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Wijewardene A, Bastard K, Wang B, Gild M, Luxford C, Gill A, Robinson B, Bullock M, Clifton-Bligh R. Response to Szymczak et al. re: "A Case Report of Poor Response to Selpercatinib in the Presence of a 632_633 RET Deletion". Thyroid 2023; 33:1496-1497. [PMID: 37597210 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayanthi Wijewardene
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karine Bastard
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bin Wang
- Precision Medicine, Syd Path, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matti Gild
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine Luxford
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Gill
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce Robinson
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martyn Bullock
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Chen JZ, Church WB, Bastard K, Duff AP, Balle T. Binding and Dynamics Demonstrate the Destabilization of Ligand Binding for the S688Y Mutation in the NMDA Receptor GluN1 Subunit. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104108. [PMID: 37241849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Encephalopathies are brain dysfunctions that lead to cognitive, sensory, and motor development impairments. Recently, the identification of several mutations within the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) have been identified as significant in the etiology of this group of conditions. However, a complete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism and changes to the receptor due to these mutations has been elusive. We studied the molecular mechanisms by which one of the first mutations within the NMDAR GluN1 ligand binding domain, Ser688Tyr, causes encephalopathies. We performed molecular docking, randomly seeded molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations to determine the behavior of the two major co-agonists: glycine and D-serine, in both the wild-type and S688Y receptors. We observed that the Ser688Tyr mutation leads to the instability of both ligands within the ligand binding site due to structural changes associated with the mutation. The binding free energy for both ligands was significantly more unfavorable in the mutated receptor. These results explain previously observed in vitro electrophysiological data and provide detailed aspects of ligand association and its effects on receptor activity. Our study provides valuable insight into the consequences of mutations within the NMDAR GluN1 ligand binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Zheng Chen
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - William Bret Church
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Karine Bastard
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony P Duff
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Thomas Balle
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Wijewardene A, Bastard K, Wang B, Gild M, Luxford C, Gill A, Robinson B, Bullock M, Clifton-Bligh R. A Case Report of Poor Response to Selpercatinib in the Presence of a 632_633 RET Deletion. Thyroid 2023; 33:119-125. [PMID: 36416226 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Genomic deletions in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) are rare. Selpercatinib is a highly selective RET inhibitor for treatment of metastatic RET-altered MTC. We report a 35-year-old male with an aggressive metastatic MTC harboring p.632_633del RET that was poorly responsive to RET kinase inhibitor selpercatinib. Objective: Our objective was to understand the clinical phenotype of p.632_633del RET in MTC in the context of novel RET kinase inhibitor treatment. Methods: Wild-type and p.632_633del RET sequences were modeled using a lighter version of the AlphaFold2 (AF2) software. Functional studies were performed on transfected HEK 293 cells (pCMV6-Entry, pCMV6-RET, or pCMV6-RET(p.632_633del) treated with inhibitors for 24 hours and analyzed on luciferase assays. Results: Structural modeling revealed a paucity of disulfide bridge between Cys630-Cys634 in p.632_633del RET sequences, apparent in wild-type, while forming an intermolecular disulfide bridge between two Cys656. Proximity of juxtamembrane segments of each dimer may impede Tyr687 phosphorylation and stable conformation of intracellular RET that hosts selpercatinib. In vitro experiments confirmed a reduction in efficacy of selpercatinib upon p.632_633del RET compared with wild-type RET control. Conclusion: Clinical presentation together with structural modeling and functional studies suggests that p.632_633del RET results in poor response to selpercatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayanthi Wijewardene
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karine Bastard
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bin Wang
- Precision Medicine, Syd Path, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matti Gild
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine Luxford
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Gill
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce Robinson
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martyn Bullock
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Chen Z, Church WB, Bastard K, Duff AP, Balle T. Effects of mutations in the NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit on binding and dynamics: a computational approach. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321090000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Dwight T, Kim E, Bastard K, Benn DE, Eisenhofer G, Richter S, Mannelli M, Rapizzi E, Prejbisz A, Pęczkowska M, Pacak K, Clifton-Bligh R. Functional significance of germline EPAS1 variants. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:97-109. [PMID: 33300499 PMCID: PMC7989857 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mosaic or somatic EPAS1 mutations are associated with a range of phenotypes including pheochromocytoma and/or paraganglioma (PPGL), polycythemia and somatostatinoma. The pathogenic potential of germline EPAS1 variants however is not well understood. We report a number of germline EPAS1 variants occurring in patients with PPGL, including a novel variant c.739C>A (p.Arg247Ser); a previously described variant c.1121T>A (p.Phe374Tyr); several rare variants, c.581A>G (p.His194Arg), c.2353C>A (p.Pro785Thr) and c.2365A>G (p.Ile789Val); a common variant c.2296A>C (p.Thr766Pro). We performed detailed functional studies to understand their pathogenic role in PPGL. In transient transfection studies, EPAS1/HIF-2α p.Arg247Ser, p.Phe374Tyr and p.Pro785Thr were all stable in normoxia. In co-immunoprecipitation assays, only the novel variant p.Arg247Ser showed diminished interaction with pVHL. A direct interaction between HIF-2α Arg247 and pVHL was confirmed in structural models. Transactivation was assessed by means of a HRE-containing reporter gene in transiently transfected cells, and significantly higher reporter activity was only observed with EPAS1/HIF-2α p.Phe374Tyr and p.Pro785Thr. In conclusion, three germline EPAS1 variants (c.739C>A (p.Arg247Ser), c.1121T>A (p.Phe374Tyr) and c.2353C>A (p.Pro785Thr)) all have some functional features in common with somatic activating mutations. Our findings suggest that these three germline variants are hypermorphic alleles that may act as modifiers to the expression of PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Dwight
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward Kim
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karine Bastard
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diana E Benn
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Richter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Massimo Mannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Rapizzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Aleksander Prejbisz
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Pęczkowska
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karel Pacak
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Correspondence should be addressed to R Clifton-Bligh:
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Kim RR, Chen Z, J. Mann T, Bastard K, F. Scott K, Church WB. Structural and Functional Aspects of Targeting the Secreted Human Group IIA Phospholipase A 2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194459. [PMID: 32998383 PMCID: PMC7583969 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) promotes the proliferation of cancer cells, making it a compelling therapeutic target, but it is also significant in other inflammatory conditions. Consequently, suitable inhibitors of hGIIA have always been sought. The activation of phospholipases A2 and the catalysis of glycerophospholipid substrates generally leads to the release of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipid, which are then converted to mediator compounds, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and the platelet-activating factor. However, this ability of hGIIA to provide AA is not a complete explanation of its biological role in inflammation, as it has now been shown that it also exerts proinflammatory effects by a catalysis-independent mechanism. This mechanism is likely to be highly dependent on key specific molecular interactions, and the full mechanistic descriptions of this remain elusive. The current candidates for the protein partners that may mediate this catalysis-independent mechanism are also introduced in this review. A key discovery has been that selective inhibition of the catalysis-independent activity of hGIIA is achieved with cyclised derivatives of a pentapeptide, FLSYK, derived from the primary sequence of hGIIA. The effects of hGIIA on cell function appear to vary depending on the pathology studied, and so its mechanism of action is complex and context-dependent. This review is comprehensive and covers the most recent developments in the understanding of the many facets of hGIIA function and inhibition and the insight they provide into their clinical application for disease treatment. A cyclic analogue of FLSYK, c2, the most potent analogue known, has now been taken into clinical trials targeting advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryung Rae Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Timothy J. Mann
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Centre for Oncology, Education and Research Translation and The Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Karine Bastard
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Kieran F. Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Centre for Oncology, Education and Research Translation and The Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.); (W.B.C.); Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026 (K.F.S.); +61-2-9036-6569 (W.B.C.)
| | - W. Bret Church
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.); (W.B.C.); Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026 (K.F.S.); +61-2-9036-6569 (W.B.C.)
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Bastard K, Isabet T, Stura EA, Legrand P, Zaparucha A. Structural Studies based on two Lysine Dioxygenases with Distinct Regioselectivity Brings Insights Into Enzyme Specificity within the Clavaminate Synthase-Like Family. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16587. [PMID: 30410048 PMCID: PMC6224419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron(II)/α-ketoacid-dependent oxygenases (αKAOs) are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of unactivated C-H bonds, mainly through hydroxylation. Among these, those that are active towards amino-acids and their derivatives are grouped in the Clavaminate Synthase Like (CSL) family. CSL enzymes exhibit high regio- and stereoselectivities with strict substrate specificity. This study reports the structural elucidation of two new regiodivergent members, KDO1 and KDO5, active towards lysine, and the structural and computational analysis of the whole family through modelling and classification of active sites. The structures of KDO1 and KDO5 in complex with their ligands show that one exact position in the active site controls the regioselectivity of the reaction. Our results suggest that the substrate specificity and high stereoselectivity typical of this family is linked to a lid that closes up in order to form a sub-pocket around the side chain of the substrate. This dynamic lid is found throughout the family with varying sequence and length and is associated with a conserved stable dimeric interface. Results from this study could be a starting-point for exploring the functional diversity of the CSL family and direct in vitro screening in the search for new enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bastard
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Tatiana Isabet
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Enrico A Stura
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne Zaparucha
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France.
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Bastard K, Perret A, Mariage A, Bessonnet T, Pinet-Turpault A, Petit JL, Darii E, Bazire P, Vergne-Vaxelaire C, Brewee C, Debard A, Pellouin V, Besnard-Gonnet M, Artiguenave F, Médigue C, Vallenet D, Danchin A, Zaparucha A, Weissenbach J, Salanoubat M, de Berardinis V. Parallel evolution of non-homologous isofunctional enzymes in methionine biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:858-866. [PMID: 28581482 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental validation of enzyme function is crucial for genome interpretation, but it remains challenging because it cannot be scaled up to accommodate the constant accumulation of genome sequences. We tackled this issue for the MetA and MetX enzyme families, phylogenetically unrelated families of acyl-L-homoserine transferases involved in L-methionine biosynthesis. Members of these families are prone to incorrect annotation because MetX and MetA enzymes are assumed to always use acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, respectively. We determined the enzymatic activities of 100 enzymes from diverse species, and interpreted the results by structural classification of active sites based on protein structure modeling. We predict that >60% of the 10,000 sequences from these families currently present in databases are incorrectly annotated, and suggest that acetyl-CoA was originally the sole substrate of these isofunctional enzymes, which evolved to use exclusively succinyl-CoA in the most recent bacteria. We also uncovered a divergent subgroup of MetX enzymes in fungi that participate only in L-cysteine biosynthesis as O-succinyl-L-serine transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bastard
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Alain Perret
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Aline Mariage
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Thomas Bessonnet
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Agnès Pinet-Turpault
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Louis Petit
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Ekaterina Darii
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Pascal Bazire
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Carine Vergne-Vaxelaire
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Clémence Brewee
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Adrien Debard
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Virginie Pellouin
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Marielle Besnard-Gonnet
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | | | - Claudine Médigue
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - David Vallenet
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anne Zaparucha
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jean Weissenbach
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Marcel Salanoubat
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Véronique de Berardinis
- CEA, DRF, Genoscope, Evry, France.,CNRS, UMR8030 Génomique Métabolique, Evry, France.,Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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Bellinzoni M, Bastard K, Perret A, Zaparucha A, Perchat N, Vergne C, Wagner T, de Melo-Minardi RC, Artiguenave F, Cohen GN, Weissenbach J, Salanoubat M, Alzari PM. 3-Keto-5-aminohexanoate cleavage enzyme: a common fold for an uncommon Claisen-type condensation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27399-405. [PMID: 21632536 PMCID: PMC3149333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential increase in genome sequencing output has led to the accumulation of thousands of predicted genes lacking a proper functional annotation. Among this mass of hypothetical proteins, enzymes catalyzing new reactions or using novel ways to catalyze already known reactions might still wait to be identified. Here, we provide a structural and biochemical characterization of the 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate cleavage enzyme (Kce), an enzymatic activity long known as being involved in the anaerobic fermentation of lysine but whose catalytic mechanism has remained elusive so far. Although the enzyme shows the ubiquitous triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel fold and a Zn(2+) cation reminiscent of metal-dependent class II aldolases, our results based on a combination of x-ray snapshots and molecular modeling point to an unprecedented mechanism that proceeds through deprotonation of the 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate substrate, nucleophilic addition onto an incoming acetyl-CoA, intramolecular transfer of the CoA moiety, and final retro-Claisen reaction leading to acetoacetate and 3-aminobutyryl-CoA. This model also accounts for earlier observations showing the origin of carbon atoms in the products, as well as the absence of detection of any covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. Kce is the first representative of a large family of prokaryotic hypothetical proteins, currently annotated as the "domain of unknown function" DUF849.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bellinzoni
- From the Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, and CNRS-URA2185, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | - Karine Bastard
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - Alain Perret
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - Anne Zaparucha
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - Nadia Perchat
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - Carine Vergne
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - Tristan Wagner
- From the Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, and CNRS-URA2185, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | - Raquel C. de Melo-Minardi
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - François Artiguenave
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - Georges N. Cohen
- the Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean Weissenbach
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - Marcel Salanoubat
- the Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- CNRS-UMR8030, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry
- the Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, boulevard François Mitterrand, 91057 Evry, and
| | - Pedro M. Alzari
- From the Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, and CNRS-URA2185, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15
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Perret A, Lechaplais C, Tricot S, Perchat N, Vergne C, Pellé C, Bastard K, Kreimeyer A, Vallenet D, Zaparucha A, Weissenbach J, Salanoubat M. A novel acyl-CoA beta-transaminase characterized from a metagenome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22918. [PMID: 21826218 PMCID: PMC3149608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria are key components in all ecosystems. However, our knowledge of bacterial metabolism is based solely on the study of cultivated organisms which represent just a tiny fraction of microbial diversity. To access new enzymatic reactions and new or alternative pathways, we investigated bacterial metabolism through analyses of uncultivated bacterial consortia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied the gene context approach to assembled sequences of the metagenome of the anaerobic digester of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, and identified a new gene which may participate in an alternative pathway of lysine fermentation. CONCLUSIONS We characterized a novel, unique aminotransferase that acts exclusively on Coenzyme A (CoA) esters, and proposed a variant route for lysine fermentation. Results suggest that most of the lysine fermenting organisms use this new pathway in the digester. Its presence in organisms representative of two distinct bacterial divisions indicate that it may also be present in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Perret
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, Evry, France.
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Loriot S, Sachdeva S, Bastard K, Prévost C, Cazals F. On the characterization and selection of diverse conformational ensembles with applications to flexible docking. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 2011; 8:487-498. [PMID: 21233527 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2009.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To address challenging flexible docking problems, a number of docking algorithms pregenerate large collections of candidate conformers. To remove the redundancy from such ensembles, a central problem in this context is to report a selection of conformers maximizing some geometric diversity criterion. We make three contributions to this problem. First, we resort to geometric optimization so as to report selections maximizing the molecular volume or molecular surface area (MSA) of the selection. Greedy strategies are developed, together with approximation bounds. Second, to assess the efficacy of our algorithms, we investigate two conformer ensembles corresponding to a flexible loop of four protein complexes. By focusing on the MSA of the selection, we show that our strategy matches the MSA of standard selection methods, but resorting to a number of conformers between one and two orders of magnitude smaller. This observation is qualitatively explained using the Betti numbers of the union of balls of the selection. Finally, we replace the conformer selection problem in the context of multiple-copy flexible docking. On the aforementioned systems, we show that using the loops selected by our strategy can improve the result of the docking process.
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Bastard K, Saladin A, Prévost C. Accounting for large amplitude protein deformation during in silico macromolecular docking. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1316-33. [PMID: 21541061 PMCID: PMC3083708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12021316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid progress of theoretical methods and computer calculation resources has turned in silico methods into a conceivable tool to predict the 3D structure of macromolecular assemblages, starting from the structure of their separate elements. Still, some classes of complexes represent a real challenge for macromolecular docking methods. In these complexes, protein parts like loops or domains undergo large amplitude deformations upon association, thus remodeling the surface accessible to the partner protein or DNA. We discuss the problems linked with managing such rearrangements in docking methods and we review strategies that are presently being explored, as well as their limitations and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bastard
- LABIS, Genoscope, CEA, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, F-91057 Evry Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Adrien Saladin
- MTI, INSERM UMR-M 973, Paris Diderot-Paris 7 University, Bât Lamarck, 35 rue Hélène Brion, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; E-Mail:
| | - Chantal Prévost
- LBT-UPR 9080 CNRS, IBPC, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1 58 41 51 71, Fax: +33-(0)1 58 415 026
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de Melo-Minardi RC, Bastard K, Artiguenave F. Identification of subfamily-specific sites based on active sites modeling and clustering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 26:3075-82. [PMID: 20980272 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Current computational approaches to function prediction are mostly based on protein sequence classification and transfer of annotation from known proteins to their closest homologous sequences relying on the orthology concept of function conservation. This approach suffers a major weakness: annotation reliability depends on global sequence similarity to known proteins and is poorly efficient for enzyme superfamilies that catalyze different reactions. Structural biology offers a different strategy to overcome the problem of annotation by adding information about protein 3D structures. This information can be used to identify amino acids located in active sites, focusing on detection of functional polymorphisms residues in an enzyme superfamily. Structural genomics programs are providing more and more novel protein structures at a high-throughput rate. However, there is still a huge gap between the number of sequences and available structures. Computational methods, such as homology modeling provides reliable approaches to bridge this gap and could be a new precise tool to annotate protein functions. RESULTS Here, we present Active Sites Modeling and Clustering (ASMC) method, a novel unsupervised method to classify sequences using structural information of protein pockets. ASMC combines homology modeling of family members, structural alignment of modeled active sites and a subsequent hierarchical conceptual classification. Comparison of profiles obtained from computed clusters allows the identification of residues correlated to subfamily function divergence, called specificity determining positions. ASMC method has been validated on a benchmark of 42 Pfam families for which previous resolved holo-structures were available. ASMC was also applied to several families containing known protein structures and comprehensive functional annotations. We will discuss how ASMC improves annotation and understanding of protein families functions by giving some specific illustrative examples on nucleotidyl cyclases, protein kinases and serine proteases. AVAILABILITY http://www.genoscope.fr/ASMC/.
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Sharma D, Bastard K, Guethlein LA, Norman PJ, Yawata N, Yawata M, Pando M, Thananchai H, Dong T, Rowland-Jones S, Brodsky FM, Parham P. Dimorphic motifs in D0 and D1+D2 domains of killer cell Ig-like receptor 3DL1 combine to form receptors with high, moderate, and no avidity for the complex of a peptide derived from HIV and HLA-A*2402. J Immunol 2009; 183:4569-82. [PMID: 19752231 PMCID: PMC2827337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of mutant killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) 3DL1*015 substituted at natural positions of variation showed that tryptophan/leucine dimorphism at position 283 uniquely changes receptor conformation and can strongly influence binding of the A24nef tetramer. Dimorphic motifs at positions 2, 47, and 54 in D0 and 182 and 283 in D1+D2 distinguish the two 3DL1 lineages, typified by 3DL1*005 and 3DL1*015. The interlineage recombinant, KIR3DL1*001, combines D0 of 3DL1*005 with D1+D2 of 3DL1*015 and binds A24nef more strongly than either parent. In contrast, the reciprocal recombinant with D0 from 3DL1*015 and D1+D2 from 3DL1*005 cannot bind A24nef. Thus, D0 polymorphism directly affects the avidity of the KIR3DL1 ligand binding site. From these observations, multiple sequence alignment, and homology modeling, we constructed structural models for KIR3DL1 and its complex with A24nef. In these models, D0, D1, and D2 come together to form a binding surface for A24nef, which is contacted by all three Ig-like domains. A central pocket binds arginine 83, the only Bw4 motif residue essential for KIR3DL1 interaction, similar to the binding of lysine 80 in HLA-C by KIR2DL1. Central to this interaction is a salt bridge between arginine 83 of Bw4 and glutamate 282 of 3DL1, which juxtaposes the functionally influential dimorphism at position 283. Further 3DL1 mutants were tested and shown to have A24nef-binding properties consistent with the models. A24nef was not bound by KIR3DS1, the activating counterpart of KIR3DL1. Moreover, introducing any one of three residues specific to KIR3DS1, serine 163, arginine 166, or leucine 199, into 3DL1*015, abrogated A24nef binding.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Antibody Affinity/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/metabolism
- HLA-A Antigens/genetics
- HLA-A Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A24 Antigen
- HLA-B Antigens/genetics
- HLA-B Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Leucine/genetics
- Leucine/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/immunology
- Receptors, KIR3DL1/metabolism
- Tryptophan/genetics
- Tryptophan/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharma
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karine Bastard
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- UMR CNRS 6204, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nobuyo Yawata
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Makoto Yawata
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marcelo Pando
- Histocompatibility, Immunogenetics & Disease Profiling Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hathairat Thananchai
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Brodsky
- Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Villoutreix B, Bastard K, Sperandio O, Fahraeus R, Poyet JL, Calvo F, Deprez B, Miteva M. In Silico-In Vitro Screening of Protein-Protein Interactions: Towards the Next Generation of Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2008; 9:103-22. [DOI: 10.2174/138920108783955218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Although reliable docking can now be achieved for systems that do not undergo important induced conformational change upon association, the presence of flexible surface loops, which must adapt to the steric and electrostatic properties of a partner, generally presents a major obstacle. We report here the first docking method that allows large loop movements during a systematic exploration of the possible arrangements of the two partners in terms of position and rotation. Our strategy consists in taking into account an ensemble of possible loop conformations by a multi-copy representation within a reduced protein model. The docking process starts from regularly distributed positions and orientations of the ligand around the whole receptor. Each starting configuration is submitted to energy minimization during which the best-fitting loop conformation is selected based on the mean-field theory. Trials were carried out on proteins with significant differences in the main-chain conformation of the binding loop between isolated form and complexed form, which were docked to their partner considered in their bound form. The method is able to predict complexes very close to the crystal complex both in terms of relative position of the two partners and of the geometry of the flexible loop. We also show that introducing loop flexibility on the isolated protein form during systematic docking largely improves the predictions of relative position of the partners in comparison with rigid-body docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bastard
- Computational Biology, School of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Abstract
We address a major obstacle to macromolecular docking algorithms by presenting a new method that takes into account the induced conformational adjustment of flexible loops situated at a protein/macromolecule interface. The method, MC2, is based on a multiple copy representation of the loops, coupled with a Monte Carlo conformational search of the relative position of the macromolecules and their side chain conformations. The selection of optimal loop conformations takes place during Monte Carlo cycling by the iterative adjustment of the weight of each copy. We describe here the parameterization of the method and trials on a protein-DNA complex of known 3-D structure, involving the Drosophila prd paired domain protein and its target oligonucleotide Wenqing, X. et al., Cell 1995, 80, 639. We demonstrate that our algorithm can correctly configure and position this protein, despite its relatively complex interactions with both grooves of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bastard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS-UPR 9080, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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