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O’Brien AL, Kraft CT, Valerio IL, Rendon JL, Spitz JA, Skoracki RJ. Targeted Muscle Reinnervation following Breast Surgery: A Novel Technique. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2020; 8:e2782. [PMID: 32440444 PMCID: PMC7209888 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-mastectomy pain syndrome is a prevalent chronic pain condition that affects numerous patients following breast surgery. The mechanism of this pain has been proposed to be neurogenic in nature. As such, we propose a novel surgical method for the prophylactic management of postsurgical breast pain: targeted muscle reinnervation of the breast. This article serves to review the relevant current literature of post-mastectomy pain syndrome and targeted muscle reinnervation, describe our current surgical technique for this operation, and present an initial cohort of patients to undergo this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. O’Brien
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Casey T. Kraft
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ian L. Valerio
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Juan L. Rendon
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jamie A. Spitz
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Roman J. Skoracki
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Abstract
full-thickness skin defects remain a reconstructive challenge. Novel regenerative modalities can aid in addressing these defects. A literature review of currently available dermal and epidermal regenerates was performed. The mechanism and application for each skin substitute was analyzed to provide a guide for these modalities. Available epidermal substitutes include autografts and allografts and may be cultured or noncultured. Dermal regenerate templates exist in biologic and synthetic varieties that differ in the source animal and processing. Epidermal and dermal skin substitutes are promising adjunctive tools for addressing certain soft tissue defects and have improved outcomes in reconstructive procedures. The following article provides a comprehensive review of the biologic materials available and the types of complex wounds amenable to their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lucich
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Juan L Rendon
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Ian L Valerio
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
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Hammer D, Rendon JL, Sabino J, Latham K, Fleming ME, Valerio IL. Restoring full-thickness defects with spray skin in conjunction with dermal regenerate template and split-thickness skin grafting: a pilot study. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:3523-3529. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammer
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Juan L. Rendon
- Plastic Surgery; The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
| | - Jennifer Sabino
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Kerry Latham
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Mark E. Fleming
- Orthopedic Surgery; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Ian L. Valerio
- Plastic Surgery; The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center; Columbus OH USA
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Rendon JL, Hammer D, Sabino J, Martin B, Latham K, Fleming ME, Valerio IL. Restoration of Full Thickness Soft Tissue Defects with Spray Skin Epidermal Regenerative Technology in Conjunction with Dermal Regenerate. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000472373.74124.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
miRNA155 has been implicated in normal T cell function and their differentiations into the Th1 subtype. We have shown that acute alcohol (ethanol) intoxication combined with burn injury suppresses T cell IFN-γ release. Herein, we examined whether the decrease in IFN-γ is resulted from altered expression of miRNA155 and transcription factors--NFAT, Tbx21, Jun and Fos--in T cells following ethanol and burn injury. Mice received ethanol (∼3 g/Kg) 4 hours prior to ∼12.5% total body surface area sham or burn injury and were sacrificed one day after injury. Splenic T cells were harvested and cultured with anti-CD3 (2 µg/ml) in the presence or absence of rIL-12 (10 ng/ml) or PMA (10 ng/ml) plus ionomycin (50 ng/ml) for 48 hours. We observed a significant decrease in miRNA155, NFAT, Tbx21, Jun and Fos expression as well as IFN-γ release in T cells cultured with anti-CD3 following ethanol and burn injury compared with shams. The co-treatment of T cells with rIL-12 prevented the decrease in IFN-γ and NFAT, Tbx21, Jun and Fos, but not miRNA155. In contrast, the co-treatment with PMA plus ionomycin normalized the expression of NFAT. It did not prevent the decrease in IFN-γ, Tbx21, Jun, Fos and miRNA155. Finally, results obtained in miRNA155-/- mice did not show any change in T cell release of IFN-γ or expression of nuclear factors compared to wildtype mice. Together, these findings suggest that while ethanol and burn injury decreases the expression of miRNA155, it may not be involved in decreased IFN-γ under those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Juan L. Rendon
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- Deparmtent of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rendon JL, Li X, Brubaker AL, Kovacs EJ, Gamelli RL, Choudhry MA. The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in interleukin-23-dependent restoration of interleukin-22 following ethanol exposure and burn injury. Ann Surg 2014; 259:582-90. [PMID: 23989051 PMCID: PMC3925750 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3182a626f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T-helper (Th)-17 lymphocytes play a crucial role in maintenance and regulation of gut immunity. Our laboratory has demonstrated that acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure before burn injury results in intestinal T cell suppression and enhanced bacterial translocation. BACKGROUND To extend these studies, we examined the effects of EtOH exposure and burn injury on Th17 responses within intestinal lymphoid Peyer's patches (PP). We further investigated whether restitution of interleukin (IL)-23 enhances PP cell IL-17 and IL-22 after EtOH and burn injury. METHODS Male mice, approximately 25 g, were gavaged with EtOH (2.9 mg/kg) before receiving an approximately 12.5% total body surface area full thickness burn. One day postinjury, PP mixed cells were cultured in the presence of plate-bound anti-CD3/soluble anti-CD28 in the presence or absence of IL-23 for 48 hours. Supernatants were harvested for IL-17 and IL-22 levels. RESULTS When combined with EtOH intoxication, burn injury significantly decreased IL-17 and IL-22, as compared with sham injury. IL-23 treatment successfully increased levels of IL-22 but not IL-17. This restoration was prevented when PP cells were treated with CH-223191, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor. To further delineate the mechanism of differential IL-17 and IL-22 suppression, PP cells were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, which signal via protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium flux. Treatment with PMA and ionomycin significantly prevented the decrease in IL-17 but not IL-22 after EtOH exposure and burn injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IL-23-mediated restoration of IL-22 is aryl hydrocarbon receptor dependent, whereas IL-17 requires activation of protein kinase C and intracellular calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Rendon
- From the Alcohol Research Program, Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL
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Brubaker AL, Rendon JL, Ramirez L, Choudhry MA, Kovacs EJ. Reduced neutrophil chemotaxis and infiltration contributes to delayed resolution of cutaneous wound infection with advanced age. J Immunol 2013; 190:1746-57. [PMID: 23319733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with alterations in innate and adaptive immune responses, which contribute to an increased risk of infection in elderly patients. Coupled with this immune dysfunction, elderly patients demonstrate impaired wound healing with elevated rates of wound dehiscence and chronic wounds. To evaluate how advanced age alters the host immune response to cutaneous wound infection, we developed a murine model of cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus wound infection in young (3-4 mo) and aged (18-20 mo) BALB/c mice. Aged mice exhibit increased bacterial colonization and delayed wound closure over time compared with young mice. These differences were not attributed to alterations in wound neutrophil or macrophage TLR2 or FcγRIII expression, or age-related changes in phagocytic potential and bactericidal activity. To evaluate the role of chemotaxis in our model, we first examined in vivo chemotaxis in the absence of wound injury to KC, a neutrophil chemokine. In response to a s.c. injection of KC, aged mice recruited fewer neutrophils at increasing doses of KC compared with young mice. This paralleled our model of wound infection, where diminished neutrophil and macrophage recruitment was observed in aged mice relative to young mice despite equivalent levels of KC, MIP-2, and MCP-1 chemokine levels at the wound site. This reduced leukocyte accumulation was also associated with lower levels of ICAM-1 in wounds from aged mice at early time points. These age-mediated defects in early neutrophil recruitment may alter the dynamics of the inflammatory phase of wound healing, impacting macrophage recruitment, bacterial clearance, and wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah L Brubaker
- Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) maintains gut epithelial integrity and expression of antimicrobial peptides Reg3β and Reg3γ. Our laboratory has shown that acute alcohol/ethanol (EtOH) exposure before burn injury results in increased gut permeability, intestinal T-cell suppression, and enhanced bacterial translocation. Herein, we determined the effect of combined EtOH intoxication and burn injury on intestinal levels of IL-22 as well as Reg3β and Reg3γ expression. We further examined whether in vivo restitution of IL-22 restores gut permeability, Reg3β and Reg3γ levels, and bacterial load (e.g., gut bacterial growth) within the intestine after EtOH and burn injury. Male mice, ∼25g, were gavaged with EtOH (2.9 mg/kg) before receiving a ∼12.5% total-body-surface-area, full-thickness burn. Mice were immediately treated with saline control or IL-22 (1 mg/kg) by i.p. injection. One day after injury, there was a significant decrease in intestinal IL-22, Reg3β, and Reg3γ expression along with an increase in intestinal permeability and gut bacterial load after EtOH combined with burn injury, as compared with sham injury. Treatment with IL-22 normalized Reg3β and Reg3γ expression and attenuated the increase in intestinal permeability after EtOH and burn injury. Qualitatively, IL-22 treatment reduced the bacterial load in nearly half of mice receiving EtOH combined with burn injury. Our data indicate that IL-22 maintains gut epithelial and immune barrier integrity after EtOH and burn injury; thus, the IL-22/antimicrobial peptide pathway may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of patients who sustain burn injury under the influence of EtOH.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Monophosphate/biosynthesis
- Alcoholic Intoxication/complications
- Alcoholic Intoxication/immunology
- Alcoholic Intoxication/microbiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Bacterial Load
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Burns/complications
- Burns/drug therapy
- Burns/immunology
- Burns/microbiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Interleukins/therapeutic use
- Intestinal Absorption/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Permeability
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L. Rendon
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Burn & Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy Program, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Burn & Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Suhail Akhtar
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Burn & Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Burn & Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy Program, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Li X, Rendon JL, Akhtar S, Choudhry MA. Activation of toll-like receptor 2 prevents suppression of T-cell interferon γ production by modulating p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways following alcohol and burn injury. Mol Med 2012; 18:982-91. [PMID: 22634720 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on T cells and that these receptors directly or indirectly activate the adaptive immune system. We have shown previously that acute alcohol/ethanol (EtOH) intoxication combined with burn injury suppresses mesenteric lymph node (MLN) T-cell interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) production. We examined whether direct stimulation of T cells with TLR2, 4, 5 and 7 agonists modulates CD3-mediated T-cell IL-2/IFN-γ release following EtOH and burn injury. Male mice were gavaged with EtOH (2.9 gm/kg) 4 h prior to receiving an ~12.5% total body surface area sham or full-thickness burn injury. Animals were killed on d 1 after injury and T cells were purified from MLN and spleens. T cells were cultured with plate-bound anti-CD3 in the presence or absence of various TLR ligands. Although TLR2, 4 and 5 agonists potentiate anti-CD3-dependent IFN-γ by T cells, the TLR2 agonist alone induced IFN-γ production independent of CD3 stimulation. Furthermore, T cells were treated with inhibitors of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), TIR domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), p38 and/or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to determine the mechanism by which TLR2 mediates IL-2/IFN-γ production. IL-2 was not influenced by TLR agonists. MyD88 and TIRAP inhibitory peptides dose-dependently diminished the ability of T cells to release IFN-γ. p38 and ERK inhibitors also abolished TLR2-mediated T-cell IFN-γ. Together, our findings suggest that TLR2 directly modulates T-cell IFN-γ production following EtOH and burn injury, independent of antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MyD88/TIRAP-dependent p38/ERK activation is critical to TLR2-mediated T-cell IFN-γ release following EtOH and burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States of America
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Rendon JL, Choudhry MA. Th17 cells: critical mediators of host responses to burn injury and sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:529-38. [PMID: 22753950 PMCID: PMC3427614 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Th cells have long been recognized as vital components of the adaptive immune system. Until recently, CD3(+)CD4(+) Th cells were divided into cell-mediated Th1 or humoral Th2 responses. However, the Th1-Th2 hypothesis failed to accommodate the more recently described Th17 cells. Today, the major Th cell subsets include Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and Tregs, each of which produce specific effector cytokines under unique transcriptional regulation. Specifically, Th17 cells produce effector cytokines IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22 under the regulation of ROR-γt. Th17 lymphocytes were first described as orchestrators of neutrophil recruitment and activation and as key players in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. More recent evidence suggest that Th17 lymphocytes and their effector cytokines play a crucial role in maintaining mucosal immunity and barrier integrity, including the skin, lung, and gut. Burn injury induces global changes to the systemic immune response, including suppressed immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. Moreover, burn trauma is associated with remote organ injury. This relationship between burn and remote organ injury supports the hypothesis that immune suppression may facilitate the development of sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill burn patients. Herein, we discuss this emerging adaptive cell subset in critical care settings, including burn injury and clinical sepsis, and highlight the potential therapeutic role of IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Rendon
- Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL, USA.
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Rendon JL, Janda BA, Bianco ME, Choudhry MA. Ethanol exposure suppresses bone marrow-derived dendritic cell inflammatory responses independent of TLR4 expression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:416-25. [PMID: 22812678 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute alcohol (ethanol) exposure is linked with increased susceptibility to infection and increased mortality in trauma and burn patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) are central mediators in innate and adaptive immune responses, and they play a role in the presentation of pathogens to adaptive immune cells. We investigated the effects of acute ethanol exposure on bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC) responses. Total bone marrow cells, obtained from 8 to 10 week old C57BL/6 male mice, were cultured in the presence of granulocyte/monocyte-colony stimulating factor and interleukin (IL)-4 for 7 days. BM-DCs were harvested and treated with increasing doses of ethanol (50, 100, and 250 mM) at the time of, or 3 h before, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After LPS, supernatants were collected for cytokine measurement, and cells were harvested for flow cytometry. Concurrent acute ethanol exposure and LPS treatment resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-10. In addition, ethanol exposure before LPS dysregulated the IL-12p40/IL-23 balance and more profoundly suppressed IL-6 and IL-10 secretion by BM-DCs, as compared with cells concurrently treated with ethanol and LPS. Ethanol treatment did not affect either toll-like receptor (TLR)4 or TLR2 expression. In summary, our study demonstrates that acute ethanol exposure suppresses BM-DC LPS-induced responses, irrespective of affecting TLR4 or TLR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Rendon
- Health Sciences Division, Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Plancarte A, Rendon JL, Landa A. Purification, characterization and kinetic properties of the Taenia solium glutathione S -transferase isoform 26.5�kDa. Parasitol Res 2004; 93:137-44. [PMID: 15127293 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases are major phase II detoxification enzymes. Taenia solium, a parasite of humans and pigs, is exposed to toxic products. The aim of this work was to purify and characterize a T. solium glutathione S-transferase isoform of 26.5 kDa (SGST26.5) in order to obtain its kinetic parameters. Homogeneous SGST26.5 was obtained by a simple purification procedure. SGST26.5 showed a p I of 7.07, and a native Mr of 60 kDa with 26.5 kDa subunits. The optimum activity for SGST26.5 was found at pH 6.5-7.0 in the range 10-42 degrees C. SGST26.5 had a specific enzyme activity of 78, 7.1, 6.6, and 0.7 microM min(-1) mg(-1) with CDNB, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, 2,4-hexadienal and trans-2-nonenal as substrates, respectively. It also had a kcat/ K(mCDNB)=2.15 x 10(3) M(-1 )s(-1), kcat/ KmGSH)=4.5 x 10(3) M(-1 )s(-1) and Vmax for GSH and CDNB=74 and 77 microM min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. SGST26.5 was inhibited in a noncompetitive form by cibacron blue, bromosulfophthalein and triphenyltin chloride. Inhibition studies as a function of inhibitor concentration show that the enzyme is a homodimer. Bireactant system analysis show that it follows an ordered sequential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plancarte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Circuiro interior, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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