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Sjöros T, Norha J, Johansson R, Laine S, Garthwaite T, Vähä-Ypyä H, Löyttyniemi E, Kalliokoski KK, Sievänen H, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Heinonen IHA. Tiredness after work associates with less leisure-time physical activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7965. [PMID: 38575674 PMCID: PMC10994905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activities and sedentary behaviors take place in different contexts. This study aimed to determine if the context, total score, and leisure-time MET-index assessed by the Baecke questionnaire associate with each other or with sedentary behavior and physical activity outcomes from a 4-week accelerometer measurement in physically inactive adults with overweight. The item "After working I am tired" correlated negatively with items related to leisure-time physical activity and sports participation. The total Baecke Score showed weak but significant correlations with accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior, physical activity, daily steps, and mean activity intensity of the day (r = - 0.33, 0.41, 0.35, and 0.41, respectively). The associations strengthened when the Sport Index was omitted from the Score. The leisure-time MET-Index did not correlate with accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior or physical activity. Tiredness after working associated with less self-reported physical activity during leisure time. This suggests that better recovery from work-related stress could increase leisure-time physical activity, or increasing leisure-time physical activity could reduce tiredness after working. Moreover, among self-reportedly inactive adults with overweight, focusing the questionnaire on work and non-sport leisure time instead of total time might give more accurate estimates of sedentary behavior and physical activity when compared to accelerometry.The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03101228, 05/04/2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Jooa Norha
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Johansson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland.
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Norha J, Sjöros T, Garthwaite T, Laine S, Saarenhovi M, Kallio P, Laitinen K, Houttu N, Vähä-Ypyä H, Sievänen H, Löyttyniemi E, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK, Heinonen IHA. Effects of reduced sedentary time on resting, exercise and post-exercise blood pressure in inactive adults with metabolic syndrome - a six-month exploratory RCT. J Hum Hypertens 2024; 38:314-321. [PMID: 38267651 PMCID: PMC11001575 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-024-00894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Evidence on the long-term effects of reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) on blood pressure (BP) is scarce. Therefore, we performed a sub-analysis of the BP effects of a six-month intervention that aimed at reducing SB by 1 h/day and replacing it with non-exercise activities. Sixty-four physically inactive and sedentary adults with metabolic syndrome (58% female, 58 [SD 7] years, BP 143/88 [16/9] mmHg, SB 10 [1] h/day) were randomised into intervention (INT, n = 33) and control (CON, n = 31) groups. Resting BP and BP at each stage during and after a graded maximal bicycle ergometer test were measured before and after the intervention. SB, standing, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and light physical activity (LPA) were measured in six-second intervals at baseline and during the whole six-month intervention using hip-worn accelerometers. The analyses were adjusted for BP medication status. The intervention resulted in a 40 min/day reduction in SB and concomitant 20 min/day increase in MVPA. Resting systolic BP was lower in the CON group before and after the intervention. No group x time interactions were observed in resting BP or BP during exercise at submaximal or maximal intensities, or during recovery. The changes in LPA and MVPA were inversely correlated with the changes in BP during light-to-moderate intensity exercise. An intervention that resulted in a 40 min/day reduction in SB for six months was not sufficient at influencing BP at rest, during or after exercise in adults with metabolic syndrome. However, successfully increasing LPA or MVPA might lower BP during light-to-moderate-intensity activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooa Norha
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Saarenhovi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kallio
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora Houttu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Garthwaite T, Sjöros T, Laine S, Koivumäki M, Vähä-Ypyä H, Verho T, Norha J, Kallio P, Saarenhovi M, Löyttyniemi E, Sievänen H, Houttu N, Laitinen K, Kalliokoski KK, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Heinonen I. Sedentary time associates detrimentally and physical activity beneficially with metabolic flexibility in adults with metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E503-E514. [PMID: 38416072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00338.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility (MetFlex) describes the ability to respond and adapt to changes in metabolic demand and substrate availability. The relationship between physical (in)activity and MetFlex is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether sedentary time, physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness associate with MetFlex. Sedentary time, standing, and PA were measured with accelerometers for 4 weeks in 64 sedentary adults with metabolic syndrome [37 women, 27 men; 58.3 (SD 6.8) years]. Fitness (V̇o2max; mL·kg-1·min-1) was measured with graded maximal cycle ergometry. MetFlex was assessed with indirect calorimetry as the change in respiratory exchange ratio (ΔRER) from fasting to insulin stimulation with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and from low-intensity to maximal exercise. Carbohydrate (CHOox) and fat oxidation (FATox) were calculated from respiratory gases. High sedentary time associated with higher fasting RER [β = 0.35 (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.67)], impaired insulin-stimulated MetFlex (ΔRER) [β=-0.41 (-0.72, -0.09)], and lower fasting FATox [β=-0.36 (-0.67, -0.04)]. Standing associated with lower fasting RER [β=-0.32 (-0.62, -0.02)]. Higher standing time and steps/day associated with higher fasting FATox [β = 0.31 (0.01, 0.61), and β = 0.26 (0.00, 0.53)]. Light-intensity and total PA associated with better insulin-stimulated MetFlex [β = 0.33 (0.05, 0.61)], and β = 0.33 (0.05, 0.60)]. Higher V̇o2max associated with higher CHOox during maximal exercise [β = 0.81 (0.62, 1.00)], as well as during insulin stimulation [β = 0.43 (0.13, 0.73)]. P values are less than 0.05 for all associations. Sedentary time and PA associate with MetFlex. Reducing sitting and increasing PA of even light intensity might aid in the prevention of metabolic diseases in risk populations through their potential effects on energy metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY High accelerometer-assessed sedentary time associates with metabolic inflexibility measured during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in adults with metabolic syndrome, and more light-intensity and total physical activity associate with more metabolic flexibility. Physical activity behaviors may thus play an important role in the regulation of fuel metabolism. This highlights the potential of reduced sedentary time and increased physical activity of any intensity to induce metabolic health benefits and help in disease prevention in risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Verho
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jooa Norha
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kallio
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Saarenhovi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Houttu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Sjöros T, Laine S, Garthwaite T, Vähä-Ypyä H, Koivumäki M, Eskola O, Löyttyniemi E, Houttu N, Laitinen K, Kalliokoski KK, Sievänen H, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Heinonen IHA. The effects of a 6-month intervention aimed to reduce sedentary time on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E152-E162. [PMID: 37378623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00018.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary behavior (SB) and physical inactivity associate with impaired insulin sensitivity. We investigated whether an intervention aimed at a 1-h reduction in daily SB during 6 mo would improve insulin sensitivity in the weight-bearing thigh muscles. Forty-four sedentary inactive adults [mean age 58 (SD 7) yr; 43% men] with metabolic syndrome were randomized into intervention and control groups. The individualized behavioral intervention was supported by an interactive accelerometer and a mobile application. SB, measured with hip-worn accelerometers in 6-s intervals throughout the 6-mo intervention, decreased by 51 (95% CI 22-80) min/day and physical activity (PA) increased by 37 (95% CI 18-55) min/day in the intervention group with nonsignificant changes in these outcomes in the control group. Insulin sensitivity in the whole body and in the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles, measured with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with [18F]fluoro-deoxy-glucose PET, did not significantly change during the intervention in either group. However, the changes in hamstring and whole body insulin sensitivity correlated inversely with the change in SB and positively with the changes in moderate-to-vigorous PA and daily steps. In conclusion, these results suggest that the more the participants were able to reduce their SB, the more their individual insulin sensitivity increased in the whole body and in the hamstring muscles but not in quadriceps femoris. However, according to our primary randomized controlled trial results, this kind of behavioral interventions targeted to reduce sedentariness may not be effective in increasing skeletal muscle and whole body insulin sensitivity in people with metabolic syndrome at the population level.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aiming to reduce daily SB by 1 h/day had no impact on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in the weight-bearing thigh muscles. However, successfully reducing SB may increase insulin sensitivity in the postural hamstring muscles. This emphasizes the importance of both reducing SB and increasing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity to improve insulin sensitivity in functionally different muscles of the body and thus induce a more comprehensive change in insulin sensitivity in the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Eskola
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Noora Houttu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
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Norha J, Sjöros T, Garthwaite T, Laine S, Saarenhovi M, Kallio P, Laitinen K, Houttu N, Vähä-Ypyä H, Sievänen H, Löyttyniemi E, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK, Heinonen IHA. Effects of reducing sedentary behavior on cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with metabolic syndrome: A 6-month RCT. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023. [PMID: 37073456 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with adverse health outcomes. Previous observational and cross-sectional studies have suggested that reducing sedentary behavior (SB) might improve CRF. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a 6-month intervention of reducing SB on CRF in 64 sedentary inactive adults with metabolic syndrome in a non-blind randomized controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the intervention group (INT, n = 33), the aim was to reduce SB by 1 h/day for 6 months without increasing exercise training. Control group (CON, n = 31) was instructed to maintain their habitual SB and physical activity. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) was measured by maximal graded bicycle ergometer test with respiratory gas measurements. Physical activity and SB were measured during the whole intervention using accelerometers. RESULTS Reduction in SB did not improve VO2max statistically significantly (group × time p > 0.05). Maximal absolute power output (Wmax ) did not improve significantly but increased in INT compared to CON when scaled to fat free mass (FFM) (at 6 months INT 1.54 [95% CI: 1.41, 1.67] vs. CON 1.45 [1.32, 1.59] Wmax /kgFFM , p = 0.036). Finally, the changes in daily step count correlated positively with the changes in VO2max scaled to body mass and FFM (r = 0.31 and 0.30, respectively, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Reducing SB without adding exercise training does not seem to improve VO2max in adults with metabolic syndrome. However, succeeding in increasing daily step count may increase VO2max .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooa Norha
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Saarenhovi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kallio
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora Houttu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
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Sjöros T, Laine S, Garthwaite T, Vähä-Ypyä H, Löyttyniemi E, Koivumäki M, Houttu N, Laitinen K, Kalliokoski KK, Sievänen H, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Heinonen IHA. Reducing Sedentary Time and Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity in Metabolic Syndrome: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:342-353. [PMID: 36251378 PMCID: PMC9924963 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate whether a reduction in daily sedentary behavior (SB) improves insulin sensitivity in adults with metabolic syndrome in 6 months, without adding intentional exercise training. METHODS Sixty-four sedentary inactive middle-age adults with overweight and metabolic syndrome (mean (SD) age, 58 (7) yr; mean (SD) body mass index, 31.6 (4.3) kg·m -2 ; 27 men) were randomized into intervention and control groups. The 6-month individualized behavioral intervention supported by an interactive accelerometer and a mobile application aimed at reducing daily SB by 1 h compared with baseline. Insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, body composition by air displacement plethysmography, and fasting blood samples were analyzed before and after the intervention. SB and physical activity were measured with hip-worn accelerometers throughout the intervention. RESULTS SB decreased by 40 (95% confidence interval, 17-65) min·d -1 , and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity increased by 20 (95% confidence interval, 11-28) min·d -1 on average in the intervention group with no significant changes in these outcomes in the control group. After 6 months, fasting plasma insulin decreased (~1 mU·L -1 ) in the intervention group compared with the control group (time-group, P = 0.0081), but insulin sensitivity did not change in either group. The changes in body mass or adiposity did not differ between groups. Among all participants, the changes in SB and body mass correlated inversely with the change in insulin sensitivity ( r = -0.31, -0.44; P = 0.025, 0.0005, respectively). CONCLUSIONS An intervention aimed at reducing daily SB resulted in slightly decreased fasting insulin, but had no effects on insulin sensitivity or body adiposity. However, as the change in insulin sensitivity associated with the changes in SB and body mass, multifaceted interventions targeting to weight loss are likely to be beneficial in improving whole-body insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, FINLAND
| | | | - Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Noora Houttu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, FINLAND
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
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7
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Mawhinney C, Heinonen I, Low DA, Han C, Jones H, Kalliokoski KK, Kirjavainen A, Kemppainen J, DI Salvo V, Lolli L, Cable NT, Gregson W. Cool-Water Immersion Reduces Postexercise Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Perfusion More Than Cold-Water Immersion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1085-1094. [PMID: 35220370 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The muscle perfusion response to postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) is not well understood. We examined the effects of graded postexercise CWI upon global and regional quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion using positron emission tomography and [15O]H2O. METHODS Using a matched-group design, 30 healthy men performed cycle ergometer exercise at 70% V̇O2peak to a core body temperature of 38°C, followed by either 10 min of CWI at 8°C, 22°C, or seated rest (control). Quadriceps muscle perfusion; thigh and calf cutaneous vascular conductance; intestinal, muscle, and local skin temperatures; thermal comfort; mean arterial pressure; and heart rate were assessed at preexercise, postexercise, and after CWI. RESULTS Global quadriceps perfusion was reduced beyond the predefined minimal clinically relevant threshold (0.75 mL per 100 g·min-1) in 22°C water versus control (difference (95% confidence interval (CI)), -2.5 (-3.9 to -1.1) mL per 100 g·min-1). Clinically relevant decreases in muscle perfusion were observed in the rectus femoris (-2.0 (-3.0 to -1.0) mL per 100 g·min-1) and vastus lateralis (-3.5 (-4.9 to -2.0) mL per 100 g·min-1) in 8°C water, and in the vastus lateralis (-3.3 (-4.8 to -1.9) mL per 100 g·min-1) in 22°C water versus control. The mean effects for vastus intermedius and vastus medialis perfusion were not clinically relevant. Clinically relevant decreases in thigh and calf cutaneous vascular conductance were observed in both cooling conditions. CONCLUSIONS The present findings revealed that less noxious CWI (22°C) promoted clinically relevant postexercise decreases in global quadriceps muscle perfusion, whereas noxious cooling (8°C) elicited no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Low
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Chunlei Han
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Anna Kirjavainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND
| | | | | | - N Tim Cable
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM
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Sjöros T, Vähä-Ypyä H, Laine S, Garthwaite T, Löyttyniemi E, Sievänen H, Kalliokoski KK, Knuuti J, Vasankari T, Heinonen IHA. Influence of the Duration and Timing of Data Collection on Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity, Sedentary Time and Associated Insulin Resistance. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18094950. [PMID: 34066552 PMCID: PMC8125504 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometry is a commonly used method to determine physical activity in clinical studies, but the duration and timing of measurement have seldom been addressed. We aimed to evaluate possible changes in the measured outcomes and associations with insulin resistance during four weeks of accelerometry data collection. This study included 143 participants (median age of 59 (IQR9) years; mean BMI of 30.7 (SD4) kg/m2; 41 men). Sedentary and standing time, breaks in sedentary time, and different intensities of physical activity were measured with hip-worn accelerometers. Differences in the accelerometer-based results between weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 were analyzed by mixed models, differences during winter and summer by two-way ANOVA, and the associations between insulin resistance and cumulative means of accelerometer results during weeks 1 to 4 by linear models. Mean accelerometry duration was 24 (SD3) days. Sedentary time decreased after three weeks of measurement. More physical activity was measured during summer compared to winter. The associations between insulin resistance and sedentary behavior and light physical activity were non-significant after the first week of measurement, but the associations turned significant in two to three weeks. If the purpose of data collection is to reveal associations between accelerometer-measured outcomes and tenuous health outcomes, such as insulin sensitivity, data collection for at least three weeks may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (S.L.); (T.G.); (K.K.K.); (J.K.); (I.H.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-45-02-085
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK-Institute for Health Promotion Research, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, 33500 Tampere, Finland; (H.V.-Y.); (H.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (S.L.); (T.G.); (K.K.K.); (J.K.); (I.H.A.H.)
| | - Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (S.L.); (T.G.); (K.K.K.); (J.K.); (I.H.A.H.)
| | | | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK-Institute for Health Promotion Research, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, 33500 Tampere, Finland; (H.V.-Y.); (H.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Kari K. Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (S.L.); (T.G.); (K.K.K.); (J.K.); (I.H.A.H.)
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (S.L.); (T.G.); (K.K.K.); (J.K.); (I.H.A.H.)
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK-Institute for Health Promotion Research, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, 33500 Tampere, Finland; (H.V.-Y.); (H.S.); (T.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka H. A. Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland; (S.L.); (T.G.); (K.K.K.); (J.K.); (I.H.A.H.)
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, 30118 Halmstad, Sweden
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9
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Laine S, Högel H, Ishizu T, Toivanen J, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Grönroos TJ, Rantala J, Mäkelä R, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK, Heinonen I. Effects of Different Exercise Training Protocols on Gene Expression of Rac1 and PAK1 in Healthy Rat Fast- and Slow-Type Muscles. Front Physiol 2020; 11:584661. [PMID: 33329033 PMCID: PMC7711069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.584661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rac1 and its downstream target PAK1 are novel regulators of insulin and exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, it is not yet understood how different training intensities affect the expression of these proteins. Therefore, we studied the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on Rac1 and PAK1 expression in fast-type (gastrocnemius, GC) and slow-type (soleus, SOL) muscles in rats after HIIT and MICT swimming exercises. Methods The mRNA expression was determined using qPCR and protein expression levels with reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPA). Results HIIT significantly decreased Rac1 mRNA expression in GC compared to MICT (p = 0.003) and to the control group (CON) (p = 0.001). At the protein level Rac1 was increased in GC in both training groups, but only the difference between HIIT and CON was significant (p = 0.02). HIIT caused significant decrease of PAK1 mRNA expression in GC compared to MICT (p = 0.007) and to CON (p = 0.001). At the protein level, HIIT increased PAK1 expression in GC compared to MICT and CON (by ∼17%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3, p = 0.2, respectively). There were no significant differences in the Rac1 or PAK1 expression in SOL between the groups. Conclusion Our results indicate that HIIT, but not MICT, decreases Rac1 and PAK1 mRNA expression and increases the protein expression of especially Rac1 but only in fast-type muscle. These exercise training findings may reveal new therapeutic targets to treat patients with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Högel
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Tamiko Ishizu
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,TuDMM Doctoral Programmes, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Toivanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Yli-Karjanmaa
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
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10
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Ojala R, Motiani KK, Ivaska KK, Arponen M, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Heiskanen MA, U-Din M, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Bone Marrow Metabolism Is Impaired in Insulin Resistance and Improves After Exercise Training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5891759. [PMID: 32785654 PMCID: PMC7526736 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exercise training improves bone mineral density, but little is known about the effects of training on bone marrow (BM) metabolism. BM insulin sensitivity has been suggested to play an important role in bone health and whole-body insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of exercise training on BM metabolism. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS Sedentary healthy (n = 28, 40-55 years, all males) and insulin resistant (IR) subjects (n = 26, 43-55 years, males/females 16/10). INTERVENTION Two weeks of sprint interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured femoral, lumbar, and thoracic BM insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) and fasting free fatty acid uptake (FFAU) using positron-emission tomography and bone turnover markers from plasma. RESULTS At baseline, GU was highest in lumbar, followed by thoracic, and lowest in femoral BM (all Ps < 0.0001). FFAU was higher in lumbar and thoracic than femoral BM (both Ps < 0.0001). BM FFAU and femoral BM GU were higher in healthy compared to IR men and in females compared to males (all Ps < 0.05). Training increased femoral BM GU similarly in all groups and decreased lumbar BM FFAU in males (all Ps < 0.05). Osteocalcin and PINP were lower in IR than healthy men and correlated positively with femoral BM GU and glycemic status (all Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BM metabolism differs regarding anatomical location. Short-term training improves BM GU and FFAU in healthy and IR subjects. Bone turnover rate is decreased in insulin resistance and associates positively with BM metabolism and glycemic control. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01344928.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Ojala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Kaisa K Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Milja Arponen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Mueez U-Din
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Jarna C. Hannukainen, PhD, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Finland. E-mail:
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11
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Dadson P, Rebelos E, Honka H, Juárez-Orozco LE, Kalliokoski KK, Iozzo P, Teuho J, Salminen P, Pihlajamäki J, Hannukainen JC, Nuutila P. Change in abdominal, but not femoral subcutaneous fat CT-radiodensity is associated with improved metabolic profile after bariatric surgery. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:2363-2371. [PMID: 32919861 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Computed tomography (CT)-derived adipose tissue radiodensity represents a potential noninvasive surrogate marker for lipid deposition and obesity-related metabolic disease risk. We studied the effects of bariatric surgery on CT-derived adipose radiodensities in abdominal and femoral areas and their relationships to circulating metabolites in morbidly obese patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 23 morbidly obese women who underwent CT imaging before and 6 months after bariatric surgery. Fifteen healthy non-obese women served as controls. Radiodensities of the abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and the femoral SAT, adipose tissue masses were measured in all participants. Circulating metabolites were measured by NMR. At baseline, radiodensities of abdominal fat depots were lower in the obese patients as compared to the controls. Surprisingly, radiodensity of femoral SAT was higher in the obese as compared to the controls. In the abdominal SAT depot, radiodensity strongly correlated with SAT mass (r = -0.72, p < 0.001). After surgery, the radiodensities of abdominal fat increased significantly (both p < 0.01), while femoral SAT radiodensity remained unchanged. Circulating ApoB/ApoA-I, leucine, valine, and GlycA decreased, while glycine levels significantly increased as compared to pre-surgical values (all p < 0.05). The increase in abdominal fat radiodensity correlated negatively with the decreased levels of ApoB/ApoA-I ratio, leucine and GlycA (all p < 0.05). The increase in abdominal SAT density was significantly correlated with the decrease in the fat depot mass (r = -0.66, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Higher lipid content in abdominal fat depots, and lower content in femoral subcutaneous fat, constitute prominent pathophysiological features in morbid obesity. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of non-abdominal subcutaneous fat in the pathogenesis of obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01373892.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Dadson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eleni Rebelos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Honka
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Jarmo Teuho
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Salminen
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Surgery, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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12
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Honkala SM, Motiani P, Kivelä R, Hemanthakumar KA, Tolvanen E, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Kemppainen J, Heiskanen MA, Löyttyniemi E, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise training improves adipose tissue metabolism and vasculature regardless of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000830. [PMID: 32816872 PMCID: PMC7437884 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effects of a supervised progressive sprint interval training (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on adipocyte morphology and adipose tissue metabolism and function; we also tested whether the responses were similar regardless of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 26 insulin-resistant (IR) and 28 healthy participants were randomized into 2-week-long SIT (4-6×30 s at maximum effort) and MICT (40-60 min at 60% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2peak)). Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting-free fatty acid uptake in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissues (SATs) were quantified with positron emission tomography. Abdominal SAT biopsies were collected to determine adipocyte morphology, gene expression markers of lipolysis, glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation. RESULTS Training increased glucose uptake in VAT (p<0.001) and femoral SAT (p<0.001) and decreased fatty acid uptake in VAT (p=0.01) irrespective of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. In IR participants, training increased adipose tissue vasculature and decreased CD36 and ANGPTL4 gene expression in abdominal SAT. SIT was superior in increasing VO2peak and VAT glucose uptake in the IR group, whereas MICT reduced VAT fatty acid uptake more than SIT. CONCLUSIONS Short-term training improves adipose tissue metabolism both in healthy and IR participants independently of the sex. Adipose tissue angiogenesis and gene expression was only significantly affected in IR participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riikka Kivelä
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Erik Tolvanen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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13
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Motiani KK, Collado MC, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Salminen S, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise Training Modulates Gut Microbiota Profile and Improves Endotoxemia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:94-104. [PMID: 31425383 PMCID: PMC7028471 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Introduction Intestinal metabolism and microbiota profiles are impaired in obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, dysbiotic gut microbiota has been suggested to promote systemic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance through the release of endotoxins particularly lipopolysaccharides. We have previously shown that exercise training improves intestinal metabolism in healthy men. To understand whether changes in intestinal metabolism interact with gut microbiota and its release of inflammatory markers, we studied the effects of sprint interval (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on intestinal metabolism and microbiota in subjects with insulin resistance. Methods Twenty-six, sedentary subjects (prediabetic, n = 9; type 2 diabetes, n = 17; age, 49 [SD, 4] yr; body mass index, 30.5 [SD, 3]) were randomized into SIT or MICT. Intestinal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) and fatty acid uptake (FAU) from circulation were measured using positron emission tomography. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and serum inflammatory markers with multiplex assays and enzyme-linked immunoassay kit. Results V˙O2peak improved only after SIT (P = 0.01). Both training modes reduced systematic and intestinal inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, lipopolysaccharide binding protein) (time P < 0.05). Training modified microbiota profile by increasing Bacteroidetes phylum (time P = 0.03) and decreasing Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (time P = 0.04). Moreover, there was a decrease in Clostridium genus (time P = 0.04) and Blautia (time P = 0.051). Only MICT decreased jejunal FAU (P = 0.02). Training had no significant effect on intestinal GU. Colonic GU associated positively with Bacteroidetes and inversely with Firmicutes phylum, ratio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and Blautia genus. Conclusions Intestinal substrate uptake associates with gut microbiota composition and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Exercise training improves gut microbiota profiles and reduces endotoxemia.
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14
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Mawhinney C, Heinonen I, Low DA, Han C, Jones H, Kalliokoski KK, Kirjavainen A, Kemppainen J, Di Salvo V, Weston M, Cable T, Gregson W. Changes in quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion following different degrees of cold-water immersion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1392-1401. [PMID: 32352343 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the influence of graded cold-water immersion (CWI) on global and regional quadriceps muscle perfusion with positron emission tomography (PET) and [15O]H2O. In 30 healthy men [33 ± 8 yr; 81 ± 10 kg; 184 ± 5 cm; percentage body fat: 13 ± 5%; peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak): 47 ± 8 mL·kg-1·min-1] quadriceps perfusion, thigh and calf cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), intestinal, muscle, and local skin temperatures, thermal comfort, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were assessed before and after 10 min of CWI at 8°C, 15°C, or 22°C. Global quadriceps perfusion did not change beyond a clinically relevant threshold (0.75 mL·100 g·min-1) in any condition and was similar between conditions {range of differences [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.1 mL·100 g·min-1 (-0.9 to 1.2 mL·100 g·min-1) to 0.9 mL·100 g·min-1 (-0.2 to 1.9 mL·100 g·min-1)}. Muscle perfusion was greater in vastus intermedius (VI) compared with vastus lateralis (VL) (2.2 mL·100 g·min-1; 95% CI 1.5 to 3.0 mL·100 g·min-1) and rectus femoris (RF) (2.2 mL·100 g·min-1; 1.4 to 2.9 mL·100 g·min-1). A clinically relevant increase in VI muscle perfusion after immersion at 8°C and a decrease in RF muscle perfusion at 15°C were observed. A clinically relevant increase in perfusion was observed in VI in 8°C compared with 22°C water (2.3 mL·100 g·min-1; 1.1 to 3.5 mL·100 g·min-1). There were no clinically relevant between-condition differences in thigh CVC. Our findings suggest that CWI (8-22°C) does not reduce global quadriceps muscle perfusion to a clinically relevant extent; however, colder water increases (8°C) deep muscle perfusion and reduces (15°C) superficial muscle (RF) perfusion in the quadriceps muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using positron emission tomography, we report for the first time muscle perfusion heterogeneity in the quadriceps femoris in response to different degrees of cold-water immersion (CWI). Noxious CWI temperatures (8°C) increase perfusion in the deep quadriceps muscle, whereas superficial quadriceps muscle perfusion is reduced in cooler (15°C) water. Therefore, these data have important implications for the selection of CWI approaches used in the treatment of soft tissue injury, while also increasing our understanding of the potential mechanisms underpinning CWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mawhinney
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - David A Low
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chunlei Han
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Kirjavainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Matthew Weston
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.,Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tim Cable
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
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15
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Klén R, Honka MJ, Hannukainen JC, Huovinen V, Bucci M, Latva-Rasku A, Venäläinen MS, Kalliokoski KK, Virtanen KA, Lautamäki R, Iozzo P, Elo LL, Nuutila P. Predicting Skeletal Muscle and Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity Using NMR-Metabolomic Profiling. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa026. [PMID: 32232183 PMCID: PMC7093091 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Abnormal lipoprotein and amino acid profiles are associated with insulin resistance and may help to identify this condition. The aim of this study was to create models estimating skeletal muscle and whole-body insulin sensitivity using fasting metabolite profiles and common clinical and laboratory measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cross-sectional study population included 259 subjects with normal or impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes in whom skeletal muscle and whole-body insulin sensitivity (M-value) were measured during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Muscle glucose uptake (GU) was measured directly using [18F]FDG-PET. Serum metabolites were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We used linear regression to build the models for the muscle GU (Muscle-insulin sensitivity index [ISI]) and M-value (whole-body [WB]-ISI). The models were created and tested using randomly selected training (n = 173) and test groups (n = 86). The models were compared to common fasting indices of insulin sensitivity, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). RESULTS WB-ISI had higher correlation with actual M-value than HOMA-IR or revised QUICKI (ρ = 0.83 vs -0.67 and 0.66; P < 0.05 for both comparisons), whereas the correlation of Muscle-ISI with the actual skeletal muscle GU was not significantly stronger than HOMA-IR's or revised QUICKI's (ρ = 0.67 vs -0.58 and 0.59; both nonsignificant) in the test dataset. CONCLUSION Muscle-ISI and WB-ISI based on NMR-metabolomics and common laboratory measurements from fasting serum samples and basic anthropometrics are promising rapid and inexpensive tools for determining insulin sensitivity in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Klén
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Ville Huovinen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marco Bucci
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Mikko S Venäläinen
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Lautamäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Heart Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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16
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Kudomi N, Kalliokoski KK, Oikonen VJ, Han C, Kemppainen J, Sipilä HT, Knuuti J, Heinonen IHA. Myocardial Blood Flow and Metabolic Rate of Oxygen Measurement in the Right and Left Ventricles at Rest and During Exercise Using 15O-Labeled Compounds and PET. Front Physiol 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 31275160 PMCID: PMC6593089 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Simultaneous measurement of right (RV) and left ventricle (LV) myocardial blood flow (MBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and oxygen consumption (MVO2) non-invasively in humans would provide new possibilities to understand cardiac physiology and different patho-physiological states. Methods: We developed and tested an optimized novel method to measure MBF, OEF, and MVO2 simultaneously both in the RV and LV free wall (FW) using positron emission tomography in healthy young men at rest and during supine bicycle exercise. Results: Resting MBF was not significantly different between the three myocardial regions. Exercise increased MBF in the LVFW and septum, but MBF was lower in the RV compared to septum and LVFW during exercise. Resting OEF was similar between the three different myocardial regions (~70%) and increased in response to exercise similarly in all regions. MVO2 increased approximately two to three times from rest to exercise in all myocardial regions, but was significantly lower in the RV during exercise as compared to septum LVFW. Conclusion: MBF, OEF, and MVO2 can be assessed simultaneously in the RV and LV myocardia at rest and during exercise. Although there are no major differences in the MBF and OEF between LV and RV myocardial regions in the resting myocardium, MVO2 per gram of myocardium appears to be lower the RV in the exercising healthy human heart due to lower mean blood flow. The presented method may provide valuable insights for the assessment of MBF, OEF and MVO2 in hearts in different pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kudomi
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Chunlei Han
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
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17
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Motiani KK, Savolainen AM, Toivanen J, Eskelinen JJ, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Virtanen KA, Saunavaara V, Heiskanen MA, Parkkola R, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Savisto N, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Effects of short-term sprint interval and moderate-intensity continuous training on liver fat content, lipoprotein profile, and substrate uptake: a randomized trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1756-1768. [PMID: 30998125 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00900.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and increased liver fat content (LFC) alter lipoprotein profile and composition and impair liver substrate uptake. Exercise training mitigates T2D and reduces LFC, but the benefits of different training intensities in terms of lipoprotein classes and liver substrate uptake are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or sprint interval training (SIT) on LFC, liver substrate uptake, and lipoprotein profile in subjects with normoglycemia or prediabetes/T2D. We randomized 54 subjects (normoglycemic group, n = 28; group with prediabetes/T2D, n = 26; age = 40-55 yr) to perform either MICT or SIT for 2 wk and measured LFC with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, lipoprotein composition with NMR, and liver glucose uptake (GU) and fatty acid uptake (FAU) using PET. At baseline, the group with prediabetes/T2D had higher LFC, impaired lipoprotein profile, and lower whole body insulin sensitivity and aerobic capacity compared with the normoglycemic group. Both training modes improved aerobic capacity (P < 0.001) and lipoprotein profile (reduced LDL and increased large HDL subclasses; all P < 0.05) with no training regimen (SIT vs. MICT) or group effect (normoglycemia vs. prediabetes/T2D). LFC tended to be reduced in the group with prediabetes/T2D compared with the normoglycemic group posttraining (P = 0.051). When subjects were divided according to LFC (high LFC, >5.6%; low LFC, <5.6%), training reduced LFC in subjects with high LFC (P = 0.009), and only MICT increased insulin-stimulated liver GU (P = 0.03). Short-term SIT and MICT are effective in reducing LFC in subjects with fatty liver and in improving lipoprotein profile regardless of baseline glucose tolerance. Short-term MICT is more efficient in improving liver insulin sensitivity compared with SIT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the short term, both sprint interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) reduce liver fat content and improve lipoprotein profile; however, MICT seems to be preferable in improving liver insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | | | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory Turku, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland
| | - Nina Savisto
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
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18
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Takahashi H, Alves CRR, Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Pasquale Nigro, Ryan RE, Xue R, Sakaguchi M, Lynes MD, So K, Mul JD, Lee MY, Balan E, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Hirshman MF, Azhar M, Hannukainen JC, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK, Kahn CR, Tseng YH, Goodyear LJ. TGF-β2 is an exercise-induced adipokine that regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Nat Metab 2019; 1:291-303. [PMID: 31032475 PMCID: PMC6481955 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise improves health and well-being across diverse organ systems, and elucidating mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise can lead to new therapies. Here, we show that transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is secreted from adipose tissue in response to exercise and improves glucose tolerance in mice. We identify TGF-β2 as an exercise-induced adipokine in a gene expression analysis of human subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies after exercise training. In mice, exercise training increases TGF-β2 in scWAT, serum, and its secretion from fat explants. Transplanting scWAT from exercise-trained wild type mice, but not from adipose tissue-specific Tgfb2−/− mice, into sedentary mice improves glucose tolerance. TGF-β2 treatment reverses the detrimental metabolic effects of high fat feeding in mice. Lactate, a metabolite released from muscle during exercise, stimulates TGF-β2 expression in human adipocytes. Administration of the lactate-lowering agent dichloroacetate during exercise training in mice decreases circulating TGF-β2 levels and reduces exercise-stimulated improvements in glucose tolerance. Thus, exercise training improves systemic metabolism through inter-organ communication with fat via a lactate-TGF-β2-signaling cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christiano R R Alves
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca E Ryan
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masaji Sakaguchi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kawai So
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joram D Mul
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Estelle Balan
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Søren Nielsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Sjöros T, Saunavaara V, Löyttyniemi E, Koivumäki M, Heinonen IHA, Eskelinen J, Virtanen KA, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Intramyocellular lipid accumulation after sprint interval and moderate-intensity continuous training in healthy and diabetic subjects. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13980. [PMID: 30740933 PMCID: PMC6369060 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on intramyocellular (IMCL) and extramyocellular (EMCL) lipid accumulation are unclear. We tested the effects of SIT and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on IMCL and EMCL accumulation in a randomized controlled setting in two different study populations; healthy untrained men (n 28) and subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or prediabetes (n 26). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H MRS) was used to determine IMCL and EMCL in the Tibialis anterior muscle (TA) before and after a 2-week exercise period. The exercise period comprised six sessions of SIT or MICT cycling on a cycle ergometer. IMCL increased after SIT compared to MICT (P = 0.042) in both healthy and T2D/prediabetic subjects. On EMCL the training intervention had no significant effect. In conclusion, IMCL serves as an important energy depot during exercise and can be extended by high intensity exercise. The effects of high intensity interval exercise on IMCL seem to be similar regardless of insulin sensitivity or the presence of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET CentreTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Department of Medical PhysicsDivision of Medical ImagingTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirsi A. Virtanen
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Turku PET CentreTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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20
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Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Mari A, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Comment on 'Exercise training decreases pancreatic fat content and improves beta cell function regardless of baseline glucose tolerance: a randomised controlled trial'. Reply to Amini P and Moharamzadeh S [letter]. Diabetologia 2019; 62:204-206. [PMID: 30406809 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marja A Heiskanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Kumail K Motiani
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
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21
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Honkala SM, Johansson J, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Short-term interval training alters brain glucose metabolism in subjects with insulin resistance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1828-1838. [PMID: 28959911 PMCID: PMC6168908 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17734998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) is increased in obese and insulin resistant subjects but normalizes after weight loss along with improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. Our aim was to study whether short-term exercise training (moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) or sprint interval training (SIT)) alters substrates for brain energy metabolism in insulin resistance. Sedentary subjects ( n = 21, BMI 23.7-34.3 kg/m2, age 43-55 y) with insulin resistance were randomized into MICT ( n = 11, intensity≥60% of VO2peak) or SIT ( n = 10, all-out) groups for a two-week training intervention. Brain GU during insulin stimulation and fasting brain free fatty acid uptake (FAU) was measured using PET. At baseline, brain GU was positively associated with the fasting insulin level and negatively with the whole-body insulin sensitivity. The whole-body insulin sensitivity improved with both training modes (20%, p = 0.007), while only SIT led to an increase in aerobic capacity (5%, p = 0.03). SIT also reduced insulin-stimulated brain GU both in global cortical grey matter uptake (12%, p = 0.03) and in specific regions ( p < 0.05, all areas except the occipital cortex), whereas no changes were observed after MICT. Brain FAU remained unchanged after the training in both groups. These findings show that short-term SIT effectively decreases insulin-stimulated brain GU in sedentary subjects with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- 3 Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,4 Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- 1 Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,4 Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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22
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Laaksonen MS, Kyröläinen H, Kemppainen J, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK. Muscle Free Fatty-Acid Uptake Associates to Mechanical Efficiency During Exercise in Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1171. [PMID: 30246804 PMCID: PMC6110921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic factors related to muscle metabolism may explain the differences in mechanical efficiency (ME) during exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle metabolism and ME. Totally 17 healthy recreationally active male participants were recruited and divided into efficient (EF; n = 8) and inefficient (IE; n = 9) groups, which were matched for age (mean ± SD 24 ± 2 vs. 23 ± 2 years), BMI (23 ± 1 vs. 23 ± 2 kg m-2), physical activity levels (3.4 ± 1.0 vs. 4.1 ± 1.0 sessions/week), and V ˙ O2peak (53 ± 3 vs. 52 ± 3 mL kg-1 min-1), respectively, but differed for ME at 45% of V ˙ O2peak intensity during submaximal bicycle ergometer test (EF 20.5 ± 3.5 vs. IE 15.4 ± 0.8%, P < 0.001). Using positron emission tomography, muscle blood flow (BF) and uptakes of oxygen (m V ˙ O2), fatty acids (FAU) and glucose (GU) were measured during dynamic submaximal knee-extension exercise. Workload-normalized BF (EF 35 ± 14 vs. IE 34 ± 11 mL 100 g-1 min-1, P = 0.896), m V ˙ O2 (EF 4.1 ± 1.2 vs. IE 3.9 ± 1.2 mL 100 g-1 min-1, P = 0.808), and GU (EF 3.1 ± 1.8 vs. IE 2.6 ± 2.3 μmol 100 g-1 min-1, P = 0.641) as well as the delivery of oxygen, glucose, and FAU, as well as respiratory quotient were not different between the groups. However, FAU was significantly higher in EF than IE (3.1 ± 1.7 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6 μmol 100 g-1 min-1, P = 0.047) and it also correlated with ME (r = 0.56, P = 0.024) in the entire study group. EF group also demonstrated higher use of plasma FAU than IE, but no differences in use of plasma glucose and intramuscular energy sources were observed between the groups. These findings suggest that the effective use of plasma FAU is an important determinant of ME during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko S. Laaksonen
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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23
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Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Mari A, Saunavaara V, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Koivumäki M, Löyttyniemi E, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise training decreases pancreatic fat content and improves beta cell function regardless of baseline glucose tolerance: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1817-1828. [PMID: 29717337 PMCID: PMC6061150 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pancreatic fat accumulation may contribute to the development of beta cell dysfunction. Exercise training improves whole-body insulin sensitivity, but its effects on pancreatic fat content and beta cell dysfunction are unclear. The aim of this parallel-group randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on pancreatic fat and beta cell function in healthy and prediabetic or type 2 diabetic participants and to test whether the responses were similar regardless of baseline glucose tolerance. METHODS Using newspaper announcements, a total of 97 sedentary 40-55-year-old individuals were assessed for eligibility. Prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) and type 2 diabetes were defined by ADA criteria. Of the screened candidates, 28 healthy men and 26 prediabetic or type 2 diabetic men and women met the inclusion criteria and were randomised into 2-week-long sprint interval or moderate-intensity continuous training programmes in a 1:1 allocation ratio using random permuted blocks. The primary outcome was pancreatic fat, which was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. As secondary outcomes, beta cell function was studied using variables derived from OGTT, and whole-body insulin sensitivity and pancreatic fatty acid and glucose uptake were measured using positron emission tomography. The measurements were carried out at the Turku PET Centre, Finland. The analyses were based on an intention-to-treat principle. Given the nature of the intervention, blinding was not applicable. RESULTS At baseline, the group of prediabetic or type 2 diabetic men had a higher pancreatic fat content and impaired beta cell function compared with the healthy men, while glucose and fatty acid uptake into the pancreas was similar. Exercise training decreased pancreatic fat similarly in healthy (from 4.4% [3.0%, 6.1%] to 3.6% [2.4%, 5.2%] [mean, 95% CI]) and prediabetic or type 2 diabetic men (from 8.7% [6.0%, 11.9%] to 6.7% [4.4%, 9.6%]; p = 0.036 for time effect) without any changes in pancreatic substrate uptake (p ≥ 0.31 for time effect in both insulin-stimulated glucose and fasting state fatty acid uptake). In prediabetic or type 2 diabetic men and women, both exercise modes similarly improved variables describing beta cell function. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Two weeks of exercise training improves beta cell function in prediabetic or type 2 diabetic individuals and decreases pancreatic fat regardless of baseline glucose tolerance. This study shows that short-term training efficiently reduces ectopic fat within the pancreas, and exercise training may therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01344928 FUNDING: This study was funded by the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes, the Finnish Diabetes Foundation, the Orion Research Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grants 251399, 256470, 281440, and 283319), the Ministry of Education of the State of Finland, the Paavo Nurmi Foundation, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Hospital District of Southwest Finland, the Turku University Foundation, and the Finnish Medical Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja A Heiskanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Kumail K Motiani
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.
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24
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Saanijoki T, Nummenmaa L, Tuulari JJ, Tuominen L, Arponen E, Kalliokoski KK, Hirvonen J. Aerobic exercise modulates anticipatory reward processing via the μ-opioid receptor system. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3972-3983. [PMID: 29885086 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise modulates food reward and helps control body weight. The endogenous µ-opioid receptor (MOR) system is involved in rewarding aspects of both food and physical exercise, yet interaction between endogenous opioid release following exercise and anticipatory food reward remains unresolved. Here we tested whether exercise-induced opioid release correlates with increased anticipatory reward processing in humans. We scanned 24 healthy lean men after rest and after a 1 h session of aerobic exercise with positron emission tomography (PET) using MOR-selective radioligand [11 C]carfentanil. After both PET scans, the subjects underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment where they viewed pictures of palatable versus nonpalatable foods to trigger anticipatory food reward responses. Exercise-induced changes in MOR binding in key regions of reward circuit (amygdala, thalamus, ventral and dorsal striatum, and orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices) were used to predict the changes in anticipatory reward responses in fMRI. Exercise-induced changes in MOR binding correlated negatively with the exercise-induced changes in neural anticipatory food reward responses in orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices, insula, ventral striatum, amygdala, and thalamus: higher exercise-induced opioid release predicted higher brain responses to palatable versus nonpalatable foods. We conclude that MOR activation following exercise may contribute to the considerable interindividual variation in food craving and consumption after exercise, which might promote compensatory eating and compromise weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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25
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Honka MJ, Latva-Rasku A, Bucci M, Virtanen KA, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver: a positron emission tomography study. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178. [PMID: 29535167 PMCID: PMC5920018 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance is reflected by the rates of reduced glucose uptake (GU) into the key insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. It is unclear whether insulin resistance occurs simultaneously in all these tissues or whether insulin resistance is tissue specific. DESIGN AND METHODS We measured GU in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver and endogenous glucose production (EGP), in a single session using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose with positron emission tomography (PET) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. The study population consisted of 326 subjects without diabetes from the CMgene study cohort. RESULTS Skeletal muscle GU less than 33 µmol/kg tissue/min and subcutaneous adipose tissue GU less than 11.5 µmol/kg tissue/min characterized insulin-resistant individuals. Men had considerably worse insulin suppression of EGP compared to women. By using principal component analysis (PCA), BMI inversely and skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver GU positively loaded on same principal component explaining one-third of the variation in these measures. The results were largely similar when liver GU was replaced by EGP in PCA. Liver GU and EGP were positively associated with aging. CONCLUSIONS We have provided threshold values, which can be used to identify tissue-specific insulin resistance. In addition, we found that insulin resistance measured by GU was only partially similar across all insulin-sensitive tissues studied, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver and was affected by obesity, aging and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Bucci
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- Department of EndocrinologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Dadson P, Hannukainen JC, Din MU, Lahesmaa M, Kalliokoski KK, Iozzo P, Pihlajamäki J, Karlsson HK, Parkkola R, Salminen P, Virtanen KA, Nuutila P. Brown adipose tissue lipid metabolism in morbid obesity: Effect of bariatric surgery-induced weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1280-1288. [PMID: 29377423 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effect of bariatric surgery on lipid metabolism in supraclavicular brown adipose tissue in morbidly obese women. We hypothesized that lipid metabolism improves after surgery-induced weight loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 23 morbidly obese women (BMI, 42.1 ± 4.2 kg/m2 ; age, 43.8 ± 9.8 years) were assessed before and 6 months after bariatric surgery and 15 age- and sex-matched controls (22.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2 ) were assessed once. In the supraclavicular fat depot, fractional (FUR) and NEFA uptake rates were measured with 18 F-FTHA-PET. We assessed tissue morphology (triglyceride content) using computed tomography (CT)-radiodensity (in Hounsfield Units[HU]) and the proportion of fat with high density (sBAT [%]) in the entire supraclavicular fat depot. RESULTS The supraclavicular fractional uptake rate was lower in obese women compared to controls (0.0055 ± 0.0035 vs 0.0161 ± 0.0177 1/min, P = .001). Both FUR (to 0.0074 ± 0.0035 1/min, P = .01) and NEFA uptake rates (to 0.50 ± 0.50 μmol/100 g/min, P = .001) increased after surgery. Compared to controls, obese women had lower CT-radiodensity (-101.2 ± 10.1 vs -82.5 ± 5.8 HU, P < .001) and sBAT (43.4 ± 8.4% vs 64.5 ± 12.4%, P < .001). After surgery, CT-radiodensity increased (to -82.5 ± 9.6 HU, P < .001), signifying decreased triglyceride content and sBAT improved (to 58.0 ± 10.7%, P < .001), indicating an increased proportion of brown fat. The change in tissue morphology, reflected as increase in CT-radiodensity and sBAT (%), was associated with a decrease in adiposity indices and an increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in triglyceride content, coupled with the increased proportion of brown adipose tissue in the supraclavicular fat depot, may play a role in the improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity observed in morbidly obese women after surgery-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Dadson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Mueez U Din
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Lahesmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Salminen
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Department of Acute and Digestive Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Saanijoki T, Nummenmaa L, Koivumäki M, Löyttyniemi E, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Affective Adaptation to Repeated SIT and MICT Protocols in Insulin-Resistant Subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:18-27. [PMID: 28857909 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate affective responses to repeated sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in insulin-resistant subjects. METHODS Twenty-six insulin-resistant adults (age, 49 (4) yr; 10 women) were randomized into SIT (n = 13) or MICT (n = 13) groups. Subjects completed six supervised training sessions within 2 wk (SIT session, 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4-min recovery; MICT session, 40-60 min at 60% peak work load). Perceived exertion, stress, and affective state were assessed with questionnaires before, during and after each training session. RESULTS Perceived exertion, displeasure, and arousal were higher during the SIT compared with MICT sessions (all P < 0.01). These, however, alleviated similarly in response to SIT and MICT over the 6 d of training (all P < 0.05). SIT versus MICT exercise increased perceived stress and decreased positive affect and feeling of satisfaction acutely after exercise especially in the beginning of the intervention (all P < 0.05). These negative responses declined significantly during the training period: perceived stress and positive activation were no longer different between the training groups after the third, and satisfaction after the fifth training session (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The perceptual and affective responses are more negative both during and acutely after SIT compared with MICT in untrained insulin-resistant adults. These responses, however, show significant improvements already within six training sessions, indicating rapid positive affective and physiological adaptations to continual exercise training, both SIT and MICT. These findings suggest that even very intense SIT is mentally tolerable alternative for untrained people with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Saanijoki
- 1Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; 2Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; 3Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; and 4Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND
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Honkala SM, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Savolainen A, Saunavaara V, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Kapanen J, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise Training Reduces Intrathoracic Fat Regardless of Defective Glucose Tolerance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [PMID: 28628064 PMCID: PMC5473372 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Epicardial (EAT) and pericardial (PAT) fat masses and myocardial triglyceride content (MTC) are enlarged in obesity and insulin resistance. We studied whether the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) similarly decrease ectopic fat in and around the heart and whether the decrease is similar in healthy subjects and subjects with defective glucose tolerance (DGT). Methods A total of 28 healthy men (body mass index = 20.7–30.0 kg·m−2, age = 40–55 yr) and 16 men with DGT (body mass index = 23.8–33.5 kg·m−2, age = 43–53 yr) were randomized into HIIT and MICT interventions for 2 wk. EAT and PAT were determined by computed tomography and MTC by 1H-MRS. Results At baseline, DGT subjects had impaired aerobic capacity and insulin sensitivity and higher levels of whole body fat, visceral fat, PAT, and EAT (P < 0.05, all) compared with healthy subjects. In the whole group, HIIT increased aerobic capacity (HIIT = 6%, MICT = 0.3%; time × training P = 0.007) and tended to improve insulin sensitivity (HIIT = 24%, MICT = 8%) as well as reduce MTC (HIIT = −42%, MICT = +23%) (time × training P = 0.06, both) more efficiently compared with MICT, and without differences in the training response between the healthy and the DGT subjects. However, both training modes decreased EAT (−5%) and PAT (−6%) fat (time P < 0.05) and not differently between the healthy and the DGT subjects. Conclusion Whole body fat, visceral fat, PAT, and EAT masses are enlarged in DGT. Both HIIT and MICT effectively reduce EAT and PAT in healthy and DGT subjects, whereas HIIT seems to be superior as regards improving aerobic capacity, whole-body insulin sensitivity, and MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna M Honkala
- 1Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; 2Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND; 3Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND; 4Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND; and 5Paavo Nurmi Centre, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND
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Motiani P, Virtanen KA, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Middelbeek RJ, Goodyear LJ, Savolainen AM, Kemppainen J, Jensen J, Din MU, Saunavaara V, Parkkola R, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Decreased insulin-stimulated brown adipose tissue glucose uptake after short-term exercise training in healthy middle-aged men. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1379-1388. [PMID: 28318098 PMCID: PMC5607085 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the hypothesis that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) improve brown adipose tissue (BAT) insulin sensitivity. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Healthy middle-aged men (n = 18, age 47 years [95% confidence interval {CI} 49, 43], body mass index 25.3 kg/m2 [95% CI 24.1-26.3], peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) 34.8 mL/kg/min [95% CI 32.1, 37.4] ) were recruited and randomized into six HIIT or MICT sessions within 2 weeks. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured using 2-[18 F]flouro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron-emission tomography in BAT, skeletal muscle, and abdominal and femoral subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depots before and after the training interventions. RESULTS Training improved VO2peak (P = .0005), insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the quadriceps femoris muscle (P = .0009) and femoral subcutaneous WAT (P = .02) but not into BAT, with no difference between the training modes. Using pre-intervention BAT glucose uptake, we next stratified subjects into high BAT (>2.9 µmol/100 g/min; n = 6) or low BAT (<2.9 µmol/100 g/min; n = 12) groups. Interestingly, training decreased insulin-stimulated BAT glucose uptake in the high BAT group (4.0 [2.8, 5.5] vs 2.5 [1.7, 3.6]; training*BAT, P = .02), whereas there was no effect of training in the low BAT group (1.5 [1.2, 1.9] vs 1.6 [1.2, 2.0] µmol/100 g/min). Participants in the high BAT group had lower levels of inflammatory markers compared with those in the low BAT group. CONCLUSIONS Participants with functionally active BAT have an improved metabolic profile compared with those with low BAT activity. Short-term exercise training decreased insulin-stimulated BAT glucose uptake in participants with active BAT, suggesting that training does not work as a potent stimulus for BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roeland J. Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and MetabolismJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusetts
| | - Laurie J. Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and MetabolismJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOsloNorway
| | | | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Medical PhysicsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of RadiologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of EndocrinologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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Dadson P, Ferrannini E, Landini L, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK, Vaittinen M, Honka H, Karlsson HK, Tuulari JJ, Soinio M, Salminen P, Parkkola R, Pihlajamäki J, Iozzo P, Nuutila P. Fatty acid uptake and blood flow in adipose tissue compartments of morbidly obese subjects with or without type 2 diabetes: effects of bariatric surgery. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E175-E182. [PMID: 28400411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00044.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Body fat accumulation, distribution, and metabolic activity are factors in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated adipose blood flow, fatty acid uptake (FAU), and subcutaneous and visceral fat cellularity in obese patients with or without T2D. A total of 23 morbidly obese (mean body mass index = 42 kg/m2) patients were studied before and 6 mo after bariatric surgery; 15 nonobese subjects served as controls. Positron emission tomography was used to measure tissue FAU (with 18F-FTHA) and blood flow (with H215O); MRI was used for fat distribution and fat biopsy for adipocyte size. Obese subjects had subcutaneous hyperplasia and hypertrophy and lower blood flow; when expressed per cell, flow was similar to controls. FAU into subcutaneous and visceral depots was increased in the obese; per unit tissue mass, however, FAU was similar to controls but reduced in skeletal muscle. Fatty acid fractional extraction in subcutaneous fat and muscle was only increased in obese patients with T2D. We conclude that surgery reduces subcutaneous fat hyperplasia and hypertrophy; subcutaneous blood flow and FAU decrease in absolute terms and per cell while fractional FAU remains unchanged in T2D. In the obese, subcutaneous blood flow is a determinant of FAU and is coupled with cellularity; efficiency of FAU is enhanced in subcutaneous fat and muscle in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Dadson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- National Research Council Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Linda Landini
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- National Research Council Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Maija Vaittinen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Honka
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Minna Soinio
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Salminen
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Department of Acute and Digestive Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Medical Imaging Center, Turku University Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- National Research Council Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Heinonen I, Saltin B, Hellsten Y, Kalliokoski KK. The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition with and without inhibition of prostaglandins on blood flow in different human skeletal muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1175-1180. [PMID: 28432421 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal studies suggest that the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) affects blood flow differently in different skeletal muscles according to their muscle fibre type composition (oxidative vs glycolytic). Quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle consists of four different muscle parts: vastus intermedius (VI), rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus lateralis (VL) of which VI is located deep within the muscle group and is generally regarded to consist mostly of oxidative muscle fibres. METHODS We studied the effect of NOS inhibition on blood flow in these four different muscles by positron emission tomography in eight young healthy men at rest and during one-leg dynamic exercise, with and without combined blockade with prostaglandins. RESULTS At rest blood flow in the VI (2.6 ± 1.1 ml/100 g/min) was significantly higher than in VL (1.9 ± 0.6 ml/100 g/min, p = 0.015) and RF (1.7 ± 0.6 ml/100 g/min, p = 0.0015), but comparable to VM (2.4 ± 1.1 ml/100 g/min). NOS inhibition alone or with prostaglandins reduced blood flow by almost 50% (p < 0.001), but decrements were similar in all four muscles (drug × muscle interaction, p = 0.43). During exercise blood flow was also the highest in VI (45.4 ± 5.5 ml/100 g/min) and higher compared to VL (35.0 ± 5.5 ml/100 g/min), RF (38.4 ± 7.4 ml/100 g/min), and VM (36.2 ± 6.8 ml/100 g/min). NOS inhibition alone did not reduce exercise hyperemia (p = 0.51), but combined NOS and prostaglandin inhibition reduced blood flow during exercise (p = 0.002), similarly in all muscles (drug × muscle interaction, p = 0.99). CONCLUSION NOS inhibition, with or without prostaglandins inhibition, affects blood flow similarly in different human QF muscles both at rest and during low-to-moderate intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, PO Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bengt Saltin
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Motiani KK, Savolainen AM, Eskelinen JJ, Toivanen J, Ishizu T, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Virtanen KA, Parkkola R, Kapanen J, Grönroos TJ, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Savisto N, Ahotupa M, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Two weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training, but not high-intensity interval training, increases insulin-stimulated intestinal glucose uptake. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1188-1197. [PMID: 28183816 PMCID: PMC5451533 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00431.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first study where the effects of exercise training on the intestinal substrate uptake have been investigated using the most advanced techniques available. We also show the importance of exercise intensity in inducing these changes. Similar to muscles, the intestine is also insulin resistant in obese subjects and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Exercise training improves muscle insulin sensitivity, but its effects on intestinal metabolism are not known. We studied the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on intestinal glucose and free fatty acid uptake from circulation in humans. Twenty-eight healthy, middle-aged, sedentary men were randomized for 2 wk of HIIT or MICT. Intestinal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting free fatty acid uptake from circulation were measured using positron emission tomography and [18F]FDG and [18F]FTHA. In addition, effects of HIIT and MICT on intestinal GLUT2 and CD36 protein expression were studied in rats. Training improved aerobic capacity (P = 0.001) and whole body insulin sensitivity (P = 0.04), but not differently between HIIT and MICT. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake increased only after the MICT in the colon (HIIT = 0%; MICT = 37%) (P = 0.02 for time × training) and tended to increase in the jejunum (HIIT = −4%; MICT = 13%) (P = 0.08 for time × training). Fasting free fatty acid uptake decreased in the duodenum in both groups (HIIT = −6%; MICT = −48%) (P = 0.001 time) and tended to decrease in the colon in the MICT group (HIIT = 0%; MICT = −38%) (P = 0.08 for time × training). In rats, both training groups had higher GLUT2 and CD36 expression compared with control animals. This study shows that already 2 wk of MICT enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, while both training modes reduce fasting free fatty acid uptake in the intestine in healthy, middle-aged men, providing an additional mechanism by which exercise training can improve whole body metabolism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study where the effects of exercise training on the intestinal substrate uptake have been investigated using the most advanced techniques available. We also show the importance of exercise intensity in inducing these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tamiko Ishizu
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Savisto
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Ahotupa
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Eskelinen JJ, Heinonen I, Löyttyniemi E, Hakala J, Heiskanen MA, Motiani KK, Virtanen K, Pärkkä JP, Knuuti J, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Left ventricular vascular and metabolic adaptations to high-intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous training: a randomized trial in healthy middle-aged men. J Physiol 2016; 594:7127-7140. [PMID: 27500951 DOI: 10.1113/jp273089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become popular, time-sparing alternative to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), although the cardiac vascular and metabolic effects of HIIT are incompletely known. We compared the effects of 2-week interventions with HIIT and MICT on myocardial perfusion and free fatty acid and glucose uptake. Insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose uptake was decreased by training without any significantly different response between the groups, whereas free fatty acid uptake remained unchanged. Adenosine-stimulated myocardial perfusion responded differently to the training modes (change in mean HIIT: -19%; MICT: +9%; P = 0.03 for interaction) and was correlated with myocardial glucose uptake for the entire dataset and especially after HIIT training. HIIT and MICT induce similar metabolic and functional changes in the heart, although myocardial vascular hyperaemic reactivity is impaired after HIIT, and this should be considered when prescribing very intense HIIT for previously untrained subjects. ABSTRACT High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient way of obtaining the health benefits of exercise, although the cardiac effects of this training mode are incompletely known. We compared the effects of short-term HIIT and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) interventions on myocardial perfusion and metabolism and cardiac function in healthy, sedentary, middle-aged men. Twenty-eight healthy, middle-aged men were randomized to either HIIT or MICT groups (n = 14 in both) and underwent six cycle ergometer training sessions within 2 weeks (HIIT session: 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4 min recovery, MICT session 40-60 min at 60% V̇O2 peak ). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) was performed to measure cardiac structure and function and positron emission tomography was used to measure myocardial perfusion at baseline and during adenosine stimulation, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (MGU) and fasting free fatty acid uptake (MFFAU). End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes increased and ejection fraction slightly decreased with both training modes, although no other changes in CMRI were observed. MFFAU and basal myocardial perfusion remained unchanged. MGU was decreased by training (HIIT from 46.5 to 35.9; MICT from 47.4 to 44.4 mmol 100 g-1 min-1 , P = 0.007 for time, P = 0.11 for group × time). Adenosine-stimulated myocardial perfusion responded differently to the training modes (change in mean HIIT: -19%; MICT: +9%; P = 0.03 for group × time interaction). HIIT and MICT induce similar metabolic and functional changes in the heart, although myocardial vascular hyperaemic reactivity is impaired after HIIT. This should be taken into account when prescribing very intense HIIT for previously untrained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University Of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Juuso Hakala
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Jussi P Pärkkä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear medicine, and PET, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear medicine, and PET, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Saanijoki T, Nummenmaa L, Eskelinen JJ, Savolainen AM, Vahlberg T, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Affective Responses to Repeated Sessions of High-Intensity Interval Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2604-11. [PMID: 26110694 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vigorous exercise feels unpleasant, and negative emotions may discourage adherence to regular exercise. We quantified the subjective affective responses to short-term high-intensity interval training (HIT) in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training (MIT). METHODS Twenty-six healthy middle-age (mean age, 47 ± 5 yr; mean VO2peak, 34.2 ± 4.1 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) sedentary men were randomized into HIT (n = 13, 4-6 × 30 s of all-out cycling efforts at approximately 180% of peak workload with 4-min recovery) or MIT (n = 13, 40- to 60-min continuous cycling at 60% of peak workload) groups, performing six sessions within two weeks. Perceived exertion, stress, and affective state were recorded before, during, and after each session. RESULTS Perceived exertion and arousal were higher, and affective state, more negative during the HIT than that during MIT sessions (P < 0.001). HIT versus MIT exercise acutely increased the experience of stress, tension, and irritation and decreased positive affect (P < 0.05). In addition, satisfaction was lower and pain and negative affect were higher in the HIT than those in the MIT group (P < 0.05). However, perceived exertion and displeasure experienced during exercise alleviated similarly in response to HIT and MIT over the 6 d of training. Peak oxygen consumption increased (P < 0.001) after intervention (HIT, 34.7 ± 3.9 vs 36.7 ± 4.5; MIT, 33.9 ± 4.6 vs 35.0 ± 4.6) and was not different between HIT and MIT (P = 0.28 for group × training). CONCLUSIONS Short-term HIT and MIT are equally effective in improving aerobic fitness, but HIT increases experience of negative emotions and exertion in sedentary middle-age men. This may limit the adherence to this time-effective training mode, even though displeasure lessens over time and suggests similar mental adaptations to both MIT and HIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Saanijoki
- 1Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, FINLAND; 2Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science and Brain Research Unit, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University, Espoo, FINLAND; and 3Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, FINLAND
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Heiskanen MA, Leskinen T, Heinonen IHA, Löyttyniemi E, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen K, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Right ventricular metabolic adaptations to high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training in healthy middle-aged men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H667-75. [PMID: 27448554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00399.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent studies on structural and functional adaptations of the right ventricle (RV) to exercise training, adaptations of its metabolism remain unknown. We investigated the effects of short-term, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on RV glucose and fat metabolism. Twenty-eight untrained, healthy 40-55 yr-old-men were randomized into HIIT (n = 14) and MICT (n = 14) groups. Subjects performed six supervised cycle ergometer training sessions within 2 wk (HIIT session: 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling/4-min recovery; MICT session: 40-60 min at 60% peak O2 uptake). Primary outcomes were insulin-stimulated RV glucose uptake (RVGU) and fasted state RV free fatty acid uptake (RVFFAU) measured by positron emission tomography. Secondary outcomes were changes in RV structure and function, determined by cardiac magnetic resonance. RVGU decreased after training (-22% HIIT, -12% MICT, P = 0.002 for training effect), but RVFFAU was not affected by the training (P = 0.74). RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, respectively, increased +5 and +7% for HIIT and +4 and +8% for MICT (P = 0.002 and 0.005 for training effects, respectively), but ejection fraction mildly decreased (-2% HIIT, -4% MICT, P = 0.034 for training effect). RV mass and stroke volume remained unaltered. None of the observed changes differed between the training groups (P > 0.12 for group × training interaction). Only 2 wk of physical training in previously sedentary subjects induce changes in RV glucose metabolism, volumes, and ejection fraction, which precede exercise-induced hypertrophy of RV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University Of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; and
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36
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Karjalainen T, Tuominen L, Manninen S, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P, Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Sams M, Nummenmaa L. Behavioural activation system sensitivity is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1310-6. [PMID: 27053768 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reinforcement-sensitivity theory proposes that behavioural activation and inhibition systems (BAS and BIS, respectively) guide approach and avoidance behaviour in potentially rewarding and punishing situations. Their baseline activity presumably explains individual differences in behavioural dispositions when a person encounters signals of reward and harm. Yet, neurochemical bases of BAS and BIS have remained poorly understood. Here we used in vivo positron emission tomography with a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) specific ligand [(11)C]carfentanil to test whether individual differences in MOR availability would be associated with BAS or BIS. We scanned 49 healthy subjects and measured their BAS and BIS sensitivities using the BIS/BAS scales. BAS but not BIS sensitivity was positively associated with MOR availability in frontal cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, brainstem, cingulate cortex and insula. Strongest associations were observed for the BAS subscale 'Fun Seeking'. Our results suggest that endogenous opioid system underlies BAS, and that differences in MOR availability could explain inter-individual differences in reward seeking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Karjalainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland Department of Art, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, 00076 AALTO, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
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Heinonen IHA, Boushel R, Kalliokoski KK. The Circulatory and Metabolic Responses to Hypoxia in Humans - With Special Reference to Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:116. [PMID: 27621722 PMCID: PMC5002918 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue metabolism and circulation play an important role in human health. It is well-known that adipose tissue mass is increased in response to excess caloric intake leading to obesity and further to local hypoxia and inflammatory signaling. Acute exercise increases blood supply to adipose tissue and mobilization of fat stores for energy. However, acute exercise during systemic hypoxia reduces subcutaneous blood flow in healthy young subjects, but the response in overweight or obese subjects remains to be investigated. Emerging evidence also indicates that exercise training during hypoxic exposure may provide additive benefits with respect to many traditional cardiovascular risk factors as compared to exercise performed in normoxia, but unfavorable effects of hypoxia have also been documented. These topics will be covered in this brief review dealing with hypoxia and adipose tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka H. A. Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ilkka H. A. Heinonen,
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Heinonen I, Koga S, Kalliokoski KK, Musch TI, Poole DC. Heterogeneity of Muscle Blood Flow and Metabolism: Influence of Exercise, Aging, and Disease States. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2015; 43:117-24. [PMID: 25688763 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The systematic increase in V˙O2 uptake and O2 extraction with increasing work rates conceals a substantial heterogeneity of O2 delivery (Q˙O2)-to- V˙O2 matching across and within muscles and other organs. We hypothesize that whether increased/decreased Q˙O2/V˙O2 heterogeneity can be judged as "good" or "bad," for example, after exercise training or in aged individuals or with disease (heart failure, diabetes) depends on the resultant effects on O2 transport and contractile performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- 1Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; 2Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 3School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University Of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; 4Applied Physiology Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan; and 5Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Heiskanen MA, Leskinen T, Eskelinen JJ, Heinonen IHA, Löyttyniemi E, Virtanen K, Pärkkä JP, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Different Predictors of Right and Left Ventricular Metabolism in Healthy Middle-Aged Men. Front Physiol 2015; 6:389. [PMID: 26733882 PMCID: PMC4685066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) plays a crucial role in the outcome of various cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies on RV metabolism are sparse although evidence implies it may differ from left ventricular (LV) metabolism. Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to determine predictors of RV glucose uptake (GU) and free fatty acid uptake (FFAU) and (2) to compare them to predictors of LV metabolism in healthy middle-aged men. Altogether 28 healthy, sedentary, middle-aged (40-55 years) men were studied. Insulin-stimulated GU and fasting FFAU were measured by positron emission tomography and RV and LV structural and functional parameters by cardiac magnetic resonance. Several parameters related to whole-body health were also measured. Predictors of RV and LV metabolism were determined by pairwise correlation analysis, lasso regression models, and variable clustering using heatmap. RVGU was most strongly predicted by age and moderately by RV ejection fraction (EF). The strongest determinants of RVFFAU were exercise capacity (peak oxygen uptake), resting heart rate, LVEF, and whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rate. When considering LV metabolism, age and RVEF were associated also with LVGU. In addition, LVGU was strongly, and negatively, influenced by whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rate. LVFFAU was predicted only by LVEF. This study shows that while RV and LV metabolism have shared characteristics, they also have unique properties. Age of the subject should be taken into account when measuring myocardial glucose utilization. Ejection fraction is related to myocardial metabolism, and even so that RVEF may be more closely related to GU of both ventricles and LVEF to FFAU of both ventricles, a finding supporting the ventricular interdependence. However, only RV fatty acid utilization associates with exercise capacity so that better physical fitness in a relatively sedentary population is related with decreased RV fat metabolism. To conclude, this study highlights the need for further study designed specifically on less-known RV, as the results on LV metabolism and physiology may not be directly applicable to the RV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilkka H A Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of TurkuTurku, Finland; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
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Heinonen I, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC, Duncker DJ, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. Organ-specific physiological responses to acute physical exercise and long-term training in humans. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:421-36. [PMID: 25362636 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00067.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all tissues in the human body rely on aerobic metabolism for energy production and are therefore critically dependent on continuous supply of oxygen. Oxygen is provided by blood flow, and, in essence, changes in organ perfusion are also closely associated with alterations in tissue metabolism. In response to acute exercise, blood flow is markedly increased in contracting skeletal muscles and myocardium, but perfusion in other organs (brain and bone) is only slightly enhanced or is even reduced (visceral organs). Despite largely unchanged metabolism and perfusion, repeated exposures to altered hemodynamics and hormonal milieu produced by acute exercise, long-term exercise training appears to be capable of inducing effects also in tissues other than muscles that may yield health benefits. However, the physiological adaptations and driving-force mechanisms in organs such as brain, liver, pancreas, gut, bone, and adipose tissue, remain largely obscure in humans. Along these lines, this review integrates current information on physiological responses to acute exercise and to long-term physical training in major metabolically active human organs. Knowledge is mostly provided based on the state-of-the-art, noninvasive human imaging studies, and directions for future novel research are proposed throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarna C Hannukainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Nummenmaa L, Manninen S, Tuominen L, Hirvonen J, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P, Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Dunbar RIM, Sams M. Adult attachment style is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:3621-8. [PMID: 26046928 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human attachment behavior mediates establishment and maintenance of social relationships. Adult attachment characteristically varies on anxiety and avoidance dimensions, reflecting the tendencies to worry about the partner breaking the social bond (anxiety) and feeling uncomfortable about depending on others (avoidance). In primates and other mammals, the endogenous μ-opioid system is linked to long-term social bonding, but evidence of its role in human adult attachment remains more limited. We used in vivo positron emission tomography to reveal how variability in μ-opioid receptor (MOR) availability is associated with adult attachment in humans. We scanned 49 healthy subjects using a MOR-specific ligand [(11) C]carfentanil and measured their attachment avoidance and anxiety with the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised scale. The avoidance dimension of attachment correlated negatively with MOR availability in the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the frontal cortex, amygdala, and insula. No associations were observed between MOR availability and the anxiety dimension of attachment. Our results suggest that the endogenous opioid system may underlie interindividual differences in avoidant attachment style in human adults, and that differences in MOR availability are associated with the individuals' social relationships and psychosocial well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra Manninen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Ox1 3UD, UK
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
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Benson JM, Kindred JH, Ketelhut NB, Karki R, Kalliokoski KK, Rudroff T. Bone Mineral Density And Glucose Uptake In Common Fracture Sites Of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000478394.88891.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kindred JH, Kalliokoski KK, Bojsen-Møller J, Rudroff T. Brain Activity Differs With Load Compliance During Fatiguing Contractions With The Elbow Flexor Muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000477300.18558.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kindred JH, Kalliokoski KK, Bojsen-Møller J, Rudroff T. Regional differences of [(18)F]-FDG uptake within the brain during fatiguing muscle contractions. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00319. [PMID: 25798334 PMCID: PMC4356841 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many studies have shown that a position task is more difficult than a force task although both are performed at a similar net muscle force. Thus, the time to task failure is consistently shown to be briefer during the position task. The contributions of the central nervous system to these two types of fatiguing contractions are not completely understood. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine differences in regional brain activity between force and position tasks using positron emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). METHODS Two participants performed both a force and position task, separated by 7 days, with the elbow flexor muscles at 15% maximal voluntary contraction force. During both tasks, each participant was injected with ≈ 256 (SD 11) MBq of FDG. Immediately after both tasks PET imaging was performed and images were analyzed to determine FDG uptake within regions of the brain. RESULTS FDG uptake was greater in the occipital and temporal cortices of the brain during the position task compared to the force task. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that differences in visual-spatial feedback and processing may play a role in the reduced time to failure of position tasks. Future application of these findings may lead to improved designs of rehabilitative strategies involving different types of visual feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kindred
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku, Finland
| | - Jens Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Thorsten Rudroff
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado
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Eskelinen JJ, Heinonen I, Löyttyniemi E, Saunavaara V, Kirjavainen A, Virtanen KA, Hannukainen JC, Kalliokoski KK. Muscle-specific glucose and free fatty acid uptake after sprint interval and moderate-intensity training in healthy middle-aged men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1172-80. [PMID: 25767035 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01122.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that sprint interval training (SIT) causes larger improvements in glucose and free fatty acid uptake (FFAU) in lower and upper body muscles than moderate-intensity training (MIT). Twenty-eight healthy, untrained, middle-aged men were randomized into SIT (n = 14, 4-6 × 30 s of all-out cycling/4 min recovery) and MIT groups [n = 14, 40-60 min cycling at 60% of peak O2 uptake (V̇o2 peak)] and completed six training sessions within 2 wk. Pre- and postmeasurements included V̇o2 peak, whole body (M-value), muscle-specific insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU), and fasting FFAU measured with positron emission tomography in thigh [quadriceps femoris (QF) and hamstrings] and upper body (deltoids, biceps, and triceps brachii) muscles. V̇o2 peak and M-value improved significantly by 6 and 12% in SIT, and 3 and 8% in MIT, respectively,. GU increased significantly only in the QF, and there was no statistically significant difference between the training modes. GU increased in all four heads of QF in response to SIT, but only in the vasti muscles in response to MIT, whereas in rectus femoris the response was completely lacking. Training response in FFAU in QF was smaller and nonsignificant, but it also differed between the training modes in the rectus femoris. In conclusion, SIT and MIT increased insulin-stimulated GU only in the main working muscle QF and not in the upper body muscles. In addition, the biarticular rectus femoris did not respond to moderate-intensity training, reflecting most probably poor activation of it during moderate-intensity cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Rudroff T, Kindred JH, Kalliokoski KK. [18F]-FDG positron emission tomography--an established clinical tool opening a new window into exercise physiology. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1181-90. [PMID: 25767034 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) with [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is an established clinical tool primarily used to diagnose and evaluate disease status in patients with cancer. PET imaging using FDG can be a highly valuable tool to investigate normal human physiology by providing a noninvasive, quantitative measure of glucose uptake into various cell types. Over the past years it has also been increasingly used in exercise physiology studies to identify changes in glucose uptake, metabolism, and muscle activity during different exercise modalities. Metabolically active cells transport FDG, an (18)fluorine-labeled glucose analog tracer, from the blood into the cells where it is then phosphorylated but not further metabolized. This metabolic trapping process forms the basis of this method's use during exercise. The tracer is given to a participant during an exercise task, and the actual PET imaging is performed immediately after the exercise. Provided the uptake period is of sufficient duration, and the imaging is performed shortly after the exercise; the captured image strongly reflects the metabolic activity of the cells used during the task. When combined with repeated blood sampling to determine tracer blood concentration over time, also known as the input function, glucose uptake rate of the tissues can be quantitatively calculated. This synthesis provides an accounting of studies using FDG-PET to measure acute exercise-induced skeletal muscle activity, describes the advantages and limitations of this imaging technique, and discusses its applications to the field of exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Rudroff
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
| | - John H Kindred
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and
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Kindred JH, Tuulari JJ, Bucci M, Kalliokoski KK, Rudroff T. Walking Speed and Brain Glucose Uptake are Uncoupled in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:84. [PMID: 25741275 PMCID: PMC4332285 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor impairments of the upper and lower extremities are common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). While some peripheral effects like muscle weakness and loss of balance have been shown to influence these symptoms, central nervous system activity has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine if alterations in glucose uptake were associated with motor impairments in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eight patients with multiple sclerosis (four men) and eight sex matched healthy controls performed 15 min of treadmill walking at a self-selected pace, during which ≈322 MBq of the positron emission tomography (PET) glucose analog [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was injected. Immediately after the cessation of walking, participants underwent PET imaging. Patients with MS had lower FDG uptake in ≈40% of the brain compared to the healthy controls (pFWE-corr < 0.001, qFDR-corr < 0.001, ke = 93851) and walked at a slower speed [MS, 1.1 (0.2), controls 1.4 (0.1), m/s, P = 0.014]. Within the area of lower FDG uptake 15 regions were identified. Of these 15 regions, 13 were found to have strong to moderate correlations to walking speed within the healthy controls (r > −0.75, P < 0.032). Within patients with MS only 3 of the 15 regions showed significant correlations: insula (r = −0.74, P = 0.036), hippocampus (r = −0.72, P = 0.045), and calcarine sulcus (r = −0.77, P = 0.026). This data suggest that walking impairments in patients with MS may be due to network wide alterations in glucose metabolism. Understanding how brain activity and metabolism are altered in patients with MS may allow for better measures of disability and disease status within this clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kindred
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
| | - Jetro J Tuulari
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Marco Bucci
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Thorsten Rudroff
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
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Masood T, Bojsen-Møller J, Kalliokoski KK, Kirjavainen A, Äärimaa V, Peter Magnusson S, Finni T. Differential contributions of ankle plantarflexors during submaximal isometric muscle action: A PET and EMG study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:367-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Rudroff T, Kindred JH, Benson JM, Tracy BL, Kalliokoski KK. Greater glucose uptake heterogeneity in knee muscles of old compared to young men during isometric contractions detected by [(18)F]-FDG PET/CT. Front Physiol 2014; 5:198. [PMID: 24904432 PMCID: PMC4035600 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We used positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and [18F]-FDG to test the hypothesis that glucose uptake (GU) heterogeneity in skeletal muscles as a measure of heterogeneity in muscle activity is greater in old than young men when they perform isometric contractions. Six young (26 ± 6 years) and six old (77 ± 6 years) men performed two types of submaximal isometric contractions that required either force or position control. [18F]-FDG was injected during the task and PET/CT scans were performed immediately after the task. Within-muscle heterogeneity of knee muscles was determined by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) of GU in PET image voxels within the muscles of interest. The average GU heterogeneity (mean ± SD) for knee extensors and flexors was greater for the old (35.3 ± 3.3%) than the young (28.6 ± 2.4%) (P = 0.006). Muscle volume of the knee extensors were greater for the young compared to the old men (1016 ± 163 vs. 598 ± 70 cm3, P = 0.004). In a multiple regression model, knee extensor muscle volume was a predictor (partial r = −0.87; P = 0.001) of GU heterogeneity for old men (R2 = 0.78; P < 0.001), and MVC force predicted GU heterogeneity for young men (partial r = −0.95, P < 0.001). The findings demonstrate that GU is more spatially variable for old than young men and especially so for old men who exhibit greater muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Rudroff
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John H Kindred
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John-Michael Benson
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brian L Tracy
- Integrative Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku, Finland
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Heinonen I, Hakala J, Duncker DJ, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK. Myocardial Blood Flow Heterogeneity In Highly Endurance-trained Athletes And Untrained Control Subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000494202.25142.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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