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Çınar Ç, Perone P, Tybur JM. Four studies yield limited evidence for prepared (disgust) learning via evaluative conditioning. Appetite 2024; 196:107256. [PMID: 38342314 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Prepared learning accounts suggest that specialized learning mechanisms increase the retention of associations linked to ancestrally-prevalent threats. Few studies have investigated specialized aversion learning for pathogen threats. In four pre-registered studies (N's = 515, 495, 164, 175), we employed an evaluative conditioning procedure to test whether foods (versus non-foods) are more readily associated with negative content associated with pathogens than negative content not associated with pathogens. Participants saw negatively valenced (either pathogen-relevant or -irrelevant), neutral or positively-valenced stimuli paired with meats and plants (in Studies 1 and 2) and with meats and abstract shapes (in Studies 3 and 4). They then evaluated each stimulus explicitly via self-reports (Studies 1-4) and implicitly via an Affect Misattribution Procedure (Studies 3 and 4). Linear mixed models revealed general evaluative conditioning effects, but inconsistent evidence for specialized (implicit or explicit) learning for a food-pathogen association. However, results from a mega-analysis across studies revealed stronger conditioning effects for meats paired with pathogen-relevant negative stimuli than pathogen-irrelevant negative stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Çınar
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Paola Perone
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; TNO Human Performance, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Aung T, Hill AK, Hlay JK, Hess C, Hess M, Johnson J, Doll L, Carlson SM, Magdinec C, G-Santoyo I, Walker RS, Bailey D, Arnocky S, Kamble S, Vardy T, Kyritsis T, Atkinson Q, Jones B, Burns J, Koster J, Palomo-Vélez G, Tybur JM, Muñoz-Reyes J, Choy BKC, Li NP, Klar V, Batres C, Bascheck P, Schild C, Penke L, Pazhoohi F, Kemirembe K, Valentova JV, Varella MAC, da Silva CSA, Borras-Guevara M, Hodges-Simeon C, Ernst M, Garr C, Chen BB, Puts D. Effects of Voice Pitch on Social Perceptions Vary With Relational Mobility and Homicide Rate. Psychol Sci 2024; 35:250-262. [PMID: 38289294 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231222288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fundamental frequency ( fo) is the most perceptually salient vocal acoustic parameter, yet little is known about how its perceptual influence varies across societies. We examined how fo affects key social perceptions and how socioecological variables modulate these effects in 2,647 adult listeners sampled from 44 locations across 22 nations. Low male fo increased men's perceptions of formidability and prestige, especially in societies with higher homicide rates and greater relational mobility in which male intrasexual competition may be more intense and rapid identification of high-status competitors may be exigent. High female fo increased women's perceptions of flirtatiousness where relational mobility was lower and threats to mating relationships may be greater. These results indicate that the influence of fo on social perceptions depends on socioecological variables, including those related to competition for status and mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toe Aung
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Jessica K Hlay
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Catherine Hess
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Michael Hess
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Janie Johnson
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Leslie Doll
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Sara M Carlson
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Isaac G-Santoyo
- Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico
| | | | - Drew Bailey
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine
| | | | | | - Tom Vardy
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Burns
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati
| | - Jeremy Koster
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati
| | | | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - José Muñoz-Reyes
- Center for Advanced Studies, Playa Ancha University of Educational Sciences
| | - Bryan K C Choy
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University
| | - Verena Klar
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen
| | | | - Patricia Bascheck
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen
| | - Christoph Schild
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen
| | - Lars Penke
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Farid Pazhoohi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moritz Ernst
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg August University Göttingen
| | - Collin Garr
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - David Puts
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University
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3
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Çınar Ç, Perone P, Tybur JM. WITHDRAWN: Four studies Yield limited evidence for prepared (disgust) learning via evaluative conditioning. Appetite 2024; 193:107047. [PMID: 37769850 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Çınar
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paola Perone
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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4
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Tybur JM, Lieberman D. There are no beautiful surfaces without a terrible depth. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e318. [PMID: 37789538 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Fitouchi et al. persuasively argue against popular disgust-based accounts of puritanical morality. However, they do not consider alternative account of moral condemnation that is also based on the psychology of disgust. We argue that these other disgust-based accounts are more promising than those dismissed in the target article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; http://www.joshtybur.com/
| | - Debra Lieberman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA ; https://people.miami.edu/profile/
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5
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Kupfer TR, Tybur JM. Third-party punishers who express emotions are trusted more. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230916. [PMID: 37644834 PMCID: PMC10465975 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Third party punishment (TPP) is thought to be crucial to the evolution and maintenance of human cooperation. However, this type of punishment is often not rewarded, perhaps because punishers' underlying motives are unclear. We propose that the expression of moral emotions could solve this problem by advertising such motives. In each of three experiments (n = 1711), a third-party punishment game was followed by a trust game. Third parties expressed anger or disgust instead of, or in addition to, financial punishment. Results showed that third parties who expressed these emotions were trusted more than those who didn't express (Experiment 1), and more than those who financially punished (Experiment 2). Moreover, third parties who expressed while financially punishing were trusted more than those who punished without expressing (Experiment 3). Findings suggest that emotion expression might play a role in the evolution and maintenance of cooperation by facilitating TPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom R. Kupfer
- Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Samore T, Fessler DMT, Sparks AM, Holbrook C, Aarøe L, Baeza CG, Barbato MT, Barclay P, Berniūnas R, Contreras-Garduño J, Costa-Neves B, Del Pilar Grazioso M, Elmas P, Fedor P, Fernandez AM, Fernández-Morales R, Garcia-Marques L, Giraldo-Perez P, Gul P, Habacht F, Hasan Y, Hernandez EJ, Jarmakowski T, Kamble S, Kameda T, Kim B, Kupfer TR, Kurita M, Li NP, Lu J, Luberti FR, Maegli MA, Mejia M, Morvinski C, Naito A, Ng'ang'a A, de Oliveira AN, Posner DN, Prokop P, Shani Y, Solorzano WOP, Stieger S, Suryani AO, Tan LKL, Tybur JM, Viciana H, Visine A, Wang J, Wang XT. Greater traditionalism predicts COVID-19 precautionary behaviors across 27 societies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4969. [PMID: 37041216 PMCID: PMC10090070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
People vary both in their embrace of their society's traditions, and in their perception of hazards as salient and necessitating a response. Over evolutionary time, traditions have offered avenues for addressing hazards, plausibly resulting in linkages between orientations toward tradition and orientations toward danger. Emerging research documents connections between traditionalism and threat responsivity, including pathogen-avoidance motivations. Additionally, because hazard-mitigating behaviors can conflict with competing priorities, associations between traditionalism and pathogen avoidance may hinge on contextually contingent tradeoffs. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a real-world test of the posited relationship between traditionalism and hazard avoidance. Across 27 societies (N = 7844), we find that, in a majority of countries, individuals' endorsement of tradition positively correlates with their adherence to costly COVID-19-avoidance behaviors; accounting for some of the conflicts that arise between public health precautions and other objectives further strengthens this evidence that traditionalism is associated with greater attention to hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Samore
- Department of Anthropology, Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Daniel M T Fessler
- Department of Anthropology, Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, Bedari Kindness Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Colin Holbrook
- Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Lene Aarøe
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carmen Gloria Baeza
- Laboratorio de Evolución y Relaciones Interpersonales, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Teresa Barbato
- Laboratorio de Evolución y Relaciones Interpersonales, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pat Barclay
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudio Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Morelia, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Costa-Neves
- Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, 1749-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Del Pilar Grazioso
- Centro Integral de Psicología Aplicada, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
- Proyecto Aiglé Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Pınar Elmas
- Department of Psychology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Peter Fedor
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ana Maria Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Evolución y Relaciones Interpersonales, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Regina Fernández-Morales
- Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Rafael Landivár, Guatemala City, 01016, Guatemala
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Leonel Garcia-Marques
- CICPsi Research Center for Psychological Science, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- School of Psychology, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulina Giraldo-Perez
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Pelin Gul
- Department of Sustainable Health, University of Groningen, Campus Fryslân, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fanny Habacht
- Division of Psychological Methodology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Youssef Hasan
- Psychology Program, Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Earl John Hernandez
- College of Arts and Sciences, Partido State University, Goa, 4422, Camarines Sur, Philippines
| | - Tomasz Jarmakowski
- Institute of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Shanmukh Kamble
- Department of Psychology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India
| | - Tatsuya Kameda
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
- Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Bia Kim
- Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Tom R Kupfer
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Maho Kurita
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, 188065, Singapore
| | - Junsong Lu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Francesca R Luberti
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - María Andrée Maegli
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, 01015, Guatemala
| | | | - Coby Morvinski
- Department of Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Aoi Naito
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Alice Ng'ang'a
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | - Daniel N Posner
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yaniv Shani
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Stefan Stieger
- Division of Psychological Methodology, Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Lynn K L Tan
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, 188065, Singapore
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Viciana
- Departamento de Filosofía y Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41018, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Jin Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
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7
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Grossmann I, Rotella A, Hutcherson CA, Sharpinskyi K, Varnum MEW, Achter S, Dhami MK, Guo XE, Kara-Yakoubian M, Mandel DR, Raes L, Tay L, Vie A, Wagner L, Adamkovic M, Arami A, Arriaga P, Bandara K, Baník G, Bartoš F, Baskin E, Bergmeir C, Białek M, Børsting CK, Browne DT, Caruso EM, Chen R, Chie BT, Chopik WJ, Collins RN, Cong CW, Conway LG, Davis M, Day MV, Dhaliwal NA, Durham JD, Dziekan M, Elbaek CT, Shuman E, Fabrykant M, Firat M, Fong GT, Frimer JA, Gallegos JM, Goldberg SB, Gollwitzer A, Goyal J, Graf-Vlachy L, Gronlund SD, Hafenbrädl S, Hartanto A, Hirshberg MJ, Hornsey MJ, Howe PDL, Izadi A, Jaeger B, Kačmár P, Kim YJ, Krenzler R, Lannin DG, Lin HW, Lou NM, Lua VYQ, Lukaszewski AW, Ly AL, Madan CR, Maier M, Majeed NM, March DS, Marsh AA, Misiak M, Myrseth KOR, Napan JM, Nicholas J, Nikolopoulos K, O J, Otterbring T, Paruzel-Czachura M, Pauer S, Protzko J, Raffaelli Q, Ropovik I, Ross RM, Roth Y, Røysamb E, Schnabel L, Schütz A, Seifert M, Sevincer AT, Sherman GT, Simonsson O, Sung MC, Tai CC, Talhelm T, Teachman BA, Tetlock PE, Thomakos D, Tse DCK, Twardus OJ, Tybur JM, Ungar L, Vandermeulen D, Vaughan Williams L, Vosgerichian HA, Wang Q, Wang K, Whiting ME, Wollbrant CE, Yang T, Yogeeswaran K, Yoon S, Alves VR, Andrews-Hanna JR, Bloom PA, Boyles A, Charis L, Choi M, Darling-Hammond S, Ferguson ZE, Kaiser CR, Karg ST, Ortega AL, Mahoney L, Marsh MS, Martinie MFRC, Michaels EK, Millroth P, Naqvi JB, Ng W, Rutledge RB, Slattery P, Smiley AH, Strijbis O, Sznycer D, Tsukayama E, van Loon A, Voelkel JG, Wienk MNA, Wilkening T. Insights into the accuracy of social scientists' forecasts of societal change. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:484-501. [PMID: 36759585 PMCID: PMC10192018 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
How well can social scientists predict societal change, and what processes underlie their predictions? To answer these questions, we ran two forecasting tournaments testing the accuracy of predictions of societal change in domains commonly studied in the social sciences: ideological preferences, political polarization, life satisfaction, sentiment on social media, and gender-career and racial bias. After we provided them with historical trend data on the relevant domain, social scientists submitted pre-registered monthly forecasts for a year (Tournament 1; N = 86 teams and 359 forecasts), with an opportunity to update forecasts on the basis of new data six months later (Tournament 2; N = 120 teams and 546 forecasts). Benchmarking forecasting accuracy revealed that social scientists' forecasts were on average no more accurate than those of simple statistical models (historical means, random walks or linear regressions) or the aggregate forecasts of a sample from the general public (N = 802). However, scientists were more accurate if they had scientific expertise in a prediction domain, were interdisciplinary, used simpler models and based predictions on prior data.
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8
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Karinen AK, Tybur JM, de Vries RE. The disgust traits: Self-other agreement in pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity and their independence from HEXACO personality. Emotion 2023; 23:75-86. [PMID: 34043408 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A broad literature indicates that pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity relate to, among other things, political attitudes, moral condemnation, and symptoms of psychopathology. Consequently, disgust sensitivity has been widely assessed across subfields of psychology. Yet, no work has examined whether self-reports in disgust sensitivity reflect systematic trait variation that is detectable by others, and the extent to which such variation is distinct from broader personality. Here, we present the first study to examine self-other agreement in pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity. Romantic partners (n₁ = 290), friends (n₂ = 212), and acquaintances (n₃ = 140) rated each other on these three domains of disgust sensitivity and on HEXACO personality. Correlations between dyad partners' self and other ratings were calculated to estimate the magnitude of self-other agreement. We found self-other agreement in all domains of disgust sensitivity (rs of .46, .66, and .36 for pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity, respectively), with this agreement weakly to moderately inferred from personality perceptions (percentages mediated by HEXACO were 15%, 7%, and 33% for pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity, respectively). These results suggest that pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity reflect systematic trait variation that is detectable by others and distinct from broader personality traits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Karinen
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Reinout E de Vries
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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9
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Lindroos A, Nickull S, Tybur JM, Källström M, Nousiainen N, Jern P. The Associations Between Pathogen Disgust Sensitivity, Meat Liking, Plant Liking and a Lifetime Prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa Among Finnish Women. Food Qual Prefer 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Fan L, Tybur JM, Jones BC. Are people more averse to microbe-sharing contact with ethnic outgroup members? A registered report. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Van Doesum NJ, Van Lange PAM, Tybur JM, Leal A, Van Dijk E. People from lower social classes elicit greater prosociality: Compassion and deservingness matter. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220982072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People are quick to form impressions of others’ social class, and likely adjust their behavior accordingly. If social class is linked to prosociality, as literature suggests, then an interaction partner’s class should affect prosocial behavior, especially when costs or investments are low. We test this expectation using social mindfulness (SoMi) and dictator games (DG) as complementary measures of prosociality. We manipulate target class by providing information regarding a target’s (a) position on a social class ladder, and (b) family background. Three studies using laboratory and online approaches ( Noverall = 557) in two nations (the Netherlands [NL], the UK), featuring actual and hypothetical exchanges, reveal that lower class targets are met with greater prosociality than higher class targets, even when based on information about the targets’ parents (Study 3). The effect of target class was partially mediated by compassion (Studies 2 and 3) and perceived deservingness of the target (Study 3). Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Leal
- University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Tybur JM, Croijmans IM, van Huijstee D, Çınar Ç, Lal V, Smeets MA. Disgust sensitivity relates to affective responses to – but not ability to detect – olfactory cues to pathogens. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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van Leeuwen F, Inbar Y, Petersen MB, Aarøe L, Barclay P, Barlow FK, de Barra M, Becker DV, Borovoi L, Choi J, Consedine NS, Conway JR, Conway P, Adoric VC, Demirci E, Fernández AM, Ferreira DCS, Ishii K, Jakšić I, Ji T, Jonaityte I, Lewis DMG, Li NP, McIntyre JC, Mukherjee S, Park JH, Pawlowski B, Pizarro D, Prokop P, Prodromitis G, Rantala MJ, Reynolds LM, Sandin B, Sevi B, Srinivasan N, Tewari S, Yong JC, Žeželj I, Tybur JM. Disgust sensitivity relates to attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women across 31 nations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211067151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has reported a relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice toward various social groups, including gay men and lesbian women. It is currently unknown whether this association is present across cultures, or specific to North America. Analyses of survey data from adult heterosexuals ( N = 11,200) from 31 countries showed a small relation between pathogen disgust sensitivity (an individual-difference measure of pathogen-avoidance motivations) and measures of antigay attitudes. Analyses also showed that pathogen disgust sensitivity relates not only to antipathy toward gay men and lesbians, but also to negativity toward other groups, in particular those associated with violations of traditional sexual norms (e.g., prostitutes). These results suggest that the association between pathogen-avoidance motivations and antigay attitudes is relatively stable across cultures and is a manifestation of a more general relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice towards groups associated with sexual norm violations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leah Borovoi
- National Institute for Testing and Evaluation, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M. G. Lewis
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, and Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pavol Prokop
- Comenius University, Slovakia
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
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14
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Ranzini G, Rosenbaum JE, Tybur JM. Assortative (online) dating: Insights into partner choice from an experimental dating app. Computers in Human Behavior 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Tybur JM, Fan L, Jones BC, Holzleitner IJ, Lee AJ, DeBruine LM. Re-evaluating the relationship between pathogen avoidance and preferences for facial symmetry and sexual dimorphism: A registered report. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Karinen AK, Wesseldijk LW, Jern P, Tybur JM. Sex, Drugs, and Genes: Illuminating the Moral Condemnation of Recreational Drugs. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1582-1591. [PMID: 34597249 DOI: 10.1177/0956797621997350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, evolutionary psychologists have proposed that many moral stances function to promote self-interests. At the same time, behavioral geneticists have demonstrated that many moral stances have genetic bases. We integrated these perspectives by examining how moral condemnation of recreational drug use relates to sexual strategy (i.e., being more vs. less open to sex outside of a committed relationship) in a sample of Finnish twins and siblings (N = 8,118). Twin modeling suggested that genetic factors accounted for 53%, 46%, and 41% of the variance in drug condemnation, sociosexuality, and sexual-disgust sensitivity, respectively. Further, approximately 75% of the phenotypic covariance between drug condemnation and sexual strategy was accounted for by genes, and there was substantial overlap in the genetic effects underlying both drug condemnation and sexual strategy (rg = .41). Results are consistent with the proposal that some moral sentiments are calibrated to promote strategic sexual interests, which arise partially via genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika K Karinen
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura W Wesseldijk
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Patrick Jern
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Perone P, Becker DV, Tybur JM. Visual disgust elicitors produce an attentional blink independent of contextual and trait-level pathogen avoidance. Emotion 2021; 21:871-880. [DOI: 10.1037/emo0000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Existing work indicates that socio-political attitudes (or: ideology) are associated with personality, with Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism relating most strongly to honesty-humility and openness to experience, the two value-related domains of the HEXACO framework. Using a sample of 7067 twins and siblings of twins (including 1376 complete twin pairs), we examined the degree to which these relations arise from common genetic and environmental sources. Heritability estimates for the HEXACO personality and ideology variables ranged from .34 to .58. Environmental factors shared by twins reared together showed negligible effects on individual differences in personality and ideology. At the phenotypic level, Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism dimensions related most strongly to honesty-humility and openness to experience. These associations were mostly explained by genetic factors (48%–93%). Genetic correlations between openness to experience and the ideology scales ranged from –.29 to –.53; those between honesty-humility and the ideology scales ranged from –.31 to –.43. None of the environmental correlations exceeded | r| = .18. These results suggest that the relations between the two value-related domains of the HEXACO personality model and ideology are mostly genetic in nature, and that there is substantial overlap in the heritable components of personality and ideology.
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19
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Ackerman JM, Tybur JM, Blackwell AD. What Role Does Pathogen-Avoidance Psychology Play in Pandemics? Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:177-186. [PMID: 33293211 PMCID: PMC7834713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of research has illuminated psychological adaptations motivating pathogen avoidance, mechanisms collectively known as the behavioral immune system. Can knowledge about these mechanisms inform how people respond to widespread disease outbreaks, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] pandemic? We review evidence suggesting that the evolutionary history of the behavioral immune system, and the cues that activate it, are distinct in many ways from modern human experiences with pandemics. Moreover, the behaviors engaged by this system may have limited utility for combating pandemic diseases like COVID-19. A better understanding of the points of distinction and points of overlap between our evolved pathogen-avoidance psychology and responses to pandemics may help us realize a more precise and intervention-ready science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Ackerman
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Washington State University, Department of Anthropology, Pullman, WA, USA
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20
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Ji T, Tybur JM, van Vugt M. Gendered outgroup prejudice: An evolutionary threat management perspective on anti-immigrant bias. Group Process Intergroup Relat 2021; 24:177-192. [PMID: 33456313 PMCID: PMC7780271 DOI: 10.1177/1368430219882489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Are male and female immigrants viewed similarly or differently? Consistent with an evolutionary threat management perspective, we suggest that the answer to this question depends upon what types of threats immigrant groups are perceived as posing. In the present study, we compared attitudes toward male and female immigrants from either a violent ecology (e.g., Syria) or a pathogen-rich ecology (e.g., Liberia). We hypothesized that people would have more negative attitudes toward male than female immigrants from a violent ecology, but that attitudes would be similar toward male and female immigrants from a pathogen-rich ecology. Internal meta-analyses of three studies (total N = 1,488) were in line with our hypothesis. They showed that attitudes toward male immigrants from a violent ecology were more negative than attitudes toward female immigrants from the same ecology. In contrast, attitudes toward male and female immigrants were similar when those immigrants came from a pathogen-rich ecology. Our findings are consistent with an evolutionary threat management perspective on outgroup prejudice and are aligned with the male warrior hypothesis: Attitudes toward male versus female outgroup members vary with the potential threats these outgroups pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ji
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Tybur JM, Jones BC, DeBruine LM, Ackerman JM, Fasolt V. Preregistered Direct Replication of "Sick Body, Vigilant Mind: The Biological Immune System Activates the Behavioral Immune System". Psychol Sci 2020; 31:1461-1469. [PMID: 33079639 PMCID: PMC7675771 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620955209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tendency to attend to and avoid cues to pathogens varies across individuals and contexts. Researchers have proposed that this variation is partially driven by immunological vulnerability to infection, though support for this hypothesis is equivocal. One key piece of evidence (Miller & Maner, 2011) shows that participants who have recently been ill—and hence may have a reduced ability to combat subsequent infection—allocate more attention to faces with infectious-disease cues than do participants who have not recently been ill. The current article describes a direct replication of this study using a sample of 402 individuals from the University of Michigan, the University of Glasgow, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam—more than 4 times the sample size of the original study. No effect of illness recency on attentional bias for disfigured faces emerged. Though it did not support the original finding, this replication provides suggestions for future research on the psychological underpinnings of pathogen avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.,Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benedict C Jones
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow.,School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde
| | - Lisa M DeBruine
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow
| | | | - Vanessa Fasolt
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow
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22
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Tybur JM, Lieberman D, Fan L, Kupfer TR, de Vries RE. Behavioral Immune Trade-Offs: Interpersonal Value Relaxes Social Pathogen Avoidance. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:1211-1221. [PMID: 32942965 PMCID: PMC7502680 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620960011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral-immune-system research has illuminated how people detect and avoid signs of infectious disease. But how do we regulate exposure to pathogens that produce no symptoms in their hosts? This research tested the proposition that estimates of interpersonal value are used for this task. The results of three studies (N = 1,694), each conducted using U.S. samples, are consistent with this proposition: People are less averse to engaging in infection-risky acts not only with friends relative to foes but also with honest and agreeable strangers relative to dishonest and disagreeable ones. Further, a continuous measure of how much a person values a target covaries with comfort with infection-risky acts with that target, even within relationship categories. Findings indicate that social prophylactic motivations arise not only from cues to infectiousness but also from interpersonal value. Consequently, pathogen transmission within social networks might be exacerbated by relaxed contamination aversions with highly valued social partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and
Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Institute of Brain and Behavior
Amsterdam
| | | | - Lei Fan
- Department of Experimental and
Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Institute of Brain and Behavior
Amsterdam
| | - Tom R. Kupfer
- Department of Experimental and
Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Reinout E. de Vries
- Department of Experimental and
Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Institute of Brain and Behavior
Amsterdam
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23
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Kandler C, Bratko D, Butković A, Hlupić TV, Tybur JM, Wesseldijk LW, de Vries RE, Jern P, Lewis GJ. How genetic and environmental variance in personality traits shift across the life span: Evidence from a cross-national twin study. J Pers Soc Psychol 2020; 121:1079-1094. [PMID: 32969676 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have shown that about half of individual differences in personality traits is heritable. Recent studies have reported that heritability is not fixed, but instead decreases across the life span. However, findings are inconsistent and it is yet unclear whether these trends are because of a waning importance of heritable tendencies, attributable to cumulative experiential influences with age, or because of nonlinear patterns suggesting Gene × Environment interplay. We combined four twin samples (N = 7,026) from Croatia, Finland, Germany, and the United Kingdom, and we examined age trends in genetic and environmental variance in the six HEXACO personality traits: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness. The cross-national sample ranges in age from 14 to 90 years, allowing analyses of linear and nonlinear age differences in genetic and environmental components of trait variance, after controlling for gender and national differences. The amount of genetic variance in Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness followed a reversed U-shaped pattern across age, showed a declining trend for Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness, and was stable for Emotionality. For most traits, findings provided evidence for an increasing relative importance of life experiences contributing to personality differences across the life span. The findings are discussed against the background of Gene × Environment transactions and interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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24
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Tybur JM, Molho C, Cakmak B, Cruz TD, Singh GD, Zwicker M. Disgust, Anger, and Aggression: Further Tests of the Equivalence of Moral Emotions. Collabra: Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People often report disgust toward moral violations. Some perspectives posit that this disgust is indistinct from anger. Here, we replicate and extend recent work suggesting that disgust and anger toward moral violations are in fact distinct in terms of the situations in which they are activated and their correspondence with aggressive sentiments. We tested three hypotheses concerning emotional responses to moral violations: (1) disgust is associated with lower-cost, indirectly aggressive motives (e.g., gossip and social exclusion), whereas anger is associated with higher-cost, directly aggressive motives (e.g., physical violence); (2) disgust is higher toward violations affecting others than it is toward violations affecting the self, and anger is higher toward violations affecting the self than it is toward violations affecting others; and (3) abilities to inflict costs on or withhold benefits from others (measured via physical strength and physical attractiveness, respectively) relate to anger, but not to disgust. These hypotheses were tested in a within-subjects study in which 233 participants came to the lab twice and reported their emotional responses and aggressive sentiments toward self-targeting and other-targeting moral violations. Participants’ upper body strength and physical attractiveness were also measured with a dynamometer and photograph ratings, respectively. The first two hypotheses were supported – disgust (but not anger) was related to indirect aggression whereas anger (but not disgust) was related to direct aggression, and disgust was higher toward other-targeting violations whereas anger was higher toward self-targeting violations. However, physical strength and physical attractiveness were unrelated to anger or disgust or to endorsements of direct or indirect aggression.
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25
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Abstract
Across societies, humans punish norm violations. To date, research on the antecedents and consequences of punishment has largely relied upon agent-based modeling and laboratory experiments. Here, we report a longitudinal study documenting punishment responses to norm violations in daily life (k = 1507; N = 257) and test pre-registered hypotheses about the antecedents of direct punishment (i.e., confrontation) and indirect punishment (i.e., gossip and social exclusion). We find that people use confrontation versus gossip in a context-sensitive manner. Confrontation is more likely when punishers have been personally victimized, have more power, and value offenders more. Gossip is more likely when norm violations are severe and when punishers have less power, value offenders less, and experience disgust. Findings reveal a complex punishment psychology that weighs the benefits of adjusting others' behavior against the risks of retaliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Molho
- VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Esplanade de l'Université 1, Toulouse, 31080, Cedex 06, France.
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Balliet
- VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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26
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Blaker NM, Spisak BR, Tybur JM, Kandrik M, Arvey RD. Cue masking and cultural signals: Testing context-specific preferences for bald(ing) leaders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Van Doesum NJ, de Vries RE, Blokland AAJ, Hill JM, Kuhlman DM, Stivers AW, Tybur JM, Van Lange PAM. Social mindfulness: Prosocial the active way. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1579352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels J. Van Doesum
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reinout E. de Vries
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Educational Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Arjan A. J. Blokland
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jessica M. Hill
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid, Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC), The Hague, Netherlands
| | - David M. Kuhlman
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Adam W. Stivers
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Psychology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul A. M. Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Ji T, Tybur JM, Kandrik M, Faure R, van Vugt M. Women's implicit bias against threatening male faces: The role of emotion, hormones, and group membership. Horm Behav 2019; 115:104548. [PMID: 31255633 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ji
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michal Kandrik
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruddy Faure
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark van Vugt
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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29
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Karinen AK, Molho C, Kupfer TR, Tybur JM. Disgust sensitivity and opposition to immigration: Does contact avoidance or resistance to foreign norms explain the relationship? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Abstract
People vary in the degree to which they experience disgust toward—and, consequently, avoid—cues to pathogens. Prodigious work has measured this variation and observed that it relates to, among other things, personality, psychopathological tendencies, and moral and political sentiments. Less work has sought to generate hypotheses aimed at explaining why this variation exists in the first place, and even less work has evaluated how well data support these hypotheses. In this paper, we present and review the evidence supporting three such proposals. First, researchers have suggested that variability reflects a general tendency to experience anxiety or emotional distress. Second, researchers have suggested that variability arises from parental modelling, with offspring calibrating their pathogen avoidance based on their parents' reactions to pathogen cues. Third, researchers have suggested that individuals calibrate their disgust sensitivity to the parasite stress of the ecology in which they develop. We conclude that none of these hypotheses is supported by existing data, and we propose directions for future research aimed at better understanding this variation. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,Institute of Brain and Behaviour, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Çağla Çınar
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annika K Karinen
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Perone
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Ji T, Tybur JM, van Vugt M. Generalized or Origin-Specific Out-Group Prejudice?: The Role of Temporary and Chronic Pathogen-Avoidance Motivation in Intergroup Relations. Evol Psychol 2019; 17:1474704919826851. [PMID: 30739486 PMCID: PMC10481009 DOI: 10.1177/1474704919826851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have proposed that intergroup prejudice is partially caused by behavioral immune system mechanisms. Across four studies (total N = 1,849), we used both experimental (pathogen priming) and individual differences (pathogen disgust sensitivity [PDS]) approaches to test whether the behavioral immune system influences prejudice toward immigrants indiscriminately (the generalized out-group prejudice hypothesis) or specifically toward immigrants from a pathogen-rich ecology (the origin-specific out-group prejudice hypothesis). Internal meta-analyses lend some support to both hypotheses. At the experimental level, pathogen primes had no effect on attitudes toward origin-unspecified immigrants or immigrants from a pathogen-rich ecology. At the individual differences level, PDS has a unique negative effect on comfort with immigrants from pathogen-rich ecologies but not on comfort with immigrants from unspecified ecologies. However, pathogen disgust sensitivity was negatively related to the decision to allow entry to both origin-unspecified immigrants and immigrants from a pathogen-rich ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ji
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark van Vugt
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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32
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Klein RA, Vianello M, Hasselman F, Adams BG, Adams RB, Alper S, Aveyard M, Axt JR, Babalola MT, Bahník Š, Batra R, Berkics M, Bernstein MJ, Berry DR, Bialobrzeska O, Binan ED, Bocian K, Brandt MJ, Busching R, Rédei AC, Cai H, Cambier F, Cantarero K, Carmichael CL, Ceric F, Chandler J, Chang JH, Chatard A, Chen EE, Cheong W, Cicero DC, Coen S, Coleman JA, Collisson B, Conway MA, Corker KS, Curran PG, Cushman F, Dagona ZK, Dalgar I, Dalla Rosa A, Davis WE, de Bruijn M, De Schutter L, Devos T, de Vries M, Doğulu C, Dozo N, Dukes KN, Dunham Y, Durrheim K, Ebersole CR, Edlund JE, Eller A, English AS, Finck C, Frankowska N, Freyre MÁ, Friedman M, Galliani EM, Gandi JC, Ghoshal T, Giessner SR, Gill T, Gnambs T, Gómez Á, González R, Graham J, Grahe JE, Grahek I, Green EGT, Hai K, Haigh M, Haines EL, Hall MP, Heffernan ME, Hicks JA, Houdek P, Huntsinger JR, Huynh HP, IJzerman H, Inbar Y, Innes-Ker ÅH, Jiménez-Leal W, John MS, Joy-Gaba JA, Kamiloğlu RG, Kappes HB, Karabati S, Karick H, Keller VN, Kende A, Kervyn N, Knežević G, Kovacs C, Krueger LE, Kurapov G, Kurtz J, Lakens D, Lazarević LB, Levitan CA, Lewis NA, Lins S, Lipsey NP, Losee JE, Maassen E, Maitner AT, Malingumu W, Mallett RK, Marotta SA, Međedović J, Mena-Pacheco F, Milfont TL, Morris WL, Murphy SC, Myachykov A, Neave N, Neijenhuijs K, Nelson AJ, Neto F, Lee Nichols A, Ocampo A, O’Donnell SL, Oikawa H, Oikawa M, Ong E, Orosz G, Osowiecka M, Packard G, Pérez-Sánchez R, Petrović B, Pilati R, Pinter B, Podesta L, Pogge G, Pollmann MMH, Rutchick AM, Saavedra P, Saeri AK, Salomon E, Schmidt K, Schönbrodt FD, Sekerdej MB, Sirlopú D, Skorinko JLM, Smith MA, Smith-Castro V, Smolders KCHJ, Sobkow A, Sowden W, Spachtholz P, Srivastava M, Steiner TG, Stouten J, Street CNH, Sundfelt OK, Szeto S, Szumowska E, Tang ACW, Tanzer N, Tear MJ, Theriault J, Thomae M, Torres D, Traczyk J, Tybur JM, Ujhelyi A, van Aert RCM, van Assen MALM, van der Hulst M, van Lange PAM, van ’t Veer AE, Vásquez- Echeverría A, Ann Vaughn L, Vázquez A, Vega LD, Verniers C, Verschoor M, Voermans IPJ, Vranka MA, Welch C, Wichman AL, Williams LA, Wood M, Woodzicka JA, Wronska MK, Young L, Zelenski JM, Zhijia Z, Nosek BA. Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245918810225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance ( p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion ( p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Klein
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie, Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP/PC2S), Université Grenoble Alpes
| | - Michelangelo Vianello
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - Fred Hasselman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
| | - Byron G. Adams
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg
| | | | | | - Mark Aveyard
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah
| | | | | | - Štěpán Bahník
- Department of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Prague
| | - Rishtee Batra
- Erivan K. Haub School of Business, Saint Joseph’s University
| | | | - Michael J. Bernstein
- Psychological and Social Sciences Program, Pennsylvania State University Abington
| | - Daniel R. Berry
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos
| | - Olga Bialobrzeska
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Konrad Bocian
- Sopot Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | | | | | - Huajian Cai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fanny Cambier
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Katarzyna Cantarero
- Social Behavior Research Centre, Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Francisco Ceric
- Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad del Desarrollo
- Centro de Apego y Regulacion Emocional, Universidad del Desarrollo
| | - Jesse Chandler
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
- Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jen-Ho Chang
- Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University
| | - Armand Chatard
- Department of Psychology, Poitiers University
- CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7295, Poitiers, France
| | - Eva E. Chen
- Division of Social Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
| | | | | | - Sharon Coen
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, University of Salford
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilker Dalgar
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University
| | - Anna Dalla Rosa
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | | | | | - Leander De Schutter
- Leadership and Human Resource Management, WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management
| | - Thierry Devos
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
| | - Marieke de Vries
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
- Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University
| | | | - Nerisa Dozo
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland
| | | | | | - Kevin Durrheim
- School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal
| | | | - John E. Edlund
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Anja Eller
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | - Carolyn Finck
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
| | - Natalia Frankowska
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | - Mike Friedman
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Elisa Maria Galliani
- Department of Political and Juridical Sciences and International Studies, University of Padua
| | - Joshua C. Gandi
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, University of Jos
| | - Tanuka Ghoshal
- Department of Marketing and International Business, Baruch College, CUNY
| | - Steffen R. Giessner
- Department of Organisation and Personnel Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University
| | - Tripat Gill
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University
| | - Timo Gnambs
- Educational Measurement, Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg, Germany
- Institute of Education and Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | - Ángel Gómez
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Grahek
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University
| | - Eva G. T. Green
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne
| | - Kakul Hai
- Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences, Amity University
| | | | | | | | - Marie E. Heffernan
- Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua A. Hicks
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Petr Houdek
- Department of Economics and Management, Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University
| | | | - Ho Phi Huynh
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University-San Antonio
| | - Hans IJzerman
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie, Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (LIP/PC2S), Université Grenoble Alpes
| | - Yoel Inbar
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough
| | | | | | - Melissa-Sue John
- Department of Social Science and Policy Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
| | | | | | | | - Serdar Karabati
- Department of Business Administration, Istanbul Bilgi University
| | - Haruna Karick
- Warsaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, University of Jos
| | - Victor N. Keller
- Department of Social and Work Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia
| | - Anna Kende
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Nicolas Kervyn
- Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations (LouRIM), Université catholique de Louvain
- Center on Consumers and Marketing Strategy (CCMS), Université catholique de Louvain
| | - Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Carrie Kovacs
- Department of Work, Organizational and Media Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | - Lacy E. Krueger
- Department of Psychology & Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce
| | - German Kurapov
- International Victimology Institute Tilburg, Tilburg University
| | - Jamie Kurtz
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University
| | - Daniël Lakens
- School of Innovation Science, Eindhoven University of Technology
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Lins
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | | | - Esther Maassen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University
| | | | - Winfrida Malingumu
- Department of Education Policy Planning and Administration, Faculty of Education, Open University of Tanzania
| | | | | | - Janko Međedović
- Faculty of Media and Communications, Singidunum University
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Taciano L. Milfont
- Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington
| | | | - Sean C. Murphy
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne
| | | | - Nick Neave
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University
| | - Koen Neijenhuijs
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Félix Neto
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | - Aaron Ocampo
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | - Elsie Ong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Professional and Continuing Education (LiPACE), The Open University of Hong Kong
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
| | | | - Grant Packard
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University
| | | | - Boban Petrović
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ronaldo Pilati
- Department of Social and Work Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia
| | - Brad Pinter
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Lysandra Podesta
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander K. Saeri
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University
| | - Erika Salomon
- Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago
| | - Kathleen Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Agata Sobkow
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | - Walter Sowden
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Manini Srivastava
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science and Physical Education, University of Regensburg
| | | | - Jeroen Stouten
- Occupational & Organisational Psychology and Professional Learning, KU Leuven
| | | | | | - Stephanie Szeto
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, University of Salford
| | - Ewa Szumowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków
| | - Andrew C. W. Tang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Professional and Continuing Education (LiPACE), The Open University of Hong Kong
| | | | - Morgan J. Tear
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University
| | | | | | - David Torres
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Iberoamerica
| | - Jakub Traczyk
- Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Adrienn Ujhelyi
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | - Marije van der Hulst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra Vázquez
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
| | | | - Catherine Verniers
- Institute of Psychology, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité
| | - Mark Verschoor
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen
| | | | - Marek A. Vranka
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University
| | - Cheryl Welch
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University
| | - Aaron L. Wichman
- Department of Psychological Science, Western Kentucky University
| | | | - Michael Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Winchester
| | | | - Marta K. Wronska
- Sopot Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
| | | | | | - Zeng Zhijia
- Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics
| | - Brian A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Jones BC, Hahn AC, Fisher CI, Wang H, Kandrik M, Lee AJ, Tybur JM, DeBruine LM. Reprint of Hormonal correlates of pathogen disgust: testing the compensatory prophylaxis hypothesis. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Billingsley J, Lieberman D, Tybur JM. Sexual Disgust Trumps Pathogen Disgust in Predicting Voter Behavior During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Evol Psychol 2018; 16:1474704918764170. [PMID: 29911419 PMCID: PMC10367468 DOI: 10.1177/1474704918764170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Why is disgust sensitivity associated with socially conservative political views? Is it because socially conservative ideologies mitigate the risks of infectious disease, whether by promoting out-group avoidance or by reinforcing norms that sustain antipathogenic practices? Or might it be because socially conservative ideologies promote moral standards that advance a long-term, as opposed to a short-term, sexual strategy? Recent attempts to test these two explanations have yielded differing results and conflicting interpretations. Here, we contribute to the literature by examining the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation, political party affiliation, and an often overlooked outcome-actual voter behavior. We focus on voter behavior and affiliation for the 2016 U.S. presidential election to determine whether pathogen or sexual disgust better predicts socially conservative ideology. Although many prominent aspects of Donald Trump's campaign-particularly his anti-foreign message-align with the pathogen-avoidance model of conservatism, we found that pathogen-related disgust sensitivity exerted no influence on political ideology, political party affiliation, or voter behavior, after controlling for sexual disgust sensitivity. In contrast, sexual disgust sensitivity was associated with increased odds of voting for Donald Trump versus each other major presidential candidate, as well as with increased odds of affiliating with the Republican versus the Democratic or Libertarian parties. In fact, for every unit increase in sexual disgust sensitivity, the odds of a participant voting for Trump versus Clinton increased by approximately 30%. It seems, then, that sexual disgust trumps pathogen disgust in predicting socially conservative voting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debra Lieberman
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Balliet D, Tybur JM, Wu J, Antonellis C, Van Lange PAM. Political Ideology, Trust, and Cooperation: In-group Favoritism among Republicans and Democrats during a US National Election. J Conflict Resolut 2018; 62:797-818. [PMID: 29593363 PMCID: PMC5858642 DOI: 10.1177/0022002716658694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Theories suggest that political ideology relates to cooperation, with conservatives being more likely to pursue selfish outcomes, and liberals more likely to pursue egalitarian outcomes. In study 1, we examine how political ideology and political party affiliation (Republican vs. Democrat) predict cooperation with a partner who self-identifies as Republican or Democrat in two samples before (n = 362) and after (n = 366) the 2012 US presidential election. Liberals show slightly more concern for their partners' outcomes compared to conservatives (study 1), and in study 2 this relation is supported by a meta-analysis (r = .15). However, in study 1, political ideology did not relate to cooperation in general. Both Republicans and Democrats extend more cooperation to their in-group relative to the out-group, and this is explained by expectations of cooperation from in-group versus out-group members. We discuss the relation between political ideology and cooperation within and between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Balliet
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Junhui Wu
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Antonellis
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul A. M. Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Jones BC, Hahn AC, Fisher CI, Wang H, Kandrik M, Lee AJ, Tybur JM, DeBruine LM. Hormonal correlates of pathogen disgust: testing the compensatory prophylaxis hypothesis. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Infectious disease is an ever-present threat in daily life. Recent literature indicates that people manage this threat with a suite of antipathogenic psychological and behavioral defense mechanisms, which motivate the avoidance of people and objects bearing cues to pathogen risk. Here, we demonstrate that self-image is also impacted by these mechanisms. In seven studies, pathogen cues led individuals chronically averse to germs to express greater concern about their own physical appearance. Correspondingly, these people exhibited behavioral intentions and decisions intended to conceal or improve their appearance, such as purchasing facial products, taking pharmaceuticals, and undergoing cosmetic surgery. This work opens a new area of investigation for infectious-disease psychology research and highlights the central role played by physical appearance in pathogen-related cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- 2 Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Chad R Mortensen
- 3 Department of Psychology, Metropolitan State University of Denver
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Abstract
In response to the same moral violation, some people report experiencing anger, and others report feeling disgust. Do differences in emotional responses to moral violations reflect idiosyncratic differences in the communication of outrage, or do they reflect differences in motivational states? Whereas equivalence accounts suggest that anger and disgust are interchangeable expressions of condemnation, sociofunctional accounts suggest that they have distinct antecedents and consequences. We tested these accounts by investigating whether anger and disgust vary depending on the costs imposed by moral violations and whether they differentially correspond with aggressive tendencies. Results across four studies favor a sociofunctional account: When the target of a moral violation shifts from the self to another person, anger decreases, but disgust increases. Whereas anger is associated with high-cost, direct aggression, disgust is associated with less costly indirect aggression. Finally, whether the target of a moral violation is the self or another person influences direct aggression partially via anger and influences indirect aggression partially via disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Molho
- 1 Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- 1 Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | - Ezgi Güler
- 2 Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute
| | - Daniel Balliet
- 1 Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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Van Doesum NJ, Tybur JM, Van Lange PA. Class impressions: Higher social class elicits lower prosociality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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van Leeuwen F, Dukes A, Tybur JM, Park JH. Disgust sensitivity relates to moral foundations independent of political ideology. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ronay
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua M. Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dian van Huijstee
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Morssinkhof
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Tybur JM, Laakasuo M, Ruff J, Klauke F. How pathogen cues shape impressions of foods: the omnivore's dilemma and functionally specialized conditioning. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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de Vries RE, Tybur JM, Pollet TV, van Vugt M. Evolution, situational affordances, and the HEXACO model of personality. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.04.001 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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