1
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Rosenberg MJ, Thorn DB, Izumi N, Williams D, Rowland M, Torres G, Haugh M, Hillyard P, Adelman N, Schuler T, Barrios MA, Holder JP, Schneider MB, Fournier KB, Bradley DK, Regan SP. Erratum: "Image-plate sensitivity to x rays at 2 to 60 keV" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90, 013506 (2019)]. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:029902. [PMID: 30831772 DOI: 10.1063/1.5092602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Williams
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Rowland
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Torres
- Mission Support and Test Services, LLC, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Haugh
- Mission Support and Test Services, LLC, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Hillyard
- Mission Support and Test Services, LLC, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N Adelman
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA
| | - T Schuler
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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2
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Rosenberg MJ, Thorn DB, Izumi N, Williams D, Rowland M, Torres G, Haugh M, Hillyard P, Adelman N, Schuler T, Barrios MA, Holder JP, Schneider MB, Fournier KB, Bradley DK, Regan SP. Image-plate sensitivity to x rays at 2 to 60 keV. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:013506. [PMID: 30709229 DOI: 10.1063/1.5053592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of Fuji SR and MS image plates (IPs) used in x-ray spectrometers on OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility has been measured using two techniques. A set of radioisotopes has been used to constrain image-plate sensitivity between 6 and 60 keV, while a Manson source has been used to expose image plates to x rays at energies between 1.5 and 8 keV. These data have shown variation in sensitivity on the order of 5% for a given IP type and scanner settings. The radioisotope technique has also been used to assess IP fading properties for MS-type plates over long times. IP sensitivity as a function of scanner settings and pixel size has been systematically examined, showing variations of up to a factor of 2 depending on the IP type. Cross-calibration of IP scanners at different facilities is necessary to produce a consistent absolute sensitivity curve spanning the energy range of 2-60 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D B Thorn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Williams
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Rowland
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - G Torres
- Mission Support and Test Services, LLC, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Haugh
- Mission Support and Test Services, LLC, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Hillyard
- Mission Support and Test Services, LLC, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N Adelman
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA
| | - T Schuler
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M B Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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3
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Beckwith MA, Jiang S, Schropp A, Fernandez-Pañella A, Rinderknecht HG, Wilks SC, Fournier KB, Galtier EC, Xing Z, Granados E, Gamboa E, Glenzer SH, Heimann P, Zastrau U, Cho BI, Eggert JH, Collins GW, Ping Y. Imaging at an x-ray absorption edge using free electron laser pulses for interface dynamics in high energy density systems. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:053501. [PMID: 28571471 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuning the energy of an x-ray probe to an absorption line or edge can provide material-specific measurements that are particularly useful for interfaces. Simulated hard x-ray images above the Fe K-edge are presented to examine ion diffusion across an interface between Fe2O3 and SiO2 aerogel foam materials. The simulations demonstrate the feasibility of such a technique for measurements of density scale lengths near the interface with submicron spatial resolution. A proof-of-principle experiment is designed and performed at the Linac coherent light source facility. Preliminary data show the change of the interface after shock compression and heating with simultaneous fluorescence spectra for temperature determination. The results provide the first demonstration of using x-ray imaging at an absorption edge as a diagnostic to detect ultrafast phenomena for interface physics in high-energy-density systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Beckwith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Jiang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | | | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E C Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Xing
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Granados
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Gamboa
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Heimann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Schenefeld D-22869, Germany
| | - B I Cho
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Rice
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4370
| | - J. L. Terry
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Plasma Science and Fusion Center Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4370
| | - K. B. Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - E. S. Marmar
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
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5
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Giraldez EM, Mirkarimi PB, Emig JA, Fournier KB, Huang H, Jaquez JS, Losbanos EC, May MJ, Sain JD, Schoff ME, Teslich NE, Vu MT, Wallace RJ. Fabrication and Metrology Challenges in Making Thin, Hollow, Silver Spherical Halfraum Targets for EPEC Experiments on the National Ignition Facility. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-tfm20-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Giraldez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - P. B. Mirkarimi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. A. Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - K. B. Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - H. Huang
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - J. S. Jaquez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - E. C. Losbanos
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - M. J. May
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - J. D. Sain
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. E. Schoff
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - N. E. Teslich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
| | - M. T. Vu
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608
| | - R. J. Wallace
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550
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6
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Fournier KB, Brown CG, Yeoman MF, Fisher JH, Seiler SW, Hinshelwood D, Compton S, Holdener FR, Kemp GE, Newlander CD, Gilliam RP, Froula N, Lilly M, Davis JF, Lerch MA, Blue BE. X-ray transport and radiation response assessment (XTRRA) experiments at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D421. [PMID: 27910608 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Our team has developed an experimental platform to evaluate the x-ray-generated stress and impulse in materials. Experimental activities include x-ray source development, design of the sample mounting hardware and sensors interfaced to the National Ignition Facility's diagnostics insertion system, and system integration into the facility. This paper focuses on the X-ray Transport and Radiation Response Assessment (XTRRA) test cassettes built for these experiments. The test cassette is designed to position six samples at three predetermined distances from the source, each known to within ±1% accuracy. Built-in calorimeters give in situ measurements of the x-ray environment along the sample lines of sight. The measured accuracy of sample responses as well as planned modifications to the XTRRA cassette is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C G Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M F Yeoman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J H Fisher
- Fifth Gait Technologies, Inc., 14040 Camden Circle, Huntsville, Alabama 35803, USA
| | - S W Seiler
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-6201, USA
| | - D Hinshelwood
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S Compton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - F R Holdener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C D Newlander
- Fifth Gait Technologies, Inc., 14040 Camden Circle, Huntsville, Alabama 35803, USA
| | - R P Gilliam
- Fifth Gait Technologies, Inc., 14040 Camden Circle, Huntsville, Alabama 35803, USA
| | - N Froula
- Fifth Gait Technologies, Inc., 14040 Camden Circle, Huntsville, Alabama 35803, USA
| | - M Lilly
- Dynasen, Inc., 20 Arnold Pl., Goleta, California 93117, USA
| | - J F Davis
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-6201, USA
| | - Maj A Lerch
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-6201, USA
| | - B E Blue
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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7
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Pérez F, Kemp GE, Regan SP, Barrios MA, Pino J, Scott H, Ayers S, Chen H, Emig J, Colvin JD, Bedzyk M, Shoup MJ, Agliata A, Yaakobi B, Marshall FJ, Hamilton RA, Jaquez J, Farrell M, Nikroo A, Fournier KB. The NIF x-ray spectrometer calibration campaign at Omega. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11D613. [PMID: 25430189 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The calibration campaign of the National Ignition Facility X-ray Spectrometer (NXS) was carried out at the Omega laser facility. Spherically symmetric, laser-driven, millimeter-scale x-ray sources of K-shell and L-shell emission from various mid-Z elements were designed for the 2-18 keV energy range of the NXS. The absolute spectral brightness was measured by two calibrated spectrometers. We compare the measured performance of the target design to radiation hydrodynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pérez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G E Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Pino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J D Colvin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Bedzyk
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Shoup
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - A Agliata
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Yaakobi
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - F J Marshall
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R A Hamilton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Jaquez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - M Farrell
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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8
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Barrios MA, Regan SP, Fournier KB, Epstein R, Smith R, Lazicki A, Rygg R, Fratanduono DE, Eggert J, Park HS, Huntington C, Bradley DK, Landen OL, Collins GW. X-ray area backlighter development at the National Ignition Facility (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11D502. [PMID: 25430176 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
1D spectral imaging was used to characterize the K-shell emission of Z ≈ 30-35 and Z ≈ 40-42 laser-irradiated foils at the National Ignition Facility. Foils were driven with up to 60 kJ of 3ω light, reaching laser irradiances on target between 0.5 and 20 × 10(15) W/cm(2). Laser-to-X-ray conversion efficiency (CE) into the Heα line (plus satellite emission) of 1.0%-1.5% and 0.15%-0.2% was measured for Z ≈ 30-32 and Z ≈ 40-42, respectively. Measured CE into Heα (plus satellite emission) of Br (Z = 35) compound foils (either KBr or RbBr) ranged between 0.16% and 0.29%. Measured spectra are compared with 1D non-local thermodynamic equilibrium atomic kinetic and radiation transport simulations, providing a fast and accurate predictive capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Epstein
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D E Fratanduono
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C Huntington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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9
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MacDonald MJ, Keiter PA, Montgomery DS, Biener MM, Fein JR, Fournier KB, Gamboa EJ, Klein SR, Kuranz CC, LeFevre HJ, Manuel MJE, Streit J, Wan WC, Drake RP. Demonstration of x-ray fluorescence imaging of a high-energy-density plasma. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11E602. [PMID: 25430348 DOI: 10.1063/1.4886388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experiments at the Trident Laser Facility have successfully demonstrated the use of x-ray fluorescence imaging (XRFI) to diagnose shocked carbonized resorcinol formaldehyde (CRF) foams doped with Ti. One laser beam created a shock wave in the doped foam. A second laser beam produced a flux of vanadium He-α x-rays, which in turn induced Ti K-shell fluorescence within the foam. Spectrally resolved 1D imaging of the x-ray fluorescence provided shock location and compression measurements. Additionally, experiments using a collimator demonstrated that one can probe specific regions within a target. These results show that XRFI is a capable alternative to path-integrated measurements for diagnosing hydrodynamic experiments at high energy density.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P A Keiter
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D S Montgomery
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M M Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E J Gamboa
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C C Kuranz
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - H J LeFevre
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - M J-E Manuel
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Streit
- Schafer Corporation, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - W C Wan
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R P Drake
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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10
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Fournier KB, Brown CG, May MJ, Compton S, Walton OR, Shingleton N, Kane JO, Holtmeier G, Loey H, Mirkarimi PB, Dunlop WH, Guyton RL, Huffman E. A geophysical shock and air blast simulator at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:095119. [PMID: 25273784 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The energy partitioning energy coupling experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have been designed to measure simultaneously the coupling of energy from a laser-driven target into both ground shock and air blast overpressure to nearby media. The source target for the experiment is positioned at a known height above the ground-surface simulant and is heated by four beams from the NIF. The resulting target energy density and specific energy are equal to those of a low-yield nuclear device. The ground-shock stress waves and atmospheric overpressure waveforms that result in our test system are hydrodynamically scaled analogs of full-scale seismic and air blast phenomena. This report summarizes the development of the platform, the simulations, and calculations that underpin the physics measurements that are being made, and finally the data that were measured. Agreement between the data and simulation of the order of a factor of two to three is seen for air blast quantities such as peak overpressure. Historical underground test data for seismic phenomena measured sensor displacements; we measure the stresses generated in our ground-surrogate medium. We find factors-of-a-few agreement between our measured peak stresses and predictions with modern geophysical computer codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C G Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J May
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Compton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O R Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Shingleton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J O Kane
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G Holtmeier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H Loey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P B Mirkarimi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W H Dunlop
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R L Guyton
- National Securities Technologies, Vasco Rd., Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - E Huffman
- National Securities Technologies, Vasco Rd., Livermore, California 94551, USA
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11
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Flippo KA, Kline JL, Doss FW, Loomis EN, Emerich M, Devolder B, Murphy TJ, Fournier KB, Kalantar DH, Regan SP, Barrios MA, Merritt EC, Perry TS, Tregillis IL, Welser-Sherrill L, Fincke JR. Development of a Big Area BackLighter for high energy density experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:093501. [PMID: 25273720 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A very large area (7.5 mm(2)) laser-driven x-ray backlighter, termed the Big Area BackLighter (BABL) has been developed for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to support high energy density experiments. The BABL provides an alternative to Pinhole-Apertured point-projection Backlighting (PABL) for a large field of view. This bypasses the challenges for PABL in the equatorial plane of the NIF target chamber where space is limited because of the unconverted laser light that threatens the diagnostic aperture, the backlighter foil, and the pinhole substrate. A transmission experiment using 132 kJ of NIF laser energy at a maximum intensity of 8.52 × 10(14) W/cm(2) illuminating the BABL demonstrated good conversion efficiency of >3.5% into K-shell emission producing ~4.6 kJ of high energy x rays, while yielding high contrast images with a highly uniform background that agree well with 2D simulated spectra and spatial profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - J L Kline
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - F W Doss
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - E N Loomis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - M Emerich
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - B Devolder
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - T J Murphy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E C Merritt
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - T S Perry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - I L Tregillis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - L Welser-Sherrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
| | - J R Fincke
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87507, USA
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12
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Fournier KB, May MJ, Colvin JD, Barrios MA, Patterson JR, Regan SP. Demonstration of a 13-keV Kr K-shell x-ray source at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 88:033104. [PMID: 24125368 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.033104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report 3% conversion efficiency of laser energy into Kr K-shell (≈13 keV) radiation, consistent with theoretical predictions. This is ≈10× greater than previous work. The emission was produced from a 4.1-mm-diameter, 4-mm-tall gas pipe target filled with 1.2 or 1.5 atm of Kr gas. 160 of the National Ignition Facility laser beams deposited ≈700 kJ of 3ω light into the target in an ≈140 TW, 5.0-ns-duration square pulse. The Dante diagnostics measured ≈5 TW into 4π solid angle of ≥12 keV x rays for ≈4 ns, which includes both continuum emission and flux in the Kr He_{α} line at 13 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-481, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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13
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Regan SP, Epstein R, Hammel BA, Suter LJ, Scott HA, Barrios MA, Bradley DK, Callahan DA, Cerjan C, Collins GW, Dixit SN, Döppner T, Edwards MJ, Farley DR, Fournier KB, Glenn S, Glenzer SH, Golovkin IE, Haan SW, Hamza A, Hicks DG, Izumi N, Jones OS, Kilkenny JD, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Ma T, MacFarlane JJ, MacKinnon AJ, Mancini RC, McCrory RL, Meezan NB, Meyerhofer DD, Nikroo A, Park HS, Ralph J, Remington BA, Sangster TC, Smalyuk VA, Springer PT, Town RPJ. Hot-spot mix in ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion targets. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:045001. [PMID: 23931375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixing of plastic ablator material, doped with Cu and Ge dopants, deep into the hot spot of ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion implosions by hydrodynamic instabilities is diagnosed with x-ray spectroscopy on the National Ignition Facility. The amount of hot-spot mix mass is determined from the absolute brightness of the emergent Cu and Ge K-shell emission. The Cu and Ge dopants placed at different radial locations in the plastic ablator show the ablation-front hydrodynamic instability is primarily responsible for hot-spot mix. Low neutron yields and hot-spot mix mass between 34(-13,+50) ng and 4000(-2970,+17 160) ng are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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14
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Haugh MJ, Regan SP, Jacoby KD, Ross PW, Magoon J, Barrios MA, Emig JA, Shoup MJ, Fournier KB. Integrated x-ray reflectivity measurements of elliptically curved pentaerythritol crystals. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E122. [PMID: 23126944 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The elliptically curved pentaerythritol (PET) crystals used in the Supersnout 2 x-ray spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have been calibrated photometrically in the range of 5.5-16 keV. The elliptical geometry provides broad spectral coverage and minimizes the degradation of spectral resolution due to the finite source size. The reflectivity curve of the crystals was measured using a x-ray line source. The integrated reflectivity (R(I)) and width of its curve (ΔΘ) were the measurements of major interest. The former gives the spectrometer throughput, and the latter gives the spectrometer resolving power. Both parameters are found to vary considerably with the radius of curvature of the crystal and with spectral energy. The results are attributed to an enhanced mosaic effect due to the increase in curvature. There are also contributions from the crystal cleaving and gluing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Haugh
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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15
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May MJ, Patterson JR, Sorce C, Widmann K, Fournier KB, Perez F. Source geometric considerations for OMEGA Dante measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E117. [PMID: 23126939 DOI: 10.1063/1.4734041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Dante is a 15 channel filtered diode array which is installed on the OMEGA laser facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester. The system yields the spectrally and temporally resolved radiation flux from 50 eV to 10 keV from various targets (i.e., Hohlraum, gas pipes, etc.). The absolute flux is determined from the radiometric calibration of the x-ray diodes, filters, and mirrors and an unfold algorithm applied to the recorded voltages from each channel. The unfold algorithm assumes an emitting source that is spatially uniform and has a constant area as a function of photon energy. The emitting x-ray source is usually considered to be the laser entrance hole (LEH) of a given diameter for Hohlraum type targets or the effective wall area of high conversion efficiency K-shell type targets. This assumption can be problematic for several reasons. High intensity regions or "hot spots" in the x-ray are observed where the drive laser beams strike the target. The "hot spots" create non-uniform emission seen by the Dante. Additionally, thinned walled (50 μm) low-Z targets (C(22)H(10)N(2)O(5)) have an energy dependent source size since the target's walls will be fully opaque for low energies (E < 2-3 keV) yet fully transmissive at higher energies. Determining accurate yields can be challenging for these types of targets. Discussion and some analysis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J May
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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16
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Fisher JH, Newlander CD, Horton R, Fournier KB, Emig J, Patterson R, Davis JF, Seiler S, Jenkins PP. Radiochromic film measurement of spatial uniformity for a laser generated x-ray environment. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E137. [PMID: 23126958 DOI: 10.1063/1.4746811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An existing x-ray source application (XRSA) test cassette was modified to hold multiple x-ray filter materials followed by two radiochromic film types (FWT-60 and HD-810 Gafchromic® film) to qualitatively characterize the spectral-spatial uniformity over the XRSA sample field of view. Multiple sets of film were examined and nominal set was determined. These initial, qualitative measurements suggest a low-energy regime (E < 3 keV) spatial anisotropy and spatial isotropy at higher energies (E > 3 keV).
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Fisher
- Fifth Gait Technologies, Inc., Huntsville, Alabama 35803, USA.
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17
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Fournier KB, Rekow V, Emig J, Fisher JH, Newlander CD, Horton R, Davis J. The x-ray source application test cassette for radiation exposures at the OMEGA laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E136. [PMID: 23126957 DOI: 10.1063/1.4734036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have designed a sample cassette that can be used to position up to six samples in the OMEGA laser chamber. The cassette accommodates round samples up to 38.1 mm (1.5(")) in diameter and square samples up to 27 mm on a side, any of which can be up to 12.7 mm thick. Smaller specimens are centered with spacers. The test cassette allows each sample to have a unique filter scheme, with multiple filter regions in front of each sample. This paper will present mechanical design considerations and operational aspects of the x-ray source application cassette.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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18
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Patterson JR, Emig JA, Fournier KB, Jenkins PP, Trautz KM, Seiler SW, Davis JF. A Langmuir probe diagnostic for time-of-flight measurements of transient plasmas produced by high-energy laser ablation. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10D725. [PMID: 23126899 DOI: 10.1063/1.4739312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We discuss here the development of a Langmuir probe (LP) diagnostic to examine high-density, high-temperature inhomogeneous plasmas such as those that can be created at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics OMEGA facility. We have configured our diagnostic to examine the velocity of the plasma expanding from the target. We observe velocities of approximately 16-17 cm/μs, with individual LP currents displaying complex structures, perhaps due to the multiple atomic species and ionization states that exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Patterson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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19
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Fournier KB, Celeste J, Rekow V, Bopp DR, May MJ, Fisher JH, Horton R, Newlander CD, Jenkins P, Trautz K. A test cassette for x-ray-exposure experiments at the National Ignition Facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:075113. [PMID: 20687765 DOI: 10.1063/1.3470684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and operation of a test cassette for exposure of samples to radiation environments at the National Ignition Facility. The cassette provides options for square and round samples and exposure areas; the cassette provides for multiple levels of filtration on a single sample, which allows dynamic range in experiments. The samples had normal lines of sight to the x-ray source in order to have uniform x-ray illumination. The incident x-radiation onto the samples was determined by the choice of filter thicknesses and materials. The samples were held at precise locations, accurate to within a few hundred microns, in the target chamber in order to have a known fluence incident. In the cassette, the samples were held in place in such a way that a minimal "line contact" allows them to have the maximal mechanical response to the x-ray load. We present postshot images of the debris found on films used for filters, and pre- and postexposure specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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20
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Gregori G, Glenzer SH, Fournier KB, Campbell KM, Dewald EL, Jones OS, Hammer JH, Hansen SB, Wallace RJ, Landen OL. X-ray scattering measurements of radiative heating and cooling dynamics. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:045003. [PMID: 18764336 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally and time-resolved x-ray scattering is used to extract the temperature and charge state evolution in a near solid density carbon foam driven by a supersonic soft x-ray heat wave. The measurements show a rapid heating of the foam material (approximately 200 eV/ns) followed by a similarly fast decline in the electron temperature as the foam cools. The results are compared to an analytic power balance model and to results from radiation-hydrodynamics simulations. Finally, the combination of charge state and temperature extracted from this known density isochorically heated plasma is used to distinguish between dense plasma ionization balance models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gregori
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, California 94551, USA
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21
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Ping Y, Shepherd R, Lasinski BF, Tabak M, Chen H, Chung HK, Fournier KB, Hansen SB, Kemp A, Liedahl DA, Widmann K, Wilks SC, Rozmus W, Sherlock M. Absorption of short laser pulses on solid targets in the ultrarelativistic regime. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:085004. [PMID: 18352633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.085004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the first direct measurements of total absorption of short laser pulses on solid targets in the ultrarelativistic regime. The data show an enhanced absorption at intensities above 10(20) W/cm(2), reaching 60% for near-normal incidence and 80%-90% for 45 degrees incidence. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate that such high absorption is consistent with both interaction with preplasma and hole boring by the intense laser pulse. A large redshift in the second harmonic indicates a surface recession velocity of 0.035c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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22
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Heeter RF, Hansen SB, Fournier KB, Foord ME, Froula DH, Mackinnon AJ, May MJ, Schneider MB, Young BKF. Benchmark measurements of the ionization balance of non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium gold plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:195001. [PMID: 18233081 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.195001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a series of benchmark measurements of the ionization balance of well-characterized gold plasmas with and without external radiation fields at electron densities near 10{21} cm{-3} and electron temperatures spanning the range 0.8 to 2.4 keV. We have analyzed time- and space-resolved M-shell gold emission spectra using a sophisticated collisional-radiative model with hybrid level structure, finding average ion charges Z ranging from 42 to 50. At the lower temperatures, the spectra exhibit significant sensitivity to external radiation fields and include emission features from complex N-shell ions. The measured spectra and inferred Z provide a stringent test for non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium models of complex high-Z ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-473, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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23
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Chen H, Shepherd R, Chung HK, Kemp A, Hansen SB, Wilks SC, Ping Y, Widmann K, Fournier KB, Dyer G, Faenov A, Pikuz T, Beiersdorfer P. Fast-electron-relaxation measurement for laser-solid interaction at relativistic laser intensities. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2007; 76:056402. [PMID: 18233771 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.76.056402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the fast-electron-relaxation time in short-pulse (0.5 ps) laser-solid interactions for laser intensities of 10(17), 10(18), and 10(19) Wcm2, using a picosecond time-resolved x-ray spectrometer and a time-integrated electron spectrometer. We find that the laser coupling to hot electrons increases as the laser intensity becomes relativistic, and that the thermalization of fast electrons occurs over time scales on the order of 10 ps at all laser intensities. The experimental data are analyzed using a combination of models that include Kalpha generation, collisional coupling, and plasma expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Physics and Advanced Technologies, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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24
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Hansen SB, Faenov AY, Pikuz TA, Fournier KB, Shepherd R, Chen H, Widmann K, Wilks SC, Ping Y, Chung HK, Niles A, Hunter JR, Dyer G, Ditmire T. Temperature determination using Kalpha spectra from M -shell Ti ions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2005; 72:036408. [PMID: 16241580 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.036408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The compact multipulse terawatt (COMET) laser facility at LLNL was used to irradiate Al-coated 2-50 microm Ti foils with approximately 10(19) W cm(-2) , 500 fs, 3-6 J laser pulses. Laser-plasma interactions on the front side of the target generate hot electrons with sufficient energy to excite inner-shell electrons in Ti, creating Kalpha emission which has been measured using a focusing spectrometer with spatial resolution aimed at the back surface of the targets. The spatial extent of the emission varies with target thickness. The high spectral resolution (lambda/Deltalambda approximately equal to 3800) is sufficient to measure broadening of the Kalpha emission feature due to the emergence of blueshifted satellites from ionized Ti in a heated region of the target. A self-consistent-field model is used to spectroscopically diagnose thermal electron temperatures up to 40 eV in the strongly coupled Ti plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hansen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-473, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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25
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Hansen SB, Fournier KB, Faenov AY, Magunov AI, Pikuz TA, Skobelev IY, Fukuda Y, Akahane Y, Aoyama M, Inoue N, Ueda H, Yamakawa K. Measurement of 2l-nl' x-ray transitions from approximately 1 microm Kr clusters irradiated by high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2005; 71:016408. [PMID: 15697736 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.016408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
X-ray line emission from 2l-nl' transitions in Ne-like Kr and nearby ions has been observed from approximately 1 microm Kr clusters irradiated by fs-scale laser pulses at the JAERI facility in Kyoto, Japan. The incident laser intensity reached 10(19) W/cm2, with pulse energies from 50 to 300 mJ and pulse durations from 30 to 500 fs. The dependence of the x-ray spectral features and intensity on the incident laser intensity is rather weak, indicating that the 1-2 ps cluster lifetimes limit the number of ions beyond Ne-like Kr that can be produced by collisional ionization. Lines from F- to Al-like Kr emitted from the cluster plasmas have been identified using data from the relativistic multiconfiguration flexible atomic code. A collisional-radiative model based on these data has been constructed and used to determine that the cluster plasma has electron densities near 10(22) cm(-3), temperatures of a few hundred eV, and hot electron fractions of a few percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hansen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-473, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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26
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Foord ME, Heeter RF, van Hoof PAM, Thoe RS, Bailey JE, Cuneo ME, Chung HK, Liedahl DA, Fournier KB, Chandler GA, Jonauskas V, Kisielius R, Mix LP, Ramsbottom C, Springer PT, Keenan FP, Rose SJ, Goldstein WH. Charge-state distribution and Doppler effect in an expanding photoionized plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:055002. [PMID: 15323701 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The charge state distributions of Fe, Na, and F are determined in a photoionized laboratory plasma using high resolution x-ray spectroscopy. Independent measurements of the density and radiation flux indicate unprecedented values for the ionization parameter xi=20-25 erg cm s(-1) under near steady-state conditions. Line opacities are well fitted by a curve-of-growth analysis which includes the effects of velocity gradients in a one-dimensional expanding plasma. First comparisons of the measured charge state distributions with x-ray photoionization models show reasonable agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Foord
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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27
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Fournier KB, Faenov AY, Pikuz TA, Magunov AI, Skobelev IY, Flora F, Bollanti S, Di Lazzaro P, Murra D, Belyaev VS, Vinogradov VI, Kyrilov AS, Matafonov AP, Francucci M, Martellucci S, Petrocelli G. Analysis of high- n dielectronic Rydberg satellites in the spectra of Na -like Zn XX and Mg -like Zn XIX. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2004; 70:016406. [PMID: 15324177 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.70.016406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have observed spectra from highly charged zinc ions in a variety of laser-produced plasmas. Spectral features that are Na - and Mg -like satellites to high- n Rydberg transitions in the Ne -like Zn XXI spectrum are analyzed and modeled. Identifications and analysis are made by comparison with highly accurate atomic structure calculations and steady state collisional-radiative models. Each observed Zn XX and Zn XIX feature comprises up to approximately 2 dozen individual transitions, these transitions are excited principally by dielectronic recombination through autoionizing levels in Na - and Mg -like Zn19+ and Zn18+. We find these satellites to be ubiquitous in laser-produced plasmas formed by lasers with pulse lengths that span four orders of magnitude, from 1 ps to approximately 10 ns. The diagnostic potential of these Rydberg satellite lines is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, L-41, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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28
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Fournier KB, Constantin C, Poco J, Miller MC, Back CA, Suter LJ, Satcher J, Davis J, Grun J. Efficient multi-keV X-ray sources from Ti-doped aerogel targets. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:165005. [PMID: 15169241 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.165005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the production of hnu approximately 4.7 keV x rays from low-density Ti-doped aerogel (rho approximately 3 mg/cc) targets at the OMEGA laser facility (University of Rochester), with the goal of maximizing x-ray output. Forty OMEGA beams (lambda(L)=0.351 microm) illuminated the two cylindrical faces of the target with a total power that ranged from 7 to 14 TW. The laser fully ionizes the target (n(e)/n(crit)</=0.1), and a laser-bleaching wave excites, supersonically, the high-Z emitter ions in the sample. Ti K-shell x-ray emission was spectrally resolved with a two-channel crystal spectrometer and also with a set of filtered aluminum x-ray diodes; both instruments provide absolute measurement of the multi-keV x-ray emission. We find between 40 and 260 J of output with 4.67</=hnu</=5.0 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L-41, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Bauche J, Bauche-Arnoult C, Fournier KB. Model for computing superconfiguration temperatures in nonlocal-thermodynamic-equilibrium hot plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2004; 69:026403. [PMID: 14995562 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.026403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Revised: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A model is presented where the level-population densities in quasi-steady-state hot dense plasmas are described by means of large nonrelativistic superconfigurations (SC's), whose configuration populations follow a decreasing-exponential law versus energy (Boltzmann like) for a temperature depending on the SC. Two systems of linear equations are obtained. The first one yields the average-state population densities of the SC's. Using these results, the second system yields the SC temperatures. In this model, a very large number of atomic levels is accounted for in a simple way, thus yielding the configuration populations and, hence, the ionic distribution and average charge. It also yields accurate simulations of the spectra, which are of the essence for emissivity and absorption calculations. It opens a way to time-dependent calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bauche
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, Bâtiment 505, Campus d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
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30
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May MJ, Fournier KB, Beiersdorfer P, Chen H, Wong KL. X-ray spectral measurements and collisional radiative modeling of Ni- to Kr-like Au ions in electron beam ion trap plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003; 68:036402. [PMID: 14524898 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.036402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The line emission of n=7-->3, 6-->3, 5-->3, and 4-->3 transitions in Ni- to Kr-like gold ions produced in the Livermore electron beam ion traps EBIT-I and EBIT-II has been recorded with an x-ray crystal spectrometer and a photometrically calibrated microcalorimeter. The plasmas had either monoenergetic electron beams with E(beam)=2.66, 3.53, or 4.54 keV or an experimentally simulated thermal electron distributions with T(e)=2.5 keV. The electron densities were approximately 10(12)cm(-3). The measured spectra have been compared to atomic structure calculations and synthetic spectra provided by the Hebrew University Lawrence Livermore Atomic Code atomic data package. Line identifications and accurate photon energy measurements have been made for many collisionally excited transitions. Approximately 140 lines have been identified in nine charge states. Agreement within 20-30 % exists between the measured and modeled line intensities for most lines excited by the monoenergetic electron beam plasmas, although some larger discrepancies can be found for some weaker features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J May
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808 L260, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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31
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Wong KL, May MJ, Beiersdorfer P, Fournier KB, Wilson B, Brown GV, Springer P, Neill PA, Harris CL. Determination of the charge state distribution of a highly ionized coronal Au plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:235001. [PMID: 12857265 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present the first definitive measurement of the charge state distribution of a highly ionized gold plasma in coronal equilibrium. The experiment utilized the Livermore electron beam ion trap EBIT-II in a novel configuration to create a plasma with a Maxwellian temperature of 2.5 keV. The charge balance in the plasma was inferred from spectral line emission measurements which accounted for charge exchange effects. The measured average ionization state was 46.8+/-0.75. This differs from the predictions of two modeling codes by up to four charge states.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wong
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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32
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Shlyaptseva AS, Hansen SB, Kantsyrev VL, Fedin DA, Ouart N, Fournier KB, Safronova UI. Advanced spectroscopic analysis of 0.8-1.0-MA Mo x pinches and the influence of plasma electron beams on L-shell spectra of Mo ions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003; 67:026409. [PMID: 12636824 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.026409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed investigation of the temporal, spatial, and spectroscopic properties of L-shell radiation from 0.8 to 1.0 MA Mo x pinches. Time-resolved measurements of x-ray radiation and both time-gated and time-integrated spectra and pinhole images are presented and analyzed. High-current x pinches are found to have complex spatial and temporal structures. A collisional-radiative kinetic model has been developed and used to interpret L-shell Mo spectra. The model includes the ground state of every ionization stage of Mo and detailed structure for the O-, F-, Ne-, Na-, and Mg-like ionization stages. Hot electron beams generated by current-carrying electrons in the x pinch are modeled by a non-Maxwellian electron distribution function and have significant influence on L-shell spectra. The results of 20 Mo x-pinch shots with wire diameters from 24 to 62 microm have been modeled. Overall, the modeled spectra fit the experimental spectra well and indicate for time-integrated spectra electron densities between 2 x 10(21) and 2 x 10(22) cm(-3), electron temperatures between 700 and 850 eV, and hot electron fractions between 3% and 7%. Time-gated spectra exhibit wide variations in temperature and density of plasma hot spots during the same discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Shlyaptseva
- Physics Department/220, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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33
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Fournier KB, Faenov AY, Pikuz TA, Skobelev IY, Belyaev VS, Vinogradov VI, Kyrilov AS, Matafonov AP, Bellucci I, Martellucci S, Petrocelli G, Auguste T, Hulin S, Monot P, D'Oliveira P. Influence of optical thickness and hot electrons on Rydberg spectra of Ne-like and F-like copper ions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003; 67:016402. [PMID: 12636606 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.016402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spectra in the 7.10 to 8.60 A range from highly charged copper ions are observed from three different laser-produced plasmas (LPPs). The LPPs are formed by a 15-ns Nd:glass laser pulse (type I: E(pulse)=1-8 J, lambda=1.064 microm), a 1-ps Nd:glass laser pulse (type II: E(pulse)=1 J, lambda=1.055 microm), and a 60-fs Ti:sapphire laser pulse (type III: E(pulse)=800 mJ, lambda=790 nm). The spectra of high-n (n<or=14) transitions in highly charged copper ions, Cu19+ to Cu21+, are recorded with a high energy resolution (lambda/deltalambda=3000-8000) spectrometer using a spherically bent mica or quartz crystal. Collisional-radiative models are computed for the emission from each plasma. The sensitivity of the model spectra to opacity effects and to populations of superthermal electrons is studied. For the type I LPPs, opacity effects, treated with escape factors, are necessary to get the correct relative intensities of high-n (n=5, 6) Ne-like Cu19+ emission features. In the case of the type II LPPs, the contrast between the laser prepulse and the main pulse has been varied from low, I(main)/I(pp)=7 x 10(4), to high, I(main)/I(pp)=3.8 x 10(7). For plasmas from low contrast shots, we find good agreement between the observed spectra and optically thin simulations with bulk electron temperatures T(bulk)=0.4 keV and a small population of superthermal electrons (T(hot)=5.0 keV) that is f(hot)<or=10(-5) of the bulk electron population. For high-contrast type II LPPs, we find higher densities and a combination of f(hot) approximately 10(-5) and escape factors best describes the data. For the type III 60-fs LPPs, a population of superthermal electrons (T(hot) approximately 5 keV) that is approximately 5 x 10(-5) of the bulk electron population (T(bulk) approximately 0.2 keV) is required to reproduce the observed spectra. The effect of both escape factors and hot electrons in the CR models is to increase the ionization balance and dramatically increase the number of strong lines for each ion considered. We have studied both opacity effects and hot-electron influence on high-n transitions of highly charged Ne-, F-, and O-like ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Fournier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, L-41, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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34
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Audebert P, Shepherd R, Fournier KB, Peyrusse O, Price D, Lee R, Springer P, Gauthier JC, Klein L. Heating of thin foils with a relativistic-intensity short-pulse laser. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:265001. [PMID: 12484827 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.265001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2001] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
K-shell x-ray spectroscopy of sub-100 nm Al foils irradiated by high contrast, spatially uniform, 150 fs, Ilambda (2)=2 x 10(18) W microm(2)/cm(2), laser pulses is obtained with 500 fs time resolution. Two distinct phases occur: At </=500 fs a broad feature comparable to the resonance transitions occurs due to satellites, and at >/=500 fs the resonance transitions dominate. Initial satellites arise from a large area, high density, low temperature (approximately 100 eV) plasma created by fast electrons. Thus, contrary to predictions, a short, high intensity laser incident on a thin foil does not create a uniform, hot dense plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Audebert
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), UMR 7605, CNRS-CEA, Université Paris VI-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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35
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Biedermann C, Radtke R, Fournier KB. Spectroscopy of heliumlike argon resonance and satellite lines for plasma temperature diagnostics. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 66:066404. [PMID: 12513409 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.066404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The n=2-1 spectral emission pattern of heliumlike argon, together with the associated satellite emission originating from lithiumlike argon have been measured with high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy at the Berlin electron-beam ion trap. The observed line intensity across a wide range of excitation energies was weighted by an electron-energy distribution to analyze as a function of plasma temperature the line ratios between KLL dielectronic recombination satellites, in particular the j+z, j, and k satellites, and the w-resonance line. A good agreement between various theoretical models is found, supporting the method of line-ratio measurement as a temperature diagnostic for plasmas. A value for the so-called R-line ratio is determined and calculations with the HULLAC suite of codes predict it to be electron density independent over a wide range.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Biedermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Bereich Plasmadiagnostik, Mohrenstrasse 41, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Audebert P, Shepherd R, Fournier KB, Peyrusse O, Price D, Lee RW, Springer P, Gauthier JC, Klein L. Time-resolved plasma spectroscopy of thin foils heated by a relativistic-intensity short-pulse laser. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 66:066412. [PMID: 12513417 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.066412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved K-shell x-ray spectra are recorded from sub-100 nm aluminum foils irradiated by 150-fs laser pulses at relativistic intensities of Ilambda(2)=2 x 10(18) W microm(2)/cm(2). The thermal penetration depth is greater than the foil thickness in these targets so that uniform heating takes place at constant density before hydrodynamic motion occurs. The high-contrast, high-intensity laser pulse, broad spectral band, and short time resolution utilized in this experiment permit a simplified interpretation of the dynamical evolution of the radiating matter. The observed spectrum displays two distinct phases. At early time, < or =500 fs after detecting target emission, a broad quasicontinuous spectral feature with strong satellite emission from multiply excited levels is seen. At a later time, the He-like resonance line emission is dominant. The time-integrated data is in accord with previous studies with time resolution greater than 1 ps. The early time satellite emission is shown to be a signature of an initial large area, high density, low-temperature plasma created in the foil by fast electrons accelerated by the intense radiation field in the laser spot. We conclude that, because of this early time phenomenon and contrary to previous predictions, a short, high-intensity laser pulse incident on a thin foil does not create a uniform hot and dense plasma. The heating mechanism has been studied as a function of foil thickness, laser pulse length, and intensity. In addition, the spectra are found to be in broad agreement with a hydrodynamic expansion code postprocessed by a collisional-radiative model based on superconfiguration average rates and on the unresolved transition array formalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Audebert
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, UMR 7605, CNRS-CEA-Université Paris VI-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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37
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Hansen SB, Shlyaptseva AS, Faenov AY, Skobelev IY, Magunov AI, Pikuz TA, Blasco F, Dorchies F, Stenz C, Salin F, Auguste T, Dobosz S, Monot P, D' Oliveira P, Hulin S, Safronova UI, Fournier KB. Hot-electron influence on L-shell spectra of multicharged Kr ions generated in clusters irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 66:046412. [PMID: 12443335 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.046412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strong L-shell x-ray emission has been obtained from Kr clusters formed in gas jets and irradiated by 60-500-fs laser pulses. Spectral lines from the F-, Ne- Na-, and Mg-like charge states of Kr have been identified from highly resolved x-ray spectra. Spectral line intensities are used in conjunction with a detailed time-dependent collisional-radiative model to diagnose the electron distribution functions of plasmas formed in various gas jet nozzles with various laser pulse durations. It is shown that L-shell spectra formed by relatively long nanosecond-laser pulses can be well described by a steady-state model without hot electrons when opacity effects are included. In contrast, adequate modeling of L-shell spectra from highly transient and inhomogeneous femtosecond-laser plasmas requires including the influence of hot electrons. It is shown that femtosecond-laser interaction with gas jets from conical nozzles produces plasmas with higher ionization balances than plasmas formed by gas jets from Laval nozzles, in agreement with previous work for femtosecond laser interaction with Ar clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hansen
- Physics Department/220, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA
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38
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Chen H, Beiersdorfer P, Fournier KB, Träbert E. Soft-x-ray spectra of highly charged Kr ions in an electron beam ion trap. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 65:056401. [PMID: 12059709 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.056401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2001] [Revised: 01/08/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Systematic variation of the electron-beam energy in the EBIT-II electron beam ion trap has been employed to produce soft-x-ray spectra (20-75 A) of Kr with well-defined maximum charge states ranging from Cu- to Al-like ions. Guided by large-scale relativistic atomic structure calculations, the strongest lines have been identified with Delta n=1 (n=3 to n(')=4) transitions from Ni- to P-like ions (Kr(8+)-Kr(21+)), as well as a number of 3p-4d and 3d-5f transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Physics and Advanced Technologies, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
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39
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May MJ, Finkenthal M, Moos HW, Fournier KB, Goldstein WH, Mattioli M, Pacella D, Mazzitelli G, Leigheb M, Gabellieri L. Observations of the vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray brightness profiles of Fe, Ni, and Ge in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:036406. [PMID: 11580453 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.036406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The spatial brightness profiles of emission lines for the K-like through He-like ionization states of Fe, Ge, and Ni have been measured during a set of experiments in which Fe and Ge were introduced into FTU tokamak plasmas by using the laser blowoff technique. Nickel was an intrinsic impurity observed during these experiments that was sputtered from the inconel limiter. The brightness profiles were measured by spatially scanable, photometrically calibrated vaccum ultraviolet and x-ray spectrometers that covered the 1 to 1700 A region. Simulations of these profiles and the time evolution of the laser blowoffs were performed with the MIST transport code using several sets of atomic physics compilations [ADPAK (originally in MIST), Arnaud and Raymond (AR92), Arnaud and Rothenflug (AR85), Mazzotta et al., and Mattioli (an extension to Mazzotta)]. The goal was to determine which set of available rates could best simulate the measured spatial brightness profiles and the charge state balance in the plasma. The Mazzotta et al. (for Fe and Ni), the Mattioli (for Ge), and the AR92 (for Fe only) rates adequately simulated the He-, Li-, Be-, Na-, Mg-like ionization states. The F- to B-like charge states could not be simulated by these compilations unless the relevant dielectronic rates were multiplied by a factor of 2. The ADPAK rates could not adequately predict any of the charge states of Fe, Ge, or Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J May
- Plasma Spectroscopy Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 34th and North Charles Streets, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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40
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Glenzer SH, Fournier KB, Wilson BG, Lee RW, Suter LJ. Ionization balance in inertial confinement fusion hohlraums. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:045002. [PMID: 11461624 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.045002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the first x-ray spectroscopic measurements of the ionization balance in inertial confinement fusion hohlraums supported by 4omega Thomson scattering diagnostics. The experimental data show agreement with non-LTE radiation-hydrodynamic calculations of the averaged Au charge state and electron temperatures. These findings are consistent with the successful integrated modeling of the hohlraum radiation fields. Comparisons with detailed synthetic spectra calculations show that the experimental ionization distribution is slightly shifted indicating nonsteady state kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Glenzer
- L-447, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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41
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Glenzer SH, Fournier KB, Decker C, Hammel BA, Lee RW, Lours L, MacGowan BJ, Osterheld AL. Accuracy of K-shell spectra modeling in high-density plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 62:2728-2738. [PMID: 11088753 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present spectroscopic measurements of the helium-like and lithium-like argon emission supported by Thomson scattering diagnostics on gas bag targets. These data provide critical tests of plasma spectroscopic K-shell models. In particular, we have measured the line radiation in the wavelength region of the He-like Ar 1s(2)-1s3l transition (He-beta) that is of interest for density and temperature measurements of plasmas from gas-filled targets (n(e)</=10(21) cm(-3)), laser ablation targets (n(e)</=10(22) cm(-3)), and inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions (n(e)>/=10(24) cm(-3)). The spectra show lithium-like dielectronic satellites on the red wing of the He-beta line that are temperature sensitive and are known to influence the shape of the Stark-broadened line profiles observed from implosions. To examine the kinetics modeling of this complex, i.e., the He-beta and its associated satellites, we have performed experiments in gas bag plasmas at densities of (0.6-1.1)x10(21) cm(-3) where we independently determine the electron temperature with ultraviolet Thomson scattering. The comparison of the satellite intensities with kinetics modeling shows good agreement for satellites whose upper states are populated by dielectronic capture, but shows discrepancies for inner-shell collisional excited transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- SH Glenzer
- L-437, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551 and CEA/DAM-Ile de France, Boiinsertion markte Postale 12, 91680 Bruyeres-le-Chainsertion marktel, France
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42
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Foord ME, Glenzer SH, Thoe RS, Wong KL, Fournier KB, Wilson BG, Springer PT. Ionization processes and charge-state distribution in a highly ionized high- Z laser-produced plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:992-995. [PMID: 10991457 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The charge-state distribution in a well-characterized highly ionized Au plasma was accurately determined using time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy. Simultaneous measurements of the electron temperature and density allow the first direct comparisons with nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium model predictions for the charge-state distribution of a highly ionized high- Z plasma in a nonradiative environment. The importance of two-electron atomic processes is clearly demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- ME Foord
- University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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43
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Pacella D, Fournier KB, Zerbini M, Finkenthal M, Mattioli M, May MJ, Goldstein WH. Temperature and impurity transport studies of heated tokamak plasmas by means of a collisional-radiative model of x-ray emission from Mo30+ to Mo39+. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 61:5701-5709. [PMID: 11031629 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This work presents and interprets, by means of detailed atomic calculations, observations of L-shell (n = 3-->n = 2) transitions in highly ionized molybdenum, the main intrinsic heavy impurity in the Frascati tokamak upgrade plasmas. These hot plasmas were obtained by additional electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), at the frequency of 140 Ghz, during the current ramp-up phase of the discharge. Injecting 400 kW on axis and 800 kW slightly off axis, the peak central electron temperature reached 8.0 and 7.0 keV, respectively, for a time much longer than the ionization equilibrium time of the molybdenum ions. X-ray emissions from rarely observed high charge states, Mo30+ to Mo39+, have been studied with moderate spectral resolution (lambda/delta lambda approximately 150) and a time resolution of 5 ms. A sophisticated collisional-radiative model for the study of molybdenum ions in plasmas with electron temperature in the range 4-20 keV is presented. The sensitivity of the x-ray emission to the temperature and to impurity transport processes is discussed. This model has been then used to investigate two different plasma scenarios. In the first regime the ECRH heating occurs on axis during the current ramp up phase, when the magnetic shear is evolving from negative to zero up to the half radius. The spectrum is well reproduced with the molybdenum ions in coronal equilibrium and with a central impurity peaking. In the second regime, at the beginning of the current flat top when magnetic shear is monotonic and sawtoothing activity is appearing, the lowest charge states (Mo33+ to Mo30+), populated off axis, are affected by anomalous transport and the total molybdenum profile is found to be flat up to the half radius. We conclude with the presentation of "synthetic spectra" computed for even higher temperature plasmas that are expected in future experiments with higher ECRH power input.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pacella
- Associazione EURATOM-ENEA sulla Fusione, Rome, Italy
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44
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Mattioli M, Fournier KB, Carraro L, DeMichelis C, Monier-Garbet P, Puiatti ME, Sattin F, Scarin P, Valisa M. Experimental and simulated neon spectra in the 10-nm wavelength region from tokamak and reversed field pinch plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 60:4760-9. [PMID: 11970342 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/1999] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Experimental neon spectra (in the 10-nm region), from the tokamak Tore Supra and the reversed field pinch experiment RFX, have been simulated. The spectra include lines from three neon ionization states, namely Ne(7+), Ne(6+), and Ne(5+) ions. Collisional radiative models have been built for these three Ne ions, considering electron collisional excitation and radiative decay as populating processes of the excited states. These models give photon emission coefficients for the emitted lines at electron density and temperature values corresponding to the experimental situations. Impurity modelling is performed using a one-dimensional impurity transport code, calculating the steady-state radial distribution of the Ne ions. The Ne line brightnesses are evaluated in a post-process subroutine and simulated spectra are obtained. The parts of the spectra corresponding to a single ionization state do not depend on the experimental conditions and show good agreement with the simulated single ionization state spectra. On the other hand, the superposition of the three spectra depends on the experimental conditions, as a consequence of the fact that the ion charge distribution depends not only on the radial profiles of the electron density and temperature, but also of the impurity transport coefficients. Simulations of the Ne spectra (including transport) give confidence in the atomic physics calculations; moreover, they allow the determination of the transport coefficients in the plasma region emitting the considered ionization states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mattioli
- Association Euratom-CEA sur la Fusion, Département de Recherches sur la Fusion Contrôlée, Centre d' Etudes de Cadarache, F-13108 St. Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
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Fournier KB, Cohen M, Goldstein WH, Osterheld AL, Finkenthal M, May MJ, Terry JL, Graf MA, Rice J. Dielectronic recombination and excitation autoionization rate coefficients for potassiumlike Mo23+ to fluorinelike Mo33+. Phys Rev A 1996; 54:3870-3884. [PMID: 9913934 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rice JE, Fournier KB, Terry JL, Graf MA, Finkenthal M, Marmar ES, Goldstein WH. X-ray observations of 2l-nl' transitions from Zr, Nb, Mo, and Pd in near-neonlike charge states. Phys Rev A 1996; 53:3953-3962. [PMID: 9913357 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.3953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Fournier KB, Goldstein WH, May M, Finkenthal M, Terry JL. Resonant excitation channels in the 3d10-3d94s and 3d10-3d94p transitions of nickel-like Mo14+ and Zr12+. Phys Rev A 1996; 53:3110-3116. [PMID: 9913250 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Fournier KB, Goldstein WH, May M, Finkenthal M. Electron temperature and density dependence of E1 and E2 lines in the spectra of cobaltlike to potassiumlike ions. Phys Rev A 1996; 53:709-716. [PMID: 9912942 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Fournier KB, Goldstein WH, Pacella D, Bartiromo R, Finkenthal M, May M. Collisional-radiative modeling of the L-shell emission of Mo30+ to Mo33+ emitted from a high-temperature-low-density tokamak plasma. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1996; 53:1084-1093. [PMID: 9964344 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rice JE, Fournier KB, Graf MA, Terry L, Finkenthal M, Bombarda F, Marmar ES, Goldstein WH. X-ray observations of 2l-nl' transitions in Mo30+-Mo33+ from tokamak plasmas. Phys Rev A 1995; 51:3551-3559. [PMID: 9912019 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.51.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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