1
|
Pękacz M, Basałaj K, Miterpáková M, Rusiecki Z, Stopka D, Graczyk D, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. An unexpected case of a dog from Poland co-infected with Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria Immitis. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:66. [PMID: 38395823 PMCID: PMC10885393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dirofilariasis is a vector-borne disease caused by parasitic nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria spp., considered an emerging concern in both veterinary and human medicine. Climate changes and human activities, such as pet travel, contribute to the spread of diseases to new non-endemic regions. Poland is dominated by subcutaneous dirofilariasis caused by D. repens infections. Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis, also known as a heartworm disease is much more rare with only single autochthonous cases reported so far. Also, imported infections are observed sporadically in dogs traveling to endemic countries. In this study, we report the first case of a dog in Poland, never having traveled abroad, co-infected with Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis. CASE PRESENTATION A 14-year-old mixed breed, an intact male dog with fever, lightly pale mucosal membranes, moderate abdominal pain, and a mild cough was presented in a veterinary clinic in Warsaw, Poland. The examination of the blood sample collected for complete morphology and biochemistry revealed the presence of live microfilariae. Presence of the DNA of both microfilariae species was detected using Real-Time PCR with species-specific primers. CONCLUSIONS Since the remaining diagnostic methods like Knott's test, antigen test or echocardiography did not reveal the presence of D. immitis, we discussed the impact of microfilariae periodicity and low worm burden infections on the limited efficiency of these techniques. We strongly recommend using a mixed diagnostic approach for the most sensitive and specific diagnosis since the ideal diagnostic method does not exist, and several factors may contribute to misdiagnosis. Furthermore, we considered factors that contribute to the uncontrolled spread of dirofilariasis such as climate changes, introduction of new species of mosquitoes competent for the transmission of the disease, and wildlife animals as an important reservoir of this parasitosis. Given that Poland shares borders with countries classified as endemic and pre-endemic for D. immitis, such as Slovakia and Ukraine, it is reasonable to anticipate a rise in autochthonous heartworm infections and shifts in the epidemiological pattern of dirofilariasis in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pękacz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, Warsaw, 00-679, Poland
| | - Martina Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia
| | | | - Diana Stopka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Dominika Graczyk
- Centrum Zdrowia Zwierząt, Brata Alberta 34, Warsaw, 05-075, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Lambooij JM, Kalinowska A, Patente TA, Łapiński M, van der Zande HJP, Basałaj K, de Korne CM, Chayé MAM, Gasan TA, Norbury LJ, Giera M, Zaldumbide A, Smits HH, Guigas B. Fasciola hepatica Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1 Modulates T cell Polarization by Promoting Dendritic Cell Thrombospondin-1 Secretion Without Affecting Metabolic Homeostasis in Obese Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884663. [PMID: 35720355 PMCID: PMC9204345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The parasitic trematode Fasciola hepatica evades host immune defenses through secretion of various immunomodulatory molecules. Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (fhFABPs) are among the main excreted/secreted proteins and have been shown to display anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is currently known regarding their impact on dendritic cells (DCs) and their subsequent capacity to prime specific CD4+ T cell subsets. Methodology/Principal Findings The immunomodulatory effects of both native F. hepatica extracts and recombinant fhFABPs were assessed on monocyte-derived human DCs (moDCs) and the underlying mechanism was next investigated using various approaches, including DC-allogenic T cell co-culture and DC phenotyping through transcriptomic, proteomic and FACS analyses. We mainly showed that fhFABP1 induced a tolerogenic-like phenotype in LPS-stimulated moDCs characterized by a dose-dependent increase in the cell-surface tolerogenic marker CD103 and IL-10 secretion, while DC co-stimulatory markers were not affected. A significant decrease in secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12p70 and IL-6 was also observed. In addition, these effects were associated with an increase in both Th2-on-Th1 ratio and IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T cells following DC-T cell co-culture. RNA sequencing and targeted proteomic analyses identified thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) as a non-canonical factor highly expressed and secreted by fhFABP1-primed moDCs. The effect of fhFABP1 on T cell skewing was abolished when using a TSP-1 blocking antibody during DC-T cell co-culture. Immunomodulation by helminth molecules has been linked to improved metabolic homeostasis during obesity. Although fhFABP1 injection in high-fat diet-fed obese mice induced a potent Th2 immune response in adipose tissue, it did not improved insulin sensitivity or glucose homeostasis. Conclusions/Significance We show that fhFABP1 modulates T cell polarization, notably by promoting DC TSP-1 secretion in vitro, without affecting metabolic homeostasis in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thiago A. Patente
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maciej Łapiński
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hendrik J. P. van der Zande
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Clarize M. de Korne
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mathilde A. M. Chayé
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Gasan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luke J. Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Science, STEM College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Powązka K, Pękacz M, Basałaj K, Klockiewicz M, Wiśniewski M, Młocicki D. Immunoproteomic Analysis of Dirofilaria repens Microfilariae and Adult Parasite Stages. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020174. [PMID: 33562513 PMCID: PMC7914743 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariarepens is a parasitic nematode causing a vector-borne zoonotic infection (dirofilariosis), considered an emerging problem in human and veterinary medicine. Currently, diagnosis is based on the detection of the adult parasite and microfilariae in the host tissues. However, the efficacy of tests relying on microfilariae detection is limited by microfilariae periodic occurrence. Therefore, a new reliable and affordable serological diagnostic method is needed. Better characteristic of the parasite biology and its interaction with host immune system should help to achieve this goal. This study analyzes adult and microfilariae proteomes, and the use of one-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) proteomics, immunoproteomics, and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry allowed us to identify 316 potentially immunogenic proteins (75 belong to adult stage, 183 to microfilariae, and 58 are common for both). Classified by their ontology, the proteins showed important similarities and differences between both parasite stages. The most frequently identified proteins are structural, metabolic, and heat shock proteins. Additionally, real-time PCR analysis of some immunogenic targets revealed significant differences between microfilariae and adult life stages. We indicated molecules involved in parasite-host interactions and discussed their importance in parasite biology, which may help to reveal potential diagnostic antigens or select drug and vaccine targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-697-89-66
| | - Katarzyna Powązka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Mateusz Pękacz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Maciej Klockiewicz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Marcin Wiśniewski
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.P.); (K.B.); (D.M.)
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Bień-Kalinowska J, Basałaj K. Regulation of human THP-1 macrophage polarization by Trichinella spiralis. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:569-578. [PMID: 33415398 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a foodborne zoonotic nematode, which causes trichinellosis. During the infection, parasite evades the host immune responses by direct and indirect (through excretory-secretory products) contact with host immune cells. One of the main targets for immunomodulation induced by helminths are macrophages. In this study, we examined whether direct contact of different stages of T. spiralis can affect the polarization of human THP-1 macrophages. Co-culture of adult parasite stage and cells in direct contact without LPS addition had a significant impact on TNFα levels. Interestingly, in settings with the addition of LPS, the levels of IL-1β and TNFα significantly increased in adult parasite and newborn larvae (NBL) but not for muscle larvae (ML). While we tested muscle larvae ESP products to compare its effect with whole ML parasite, we detect an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNFα in no LPS conditions. Whereas, muscle larvae ESP significantly suppressed the inflammatory response measured by IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 levels and anti-inflammatory IL-10 compared to LPS control. Our findings indicate the anti-inflammatory potential of T. spiralis muscle larvae excretory-secretory products and propose signaling pathways which might be engaged in the mechanism of how muscle larvae ESP affect human macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nowak RM, Jastrzębski JP, Kuśmirek W, Sałamatin R, Rydzanicz M, Sobczyk-Kopcioł A, Sulima-Celińska A, Paukszto Ł, Makowczenko KG, Płoski R, Tkach VV, Basałaj K, Młocicki D. Author Correction: Hybrid de novo whole-genome assembly and annotation of the model tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Sci Data 2020; 7:52. [PMID: 32042050 PMCID: PMC7010815 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
6
|
Nowak RM, Jastrzębski JP, Kuśmirek W, Sałamatin R, Rydzanicz M, Sobczyk-Kopcioł A, Sulima-Celińska A, Paukszto Ł, Makowczenko KG, Płoski R, Tkach VV, Basałaj K, Młocicki D. Hybrid de novo whole-genome assembly and annotation of the model tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Sci Data 2019; 6:302. [PMID: 31796747 PMCID: PMC6890685 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of Hymenolepis diminuta as a model organism in experimental parasitology, a full genome description has not yet been published. Here we present a hybrid de novo genome assembly based on complementary sequencing technologies and methods. The combination of Illumina paired-end, Illumina mate-pair and Oxford Nanopore Technology reads greatly improved the assembly of the H. diminuta genome. Our results indicate that the hybrid sequencing approach is the method of choice for obtaining high-quality data. The final genome assembly is 177 Mbp with contig N50 size of 75 kbp and a scaffold N50 size of 2.3 Mbp. We obtained one of the most complete cestode genome assemblies and annotated 15,169 potential protein-coding genes. The obtained data may help explain cestode gene function and better clarify the evolution of its gene families, and thus the adaptive features evolved during millennia of co-evolution with their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Nowak
- Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Wiktor Kuśmirek
- Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Sulima-Celińska
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stachyra A, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Basałaj K, Grzelak S, Gondek M, Bień-Kalinowska J. The Immunological Properties of Recombinant Multi-Cystatin-Like Domain Protein From Trichinella Britovi Produced in Yeast. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2420. [PMID: 31681308 PMCID: PMC6797592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a globally-distributed zoonotic parasitic disease caused by nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. One of the most common species of Trichinella known to affect human health is T. britovi; however, it is relatively poorly investigated. A thorough knowledge of the proteins expressed by Trichinella is important when developing immunological detection methods and vaccines and studying its interactions with the host. The present study uses the Pichia pastoris expression system to produce a soluble TbCLP antigen which induces strong antibody responses in the host during natural infection. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of TbCLP antigen production in yeasts, which are able to carry out post-translational modifications such as glycosylation and disulfide bond formation; they also indicate that the glycosylated TbCLP antigen had immunogenic effects in the tested mice and induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response, and was associated with a reduced larval burden after challenge with T. britovi. Subsequent in vitro stimulation of mice splenocytes revealed that TbCLP most likely possesses immunomodulatory properties and may play a significant role in the early phase of infection, affecting host immunological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachyra
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Grzelak
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Gondek
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wesołowska A, Basałaj K, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Januszkiewicz K, Kozak Ljunggren M, Jedlina L, Wędrychowicz H. The failure of a DNA prime/protein boost regime and CTLA-4 mediated targeting to improve the potency of a DNA vaccine encoding Fasciola hepatica phosphoglycerate kinase in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 217:109941. [PMID: 31550657 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination in large animals has often been associated with poor immunogenicity, consequently several approaches have been evaluated to enhance its efficacy. Here, we tested a cDNA encoding a phosphoglycerate kinase from Fasciola hepatica (cDNA-FhPGK/pCMV) as a vaccine against ovine fasciolosis and investigated whether a DNA prime/protein boost regime or CTLA-4 (cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4) mediated targeting improved DNA vaccine efficacy. No statistically significant differences in the cellular responses were seen in either vaccine trial when compared with the respective control groups. However, specific antibody responses were considerably enhanced in DNA primed/protein boosted sheep, but not among CTLA-4 targeted cDNA-FhPGK/pCMV vaccinated animals. Nevertheless, increased titers of specific IgG1 did not contribute to protection against infection, with no differences in liver fluke recoveries reported. If DNA vaccines against fasciolosis in target species are to reach the market one day, more research in this area is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Januszkiewicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Kozak Ljunggren
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luiza Jedlina
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Wędrychowicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Długosz E, Basałaj K, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. Cytokine production and signalling in human THP-1 macrophages is dependent on Toxocara canis glycans. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2925-2933. [PMID: 31396715 PMCID: PMC6754358 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Toxocara canis antigens on cytokine production by human THP-1 macrophages was studied in vitro. Toxocara Excretory–Secretory products (TES) and recombinant mucins (Tc-MUC-2, Tc-MUC-3, Tc-MUC-4, and Tc-MUC-5) as well as deglycosylated forms of these antigens were used in the study. TES products stimulated macrophages to produce the innate proinflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines regardless of the presence of glycans. Recombinant mucins induced glycan-dependent cytokine production. Sugar moieties led to at least 3-fold higher production of regulatory IL-10 as well as proinflammatory cytokines. The presence of glycans on mucins also affected the downstream signalling pathways in stimulated cells. The most prominent difference was noted in AKT and AMPK kinase activation. AKT phosphorylation was observed in cells stimulated with glycosylated mucins, whereas treatment with deglycosylated antigens led to AMPK phosphorylation. MAP kinase family members such as JNK and p38 and c-Jun transcription factor were phosphorylated in both cases what suggests that toll-like receptor signalling may be involved in mucin-treated macrophages. This pathway is however modified by other signalling molecules as only mucins containing intact sugars significantly induced the production of cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Długosz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Norbury LJ, Basałaj K, Bąska P, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Kalinowska A, Wilkowski P, Wesołowska A, Wędrychowicz H. Generation of a single-chain variable fragment phage display antibody library from naïve mice panned against Fasciola hepatica antigens. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107737. [PMID: 31401060 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have a wide range of applications in basic and applied research as well as in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Phage display antibody libraries offer an alternative to hybridoma technology for the generation of monoclonal antibodies and can be applied to high-throughput screening and facilitate the generation of novel antibodies. Despite their utility in several fields of research there has been limited application of antibody libraries in the study of trematode parasites. Fasciola hepatica causes considerable loss to the agriculture sector and is also a human pathogen. The parasite's excretory/secretory material contains numerous molecules that facilitate its invasion and survival within the mammalian host, including cathepsin B and L proteases. F. hepatica cathepsin B2 is expressed during the initial weeks of infection and has suspected roles in immune evasion and as a digestive enzyme in the parasite's gut; it is considered a good target for vaccination or therapeutic inhibitors. In this study, we produced a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library from naïve mice. The library was used to identify several scFv that can bind to antigens from adult F. hepatica homogenate, and a scFv that can bind to F. hepatica cathepsin B2. The results highlight the potential applicability of such a library to facilitate the study of F. hepatica and other parasites. This is the first report of the application of a naïve phage display antibody library to the study of F. hepatica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wilkowski
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Wędrychowicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wesołowska A, Kozak Ljunggren M, Jedlina L, Basałaj K, Legocki A, Wedrychowicz H, Kesik-Brodacka M. A Preliminary Study of a Lettuce-Based Edible Vaccine Expressing the Cysteine Proteinase of Fasciola hepatica for Fasciolosis Control in Livestock. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2592. [PMID: 30483259 PMCID: PMC6244665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccination with edible vaccines is one of the most promising approaches in modern vaccinology. Edible vaccines are an alternative to conventional vaccines, which are typically delivered by injection. Here, freeze-dried transgenic lettuce expressing the cysteine proteinase of the trematode Fasciola hepatica (CPFhW) was used to orally vaccinate cattle and sheep against fasciolosis, which is the most important trematode disease due to the parasite's global distribution, wide spectrum of host species and significant economic losses of farmers. In the study, goals such as reducing the intensity of infection, liver damage and F. hepatica fecundity were achieved. Moreover, we demonstrated that the host sex influenced the outcome of infection following vaccination, with female calves and male lambs showing better protection than their counterparts. Since differences occurred following vaccination and infection, different immunization strategies should be considered for different sexes and host species when developing new control methods. The results of the present study highlight the potential of oral vaccination with plant-made and plant-delivered vaccines for F. hepatica infection control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Luiza Jedlina
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Legocki
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznan, Poland
| | - Halina Wedrychowicz
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Młocicki D, Sulima A, Bień J, Näreaho A, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Basałaj K, Sałamatin R, Conn DB, Savijoki K. Immunoproteomics and Surfaceomics of the Adult Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2487. [PMID: 30483248 PMCID: PMC6240649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cestodiasis, mechanical and molecular contact between the parasite and the host activates the immune response of the host and may result in inflammatory processes, leading to ulceration and intestinal dysfunctions. The aim of the present study was to identify antigenic proteins of the adult cestode Hymenolepis diminuta by subjecting the total protein extracts from adult tapeworms to 2DE immunoblotting (two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with immunoblotting) using sera collected from experimentally infected rats. A total of 36 protein spots cross-reacting with the rat sera were identified using LC-MS/MS. As a result, 68 proteins, including certain structural muscle proteins (actin, myosin, and paramyosin) and moonlighters (heat shock proteins, kinases, phosphatases, and glycolytic enzymes) were identified; most of these were predicted to possess binding and/or catalytic activity required in various metabolic and cellular processes, and reported here as potential antigens of the adult cestode for the first time. As several of these antigens can also be found at the cell surface, the surface-associated proteins were extracted and subjected to in-solution digestion for LC-MS/MS identification (surfaceomics). As a result, a total of 76 proteins were identified, from which 31 proteins, based on 2DE immunoblotting, were predicted to be immunogenic. These included structural proteins actin, myosin and tubulin as well as certain moonlighting proteins (heat-shock chaperones) while enzymes with diverse catalytic activities were found as the most dominating group of proteins. In conclusion, the present study shed new light into the complexity of the enteric cestodiasis by showing that the H. diminuta somatic proteins exposed to the host possess immunomodulatory functions, and that the immune response of the host could be stimulated by diverse mechanisms, involving also those triggering protein export via yet unknown pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Młocicki
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sulima
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Bień
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Parasitology and Vector-Borne DiseasesNational Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Bruce Conn
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, United States
- One Health Center, Berry CollegeMount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Division of Pharmaceutical BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Norbury LJ, Basałaj K, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Sielicka A, Wilkowski P, Wesołowska A, Smooker PM, Wędrychowicz H. Intranasal delivery of a formulation containing stage-specific recombinant proteins of Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L5 and cathepsin B2 triggers an anti-fecundity effect and an adjuvant-mediated reduction in fluke burden in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:14-23. [PMID: 30105973 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica infection continues to be a major problem in the agriculture sector, particularly in sheep and cattle. Cathepsin L and B proteases are major components of the excretory/secretory material of the parasite, and their roles in several important aspects of parasite invasion and survival has led to their use as targets in rational vaccine design. Previous studies in rats demonstrated that the use of stage-specific antigens, cathepsin B2 and cathepsin L5, as part of a multivalent vaccine, was able to confer significant protection against challenge. In the present study, recombinant versions of cathepsin L5 and cathepsin B2 produced in yeast were used in combination to vaccinate sheep. Intramuscular and intranasal forms of administration were applied, and sheep were subsequently challenged with 150 F. hepatica metacercariae. Intramuscular vaccination was able to induce a strong systemic antibody response against both antigens, but failed to confer significant protection. Conversely, no elevated antibody response was detected against the vaccine antigens following nasal vaccination; however, a reduction in parasite egg viability (>92%) and a statistically significant (p = 0.006), predominantly adjuvant-mediated reduction in worm burdens was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Sielicka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wilkowski
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter M Smooker
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Halina Wędrychowicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wesołowska A, Basałaj K, Norbury LJ, Sielicka A, Wędrychowicz H, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. Sex and vaccination: Insights from female rats vaccinated with juvenile-specific proteases from Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:91-96. [PMID: 29773143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most animal research is less evidence-based for females, with the majority of studies conducted on males. Since immune responses vary between males and females, sexual dimorphism in immunity contributes, among other things, to sex-based differences post-vaccination. However, the issue of sex effects in animal vaccine research is rarely considered in vaccine study design. Previously, we have evaluated the efficacy of cathepsin L3 (FhCL3-1 and FhCL3-2) and B3 proteases (FhCB3) from juvenile Fasciola hepatica as vaccines against fasciolosis in male rats. Their administration resulted in reductions in liver fluke recovery in the range of 47-63% when compared with an infection control group. Here, we investigated if the protective effect of vaccination with these proteins can also be observed for female rats. The data indicates females were not protected from F. hepatica infection when vaccinated with juvenile cathepsins. Only in the FhCL3-2 vaccinated group was a low, non-significant, reduction in worm burden observed (21%). Although liver fluke mean body lengths and wet weights were reduced in vaccinated animals when compared with the infection controls, these effects were adjuvant- not vaccine-induced, while for males changes in these parameters were related primarily to vaccination. Specific humoral responses throughout the study were evident; however, trends in antibody responses in females replicated trends observed previously for male humoral responses. Formerly, elevated levels of FhCL3-1 and FhCL3-2 specific IgG1 and IgG2a were suggested to be correlated with protection. Here, despite increased and clear responses of these antibodies, protection was not observed. Hence, in the present study the roles of IgG1 and IgG2 in liver fluke reduction are questionable. Results demonstrated in our study show that observations obtained in one sex are not always applicable to the other sex. Hopefully, the findings of the study will stimulate discussion of the issue of sex impacts on post-vaccination outcomes and will encourage researchers to consider sex in their future vaccine studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luke J Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Alicja Sielicka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Wędrychowicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wesołowska A, Basałaj K, Norbury LJ, Sielicka A, Wędrychowicz H, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. Vaccination against Fasciola hepatica using cathepsin L3 and B3 proteases delivered alone or in combination. Vet Parasitol 2017; 250:15-21. [PMID: 29329618 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
No licensed vaccine is currently available for prevention of Fasciola hepatica infections. However, considering the alarming increase in drug resistance, there is an urgent need for a safe and fully effective vaccine against fasciolosis. Here, we tested if cathepsins L (FhCL3-1, FhCL3-2) and B (FhCB3) secreted by juvenile liver flukes are viable vaccine targets when delivered alone or in combination in a rat model. Since control over the early immune response is crucial for parasite's establishment in its host, it was hypothesised that targeting fluke juvenile stages may prove beneficial. Moreover, it was assumed that selected antigens will act in a cumulative manner to interfere with liver fluke migration and thereby will reduce F. hepatica infection. Recombinant FhCL3-1 and FhCL3-2 delivered alone reduced liver fluke burdens by 47 % and 63 %, respectively. A trivalent vaccine containing rFhCL3-1/CL3-2/CB3 did not increase the protective vaccine efficacy compared to the rFhCL3-2 vaccinated group (53 %), although, reductions in liver fluke wet weight (statistically significant) and liver damage score were most pronounced. Further, the highest IgG1 and IgG2a levels were seen in rFhCL3-2 vaccinated rats, the group for which the highest reduction in worm burden was demonstrated. Moreover, IgG1 and IgG2a levels in vaccinated rats were significantly elevated compared to those reported for control groups up to 4 week post-infection. While the mechanism of protection remains unknown, it appears that it depends on vaccine-induced antibodies directed against cathepsins. The obtained results imply that F. hepatica juvenile-specific cathepsins are promising vaccine candidates that induce responses that successfully target early migratory liver fluke stages. Now, the challenge is to evaluate these juvenile-specific cathepsins for use in livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luke J Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland; School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Alicja Sielicka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Wędrychowicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences,Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Basałaj K, Strojny B, Młocicki D. New Data on Human Macrophages Polarization by Hymenolepis diminuta Tapeworm-An In Vitro Study. Front Immunol 2017; 8:148. [PMID: 28265273 PMCID: PMC5316519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths and their products can suppress the host immune response to escape host defense mechanisms and establish chronic infections. Current studies indicate that macrophages play a key role in the immune response to pathogen invasion. They can be polarized into two distinct phenotypes: M1 and M2. The present paper examines the impact of the adult Hymenolepis diminuta (HD) tapeworm and its excretory/secretory products (ESP) on THP-1 macrophages. Monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and cultured with a living parasite or its ESP. Our findings indicate that HD and ESP have a considerable impact on human THP-1 macrophages. Macrophages treated with parasite ESP (with or without LPS) demonstrated reduced expression of cytokines (i.e., IL-1α, TNFα, TGFβ, IL-10) and chemokines (i.e., IL-8, MIP-1α, RANTES, and IL-1ra), while s-ICAM and CxCL10 expression rose after ESP stimulation. In addition, inflammatory factor expression rose significantly when macrophages were exposed to living parasites. Regarding induced and repressed pathways, significant differences were found between HD and ESP concerning their influence on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, STAT2, STAT3, AMPKα1, Akt 1/2/3 S473, Hsp60, and Hck. The superior immunosuppressive properties of ESP compared to HD were demonstrated with lower levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-12p70 following stimulation. The presence of HD and its ESP were found to stimulate mixed M1/M2 macrophage phenotypes. Our findings indicate new molecular mechanisms involved in the response of human macrophages to tapeworm infection, this could be a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms underlying the processes of immune regulation during cestodiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Barbara Strojny
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Feeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|