonly used method for the identification and visualization of tissue antigens in biological research and clinical diagnostics. It can be used to characterize various biological processes or pathologies, such as wound-healing, immune response, tissue rejection, and tissue-biomaterial interactions. However, the visualization and quantification of multiple antigens (especially for immune cells) in a single tissue section using conventional immunohistochemical (IHC) staining remains unsatisfactory. Hence, multiplexed technologies were introduced in recent years to identify multiple biological markers in a single tissue sample or an ensemble of different tissue samples. These technologies can be especially useful in differentiating the changes in immune cell-to-cell interactions within the endometrium between fertile women and women with recurrent miscarriages during implantation. This paper describes a detailed protocol for multiplexed fluorescence IHC staining to investigate the density and clustering of four major immune cell types simultaneously in precisely timed endometrial specimens during embryo implantation. The method includes sample preparation, multiplex optimization with markers for immune cell subtypes, and the scanning of the slides, followed by data analysis, with specific reference to detecting endometrial immune cells. Using this method, the density and clustering of four major immune cell types in the endometrium can be simultaneously analyzed in a single tissue section. In addition, this paper will discuss the critical factors and troubleshooting to overcome possible fluorophore interference between the fluorescent probes being applied. Importantly, the results from this multiplex staining technique can help provide an in-depth understanding of the immunologic interaction and regulation during embryo implantation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Increased co-expression of PSMA2 and GLP-1 receptor in cervical cancer models in type 2 diabetes attenuated by Exendin-4: A translational case-control study. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103242. [PMID: 33684886 PMCID: PMC7938253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk of many types of cancer. Dysregulation of proteasome-related protein degradation leads to tumorigenesis, while Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, possesses anti-cancer effects. METHODS We explored the co-expression of proteasome alpha 2 subunit (PSMA2) and GLP-1R in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and human cervical cancer specimens, supplemented by in vivo and in vitro studies using multiple cervical cancer cell lines. FINDINGS PSMA2 expression was increased in 12 cancer types in TCGA database and cervical cancer specimens from patients with T2D (T2D vs non-T2D: 3.22 (95% confidence interval CI: 1.38, 5.05) vs 1.00 (0.66, 1.34) fold change, P = 0.01). psma2-shRNA decreased cell proliferation in vitro, and tumour volume and Ki67 expression in vivo. Exendin-4 decreased psma2 expression, tumour volume and Ki67 expression in vivo. There was no change in GLP-1R expression in 12 cancer types in TCGA database. However, GLP-1R expression (T2D vs non-T2D: 5.49 (3.0, 8.1) vs 1.00 (0.5, 1.5) fold change, P < 0.001) was increased and positively correlated with PSMA2 expression in T2D-related (r = 0.68) but not in non-T2D-related cervical cancer specimens. This correlation was corroborated by in vitro experiments where silencing glp-1r decreased psma2 expression. Exendin-4 attenuated phospho-p65 and -IκB expression in the NF-κB pathway. INTERPRETATION PSMA2 and GLP-1R expression in T2D-related cervical cancer specimens was increased and positively correlated, suggesting hyperglycaemia might promote cancer growth by increasing PSMA2 expression which could be attenuated by Exendin-4. FUNDING This project was supported by Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme, Direct Grant, Diabetes Research and Education Fund from the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK).
Collapse
|
7
|
Short-Form Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (sfTSLP) Is the Predominant Isoform Expressed by Gynaecologic Cancers and Promotes Tumour Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050980. [PMID: 33652749 PMCID: PMC7956741 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cytokines are a group of small proteins in the body that play an important part in boosting the immune system. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine that plays an important role in the maturation of T cells. Two variants of TSLP, long-form (lfTSLP) and short-form (sfTSLP), have been found, however their roles in cancers are not known. In this study, we discovered that sfTSLP, but not lfTSLP, is predominantly expressed in ovarian and endometrial cancers. The switch that turns the sfTSLP gene on or off is controlled by external modifications of DNA. Our results also found that sfTSLP promotes tumour growth through activating several signal pathways in cancer cells. Abstract Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cell derived cytokine belonging to the IL-7 family and a key initiator of allergic inflammation. Two main isoforms of TSLP, classified as long- (lfTSLP) and short-form (sfTSLP), have been reported in human, but their expression patterns and role(s) in cancers are not yet clear. mRNA expression was examined by isoform-specific RT-PCR and RNA in situ hybridisation. Epigenetic regulation was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR and bisulfite sequencing. Tumour progression was investigated by gene overexpression, cell viability assay, cancer organoid culture and transwell invasion. Signals were investigated by proteome profiler protein array and RNA-sequencing. With the use of isoform-specific primers and probes, we uncovered that only sfTSLP was expressed in the cell lines and tumour tissues of human ovarian and endometrial cancers. We also showed the epigenetic regulation of sfTSLP: sfTSLP transcription was regulated by histone acetylation at promoters in ovarian cancer cells, whereas silencing of the sfTSLP transcripts was regulated by promoter DNA methylation in endometrial cancer cells. In vitro study showed that ectopically overexpressing sfTSLP promoted tumour growth but not invasion. Human phosphokinase array application demonstrated that the sfTSLP overexpression activated phosphorylation of multiple intracellular kinases (including GSK3α/β, AMPKα1, p53, AKT1/2, ERK1/2 and Src) in ovarian cancer cells in a context-dependent manner. We further investigated the impact of sfTSLP overexpression on transcriptome by RNA-sequencing and found that EFNB2 and PBX1 were downregulated in ovarian and endometrial cancer cells, suggesting their role in sfTSLP-mediated tumour growth. In conclusion, sfTSLP is predominantly expressed in ovarian and endometrial cancers and promotes tumour growth.
Collapse
|
8
|
Characterization of miR-200 family members as blood biomarkers for human and laying hen ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20071. [PMID: 33208870 PMCID: PMC7674435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-200 (miR-200) family is highly expressed in ovarian cancer. We evaluated the levels of family members relative to the internal control miR-103a in ovarian cancer and control blood specimens collected from American and Hong Kong Chinese institutions, as well as from a laying hen spontaneous ovarian cancer model. The levels of miR-200a, miR-200b and miR-200c were significantly elevated in all human cancer versus all control blood samples. Further analyses showed significantly higher miR-200 levels in Chinese control (except miR-429) and cancer (except miR-200a and miR141) samples than their respective American counterparts. Subtype-specific analysis showed that miR-200b had an overall elevated level in serous cancer compared with controls, whereas miR-429 was significantly elevated in clear cell and endometrioid cancer versus controls. MiR-429 was also significantly elevated in cancer versus control in laying hen plasma samples, consistent with the fact that endometrioid tumor is the prevalent type in this species. A neural network model consisting of miR-200a/200b/429/141 showed an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.904 for American ovarian cancer prediction, whereas a model consisting of miR-200b/200c/429/141 showed an AUC value of 0.901 for Chinese women. Hence, miR-200 is informative as blood biomarkers for both human and laying hen ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Therapeutic potential of a novel prodrug of green tea extract in induction of apoptosis via ERK/JNK and Akt signaling pathway in human endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:964. [PMID: 33023525 PMCID: PMC7539473 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown a major green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate ((−)-EGCG) as a powerful anti-cancer agent. However, its poor bioavailability and requirement of a high dosage to manifest activity have restricted its clinical application. Recently, our team synthesized a peracetate-protected derivative of EGCG, which can act as a prodrug of (−)-EGCG (ProEGCG) with enhanced stability and improved bioavailability in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of this novel ProEGCG, in comparison to EGCG, toward human endometrial cancer (EC). Methods In this study, the effects of ProEGCG and EGCG treatments on cell growth, cell survival and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways in RL95–2 and AN3 CA EC cells were compared. The antiproliferative effect was evaluated by cell viability assay. Apoptosis was measured by annexin/propidium iodide staining. Expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases, markers of proliferation and apoptosis were measured by immunoblot analysis. In addition, the effects of ProEGCG and EGCG on tumor growth, vessel formation and gene expression profiles on xenograft models of the EC cells were investigated. Results We found that treatment with ProEGCG, but not EGCG, inhibited, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, the proliferation and increased apoptosis of EC cells. Treatment with low-dose ProEGCG significantly enhanced phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK and inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and ERK which are critical mediators of apoptosis. ProEGCG, but not EGCG, elicited a significant decrease in the growth of the EC xenografts, promoted apoptotic activity of tumour cells in the EC xenografts, and decreased microvessel formation, by differentially suppressing anti-apoptotic molecules, NOD1 and NAIP. Notably, no obvious adverse effects were detected. Conclusions Taken together, ProEGCG at a low dose exhibited anticancer activity in EC cells through its anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-tumor actions on endometrial cancer in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, a low dose of EGCG did not bring about similar effects. Importantly, our data demonstrated the efficacy and safety of ProEGCG which manifests the potential of a novel anticancer agent for the management of endometrial cancer.
Collapse
|
10
|
Leveraging nurse practitioner capacities to achieve global health for all: COVID-19 and beyond. Int Nurs Rev 2020; 67:554-559. [PMID: 33006173 PMCID: PMC7537537 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim To argue that nurse practitioners have been under‐utilized generally in the current global health environment, creating barriers to achieving universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. Background Nurse practitioners are advanced practice nurses possessing expert knowledge and leadership skills that can be optimized to narrow disparities and ensure access to high‐quality health care globally. Nurses worldwide have been challenged to meet global public health needs in the context of COVID‐19 (SARS‐CoV‐2 virus), and there are early indications that nurse practitioners are being called upon to the full extent of their capabilities in the current pandemic. Sources of evidence PubMed; Google Scholar; the International Council of Nurses; World Health Organization; United Nations; and the experiences of the authors. Discussion Several international reports, nursing and health organizations have called for continued investment in and development of nursing to improve mechanisms that promote cost‐effective and universally accessible care. Expanding nurse practitioner scopes of practice across nations will leverage their clinical capacities, policy and advocacy skills, and talents to lead at all levels. Conclusion Ongoing empirical data and policy change is needed to enable the full scope and strategic utilization of nurse practitioners across healthcare systems and contexts. Implications for nursing practice, and nursing and health policy Widespread education regarding nurse practitioner capacities for interdisciplinary partners, policymakers and the public is needed. Policies that safely expand their roles are critical. Role titles and remuneration reflective of their scope and service are required to lead, sustain and grow the workforce internationally.
Collapse
|
11
|
The use of multiplex staining to measure the density and clustering of four endometrial immune cells around the implantation period in women with recurrent miscarriage: comparison with fertile controls. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:593-603. [PMID: 32857228 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serval studies showed an increased uterine natural killer cell density in women with recurrent miscarriage. However, no study has previously investigated the density and clustering of major immune cells simultaneously in precisely timed endometrial specimen section of this group of women. This study aimed to investigate the profile of endometrial immune cells populations and clustering level simultaneously in women with recurrent miscarriage and compare the results to fertile controls. A total of 30 women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage and 30 fertile controls were included in this study. Endometrial biopsy was performed precisely 7 days after LH surge. The cells density was expressed as percentage of positive immune cell/total stromal cells and the clustering of different endometrial cells was measured by R language toolbox 'spatstat'. Multiplex immunohistochemical method was employed to stain a panel of human endometrium samples simultaneously with antibodies against CD3 for T cells, CD20 for B cells, CD68 for macrophages and CD56 for uterine natural killer cells. The median CD3+, CD68+ and CD56+ cell density in the miscarriage group were significantly higher than those of the fertile controls. In addition, the clustering between CD56+ uterine natural killer cells and CD68+ macrophages in the miscarriage group was significantly increased compared with fertile controls. In conclusion, the significant change in numbers of three out of four endometrial immune cell density and a significant increase in clustering between CD68+ and CD56+ cells suggest that several immune cells and their interactions may be important in the function of the endometrium; abnormal interactions may predispose to recurrent miscarriage.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract 3911: High-throughput screening of patient-derived HCC organoids for drug discovery. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Current in vitro models of primary liver cancer insufficiently recapitulates the tumor heterogeneity and pathophysiology of the original patient's tumor. This significantly hinders translational studies and often leads to the high rate of clinical trial attrition and poor patient response. Recent technological advances in organoid culture methods have been reported to overcome these limitations. Our group has successfully established 3 patient-derived HCC tumor organoids that closely recapitulate the patient's pathophysiology. Conventional short-term monolayer culture of the same 3 tumors as well as 3 non-tumoral adjacent liver and 3 normal liver organoids were established and compared with 5 HCC cell lines from ATCC for their drug response profiles. Subsequent drug screening was performed using a panel of 100 drugs, of which 70 are FDA-approved for either HCC or other cancers, as well as 30 pipeline compounds targeting frequently mutated pathways in HCC. We found that our screening pipeline could achieve robust z' scores and reproducible data points with technical and biological replicates. Principal component analysis of Total Area under curve (AUC) values show distinct and progressive changes between Normal Liver, Non-tumoral adjacent liver, and Tumor organoids. Upon comparison with HCC cell lines Hep3B, HepG2, Huh7, SNU398 and PLC5, we found HCC patient-derived short term cultures, particularly organoids have more diverse drug sensitivity profiles and may be a better indicator of patient heterogeneity. Interestingly, FDA-approved drugs for HCC such as Regorafenib show high sensitivity and tumor specificity to ATCC cell lines (ATCC vs Normal liver P=0.00017***), but this specificity was reduced and lost in patient-derived 2D cultures (P=0.045*) and organoids (P=0.895), respectively. This may explain the observed hepatotoxicity observed in HCC patients and warrant further investigation of more targeted ways of treating HCC.
Citation Format: Alissa Michelle Go Wong, Winnie Cheung, Maggie Wong, Aikha Wong, Helena Lam, Zhe Zhang, Matthew Man, Hui Chen, David Close, Paul Johnston, Anthony Chan, Paul Lai, Joseph Kwong, Nathalie Wong. High-throughput screening of patient-derived HCC organoids for drug discovery [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3911.
Collapse
|
13
|
Paclitaxel Induces Immunogenic Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer via TLR4/IKK2/SNARE-Dependent Exocytosis. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1099-1111. [PMID: 32354736 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs is reliant on their capability to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), thus transforming dying tumor cells into antitumor vaccines. We wanted to uncover potential therapeutic strategies that target ovarian cancer by having a better understanding of the standard-of-care chemotherapy treatment. Here, we showed in ovarian cancer that paclitaxel induced ICD-associated damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP, such as CALR exposure, ATP secretion, and HMGB1 release) in vitro and elicited significant antitumor responses in tumor vaccination assays in vivo Paclitaxel-induced TLR4 signaling was essential to the release of DAMPs, which led to the activation of NF-κB-mediated CCL2 transcription and IkappaB kinase 2-mediated SNARE-dependent vesicle exocytosis, thus exposing CALR on the cell surface. Paclitaxel induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which triggered protein kinase R-like ER kinase activation and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α phosphorylation independent of TLR4. Paclitaxel chemotherapy induced T-cell infiltration in ovarian tumors of the responsive patients; CALR expression in primary ovarian tumors also correlated with patients' survival and patient response to chemotherapy. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of paclitaxel relied upon the activation of antitumor immunity through ICD via TLR4 and highlighted the importance of CALR expression in cancer cells as an indicator of response to paclitaxel chemotherapy in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
14
|
Influenza increases invasive meningococcal disease risk in temperate countries. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:1257.e1-1257.e7. [PMID: 31935565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a severe bacterial infection that displays wintertime seasonality in temperate countries. Mechanisms driving seasonality are poorly understood and may include environmental conditions and/or respiratory virus infections. We evaluated the contribution of influenza and environmental conditions to IMD risk, using standardized methodology, across multiple geographical regions. METHODS We evaluated 3276 IMD cases occurring between January 1999 and December 2011 in 11 jurisdictions in Australia, Canada, France and the United States. Effects of environmental exposures and normalized weekly influenza activity on IMD risk were evaluated using a case-crossover design. Meta-analytic methods were used to evaluate homogeneity of effects and to identify sources of between-region heterogeneity. RESULTS After adjustment for environmental factors, elevated influenza activity at a 2-week lag was associated with increased IMD risk (adjusted odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation increase 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.59). This increase was homogeneous across the jurisdictions studied. By contrast, although associations between environmental exposures and IMD were identified in individual jurisdictions, none was generalizable. CONCLUSIONS Using a self-matched design that adjusts for both coseasonality and case characteristics, we found that surges in influenza activity result in an acute increase in population-level IMD risk. This effect is seen across diverse geographic regions in North America, France and Australia. The impact of influenza infection on downstream meningococcal risk should be considered a potential benefit of influenza immunization programmes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract 1232: Paclitaxel induces immunogenic cell death in ovarian cancer via TLR4-independent and dependent pathways. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death refers to a phenomenon in which some of the cytotoxic chemotherapeutics kills the tumor cells and induces these dying cells to be immunogenic. The aim of this study is to investigate if the standard-of-care chemotherapy (carboplatin and paclitaxel) induces immunogenic cell death in ovarian cancer. We found that paclitaxel, but not carboplatin, induces multiple molecular determinants of immunogenic cell death (namely calreticulin exposure, ATP secretion, HMGB1 release, ANXA1 expression, and upregulation of CXCL10) in ID8 mouse ovarian cancer cells. By tumor vaccination assay in immunocompetent syngeneic mice, our results showed paclitaxel induces immunogenic cell death in the mice with ID8 ovarian tumor. Since toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a receptor for paclitaxel, we generated isogenic derivatives of ID8 cells with Tlr4 knockout (KO) to investigate if paclitaxel induces immunogenic cell death is dependent on TLR4. Our results showed that the paclitaxel-induced molecular determinants of immunogenic cell death were diminished in the TLR4 KO clones when compared to wild-type controls. Moreover, the tumor vaccination assay showed that paclitaxel was not able to induce immunogenic cell death in mice with ovarian tumor with TLR4 KO. These results indicated that the paclitaxel requires TLR4 to induce immunogenic cell death. To explore the mechanisms of how paclitaxel induces immunogenic cell death through TLR4, we investigated the activation of PERK and phosphorylation of eIF2a in ER stress since they are the first two enumerate elements of the pathways that mediated calreticulin exposure in response to immunogenic anticancer chemotherapeutics. Our results, however, showed that paclitaxel induces activation of PERK and phosphorylation of eIF2a in ovarian cancer cells is independent on TLR4. We then investigate if paclitaxel induces SNARE-dependent exocytosis in mouse ovarian cancer cells because SNARE-dependent exocytosis is the final step of the pathways that mediated calreticulin exposure in immunogenic cell death. Our results showed that paclitaxel induces SNARE-dependent exocytosis of ATP-containing vesicles in mouse ovarian cancer cells via TLR4-mediated IKK2 activation. In summary, our results showed that paclitaxel induces immunogenic cell death in ovarian cancer through TLR4-independent and dependent pathways, in which paclitaxel-induced exocytosis is essential for the release of multiple molecular determinants of immunogenic cell death. Our results provide new evidence that the antitumor effect of paclitaxel occurs in part via activation of an immune response against cancer by inducing immunogenic cell death and provide a rationale for a new combination of paclitaxel and immunotherapies as an anticancer treatment.
Citation Format: Tat-San Lau, Loucia Kit-Ying Chan, Gene Chi-Wai Man, Joseph Kwong. Paclitaxel induces immunogenic cell death in ovarian cancer via TLR4-independent and dependent pathways [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1232.
Collapse
|
16
|
122 Diagnosis and Management of Testosterone Deficiency – Comparison of Current Guidelines. J Sex Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Correction to: Nanog interaction with the androgen receptor signaling axis induce ovarian cancer stem cell regulation: studies based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:11. [PMID: 30700320 PMCID: PMC6352327 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
18
|
Influenza vaccine effectiveness among cancer patients: A population-based study using health administrative and laboratory testing data from Ontario, Canada. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy297.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
19
|
Nanog interaction with the androgen receptor signaling axis induce ovarian cancer stem cell regulation: studies based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system. J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:36. [PMID: 29716628 PMCID: PMC5930492 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) contribute to the poor prognosis of ovarian cancer. Involvement of the androgen receptor (AR) in the malignant behaviors of other tumors has been reported. However, whether AR associates with Nanog (a stem cell marker) and participates in OCSC functions remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the interaction of Nanog with AR and examined whether this interaction induced stem-like properties in ovarian cancer cells. Methods AR and Nanog expression in ovarian tumors was evaluated. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we constructed a Nanog green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker cell model to investigate the expression and co-localization of Nanog and AR. Then, we examined the effect of androgen on the Nanog promoter in ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 and SKOV3). After androgen or anti-androgen treatment, cell proliferation, migration, sphere formation, colony formation and tumorigenesis were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Results Both AR and Nanog expression were obviously high in ovarian tumors. Our results showed that Nanog expression was correlated with AR expression. The androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activated Nanog promoter transcription. Meanwhile, Nanog GFP-positive cells treated with DHT exhibited higher levels of proliferation, migration, sphere formation and colony formation. We also observed that the tumorigenesis of Nanog GFP-positive cells was significantly higher than that of the GFP-negative cells. Xenografts of Nanog GFP-positive cells showed significant differences when treated with androgen or anti-androgen drugs in vivo. Conclusions The interaction of Nanog with the AR signaling axis might induce or contribute to OCSC regulation. In addition, androgen might promote stemness characteristics in ovarian cancer cells by activating the Nanog promoter. This finding merits further study because it may provide a new understanding of OCSC regulation from a hormone perspective and lead to the reevaluation of stem cell therapy for ovarian cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13048-018-0403-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
20
|
Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells in treating knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review of animal studies. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:445-461. [PMID: 29427723 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) injection has emerged as a novel treatment for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) but with inconsistent results in the experimental studies. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the preclinical animal studies of MSCs injection for KOA and to determine the evidence for a role for MSCs in further clinical trials. METHODS A systematic search of KOA animal studies published through Aug 2017 was conducted using the PubMed, Embase and Web of science. Criteria for eligibility were animal studies assessing the therapeutic effects of MSCs intra-articular injection to animals with KOA. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed by the SYRCLE tool for assessing risk of bias in animal intervention studies. Descriptive synthesis was performed. Evidence quality was evaluated based on the Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (CERQual) tool. RESULTS Twenty-three KOA animal studies were eligible for inclusion. According to the SYRCLE's tool, all included studies had high risk of bias. Between-study heterogeneity was substantial. The included studies varied in terms of species, modeling methods, MSCs origin, treatment timing, injections frequency, transplantation type and dose of MSCs. The following outcomes, gross morphology, histological analysis, immunohistochemical analysis, radiological evaluation or behavior analysis, were reported in the primary studies. For all outcomes, the evidence quality was low or very low. CONCLUSIONS We do not have absolute confidence to recommend use MSCs injection for KOA clinical trials. Based on the internal and external validity of current animal studies, high quality experimental studies and efforts for effective translation from preclinical studies to clinical trials are still required.
Collapse
|
21
|
MDSCs drive the process of endometriosis by enhancing angiogenesis and are a new potential therapeutic target. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1059-1073. [PMID: 29460338 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis affects women of reproductive age via unclear immunological mechanism(s). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells with potent immunosuppressive and angiogenic properties. Here, we found MDSCs significantly increased in the peripheral blood of patients with endometriosis and in the peritoneal cavity of a mouse model of surgically induced endometriosis. Majority of MDSCs were granulocytic, produced ROS, and arginase, and suppressed T-cell proliferation. Depletion of MDSCs by antiGr-1 antibody dramatically suppressed development of endometrial lesions in mice. The chemokines CXCL1, 2, and 5 were expressed at sites of lesion while MDSCs expressed CXCR-2. These CXC-chemokines promoted MDSC migration toward endometriotic implants both in vitro and in vivo. Also, CXCR2-deficient mice show significantly decreased MDSC induction, endometrial lesions, and angiogenesis. Importantly, adoptive transfer of MDSCs into CXCR2-KO mice restored endometriotic growth and angiogenesis. Together, this study demonstrates that MDSCs play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and identifies a novel CXC-chemokine and receptor for the recruitment of MDSCs, thereby providing a potential target for endometriosis treatment.
Collapse
|
22
|
A218 VALIDATION OF A CIRRHOSIS CASE DEFINITION IN CANADIAN ADMINISTRATIVE DATA. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy008.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
23
|
Guideline on terminology and definitions of updating clinical guidelines: The Updating Glossary. J Clin Epidemiol 2018; 95:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of blood microvessel density in endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis and subgroup analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 297:731-740. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
25
|
Long non-coding RNA HAND2-AS1 inhibits invasion and metastasis in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma through inactivating neuromedin U. Cancer Lett 2018; 413:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
A prodrug of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Pro-EGCG) serves as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor in endometrial cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 412:10-20. [PMID: 29024813 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis effect of a prodrug of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Pro-EGCG) in malignant tumors is not well studied. Here, we investigated how the treatment with Pro-EGCG inhibited tumor angiogenesis in endometrial cancer. Tumor xenografts of human endometrial cancer were established and subjected to microarray analysis after Pro-EGCG treatment. First, we showed Pro-EGCG inhibited tumor angiogenesis in xenograft models through down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) in tumor cells and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) in host stroma by immunohistochemical staining. Next, we investigated how HIF1α/VEGFA was down-regulated and how the reduction of CXCL12 inhibited tumor angiogenesis. We found that VEGFA secretion from endometrial cancer cells was decreased by Pro-EGCG treatment through inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF1α pathway. Furthermore, the down-regulation of CXCL12 in stromal cells by Pro-EGCG treatment restricted migration and differentiation of macrophages thereby inhibited infiltration of VEGFA-expressing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Taken together, we demonstrated that treatment with Pro-EGCG not only decreases cancer cell-secreted VEGFA but also inhibits TAM-secreted VEGFA in endometrial cancer. These findings demonstrate that Pro-EGCG is a novel angiogenesis inhibitor for endometrial cancer.
Collapse
|
27
|
Inhibition of coiled coil domain containing protein 69 enhances platinum-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101634-101648. [PMID: 29254192 PMCID: PMC5731902 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug that is used for the treatment of human gynecological cancers. However, molecular mechanisms of chemo-resistance in ovarian cancer are poorly understood. The aim of the study is to examine the role of coiled coil domain containing protein 69 (CCDC69) in the underlying mechanism of chemoresistance. Heavy CpG methylation (73.1% and 74.3%) was found in A2780 and A2780cis cells assessing by bisulfite sequencing. Restoration in the expression of CCDC69 was found in A2780 and A2780cis cells after 5-Aza-dC treatment. In fact, the expression levels of CCDC69 were about 3-4 fold higher in cisplatin-resistant A2780cis cells than its parental cisplatin-sensitive A2780 cells. When knockout CCDC69 in cisplatin-resistant A2780cis and SKOV3 cells by CRISPR/Cas9, the CCDC69 knockout cisplatin-resistant A2780cis and CCDC69 knockout SKOV3 cells were also shown increased sensitive to cisplatin treatment. Moreover, treating CCDC69 knockout A2780cis cells with cisplatin, abrogated G1 and G2/M arrest, increased of cleaved caspase 3&8, greater ΔΨm loss and higher levels of Bax were observed. When restoring CCDC69 expression in CCDC69 knockout A2780cis cells by transient transfection, it attenuated sensitivity to cisplatin. By immunoblotting, we found that depletion of CCDC69 increased p53 acetylation at K382 site and Bax mitochondrial redistribution. Additionally, inhibition of c-Myc enhanced cisplatin sensitivities in CCDC69 knockout A2780cis cells, overexpression of c-Myc reduced apoptosis in CCDC69 knockout SKOV3 cells. Our results showed that CCDC69 inhibition might interfere with the effectiveness of combination therapy with platinum drugs.
Collapse
|
28
|
ELF3 is a negative regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16951-16963. [PMID: 28199976 PMCID: PMC5370013 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are master switches for various biochemical pathways. However, transcription factors involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer have yet to be explored thoroughly. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the prognostic value of the transcription factor E74-like factor 3 (ELF3) identified via transcriptome profiling of the epithelial components of microdissected ovarian tumor samples isolated from long- and short-term survivors and determined its roles in ovarian cancer pathogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis of ELF3 in tumor tissue sections suggested that ELF3 was exclusively expressed by epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, using 112 high-grade ovarian cancer samples isolated from patients and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we found that downregulation of ELF3 expression was markedly associated with reduced survival. Functional studies demonstrated that overexpression of ELF3 in ovarian cancer cells suppressed proliferation and anchorage-dependent growth of the cells and that ELF3 silencing increased cell proliferation. Furthermore, upregulation of ELF3 increased expression of epithelial markers, decreased expression of mesenchymal markers, and mediated translocation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling molecules in ovarian cancer cells. Finally, we validated the tumor-inhibitory roles of ELF3 using animal models. In conclusion, ELF3 is a favorable prognostic marker for ovarian cancer. As a negative regulator of EMT, ELF3-modulated reversal of EMT may be a new effective modality in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract 162: A prodrug of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate served as a potentially novel angiogenesis inhibitor in endometrioid endometrial cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aim: Anti-angiogenesis is a promising treatment in endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) while the present anti-angiogenic drugs still have limitations such as drug tolerance, toxicity profile and substantial costs. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol of green tea, is associated with anti-cancer benefits, but it is unstable and has poor bioavailability. These limitations can be solved through peracetate ester of EGCG as a prodrug (ProEGCG), while little is known about its anti-angiogenesis effect in cancer. The objective is to study the effect and underling mechanism of ProEGCG on EEC angiogenesis.
Methods and Results: Tumor xenografts were established by subcutaneous injection of a human EEC cell line (RL95-2) into nude mice, and ProEGCG or control was orally administered every day. 35 days later, mice treated with ProEGCG showed significant reduction in lesion size and MVD without major toxic effects compared to control. To find out how ProEGCG inhibits tumor progress and angiogenesis, microarray analysis of excised lesions was conducted and indicated that HIF-1α, VEGFA and CXCR4 were downregulated by ProEGCG. Compared to control, immunohistochemistry showed that ProEGCG reduced expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA in RL95-2 cells and decreased CXCR4 expression in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and endothelial cells (ECs). To further study the role of ProEGCG on EEC cells, qRT-PCR and Western blotting proved that hypoxia (1% O2) upregulated the level of HIF-1α and VEGFA in EEC cell lines, which was reversed by ProEGCG through inhibiting hypoxia-induced ROS formation. It is known that TAMs play an important role in tumor angiogenesis, and double immunofluorescence of F4/80 and CD206 antibodies in xenografts was applied and found that TAMs infiltration was reduced in ProEGCG group with decreased VEGFA in TAMs. Moreover, proliferation and migration of ECs are critical for tumor angiogenesis. To study the effect of ProEGCG on ECs, tube formation and invasion assays were conducted. The addition of ProEGCG on ECs showed less capillary tube-like structure formation and less invaded ECs by inhibition of CXCR4 expression on ECs. However, it was still unclear if CXCL12, the ligand of CXCR4, was affected. Immunostaining for CXCL12 in tumor lesions indicated that ProEGCG decreased CXCL12 expression in cancer and stromal cells, which was further confirmed in primary human endometrial stromal cells by addition of ProEGCG.
Conclusion: Our study was the first to reveal the mechanism of anti-angiogenesis of ProEGCG, which decreased HIF1α/VEGFA expression in tumor cells, inhibited recruitment and differentiation of TAMs and tube formation of endothelial cells via CXCL12/CXCR4 reduction. These findings provided that ProEGCG would be an effective, safe and economic anti-angiogenic drug for EEC.
Citation Format: Jianzhang Wang, Chi Wai Man, Xueying Yang, Joseph Kwong, Q. Ping Dou, Tak Hang Chan, Chi Chiu Wang. A prodrug of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate served as a potentially novel angiogenesis inhibitor in endometrioid endometrial cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 162. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-162
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract 3448: LncRNA HAND2-AS1 inactivates neuromedin U (NMU) and inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) is one of the common cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Despite progress in diagnostics and treatment of EEC, its prognosis remains poor. Mounting evidence suggest that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in mutiple human cancers. Aberrant lncRNA expression may predict tumor outcome of patients and have served as diagnostic or prognostic markers. In this study, we investigated the expression levels and functions of lncRNAs in EEC.
Methods
Differentially expressed lncRNAs involved in EEC were identified by using publically available RNA-Seq data. The expression of 18 dysregulated lncRNA candidates was verified in 5 NE tissues, 5 EEC tissues and 5 EEC cell lines (HEC1-A, HEC1-B, AN3CA, KLE and RL95-2) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Further, we selected the most misexpressed lncRNA and confirmed the expression level of the lncRNA in 59 EEC tissues and 24 NE tissues by real-time PCR and correlated the lncRNA expression levels with the clinical pathological characteristics. The promoter methylation assay was used to analyze the methylation level of the lncRNA in EEC. The lncRNA methylation status was confirmed by bisulfite genomic sequencing. Cell proliferation assays, wound healing assays, and invasion and migration assays were performed to determine the biological functions of the lncRNA in EEC cells. To discover the direct targets of the lncRNA in EEC, we performed RNA-sequence analysis in EEC cells overexpressed with the lncRNA and target genes were further studied by functional studies in vitro (knockdown assay and overexpression rescue assay).
Results
We discovered that HAND2-AS1, a lncRNA transcribed antisense adjacent to Heart and Neural Crest Derivatives Expressed 2 (HAND2), was significantly downregulated lncRNA in EEC. HAND2-AS1 and HAND2 was frequently downregulated in EEC tissues, especially in poor differentiated tumor tissues. Downregulation of HAND2-AS1 and HAND2 was correlated with tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and recurrence of EEC patients. HAND2-AS1 and HAND2 was co-downregulated by promoter hypermethylation in EEC. HAND2-AS1 suppressed EEC cell migration and invasion but not cell growth. Similarly, HAND2 also inhibited EEC cell migration and invasion indicating that HAND2-AS1 and HAND2 have a concordant role in the progression of EEC. Moreover, the anti-tumorigenic effect of HAND2-AS1 was mediated by downregulating NMU, which had an oncogenic role in EEC.
Conclusions
Our findings provide the first evidence that HAND2-AS1 is a critical tumor suppressor in EEC and may constitute a prognostic biomarker in EEC.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Xueying Yang, Yu Zhao, Kun Sun, Yuying Li, Jiajian Zhou, Jianzhang Wang, Hao Sun, Chi Chiu Wang, Joseph Kwong, Huating Wang, Tony Kwok Hung Chung. LncRNA HAND2-AS1 inactivates neuromedin U (NMU) and inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3448. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3448
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract 648: Interferon-gamma induces PD-L1 expression via IFNGR-JAK-STAT pathway in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate underlying mechanism of how cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) regulates PD-L1 expression in ovarian cancer cells. We treated a panel of human and mouse ovarian cancer cell lines with recombinant human/mouse IFN-γ. Our data showed that IFN-γ up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of PD-L1 significantly in a majority of ovarian cancer cells. The functional IFN-γ receptor is comprised of two ligand-binding IFNGR1 chains associated with two signal-transducing IFNGR2 chains and associated signaling machinery. Here we found that the mRNA expression levels of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 were abundant in all human ovarian cancer cell lines being tested, while their expressions were not affected by IFN-γ treatment. After knocking down the expression levels of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 in a ovarian cancer cell line by target gene-specific siRNA, our data showed that the IFN-γ-mediated induction of PD-L1 were diminished in the ovarian cancer cells when compared to those with non-targeting scrambled siRNA controls, indicating the induction of PD-L1 by IFN-γ is dependent on the presence of IFN-γ receptors in the ovarian cancer cells. Although abundant expression of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 were found in all human ovarian cancer cell lines being tested, the IFN-γ-mediated induction of PD-L1 was not detected in a few of the human ovarian cancer cell lines (namely IGROV-1, TOV21G and SKOV3). We further investigated the integrity of IFN-γ signaling in the human ovarian cancer cell lines by examining activation of STAT1 protein and induction of IRF-1 gene in human ovarian cancer cell lines after IFN-γ treatment. Our data showed that phosphorylated-STAT1 protein and IRF-1 gene expression were up-regulated significantly in a majority of human ovarian cancer cells after IFN-γ treatment, except IGROV-1 and TOV21G cells. These results suggested that IGROV-1 and TOV21G cells might harbor defects in intracellular JAK-STAT1 signaling. We then examined the presence of JAK1 truncating mutations in human ovarian cancer cell lines by Sanger sequencing, and confirmed that IGROV-1 and TOV21G cells, but not the others, have JAK1 truncating mutations. Since our data showed that SKOV3 cells have wild type JAK1, we further investigated other possible defects in IFN-γ signaling in SKOV3 cells. We investigated the IFN-γ-induced STAT3 protein activation in human ovarian cancer cell lines, and defects were found in Y705 STAT3 phosphorylation in SKOV3 as well as in IGROV-1 and TOV21G cells. To summarize, our results showed that IFN-γ induces PD-L1 expression in ovarian cancer cells via IFNGR-JAK-STAT pathway. The failure of IFN-γ-mediated induction of PD-L1 in a minority group of human ovarian cancer cell lines is due to defective IFN-γ signaling, including JAK1 truncating mutations and impaired STAT3 activation. This work is supported by Hong Kong Research Grants Council General Research Fund (467713 and 14109515).
Citation Format: Tat-San Lau, Loucia Kit-Ying Chan, Tak-Hong Cheung, So-Fan Yim, Jacqueline Ho-Sze Lee, Joseph Kwong. Interferon-gamma induces PD-L1 expression via IFNGR-JAK-STAT pathway in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 648. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-648
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract 3172: Inhibition of coiled coil domain containing protein 69 (CCDC69) enhance platinum-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Objective:Molecular mechanisms of chemo-resistance in ovarian cancer are poorly understood. To identify gene involved in ovarian cancer chemo-resistance, 135 ovarian cancer patients with intact chemo-response information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were included. Our analysis revealed that the level of CCDC69 mRNA is differentially expressed between chemo-sensitive group and chemo-resistant group. Moreover, there was a significant negatively correlation between CCDC69 promoter methylation and mRNA expression. The aim of the study is to examine the role of CCDC69 in the underlying mechanism of chemo-resistance.
Methods: The expression levels of CCDC69 were detected in chemo-sensitive ovarian cancer A2780, chemo-resistant A2780cis and SKOV3 cell lines using quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblots. Promoter methylation status of CCDC69 were investigated by bisulfite sequencing. Silencing CCDC69 in A2780cis and SKOV3 cells were performed by Small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and CRISPR-Cas9. Cell viabilities after cisplatin treatment were evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays. Apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V/PI staining and caspases 3/8 activity. Cell cycle distributions and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured by flow cytometry. Relevant pathway proteins were determined by immunoblotting assays.
Results: Heavy CpG methylation (73.1% and 74.3%) was found in A2780 and A2780cis cells. Restoration in the expression of CCDC69 were found in A2780 and A2780cis cells after 5-Aza-dC treatment. In fact, the expression levels of CCDC69 were about 3-4 fold higher in chemo-resistant A2780cis cells than its parental chemo-sensitive A2780 cells. Inhibition of CCDC69 in chemo-resistant A2780cis cells by si-RNA significantly increased sensitive to cisplatin treatment (p<0.05). When knockout CCDC69 in chemo-resistant A2780cis and SKOV3 cells by CRISPR-Cas9, the CCDC69KO chemo-resistant A2780cis and CCDC69KO SKOV3 cells were also shown increased sensitive to cisplatin treatment (p<0.001). Moreover, treating CCDC69KO A2780cis cells with cisplatin, abolished G1 and G2/M arrest, more cleaved caspase 3&8 activities, greater ΔΨm loss and higher levels of Bax were observed. When restoring CCDC69 expression in CCDC69KO A2780cis cells by transient transfection, it attenuated sensitivity to cisplatin. By immunoblotting, disruption of p14ARF-Mdm2-p53 cell cycle and/or apoptosis pathway, enhancement of MDM2 expression, and increase of p53 nuclear export were found in CCDC69KO A2780cis cells. Additionally, inhibition of c-Myc enhance cisplatin sensitivities in CCDC69KO A2780cis cells, overexpression of c-Myc reduce apoptosis in CCDC69KO SKOV3 cells.
Summary: Our results show that silenced CCDC69 expression induced platinum-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by abrogating c-Myc mediated apoptosis and cell cycle control networks.
Citation Format: Long Cui, Liang Bo, Yihua Yang, Minhui Zhu, Joseph Kwong, Hongliang Zheng, Chi Chiu Wang. Inhibition of coiled coil domain containing protein 69 (CCDC69) enhance platinum-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3172. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3172
Collapse
|
33
|
A loop of cancer-stroma-cancer interaction promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer via TNFα-TGFα-EGFR. Oncogene 2017; 36:3576-3587. [PMID: 28166193 PMCID: PMC5485181 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneum is the most common site for ovarian cancer metastasis. Here we investigate how cancer epigenetics regulates reciprocal tumor-stromal interactions in peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer. Firstly, we find that omental stromal fibroblasts enhance colony formation of metastatic ovarian cancer cells, and de novo expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) is induced in stromal fibroblasts co-cultured with ovarian cancer cells. We also observed an over-expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in ovarian cancer cells, which is regulated by promoter DNA hypomethylation as well as chromatin remodeling. Interestingly, this ovarian cancer-derived TNF-α induces TGF-α transcription in stromal fibroblasts through nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). We further show that TGF-α secreted by stromal fibroblasts in turn promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Finally, we identify a TNFα-TGFα-EGFR interacting loop between tumor and stromal compartments of human omental metastases. Our results therefore demonstrate cancer epigenetics induces a loop of cancer-stroma-cancer interaction in omental microenvironment that promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer cells via TNFα-TGFα-EGFR.
Collapse
|
34
|
Managing a nosocomial outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: an early Australian hospital experience. Intern Med J 2016; 45:1037-43. [PMID: 26178306 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbapenems are traditionally reserved as the last line of defence for treatment of serious infections with multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli. Reports of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing organisms have been emerging globally, but rare in Australasia to date. We describe an outbreak of KPC-2 producing K. pneumoniae at an Australian hospital. METHODS After initial detection in October 2012, a retrospective review of patients with meropenem-resistant K. pneumoniae to June 2012, and ongoing prospective surveillance, was undertaken. Included patients were admitted to the hospital after June 2012 and had meropenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolated from any site. Available isolates underwent detection of the KPC-2 gene by polymerase chain reaction and molecular typing was performed to determine genetic relatedness between isolates. Point-prevalence screening was performed on selected wards to detect asymptomatic carriage. Infection control procedures were implemented to contain the outbreak. RESULTS Ten cases were identified in the initial cluster. Eight were localised to a single inpatient ward. Point-prevalence screening revealed one extra case. After temporary containment, re-emergence of KPC-producing isolates was observed post October 2013 with 18 further cases identified. Four K. pneumoniae isolates in the 2012 cluster and 16 from the 2013-2014 cluster were referred for further testing. All carried the KPC-2 beta-lactamase gene. The 2012 isolates were genetically similar to the 2014 isolates. CONCLUSION KPC-2 mediated resistance is an emerging threat in Australia. The re-emergence of KPC despite initial containment emphasises the need for constant vigilance in the microbiology laboratory and ongoing maintenance of infection control and antimicrobial stewardship activity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract 1566: A cancer-stroma-cancer interacting loop promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer through TNFα-TGFα-EGFR. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Peritoneum is the commonest site for ovarian cancer metastasis. In peritoneum, stromal fibroblasts are the second most common cell types. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of tumor-stromal interaction in peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer. Using three-dimensional (3D) organoid co-culture model, we found that the interaction between metastatic human ovarian cancer cells and normal human stromal fibroblasts promotes cancer colony formation. Using cytokine antibody array, we identified a group of cytokines are de novo produced in the 3D co-culture. Among them, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) was produced anew from normal stromal fibroblasts in the 3D co-culture. In the co-culture, transcription of TGF-α in normal stromal fibroblasts is activated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) that derived by ovarian cancer cells. By epigenetic studies, we discovered that over-expression of TNF-α in human ovarian cancer cells is due to DNA hypomethylation and chromatin remodeling in TNF-α promoter. TGF-α is a ligand of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and we confirmed EGFR is over-expressed in a significant portion of human ovarian cancer. When applying EGFR-specific inhibitors (AG1478, Gefitini, and Erlotinib) in our 3D organoid models (3D mono-cultures and 3D co-cultures), we further found that the fibroblast-derived TGF-α promotes colony formation of metastatic ovarian cancer cells in vitro through EGFR activation. In fact, TGF-α activates Hippo/YAP signaling pathway in human ovarian cancer cells via EGFR. In addition, our in vivo experiments showed that normal stromal fibroblasts promote peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer through EGFR activation in a xenograft model. Finally, the TNFα-TGFα-EGFR interacting loop was detected in cancer-stroma-cancer compartments of omental metastases of ovarian cancer patients by immunohistochemistry. Based on our experimental results, we proposed a cancer-stroma-cancer interacting loop that promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer through TNFα-TGFα-EGFR. The proposed mechanism involves: 1) TNF-α is over-expressed in human ovarian cancer cells by promoter DNA hypomethylation and chromatin remodeling; 2) the ovarian cancer cell-derived TNF-α induces de novo TGF-α production in normal human omental stromal fibroblasts; and 3) the fibroblast-derived TGF-α, in turn, promotes colony formation of metastatic ovarian cancer cells through EGFR-mediated Hippo/YAP signaling pathway. Our results thereby suggest that peritoneal metastasis in the ovarian cancer patients after cytoreductive surgery can be prevented by EGFR-targeted therapy.
Citation Format: Tat-San Lau, Loucia Kit-Ying Chan, Chi-Hang Wong, Chi-Wai Man, Tak-Hong Cheung, So-Fan Yim, Jacqueline Ho-Sze Lee, Tony Kwok-Hung Chung, Joseph Kwong. A cancer-stroma-cancer interacting loop promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer through TNFα-TGFα-EGFR. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1566.
Collapse
|
36
|
First Measurement of Electron Neutrino Appearance in NOvA. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:151806. [PMID: 27127961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.151806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report results from the first search for ν_{μ}→ν_{e} transitions by the NOvA experiment. In an exposure equivalent to 2.74×10^{20} protons on target in the upgraded NuMI beam at Fermilab, we observe 6 events in the Far Detector, compared to a background expectation of 0.99±0.11(syst) events based on the Near Detector measurement. A secondary analysis observes 11 events with a background of 1.07±0.14(syst). The 3.3σ excess of events observed in the primary analysis disfavors 0.1π<δ_{CP}<0.5π in the inverted mass hierarchy at the 90% C.L.
Collapse
|
37
|
Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells in patients with ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ovarian Res 2015; 8:38. [PMID: 26077676 PMCID: PMC4479068 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-015-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown diagnostic and prognostic values of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in various cancers, including ovarian cancer. We aimed to evaluate the association of CTCs and/or DTCs with the clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer. Clinical studies of CTCs/DTCs of ovarian cancer were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. A total of 236 studies were screened but only 16 qualified studies with 1623 subjects were included. Odds ratio (OR) showed CTCs/DTCs were not significantly associated with serous carcinoma (OR = 0.71 [0.49, 1.05]), lymph node metastasis (OR 1.14 [0.67, 1.93]), and residual disease (OR 1.45 [0.90, 2.34]); but significantly associated with advanced tumor staging (OR = 1.90 [1.02, 3.56]). The overall pooled hazard ratio (HR) of CTCs/DTCs on OS and PFS/DFS was 1.94 [1.56- 2.40] and 1.99 [1.59-2.50], respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that CTCs were significantly associated OS (HR 1.97 [1.50-2.58]) and PFS/DFS (HR 2.52 [1.83-3.48]), while DTCs was significantly associated OS (HR 1.89 [1.33, 2.68]) and PFS/DFS (HR 1.60 [1.17, 2.19]). Meta-analysis showed strong relationship of CTCs/DTCs with advanced staging, treatment response and poor prognosis in patients with ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
38
|
Genomic aberrations in cervical adenocarcinomas in Hong Kong Chinese women. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:776-83. [PMID: 25626421 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the rates of cervical squamous cell carcinoma have been declining, the rates of cervical adenocarcinoma are increasing in some countries. Outcomes for advanced cervical adenocarcinoma remain poor. Precision mapping of genetic alterations in cervical adenocarcinoma may enable better selection of therapies and deliver improved outcomes when combined with new sequencing diagnostics. We present whole-exome sequencing results from 15 cervical adenocarcinomas and paired normal samples from Hong Kong Chinese women. These data revealed a heterogeneous mutation spectrum and identified several frequently altered genes including FAT1, ARID1A, ERBB2 and PIK3CA. Exome sequencing identified human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences in 13 tumors in which the HPV genome might have integrated into and hence disrupted the functions of certain exons, raising the possibility that HPV integration can alter pathways other than p53 and pRb. Together, these provisionary data suggest the potential for individualized therapies for cervical adenocarcinoma based on genomic information.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cancer cell-derived lymphotoxin mediates reciprocal tumour-stromal interactions in human ovarian cancer by inducing CXCL11 in fibroblasts. J Pathol 2014; 232:43-56. [PMID: 24014111 DOI: 10.1002/path.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of cytokine lymphotoxin in tumour-stromal interactions in human ovarian cancer. We found that lymphotoxin overexpression is commonly shared by the cancer cells of various ovarian cancer subtypes, and lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTBR) is expressed ubiquitously in both the cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In monoculture, we showed that ovarian cancer cells are not the major lymphotoxin-responsive cells. On the other hand, our co-culture studies demonstrated that the cancer cell-derived lymphotoxin induces chemokine expression in stromal fibroblasts through LTBR-NF-κB signalling. Amongst the chemokines being produced, we found that fibroblast-secreted CXCL11 promotes proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells via the chemokine receptor CXCR3. CXCL11 is highly expressed in CAFs in ovarian cancer biopsies, while CXCR3 is found in malignant cells in primary ovarian tumours. Additionally, the overexpression of CXCR3 is significantly associated with the tumour grade and lymph node metastasis of ovarian cancer, further supporting the role of CXCR3, which interacts with CXCL11, in promoting growth and metastasis of human ovarian cancer. Taken together, these results demonstrated that cancer-cell-derived lymphotoxin mediates reciprocal tumour-stromal interactions in human ovarian cancer by inducing CXCL11 in fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that lymphotoxin-LTBR and CXCL11-CXCR3 signalling represent therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
40
|
Left pulmonary artery sling: difference in monochorionic monoamniotic twin presentation. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2013; 6:273-7. [PMID: 24246602 DOI: 10.3233/npm-1367212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery sling (PAS) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly where the left pulmonary artery (LPA) originates from the right pulmonary artery and passes between the trachea and esophagus. Limited literature has been published about PAS in twins. This report demonstrates two different outcomes in mono-mono twins presenting with PAS. Patients with PAS can experience sequelae including wheezing, stridor, atelectasis, or emphysema. Vascular rings occur when the anomalous LPA encircles the airway and esophagus, causing direct compression and respiratory distress. In the case of LPA sling, the sling does not encircle the airway and esophagus but acts as a cradle so the airway which is adjacent to the vessel is not directly compressed. Unfortunately, patients with LPA sling may become severely ill due to airway narrowing even when there is no compression of the adjacent airway. This is the more common presentation in PAS and was seen in Twin A whereas direct airway compression was seen in Twin B. PAS usually presents in patients during their first year of life and high clinical suspicion is important for diagnosis. As this case report demonstrates, presentations and outcomes can be variable in mono-mono twins with LPS and as a result, appropriate investigations should be offered with monitoring of respiratory compromise.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract A66: Colonization of human ovarian cancer cells is promoted by cancer-fibroblast interaction via TGFα-EGFR signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ovca13-a66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor colonization involves reciprocal interactions between the metastatic cancer cells and various stromal cells in foreign microenvironment. Fibroblasts are the second most numerous cell types in omentum, which is the commonest site of ovarian cancer metastasis. However, the crosstalk between metastatic ovarian cancer cells and fibroblasts that involved in tumor colonization remains largely unknown. In this study, we used a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model to study the role of normal fibroblasts on tumor colonization of ovarian cancer cells. Human ovarian cancer cell lines, which were established from peritoneal ascites, were seeded on normal fibroblasts embedded in extracellular matrix (Matrigel). Our results showed that ovarian cancer spheroids formed in Matrigel with fibroblasts were significantly larger and also more invasive than those formed in Matrigel without fibroblasts, suggesting the cancer-fibroblast interaction promotes the colonization of ovarian cancer cells. To search the signal, we compared the cytokine profile of the 3D co-culture with 3D monoculture of ovarian cancer cells/fibroblasts. De novo production of TGF-α was found in the fibroblasts of the co-culture. To determine whether TGF-α promotes the colonization of ovarian cancer cells, we treated the monoculture of ovarian cancer cells in Matrigel with recombinant human TGF-α (rhTGF-α). rhTGF-α significantly promoted the growth and invasion of ovarian cancer spheroids. Additionally, our qRT-PCR results demonstrated that EGFR, a receptor for TGF-α, was over-expressed in primary human ovarian cancer tissues when compared to non-malignant human ovarian tissues. To test whether fibroblast-derived TGF-α promotes tumor colonization of ovarian cancer cells through EGFR, we treated our in-vitro colonization assays with an EGFR inhibitor, AG1478. AG1478 significantly reduced the growth and invasion of rTGFα-induced ovarian cancer spheroids and the cancer spheroids formed in the co-culture, indicating the colonization of human ovarian cancer cells is promoted by cancer-fibroblast interaction via TGFα-EGFR signaling. We also found that Erlotinib and Gefitinb, two clinically approved EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, significantly reduced the growth and invasion of ovarian cancer spheroids in our in-vitro colonization assays. This result implicates the peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer can be potentially treated by EGFR-targeted therapy. (This project is supported by CUHK Research Committee Funding).
Citation Format: Tat-San Lau, Tony Kwok-Hung Chung, Tak-Hong Cheung, So-Fan Yim, Chi-Hang Wong, Joseph Kwong. Colonization of human ovarian cancer cells is promoted by cancer-fibroblast interaction via TGFα-EGFR signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A66.
Collapse
|
42
|
Poster Session Wednesday 5 December all day Display * Determinants of left ventricular performance. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jes248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
43
|
Prodrug of green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Pro-EGCG) as a potent anti-angiogenesis agent for endometriosis in mice. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:59-69. [PMID: 22948799 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can inhibit angiogenesis and development of an experimental endometriosis model in mice, but it suffers from poor bioavailability. A prodrug of EGCG (pro-EGCG, EGCG octaacetate) is utilized to enhance the stability and bioavailability of EGCG in vivo. In this study, the potential of pro-EGCG as a potent anti-angiogenesis agent for endometriosis in mice was investigated. Homologous endometrium was subcutaneously transplanted into mice to receive either saline, vitamin E, EGCG or pro-EGCG treatment for 4 weeks. The growth of the endometrial implants were monitored by IVIS(®) non-invasive in vivo imaging during the interventions. Angiogenesis of the endometriotic lesions was determined by Cellvizio(®) in vivo imaging and SCANCO(®) Microfil microtomography. The bioavailability, anti-oxidation and anti-angiogenesis capacities of the treatments were measured in plasma and lesions. The implants with adjacent outer subcutaneous and inner abdominal muscle layers were collected for histological, microvessel and apoptosis examinations. The result showed that EGCG and pro-EGCG significantly decreased the growth of endometrial implants from the 2nd week to the 4th week of intervention. EGCG and pro-EGCG significantly reduced the lesion size and weight, inhibited functional and structural microvessels in the lesions, and enhanced lesion apoptosis at the end of interventions. The inhibition by pro-EGCG in all the angiogenesis parameters was significantly greater than that by EGCG, and pro-EGCG also had better bioavailability and greater anti-oxidation and anti-angiogenesis capacities than EGCG. Ovarian follicles and uterine endometrial glands were not affected by either EGCG or pro-EGCG. Vitamin E had no effect on endometriosis. In conclusion, pro-EGCG significantly inhibited the development, growth and angiogenesis of experimental endometriosis in mice with high efficacy, bioavailability, anti-oxidation and anti-angiogenesis capacities. Pro-EGCG could be a potent anti-angiogenesis agent for endometriosis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Canadian Surgery Forum1 Is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy a reasonable stand-alone procedure for super morbidly obese patients?2 Postoperative monitoring requirements of patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing bariatric surgery3 Role of relaparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of bariatric complications in the early postoperative period4 Changes of active and total ghrelin, GLP-1 and PYY following restrictive bariatric surgery and their impact on satiety: comparison of sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding5 Prioritization and willingness to pay for bariatric surgery: the patient perspective6 Ventral hernia at the time of laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery: Should it be repaired?7 Linear stapled gastrojejunostomy with transverse handsewn enterotomy closure significantly reduces strictures for laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bypass8 Laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch as second stage for super super morbidly obese patients. Do all patients benefit?9 Sleeve gastrectomy in the super super morbidly obese (BMI > 60 kg/m2): a Canadian experience10 Laparoscopic gastric bypass for the treatment of refractory idiopathic gastroparesis: a report of 2 cases11 Duodeno-ileal switch as a primary bariatric and metabolic surgical option for the severely obese patient with comorbidities: review of a single-institution case series of duodeno-ileal intestinal bypass12 Management of large paraesophageal hernias in morbidly obese patients with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a case series13 Early results of the Ontario bariatric surgical program: using the bariatric registry14 Improving access to bariatric surgical care: Is universal health care the answer?15 Early and liberal postoperative exploration can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing bariatric surgery16 Withdrawn17 Identification and assessment of technical errors in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass18 A valid and reliable tool for assessment of surgical skill in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass19 Psychiatric predictors of presurgery drop-out following suitability assessment for bariatric surgery20 Predictors of outcomes following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery at The Ottawa Hospital21 Prophylactic management of cholelithiasis in bariatric patients: Is routine cholecystectomy warranted?22 Early outcomes of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a publicly funded obesity program23 Similar incidence of gastrojejunal anastomotic stricture formation with hand-sewn and 21 mm circular stapler techniques during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass24 (CAGS Basic Science Award) Exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 improves clinical, morphological and histological outcomes of intestinal adaptation in a distal-intestinal resection piglet model of short bowel syndrome25 (CAGS Clinical Research Award) Development and validation of a comprehensive curriculum to teach an advanced minimally invasive procedure: a randomized controlled trial26 Negative-pressure wound therapy (iVAC) on closed, high-risk incisions following abdominal wall reconstruction27 The impact of seed granting on research in the University of British Columbia Department of Surgery28 Quality of surgical care is inadequate for elderly patients29 Recurrence of inguinal hernia in general and hernia specialty hospitals in Ontario, Canada30 Oncostatin M receptor deficiency results in increased mortality in an intestinal ischemia reperfusion model in mice31 Laparoscopic repair of large paraesophageal hernias with anterior gastropexy: a multicentre trial32 Response to preoperative medical therapy predicts success of laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura33 Perioperative sepsis, but not hemorrhagic shock, promotes the development of cancer metastases in a murine model34 Measuring the impact of implementing an acute care surgery service on the management of acute biliary disease35 Patient flow and efficiency in an acute care surgery service36 The relationship between treatment factors and postoperative complications after radical surgery for rectal cancer37 Risk of ventral hernia after laparoscopic colon surgery38 Urinary metabolomics as a tool for early detection of Barrett’s and esophageal cancer39 Construct validity of individual and summary performance metrics associated with a computer-based laparo-scopic simulator40 Impact of a city-wide health system reorganization on emergency department visits in hospitals in surrounding communities41 Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for the nonoperative management of aortic stenosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis42 Breast cancer: racial differences in age of onset. A potential confounder in Canadian screening recommendations43 Risk taking in surgery: in and out of the comfort zone44 A tumour board in the office: Track those cancer patients!45 Increased patient BMI is not associated with advanced colon cancer stage or grade on presentation: a retrospective chart review46 Consensus statements regarding the multidisciplinary care of limb amputation patients in disasters or humanitarian emergencies. Report of the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit Surgical Working Group on amputations following disasters or conflict47 Learning the CanMEDS role of professional: a pilot project of supervised discussion groups addressing the hidden curriculum48 Assessing the changing scope of training in Canadian general surgery programs: expected versus actual experience49 Predicting need for surgical management for massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage50 International health care experience: using CanMEDS to evaluate learning outcomes following a surgical mission in Mampong, Ghana51 The open abdomen: risk factors for mortality and rates of closure52 How surgeons think: an exploration of mental practice in surgical preparation53 The surgery wiki: a novel method for delivery of under-graduate surgical education54 Understanding surgical residents’ postoperative practices before implementing an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) guideline at the University of Toronto55 From laparoscopic transabdominal to posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy: a paradigm shift in operative approach56 A retrospective audit of outcomes in patients over the age of 80 undergoing acute care abdominal surgery57 Canadian general surgery residents’ perspectives on work-hour regulations58 Timing of surgical intervention and its outcomes in acute appendicitis59 Preparing surgical trainees to deal with adverse events. An outline of learning issues60 Acute care surgical service: surgeon agreement at the time of handover61 Predicting discharge of elderly patients to prehospitalization residence following emergency general surgery62 Morbidity and mortality after emergency abdominal surgery in octo- and nonagenarians63 The impact of acute abdominal illness and urgent admission to hospital on the living situation of elderly patients64 A comparison of laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for antral gastric adenocarcinoma: a North American perspective65 Minimally invasive excision of ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenomas66 Perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic hernia repair in a tertiary care centre: a single institution’s experience67 Evaluation of a student-run, practical and didactic curriculum for preclerkship medical students68 Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery69 Comparisons of melanoma sentinel lymph node biopsy prediction nomograms in a cohort of Canadian patients70 Local experience with myocutaneous flaps after extensive pelvic surgery71 The treatment of noncirrhotic splanchnic vein thrombosis: Is anticoagulation enough?72 Implementation of an acute care surgery service does not affect wait-times for elective cancer surgeries: an institutional experience73 Use of human collagen mesh for closure of a large abdominal wall defect, after colon cancer surgery, a case report74 The role of miR-200b in pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia75 Systematic review and meta-analysis of electrocautery versus scalpel for incising epidermis and dermis76 Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy for early breast cancer in the community setting in St. John’s, New-foundland: results of a retrospective review77 Acute surgical outcomes in the 80 plus population78 The liberal use of platelets transfusions in the acute phase of trauma resuscitation: a systematic review79 Implementation of an acute care surgical on call program in a Canadian community hospital80 Short-term outcomes following paraesophageal hernia repair in the elderly patient81 First experience with single incision surgery: feasibility in the pediatric population and cost evaluation82 The impact of the establishment of an acute care surgery unit on the outcomes of appendectomies and cholecystectomies83 Description and preliminary evaluation of a low-cost simulator for training and evaluation of flexible endoscopic skills84 Tumour lysis syndrome in metastatic colon cancer: a case report85 Acute care surgery service model implementation study at a single institution86 Colonic disasters approached by emergent subtotal and total colectomy: lessons learned from 120 consecutive cases87 Acellular collagen matrix stent to protect bowel anastomoses88 Lessons we learned from preoperative MRI-guided wire localization of breast lesions: the University Health Network (UHN) experience89 Interim cost comparison for the use of platinum micro-coils in the operative localization of small peripheral lung nodules90 Routine barium esophagram has minimal impact on the postoperative management of patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer91 Iron deficiency anemia is a common presenting issue with giant paraesophageal hernia and resolves following repair92 A randomized comparison of different ventilation strategies during thoracotomy and lung resection93 The Canadian Lung Volume Reduction Surgery study: an 8-year follow-up94 A comparison of minimally invasive versus open Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy95 A new paradigm in the follow-up after curative resection for lung cancer: minimal-dose CT scan allows for early detection of asymptomatic cancer activity96 Predictors of lymph node metastasis in early esophageal adenocarcinoma: Is endoscopic resection worth the risk?97 How well can thoracic surgery residents operate? Comparing resident and program director opinions98 The impact of extremes of age on short- and long-term outcomes following surgical resection of esophageal malignancy99 Epidermal growth factor receptor targeted gold nanoparticles for the enhanced radiation treatment of non–small cell lung cancer100 Laparoscopic Heller myotomy results in excellent outcomes in all subtypes of achalasia as defined by the Chicago classification101 Neoadjuvant chemoradiation versus surgery in managing esophageal cancer102 Quality of life postesophagectomy for cancer!103 The implementation, evolution and translocation of standardized clinical pathways can improve perioperative outcomes following surgical treatment of esophageal cancer104 A tissue-mimicking phantom for applications in thoracic surgical simulation105 Sublobar resection compared with lobectomy for early stage non–small cell lung cancer: a single institution study106 Not all reviews are equal: the quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in thoracic surgery107 Do postoperative complications affect health-related quality of life after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for patients with lung cancer? A cohort study108 Thoracoscopic plication for palliation of dyspnea secondary to unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis: A worthwhile venture?109 Thoracic surgery experience in Canadian general surgery residency programs110 Perioperative morbidity and pathologic response rates following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma111 An enhanced recovery pathway reduces length of stay after esophagectomy112 Predictors of dysplastic and neoplastic progression of Barrett’s esophagus113 Recurrent esophageal cancer complicated by tracheoesophageal fistula: management by means of palliative airway stenting114 Pancreaticopleural fistula-induced empyema thoracis: principles and results of surgical management115 Prognostic factors of early postoperative mortality following right extended hepatectomy116 Optimizing steatotic livers for transplantation using a cell-penetrating peptide CPP-fused heme oxygenase117 Video outlining the technical steps for a robot-assisted laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy118 Establishment of a collaborative group to conduct innovative clinical trials in Canada119 Hepatic resection for metastatic malignant melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis120 Acellular normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion for donor liver preservation121 Pancreatic cancer and predictors of survival: comparing the CA 19–9/bilirubin ratio with the McGill Brisbane Scoring System122 Staged liver resections for bilobar hepatic colorectal metastases: a single centre experience123 Economic model of observation versus immediate resection of hepatic adenomas124 Resection of colorectal liver metastasis in the elderly125 Acceptable long-term survival in patients undergoing liver resection for metastases from noncolorectal, non-neuroendocrine, nonsarcoma malignancies126 Patient and clinicopathological features and prognosis of CK19+ hepatocellular carcinomas: a case–control study127 The management of blunt hepatic trauma in the age of angioembolization: a single centre experience128 Liver resections for noncolorectal and non-neuroendocrine metastases: an evaluation of oncologic outcomes129 Developing an evidence-based clinical pathway for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy130 Hepatitis C infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplant: a 20 year experience131 The effect of medication on the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis132 Temporal trends in the use of diagnostic imaging for patients with hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) conditions: How much ionizing radiation are we really using?196 A phase II study of aggressive metastasectomy for intra-and extrahepatic metastases from colorectal cancer133 Why do women choose mastectomy for breast cancer treatment? A conceptual framework for understanding surgical decision-making in early-stage breast cancer134 Synoptic operative reporting: documentation of quality of care data for rectal cancer surgery135 Learning curve analysis for cytoreductive surgery: a useful application of the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method136 Pancreatic cancer is strongly associated with a unique urinary metabolomic signature137 Concurrent neoadjuvant chemo/radiation in locally advanced breast cancer138 Impact of positron emission tomography on clinical staging of newly diagnosed rectal cancer: a specialized single centre retrospective study139 An evaluation of intraoperative Faxitron microradiography versus conventional specimen radiography for the excision of nonpalpable breast lesions140 Comparison of breast cancer treatment wait-times in the Southern Interior of British Columbia in 2006 and 2010141 Factors affecting lymph nodes harvest in colorectal carcinoma142 Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastases143 You have a message! Social networking as a motivator for fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) training144 The evaluation and validation of a rapid diagnostic and support clinic for women assessment for breast cancer145 Oncoplastic breast surgery: oncologic benefits and limitations146 A qualitative study on rectal cancer patients’ preferences for location of surgical care147 The effect of surgery on local recurrence in young women with breast cancer148 Elevated IL-6 and IL-8 levels in tumour microenvironment is not associated with increased serum levels in humans with Pseudomyxoma peritonei and peritoneal mesothelioma149 Conversion from laparoscopic to open approach during gastrectomy: a population-based analysis150 A scoping review of surgical process improvement tools (SPITs) in cancer surgery151 Splenectomy during gastric cancer surgery: a population-based study152 Defining the polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) interactome in cancer cell protrusions153 Neoadjuvant imatinib mesylate for locally advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours154 Implementing results from ACOSOG Z0011: Practice-changing or practice-affirming?155 Should lymph node retrieval be a surgical quality indicator in colon cancer?156 Long-term outcomes following resection of retroperitoneal recurrence of colorectal cancer157 Clinical research in surgical oncology: an analysis of clinicaltrials.gov158 Radiation therapy after breast conserving surgery: When are we missing the mark?159 The accuracy of endorectal ultrasound in staging rectal lesions in patients undergoing transanal endoscopic microsurgery160 Quality improvement in gastrointestinal cancer surgery: expert panel recommendations for priority research areas161 Factors influencing the quality of local management of ductal carcinoma in situ: a cohort study162 Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Does size matter?163 Hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion for extremity soft tissue sarcomas: systematic review of clinical efficacy and quality assessment of reported trials164 Adherence to antiestrogen therapy in seniors with breast cancer: How well are we doing?165 Parathyroid carcinoma: Challenging the surgical dogma?166 A qualitative assessment of the journey to delayed breast reconstruction195 The role of yoga therapy in breast cancer patients167 Outcomes reported in comparative studies of surgical interventions168 Enhanced recovery pathways decrease length of stay following colorectal surgery, but how quickly do patients actually recover?169 The impact of complications on bed utilization after elective colorectal resection170 Impact of trimodal prehabilitation program on functional recovery after colorectal cancer surgery: a pilot study171 Complex fistula-in-ano: Should the plug be abandoned in favour of the LIFT or BioLIFT?172 Prognostic utility of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by colon and rectal cancer173 Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with complete mesocolic excision provides acceptable perioperative outcomes but is complex and time-consuming: analysis of learning curves for a novice minimally invasive surgeon174 Intraoperative quality assessment following double stapled circular colorectal anastomosis175 Improving patient outcomes through quality assessment of rectal cancer care176 Are physicians willing to accept a decrease in treatment effectiveness for improved functional outcomes for low rectal cancer?177 Turnbull-Cutait delayed coloanal anastomosis for the treatment of distal rectal cancer: a prospective cohort study178 Preoperative high-dose rate brachytherapy in preparation for sphincter preservation surgery for patients with advanced cancer of the lower rectum179 Impact of an enhanced recovery program on short-term outcomes after scheduled laparoscopic colon resection180 The clinical results of the Turnbull-Cutait delayed coloanal anastomosis: a systematic review181 Is a vertical rectus abdominus flap (VRAM) necessary? An analysis of perineal wound complications182 Fistula plug versus endorectal anal advancement flap for the treatment of high transsphincteric cryptoglandular anal fistulas: a systematic review and meta-analysis183 Maternal and neonatal outcomes following colorectal cancer surgery184 Transanal drainage to treat anastomotic leaks after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a valuable option185 Trends in colon cancer in Ontario: 2002–2009186 Validation of electronically derived short-term outcomes in colorectal surgery187 A population-based assessment of transanal and endoscopic resection for adenocarcinoma of the rectum188 Laparoscopic colorectal surgery in the emergency setting: trends in the province of Ontario from 2002 to 2009189 Prevention of perineal hernia after laparoscopic and robotic abdominoperineal resection: review with case series of internal hernia through pelvic mesh which was placed in attempt to prevent perineal hernia190 Effect of rectal cancer treatments on quality of life191 The use of antibacterial sutures as an adjunctive preventative strategy for surgical site infection in Canada: an economic analysis192 Impact of socioeconomic status on colorectal cancer screening and stage at presentation: preliminary results of a population-based study from an urban Canadian centre193 Initial perioperative results of the first transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) program in the province of Quebec194 Use of negative pressure wound therapy decreases perineal wound infections following abdominal perineal resection. Can J Surg 2012; 55:S63-S135. [DOI: 10.1503/cjs.016712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
45
|
Sequential genetic change at the TP53 and chemokine receptor CXCR4 locus during transformation of human ovarian surface epithelium. Oncogene 2012; 31:4987-95. [PMID: 22266861 PMCID: PMC3378508 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early genetic events in the development of high-grade serous ovarian cancer, HGSOC, may define the molecular basis of the profound structural and numerical instability of chromosomes in this disease. To discover candidate genetic changes we sequentially passaged cells from a karyotypically normal hTERT immortalised human ovarian surface epithelial line (IOSE25) resulting in the spontaneous formation of colonies in soft agar. Cell lines (TOSE 1 and 4) established from these colonies had an abnormal karyotype and altered morphology but were not tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. TOSE cells showed loss of heterozygosity at TP53, increased nuclear p53 immunoreactivity and altered expression profile of p53 target genes. The parental IOSE25 cells contained a missense, heterozygous R175H mutation in TP53 whereas TOSE cells had loss of heterozygosity at the TP53 locus with a new R273H mutation at the previous wild-type TP53 allele. Cytogenetic and array CGH analysis of TOSE cells also revealed a focal genomic amplification of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor commonly expressed by HGSOC cells. TOSE cells had increased functional CXCR4 protein and its abrogation reduced epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, expression, as well as colony size and number. The CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12, was epigenetically silenced in TOSE cells and its forced expression increased TOSE colony size. TOSE cells had other cytogenetic changes typical of those seen in HGSOC ovarian cancer cell lines and biopsies. In addition, enrichment of CXCR4 pathway in expression profiles from HGSOC correlated with enrichment of a mutated TP53 gene expression signature and of EGFR pathway genes. Our data suggest that mutations in TP53 and amplification of the CXCR4 gene locus may be early events in the development of HGSOC, and associated with chromosomal instability.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Constitutive production of inflammatory cytokines is a characteristic of many human malignant cell lines; however, the in vitro and in vivo interdependence of these cytokines, and their significance to the human cancer microenvironment, are both poorly understood. Here, we describe for the first time how three key cytokine/chemokine mediators of cancer-related inflammation, TNF, CXCL12, and interleukin 6, are involved in an autocrine cytokine network, the "TNF network," in human ovarian cancer. We show that this network has paracrine actions on angiogenesis, infiltration of myeloid cells, and NOTCH signaling in both murine xenografts and human ovarian tumor biopsies. Neutralizing antibodies or siRNA to individual members of this TNF network reduced angiogenesis, myeloid cell infiltration, and experimental peritoneal ovarian tumor growth. The dependency of network genes on TNF was shown by their downregulation in tumor cells from patients with advanced ovarian cancer following the infusion of anti-TNF antibodies. Together, the findings define a network of inflammatory cytokine interactions that are crucial to tumor growth and validate this network as a key therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
47
|
Canadian Surgery Forum: Abstracts of presentations to the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Association of Bariatric Physicians and Surgeons, Canadian Association of General Surgeons, Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons, Canadian Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Society, Canadian Society of Surgical Oncology, Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, London, Ont. Sept. 15-18, 2011. Can J Surg 2011; 54:S57-S104. [PMID: 35488394 PMCID: PMC3191910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
|
48
|
Search for light dark matter in XENON10 data. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:051301. [PMID: 21867059 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report results of a search for light (≲10 GeV) particle dark matter with the XENON10 detector. The event trigger was sensitive to a single electron, with the analysis threshold of 5 electrons corresponding to 1.4 keV nuclear recoil energy. Considering spin-independent dark matter-nucleon scattering, we exclude cross sections σ(n)>7×10(-42) cm(2), for a dark matter particle mass m(χ)=7 GeV. We find that our data strongly constrain recent elastic dark matter interpretations of excess low-energy events observed by CoGeNT and CRESST-II, as well as the DAMA annual modulation signal.
Collapse
|
49
|
Dysregulation of microRNA-204 mediates migration and invasion of endometrial cancer by regulating FOXC1. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1036-45. [PMID: 21400511 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate mRNA stability and protein expression, and certain miRNAs have been demonstrated to act either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Differential miRNA expression signatures have been documented in many human cancers but the role of miRNAs in endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) remains poorly understood. This study identifies significantly dysregulated miRNAs of EEC cells, and characterizes their impact on the malignant phenotype. We studied the expression of 365 human miRNAs using Taqman low density arrays in EECs and normal endometriums. Candidate differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of highly dysregulated miRNAs was examined in vitro through the effect of anti-/pre-miRNA transfection on the malignant phenotype. We identified 16 significantly dysregulated miRNAs in EEC and 7 of these are novel findings with respect to EEC. Antagonizing the function of miR-7, miR-194 and miR-449b, or overexpressing miR-204, repressed migration, invasion and extracellular matrix-adhesion in HEC1A endometrial cancer cells. FOXC1 was determined as a target gene of miR-204, and two binding sites in the 3'-untranslated region were validated by dual luciferase reporter assay. FOXC1 expression was inversely related to miR-204 expression in EEC. Functional analysis revealed the involvement of FOXC1 in migration and invasion of HEC1A cells. Our results present dysfunctional miRNAs in endometrial cancer and identify a crucial role for miR-204-FOXC1 interaction in endometrial cancer progression. This miRNA signature offers a potential biomarker for predicting EEC outcomes, and targeting of these cancer progression- and metastasis-related miRNAs offers a novel potential therapeutic strategy for the disease.
Collapse
|
50
|
Differential hRad17 expression by histologic subtype of ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2011; 4:6. [PMID: 21450056 PMCID: PMC3077316 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for unique ovarian cancer biomarkers, ovarian specific cDNA microarray analysis identified hRad17, a cell cycle checkpoint protein, as over-expressed in ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to validate this expression. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on 72 serous, 19 endometrioid, 10 clear cell, and 6 mucinous ovarian cancers, 9 benign ovarian tumors, and 6 normal ovarian tissue sections using an anti-hRad17 antibody. Western blot analysis and quantitative PCR were performed using cell lysates and total RNA prepared from 17 ovarian cancer cell lines and 6 normal ovarian epithelial cell cultures (HOSE). RESULTS Antibody staining confirmed upregulation of hRad17 in 49.5% of ovarian cancer cases. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that only 42% of serous and 47% of endometrioid subtypes showed overexpression compared to 80% of clear cell and 100% of mucinous cancers. Western blot confirmed overexpression of hRad17 in cancer cell lines compared to HOSE. Quantitative PCR demonstrated an upregulation of hRad17 RNA by 1.5-7 fold. hRad17 RNA expression differed by subtype. CONCLUSIONS hRad17 is over-expressed in ovarian cancer. This over-expression varies by subtype suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of these types. Functional studies are needed to determine the potential role of this protein in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|