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Jones S, Juhász A, Makaula P, Cunningham LJ, Archer J, Nkolokosa C, Namacha G, Kambewa E, Lally D, Kapira DR, Chammudzi P, Kayuni SA, Musaya J, Stothard JR. A first report of Pseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1817), an alien intermediate host for liver fluke, in Malawi. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:186. [PMID: 38605395 PMCID: PMC11007905 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Starting in October 2021, quarterly malacological surveys have been undertaken in Malawi, with the sampling of 12 specified freshwater habitats throughout a calendar year. Each survey monitors the presence of aquatic intermediate snail hosts of medical and veterinary importance. In March 2023, the alien lymnaeid species Pseudosuccinea columella was encountered for the first time in the surveys, in Nsanje District. This species identity was later confirmed upon DNA analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal 16S sequences. In July 2023, P. columella was also noted at single sites within Mangochi and Chikwawa Districts, and again in Nsanje District, with an additional location observed. Of particular importance, our sampled location in Mangochi District was directly connected to Lake Malawi, which expands the species list of invasive molluscs in this lake. While P. columella is a well-known intermediate snail host for human and animal fascioliasis, screening collected snails for trematode cercariae, alongside molecular xenomonitoring, did not yield equivocal evidence of active fluke infection. However, the newly recognized presence of this alien intermediate snail host within Lake Malawi, and along the Shire River Valley, flags a new concern in altered local transmission potential for human and animal fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jones
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - A Juhász
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - P Makaula
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - L J Cunningham
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - J Archer
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - C Nkolokosa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - G Namacha
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - E Kambewa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - D Lally
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - D R Kapira
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - P Chammudzi
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - S A Kayuni
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - J Musaya
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome (MLW) Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Bari T, Al Mamun MA, Toet H, Rathinasamy V, Larkins JA, Beddoe T, Spithill TW, Piedrafita D, Greenhill AR. Evaluation of LAMP for Fasciola hepatica detection from faecal samples of experimentally and naturally infected cattle. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110132. [PMID: 38280252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica causes liver fluke disease in production animals and humans worldwide. Faecal egg counts (FEC) are the most common diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of liver fluke disease. However, FEC has low sensitivity and is often unreliable for the detection of patent infection. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was optimised and evaluated for the detection of Fasciola hepatica infection, with the aim of increased sensitivity and making it suitable for on-farm application. LAMP was initially conducted under laboratory conditions, optimised to enable visual detection using calcein dye. DNA extraction based on bead-beating was developed to enable on-farm application. LAMP results were compared to FEC and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Under laboratory conditions, LAMP was conducted using two incubation methods: a conventional PCR thermocycler and a field-deployable LAMP instrument. When compared to a 'rigorous' FEC protocol consisting of multiple counts using a comparatively large volume of faeces and with infection confirmed post-mortem, LAMP was highly sensitive and specific (using silica membrane DNA extraction sensitivity 88 %, specificity 100 %; using sieving and beat-beating DNA extraction sensitivity 98.9 %, specificity 100 %). When applied on-farm, LAMP was compared to conventional FEC, which suggested high sensitivity but low specificity (sensitivity 97 %, specificity 37.5 %). However, further analysis, comparing field LAMP results to laboratory PCR, suggested that the low specificity was likely the outcome of the inability of conventional FEC to detect all true F. hepatica positive samples. Based on the high sensitivity and specificity of LAMP compared to a 'rigorous' FEC protocol and its ability to be used in field settings, the study demonstrates the potential of LAMP for diagnosing F. hepatica infection in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjina Bari
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability (IISS), Federation University, Australia
| | - Md Abdullah Al Mamun
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia; Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hayley Toet
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jo-Ann Larkins
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability (IISS), Federation University, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability (IISS), Federation University, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability (IISS), Federation University, Australia; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
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Hecker AS, Raulf MK, König S, Knubben-Schweizer G, Wenzel C, May K, Strube C. In-herd prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Calicophoron / Paramphistomum spp. infections in German dairy cows with comparison of two coproscopical methods and establishment of real-time pyrosequencing for rumen fluke species differentiation. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110142. [PMID: 38308933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Infections with liver and rumen flukes are among the most frequent parasitic diseases in cattle worldwide. In Europe, the predominant liver fluke species is Fasciola hepatica, and the recently rapidly spreading rumen flukes are mostly Calicophoron daubneyi and occasionally Paramphistomum leydeni. In this study, 1638 faecal samples from individual dairy cows from 24 northern and 18 southern German farms as well as one central German farm, all preselected for potential F. hepatica infection, were examined to determine in-herd prevalences of liver and rumen fluke infections. Furthermore, individual faecal egg counts (FECs) were determined in the northern and central German cows. On farms with patent F. hepatica infections, the mean in-herd prevalence was 15.8% in northern Germany, 41.6% in southern Germany and 14.0% in the central German farm. Rumen fluke infections resulted in high in-herd prevalences in all regions with a mean prevalence of 46.0% in northern, 48.4% in southern and 40.0% in central Germany. Individual FECs varied between 0.1 and 4.1 (mean 0.4) eggs per gram faeces (EPG) for F. hepatica and between 0.1 and 292.4 (mean 16.9) EPG for rumen flukes. Mean in-herd prevalence and mean FECs did not differ significantly between mono- and coinfected farms for either fluke species. Comparison of the classical sedimentation technique and the Flukefinder® method on a subset of 500 faecal samples revealed a similar number of positive samples, however, Flukefinder® mean FECs were three to four times higher for liver and rumen fluke eggs, respectively, with an increasing gap between EPG levels with rising egg counts. Fluke egg size measurement confirmed P. leydeni eggs on average to be larger in length and width (161.0 µm x 87.1 µm) than those of C. daubneyi (141.8 µm x 72.9 µm). However, due to overlap of measurements, morphological species identification based on egg size proved unreliable. For accurate identification, a real-time pyrosequencing approach was established, offering the advantage over classical Sanger sequencing of unambiguously identifying rumen fluke mixed species infections. Real-time pyrosequencing confirmed C. daubneyi (78.1% [50/64]) as the predominant rumen fluke species in Germany, while P. leydeni was detected in 12.5% (8/64) of sampled cows. A total of 9.4% (6/64) cows were infected with both C. daubneyi and P. leydeni, representing the first finding of a mixed infection in domestic ruminants in Europe to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Hecker
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin Raulf
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Ludwigstraße 21b, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Wenzel
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katharina May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Ludwigstraße 21b, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
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Bakhshipour F, Zibaei M, Rokni MB, Miahipour A, Firoozeh F, Beheshti M, Beikzadeh L, Alizadeh G, Aryaeipour M, Raissi V. Comparative evaluation of real-time PCR and ELISA for the detection of human fascioliasis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3865. [PMID: 38366006 PMCID: PMC10873325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by Fasciola species in humans and animals. Despite significant advances in vaccination and new therapeutic agents, little attention has been paid to validating methods for the diagnosis of fascioliasis in humans. Serological techniques are convenient assays that significantly improves the diagnosis of Fasciola infection. However, a more sensitive method is required. The aim of this study was to compare the Real-Time PCR technique with the indirect-ELISA for the detection of Fasciola hepatica in human. Using a panel of sera from patients infected with Fasciola hepatica (n = 51), other parasitic infections (n = 7), and uninfected controls (n = 12), we optimized an ELISA which employs an excretory-secretory antigens from F. hepatica for the detection of human fascioliasis. After DNA extraction from the samples, molecular analysis was done using Real-Time PCR technique based on the Fasciola ribosomal ITS1 sequence. Of 70 patient serum samples, 44 (62.86%) samples were identified as positive F. hepatica infection using ELISA and Real-Time PCR assays. There was no cross-reaction with other parasitic diseases such as toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, taeniasis, hydatidosis, trichinosis, toxocariasis, and strongyloidiasis. The significant difference between the agreement and similarity of the results of patients with indirect ELISA and Real-Time PCR was 94.4% and 99.2%, respectively (Cohen's kappa ≥ 0.7; P = 0.02). Based on the Kappa agreement findings, the significant agreement between the results of ELISA and Real-Time PCR indicates the accuracy and reliability of these tests in the diagnosis of F. hepatica in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bakhshipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Bagher Rokni
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Miahipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Firoozeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Beheshti
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Beikzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gita Alizadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Aryaeipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Raissi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hasanpour H, Falak R, Mokhtarian K, Sadeghi F, Masoumi E, Asadollahi P, Badirzadeh A, Azami SJ, Gholami MD, Pashangzadeh S, Gharagozlou MJ, Naserifar R, Mowlavi G. The effects of Fasciola hepatica recombinant proteins (peroxiredoxin and cathepsin L1) on Crohn's disease experimental model. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13019. [PMID: 38275199 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory potential of the excretory-secretory (E/S) proteins of the helminths has been shown in previous investigations. This study evaluated the effects of the recombinants and excretory-secretory proteins of the Fasciola hepatica on induced colitis in Balb/c mice. The F. hepatica Recombinant proteins, Cathepsin L1 and Peroxiredoxin, and E/S proteins were intraperitoneally injected into the three mice groups as the case groups, while the control groups received PBS. Colitis was induced in mice by intraluminal administration of the 2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution (TNBS). After 8 h, the case groups received the second dosage of the treatments, and it was repeated 24 h later. The immunological, pathological, and macroscopic changes were evaluated 3 days after colitis induction. The macroscopic evaluation revealed significantly lower inflammatory scores in the mice treated with recombinant Peroxiredoxin (rPRX) and recombinant Cathepsin L1 (rCL1). Despite the macroscopic observation, the pathological finding was insignificant between the groups. IFN-γ secretion was significantly lower in splenocytes of the groups that received rPRX, rCL1, and E/S than the controls. IL-10 showed significantly higher levels in groups treated with rPRX and rCL1 than controls, whereas the level of IL-4 was not statistically significant. Excretory-secretory proteins of the F. hepatica showed immunomodulatory potency and the main effects observed in this study were through the reduction of inflammatory cytokine and inflammation manifestation as well as induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hasanpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Mokhtarian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Parisa Asadollahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Alireza Badirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Jafarpour Azami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Salar Pashangzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Razi Naserifar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Mowlavi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mowlavi G, Bargues MD, Najafi F, Naddaf SR, Salehabadi A, Vejdan AK, Salimi M, Fadavi A, Arab-Mazar Z, Mas-Coma S. Fasciola Infection Unexpectedly Found During Cholecystectomy: Review on How to Avoid Increasing Surgery Interventions in Non-human Endemic Areas. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:891-902. [PMID: 37934346 PMCID: PMC10665236 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola hepatica of almost worldwide distribution and F. gigantica in wide regions of Asia and Africa. Their adult stage develops in the biliary canals and gallbladder. Infection follows an initial, 3-4 month long invasive, migratory or acute phase, and a several year-long biliary, chronic or obstructive phase. METHODS The unexpected finding of a fasciolid inside the gallbladder during a cholecystectomy for obstructive lithiasis suspicion in a patient is reported from an area of Iran where human infection had been never reported before and studies on fascioliasis in livestock are absent. RESULTS The fluke obtained was phenotypically classified as F. hepatica by morphometry and genotypically as F. gigantica by mtDNA cox1 fragment sequencing, although with F. hepatica scattered mutations in species-differing nucleotide positions. The clinical, radiological, and biological signs observed at the acute and chronic phases often lead to some misdiagnosis. Serological methods may be useful in cases of negative coprology. Diagnostic techniques with insufficient resolution leading to unnecessary invasive interventions are analyzed. The way to avoid unnecessary surgery is described, including analyses to be made, diagnostic tools to be used, and aspects to be considered. CONCLUSION Reaching a correct diagnosis in the confusing presentations avoids procedure delays and unnecessary surgery. A correct drug treatment may be sufficient. Except in extreme pathological presentations, lesions decrease in number and size and finally disappear or calcify after a successful treatment. Finally, the need to increase awareness of physicians about fascioliasis is highlighted, mainly in non-human endemic areas.
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Grants
- PI16/00520 Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento de la Acción Estratégica en Salud (AES), Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación y Fondos FEDER, ISCIII-MINECO, Madrid, Spain;
- PROMETEO 2016/099 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
- 2021/004 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
- RD16/0027/0023 Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales - RICET, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- CB21/13/00056 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (ES)
- Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales – RICET, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- Universitat de Valencia
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Mowlavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Faezeh Najafi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Reza Naddaf
- Department of Parasitology, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salehabadi
- Department of Microbiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir Kazem Vejdan
- Department of General Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Salimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Fadavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Arab-Mazar
- Department of Microbiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Hammami I, Ciuca L, Maurelli MP, Romdhane R, Sassi L, Rjeibi MR, Farhat N, Simo AK, Rinaldi L, Rekik M, Gharbi M. First morphometric and molecular characterization of Fasciola spp. in Northwest Tunisia. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2467-2476. [PMID: 37642769 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the Tunisian Fasciola spp. flukes by morphometric and molecular analyses. Flukes were collected from livers of sheep slaughtered in Sejnane slaughterhouses (Bizerte gouvernorate, Northwest Tunisia) between January and March 2021.Five morphometric parameters were determined for all the liver flukes, as follows: (i) total body length (BL), (ii) distance between ventral sucker and the tail (VS-T), (iii) distance between oral sucker and ventral sucker (OS-VS), (iv) abdomen diameter (AD), (v) tail diameter (TD) and the body length to width ratio (BL/BW). Molecular identification of the fluke specimens was carried out by polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of a 680 bp sequence of the internal transcribes spacer 1 (ITS1) gene and by amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of a 500 bp sequence of the ITS2 gene. Morphometric measurements showed that the mean of the total body length of the adult flukes was 21.1 ± 2.7 mm with minimum and maximum lengths of 13 and 31 mm, respectively. The PCR-RFLP analysis revealed a single profile consisting of three bands of approximately 370, 100, and 60 bp. Fasciola sequences described in the present study (GenBank numbers: OQ457027 and OQ457028) showed 99.58-100% identity to Fasciola hepatica. In conclusion, the results of this study show that molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirm the presence of a single species of F. hepatica in the Sejnane region Northwest of Tunisia. However, further studies are needed to identify the occurrence of Fasciola species in other Tunisian regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hammami
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Univ Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Lavina Ciuca
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rihab Romdhane
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Univ Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Limam Sassi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Univ Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Rjeibi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Univ Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut de La Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 Rue de Jebel Lakdhar, La Rabta, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Farhat
- Circonscription de la production animale, 7010 Sejnane, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Alain Kouam Simo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université des Montagnes, BP, 208, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Unit of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mourad Rekik
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Univ Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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8
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Alvi MA, Khalid A, Ali RMA, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Ahmad B, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Genetic variation and population structure of Fasciola hepatica: an in silico analysis. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2155-2173. [PMID: 37458821 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode leading to heavy economic setbacks to the livestock sector globally. The population's genetic information and intimate kinship level are frequently assessed using analysis of mitochondrial DNA. In this analysis, we retrieved cox1 (n = 247) and nad1 (n = 357) sequences of F. hepatica from the NCBI GenBank database and aligned the sequences with the respective reference sequences using MEGA software. The median joining network was drawn using PopArt software while neutrality and diversity indices were estimated with the help of DnaSp software. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA software package. A total of 46 and 98 distinctive haplotypes were observed for cox1 and nad1 genes, respectively. Diversity indices indicated high haplotype and nucleotide diversities in both genes. Positive Tajima's D and Fu's Fs values were found for the entire population of both the genes under study. The cox1 and nad1 gene segments in this study showed high Tajima's D values, suggesting a low likelihood of future population growth. The Tajima's D value of the nad1 gene sequence is lower (2.14910) than that of the cox1 gene sequence (3.40314), which suggests that the former is growing at a slower rate. However, the region-wise analysis revealed that both the cox1 and nad1 genes showed deviation from neutrality suggesting a recent population expansion as a result of an excess of low-frequency polymorphism. Furthermore, the overall host-wise analysis showed positive and significant Tajima's D values for the cox1 and nad1 gene sequences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide insights into genetic variations and population structure of F. hepatica at a global scale using cox1 and nad1 genes. Our findings suggest the existence of specific variants of F. hepatica in different parts of the world and provide information on the molecular ecology of F. hepatica. The results of this study also mark a critical development in upcoming epidemiological investigations on F. hepatica and will also contribute to understanding the global molecular epidemiology and population structure of F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Khalid
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Pakharukova MY, Lishai EA, Zaparina O, Baginskaya NV, Hong SJ, Sripa B, Mordvinov VA. Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis felineus liver flukes affect mammalian host microbiome in a species-specific manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011111. [PMID: 36780567 PMCID: PMC9956601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opisthorchis felineus, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis are epidemiologically significant food-borne trematodes endemic to diverse climatic areas. O. viverrini and C. sinensis are both recognized to be 1A group of biological carcinogens to human, whereas O. felineus is not. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis by the liver flukes are studied fragmentarily, the role of host and parasite microbiome is an unexplored aspect. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Specific pathogen free Mesocricetus auratus hamsters were infected with C. sinensis, O. viverrini and O. felineus. The microbiota of the adult worms, colon feces and bile from the hamsters was investigated using Illumina-based sequencing targeting the prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene. The analysis of 43 libraries revealed 18,830,015 sequences, the bacterial super-kingdom, 16 different phyla, 39 classes, 63 orders, 107 families, 187 genera-level phylotypes. O. viverrini, a fluke with the most pronounced carcinogenic potential, has the strongest impact on the host bile microbiome, changing the abundance of 92 features, including Bifidobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, [Paraprevotellaceae], Acetobacteraceae, Coriobacteraceae and Corynebacteriaceae bacterial species. All three infections significantly increased Enterobacteriaceae abundance in host bile, reduced the level of commensal bacteria in the gut microbiome (Parabacteroides, Roseburia, and AF12). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE O. felineus, O. viverrini, and C. sinensis infections cause both general and species-specific qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of microbiota of bile and colon feces of experimental animals infected with these trematodes. The alterations primarily concern the abundance of individual features and the phylogenetic diversity of microbiomes of infected hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Y. Pakharukova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ekaterina A. Lishai
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oxana Zaparina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nina V. Baginskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Heydarian P, Mamaghani AJ, Hajialilo E, Bozorgomid A, Mohaghegh MA, Aryaeipour M, Afshar MJA, Jajarmi V. Identification and differentiation of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica using multiplex PCR technique. Ann Parasitol 2023; 69:67-74. [PMID: 38164746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to present an alternate method instead of PCR-RFLP and also develop an optimized method for rapid, time-saving and affordable molecular-based approach to discriminate species of liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Seventy-six samples of F. hepatica and 28 F. gigantica were collected from the slaughterhouses of endemic regions in Iran. Following a comprehensive analysis of the mitochondrial complete sequences of both F. hepatica and F. gigantica, the extracted DNAs from all samples were used as templates in multiplex PCR reactions containing two sets of primers specific for cytochrome c oxidase I (cox I) gene of both species. In a parallel experiment, PCR-RFLP was performed for each sample using internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) sequence. Furthermore, following a PCR amplification for cox I gene, the amplicons were purified for sequencing. To assess the validity of the multiplex PCR approach, the obtained data from the multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP experiments were compared with each other. By sequence analysis of 104 samples, 76 and 28 samples were identified as F. hepatica and F. gigantica, respectively. Results revealed 100% and 92% of accuracy as for multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP. The designed multiplex PCR strategy offers a valid alternative approach to the conventional methods with distinctive features including convenience, cost-effectiveness, time-saving (3 hours from sampling to obtain final results) and high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran.
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohaghegh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Aryaeipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmad AA, Ramadan HKA, Hassan WA, Hakami MA, Huseein EAM, Mohamed SAA, Mohamed AA, Elossily NA. New perspectives for fascioliasis in Upper Egypt's new endemic region: Sociodemographic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Fasciola in humans, animals, and lymnaeid vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0011000. [PMID: 36576925 PMCID: PMC9797099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is a significant vector-borne disease that has emerged in numerous tropical and subtropical countries causing severe health problems. Egypt is one of the fascioliasis endemic regions; however, the current situation in Upper Egypt is understudied, with only sporadic human cases or outbreaks. This study aims to highlight the sociodemographic characteristics of human fascioliasis in a newly emerged endemic area in Upper Egypt, along with risk factors analysis and the molecular characteristics of the fasciolid population in humans, animals, and lymnaeid snails. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study reported Fasciola infection in patients and their close relatives by analyzing the risk of human infection. Morphological and molecular characterization was performed on lymnaeid snails. Multigene sequencing was also used to characterize fasciolids from human cases, cattle, and pooled snail samples. The study identified asymptomatic Fasciola infection among family members and identified the presence of peridomestic animals as a significant risk factor for infection. This is the first genetic evidence that Radix auricularia exists as the snail intermediate host in Egypt. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed that Assiut Governorate in Upper Egypt is a high-risk area for human fascioliasis that requires additional control measures. Fasciola hepatica was the main causative agent infecting humans and snail vectors in this newly emerged endemic area. In addition, this is the first report of R. auricularia as the snail intermediate host transmitting fascioliasis in Upper Egypt. Further research is required to clarify the widespread distribution of Fasciola in Egypt's various animal hosts. This provides insight into the mode of transmission, epidemiological criteria, and genetic diversity of fasciolid populations in Upper Egypt.\.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Waleed Attia Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sara Abdel-Aal Mohamed
- Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Department of Parasitology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Adnan Ahmed Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Nahed Ahmed Elossily
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Parasitology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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12
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Jeong MJ, Park JK, Yu HS. Phylogenetic Characteristics of Fasciola hepatica Isolated from a Korean Patient. Korean J Parasitol 2022; 60:367-370. [PMID: 36320115 PMCID: PMC9633157 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a parasitic infection caused by liver flukes. Although several cases have been reported in Korea, phylogenetic analysis of isolates is lacking. In this study, a 66-year-old woman with right upper quadrant (RUQ) abdominal pain was diagnosed as fascioliasis involving abdominal muscle by imaging study. She received praziquantel treatment, but symptoms were not improved. Lateral movement of the abscess lesion was followed. Trematode parasite was surgically removed from the patient’s rectus abdominis muscle. The fluke was identified as Fasciola hepatica based on sequence analysis of 18S rDNA. To determine the phylogenetic position of this Fasciola strain (named Korean Fasciola 1; KF1), the cox1 gene (273 bp) was analyzed and compared with the genes of 17 F. hepatica strains isolated from cows, sheep, goats, and humans from various countries. Phylogenetic analysis showed that KF1 was closely related with the isolates from China goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Jeong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Park
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 49241,
Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
- Corresponding author ()
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13
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Chaiyadet S, Tangkawattana S, Smout MJ, Ittiprasert W, Mann VH, Deenonpoe R, Arunsan P, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Laha T. Knockout of liver fluke granulin, Ov-grn-1, impedes malignant transformation during chronic infection with Opisthorchis viverrini. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010839. [PMID: 36137145 PMCID: PMC9531791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the principal risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the Mekong Basin countries of Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia. Using a novel model of CCA, involving infection with gene-edited liver flukes in the hamster during concurrent exposure to dietary nitrosamine, we explored the role of the fluke granulin-like growth factor Ov-GRN-1 in malignancy. We derived RNA-guided gene knockout flukes (ΔOv-grn-1) using CRISPR/Cas9/gRNA materials delivered by electroporation. Genome sequencing confirmed programmed Cas9-catalyzed mutations of the targeted genes, which was accompanied by rapid depletion of transcripts and the proteins they encode. Gene-edited parasites colonized the biliary tract of hamsters and developed into adult flukes. However, less hepatobiliary tract disease manifested during chronic infection with ΔOv-grn-1 worms in comparison to hamsters infected with control gene-edited and mock-edited parasites. Specifically, immuno- and colorimetric-histochemical analysis of livers revealed markedly less periductal fibrosis surrounding the flukes and less fibrosis globally within the hepatobiliary tract during infection with ΔOv-grn-1 genotype worms, minimal biliary epithelial cell proliferation, and significantly fewer mutations of TP53 in biliary epithelial cells. Moreover, fewer hamsters developed high-grade CCA compared to controls. The clinically relevant, pathophysiological phenotype of the hepatobiliary tract confirmed a role for this secreted growth factor in malignancy and morbidity during opisthorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, and WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Michael J. Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Raksawan Deenonpoe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patpicha Arunsan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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14
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Quinteros SL, O'Brien B, Donnelly S. Exploring the role of macrophages in determining the pathogenesis of liver fluke infection. Parasitology 2022; 149:1364-1373. [PMID: 35621040 PMCID: PMC11010472 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The food-borne trematodes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens: definitive causes of cancer. By contrast, infections with Fasciola hepatica, also a food-borne trematode of the phylum Platyhelminthes, are not carcinogenic. This review explores the premise that the differential activation of macrophages during infection with these food-borne trematodes is a major determinant of the pathological outcome of infection. Like most helminths, the latter stages of infection with all 3 flukes induce M2 macrophages, a phenotype that mediates the functional repair of tissue damaged by the feeding and migratory activities of the parasites. However, there is a critical difference in how the development of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages is regulated during infection with these parasites. While the activation of the M1 macrophage phenotype is largely suppressed during the early stages of infection with F. hepatica, M1 macrophages predominate in the bile ducts following infection with O. viverrini and C. sinensis. The anti-microbial factors released by M1 macrophages create an environment conducive to mutagenesis, and hence the initiation of tumour formation. Subsequently, the tissue remodelling processes induced by the M2 macrophages promote the proliferation of mutated cells, and the expansion of cancerous tissue. This review will also explore the interactions between macrophages and parasite-derived signals, and their contributions to the stark differences in the innate immune responses to infection with these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susel Loli Quinteros
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Bronwyn O'Brien
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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15
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Tran L, Toet H, Beddoe T. Environmental detection of Fasciola hepatica by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13778. [PMID: 35945935 PMCID: PMC9357369 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, commonly referred to as liver flukes, is a substantial zoonotic parasitic disease of humans and livestock globally. While infection is readily controlled by anthelmintics, namely triclabendazole, the heavy reliance on triclabendazole has resulted in drug resistance appearing worldwide. Due to drug resistance, it is imperative to adopt an integrated parasite management program to preserve the efficacy of currently available anthelmintics. A integrated liver fluke management plan would benefit from a simple rapid, field-deployable diagnostic for detection of F. hepatica in environment and the host. Therefore, a rapid DNA test using loop-mediated isothermal amplification was developed and optimised for the detection of F. hepatica from faecal and water samples to enable the detection of parasites both within the host and from the environment. The assay presented here is fast, with amplification in ≤20 min, and highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 5 × 10-4 ng/µL. The workflow presented here provides a time to result of ≤60 min without requiring a commercial kit for the extraction of DNA from faecal and water samples, and pending further validation from field-samples, could potentially be used to enable real-time decision making to mitigate parasite prevalence on a farming property and with no requirement for sample transportation.
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16
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Zhang K, Liu Y, Zhang G, Wang X, Li Z, Shang Y, Ning C, Ji C, Cai X, Xia X, Qiao J, Meng Q. Molecular Characteristics and Potent Immunomodulatory Activity of Fasciola hepatica Cystatin. Korean J Parasitol 2022; 60:117-126. [PMID: 35500893 PMCID: PMC9058280 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor found in many parasites, plays important roles in immune evasion. This study analyzed the molecular characteristics of a cystatin from Fasciola hepatica (FhCystatin) and expressed recombinant FhCystatin (rFhcystatin) to investigate the immune modulatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation, migration, cytokine secretion, nitric oxide (NO) production, and apoptosis in mouse macrophages. The FhCystatin gene encoded 116 amino acids and contained a conserved cystatin-like domain. rFhCystatin significantly inhibited the activity of cathepsin B. rFhCystatin bound to the surface of mouse RAW264.7 cells, significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, rFhCystatin inhibited the expression of cellular nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and promoted the expression of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10. These results showed that FhCystatin played an important role in regulating the activity of mouse macrophages. Our findings provide new insights into mechanisms underlying the immune evasion and contribute to the exploration of potential targets for the development of new drug to control F. hepatica infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Guowu Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Yunxia Shang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Chengcheng Ning
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Chunhui Ji
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046,
China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003,
China
- Corresponding author ()
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17
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Itagaki T, Hayashi K, Ohari Y. The causative agents of fascioliasis in animals and humans: Parthenogenetic Fasciola in Asia and other regions. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 99:105248. [PMID: 35183754 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parthenogenetic Fasciola is the causative agent of fascioliasis in animals and humans and is widely distributed in Asian countries, such as Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, and India. Parthenogenetic Fasciola geographically originated from central and eastern China, where it exists between the habitats of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica; it likely appeared thousands of years ago following hybridization between F. hepatica and F. gigantica. Parthenogenetic Fasciola consists of diploids and triploids that possess nuclear genome of both F. hepatica and F. gigantica and mitochondrial genome of either F. hepatica or F. gigantica. Maternal parents of parthenogenetic Fasciola are either F. hepatica having Fh-C4 haplotype or F. gigantica having Fg-C2 haplotype in mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) nucleotide sequences. Parthenogenetic Fasciola flukes with the Fh-C4 haplotype have spread from China to South Korea and Japan, whereas the flukes with the Fg-C2 haplotype have not only spread to Korea and Japan but also southward to Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, and India. Parthenogenetic Fasciola can be distinguished from F. hepatica and F. gigantica using combinational DNA sequence analysis of nuclear phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and DNA polymerase delta (pold) along with mitochondrial ND1 markers. The establishment of parthenogenetic Fasciola is expected as follows: parthenogenetic diploids with the Fh-C4 and Fg-C2 haplotypes first appeared based on single or multiple interspecific hybridization events; subsequently, parthenogenetic triploids emerged via backcross events between the maternal parthenogenetic diploid and either paternal bisexual F. hepatica or F. gigantica. Parthenogenetic Fasciola diploids and triploids then survived for thousands of years by clonal parthenogenetic reproduction, and generated descendants with ND1 haplotypes, which were derived from the Fh-C4 and Fg-C2 due to nucleotide substitution. Thus, the emergence of parthenogenetic Fasciola may be due to extremely uncommon and accidental events. Parthenogenetic Fasciola should be treated as a new asexual hybrid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Itagaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Hu RS, Zhang FK, Ma QN, Ehsan M, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ. Transcriptomic landscape of hepatic lymph nodes, peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen of swamp buffaloes infected with the tropical liver fluke Fasciola gigantica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010286. [PMID: 35320269 PMCID: PMC8942208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical liver fluke Fasciola gigantica is a parasitic helminth that has been frequently reported to infect mammals, typically involving water buffaloes. In this study, we characterized the tissue transcriptional landscape of buffaloes following infection by F. gigantica. RNAs were isolated from hepatic lymph nodes (hLNs), peripheral blood lymphocytes (pBLs), and spleen at 3-, 42- and 70-days post-infection (dpi), and all samples were subjected to RNA sequencing analyses. At 3 dpi, 2603, 460, and 162 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were detected in hLNs, pBLs, and spleen, respectively. At 42 dpi, 322, 937, and 196 DETs were detected in hLNs, pBLs, and spleen, respectively. At 70 dpi, 376, 334, and 165 DETs were detected in hLNs, pBLs, and spleen, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis identified upregulated immune-related pathways in the infected tissues involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, especially in hLNs at 42 and 70 dpi, and pBLs at 3 and 42 dpi. The upregulated transcripts in spleen were not enriched in any immune-related pathway. Co-expression network analysis further identified transcriptional changes associated with immune response to F. gigantica infection. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that 107 genes in hLNs, 32 genes in pBLs, and 36 genes in spleen correlated with F. gigantica load. These findings provide new insight into molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways associated with F. gigantica infection in buffaloes. Fasciola gigantica is a socioeconomically important tropical liver fluke of mammals, causing fascioliasis–a neglected tropical disease. In the present study, RNA sequencing and bioinformatic approach were employed to explore the global transcriptional changes of hepatic lymph nodes (hLNs), peripheral blood lymphocytes (pBLs), and spleen of water buffaloes during F. gigantica infection at 3-, 42-, and 70-days post-infection (dpi). The results revealed significant transcriptional upregulation of genes associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in infected hLNs (42 and 70 dpi) and pBLs (3 and 42 dpi). However, downregulation of transcripts involved in immune response was detected in pBLs at 70 dpi. The downregulated transcripts were enriched in metabolic pathways, such as drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 in infected hLNs at 3 dpi. These findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis of F. gigantica in its natural mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Si Hu
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab Province, Pakistan
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QZ); (X-QZ)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QZ); (X-QZ)
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Herron CM, O’Connor A, Robb E, McCammick E, Hill C, Marks NJ, Robinson MW, Maule AG, McVeigh P. Developmental Regulation and Functional Prediction of microRNAs in an Expanded Fasciola hepatica miRNome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:811123. [PMID: 35223544 PMCID: PMC8867070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.811123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is a global burden on the wellbeing and productivity of farmed ruminants, and a zoonotic threat to human health. Despite the clear need for accelerated discovery of new drug and vaccine treatments for this pathogen, we still have a relatively limited understanding of liver fluke biology and host interactions. Noncoding RNAs, including micro (mi)RNAs, are key to transcriptional regulation in all eukaryotes, such that an understanding of miRNA biology can shed light on organismal function at a systems level. Four previous publications have reported up to 89 mature miRNA sequences from F. hepatica, but our data show that this does not represent a full account of this species miRNome. We have expanded on previous studies by sequencing, for the first time, miRNAs from multiple life stages (adult, newly excysted juvenile (NEJ), metacercariae and adult-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)). These experiments detected an additional 61 high-confidence miRNAs, most of which have not been described in any other species, expanding the F. hepatica miRNome to 150 mature sequences. We used quantitative (q)PCR assays to provide the first developmental profile of miRNA expression across metacercariae, NEJ, adult and adult-derived Evs. The majority of miRNAs were expressed most highly in metacercariae, with at least six distinct expression clusters apparent across life stages. Intracellular miRNAs were functionally analyzed to identify target mRNAs with inversely correlated expression in F. hepatica tissue transcriptomes, highlighting regulatory interactions with key virulence transcripts including cathepsin proteases, and neuromuscular genes that control parasite growth, development and motility. We also linked 28 adult-derived EV miRNAs with downregulation of 397 host genes in F. hepatica-infected transcriptomes from ruminant lymph node, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and liver tissue transcriptomes. These included genes involved in signal transduction, immune and metabolic pathways, adding to the evidence for miRNA-based immunosuppression during fasciolosis. These data expand our understanding of the F. hepatica miRNome, provide the first data on developmental miRNA regulation in this species, and provide a set of testable hypotheses for functional genomics interrogations of liver fluke miRNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul McVeigh
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Connick K, Lalor R, Murphy A, Glasgow A, Breen C, Malfait Z, Harold D, O'Neill SM. RNA-seq analysis of murine peyer's patches at 6 and 18 h post infection with Fasciola hepatica metacecariae. Vet Parasitol 2022; 302:109643. [PMID: 35066425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a zoonotic parasite that not only economically burdens the agribusiness sector, but also infects up to 1 million people worldwide, with no commercial vaccine yet available. An ideal vaccine would induce protection in the gut, curtailing the extensive tissue damage associated with parasite's migration from the gut to the bile ducts. The design of such a vaccine requires greater knowledge of gut mucosal responses during the early stage of infection. We examined total mRNA expression of the peyer's patches at 6 and 18 h post F. hepatica infection using RNA sequencing. Differential expression analysis revealed 1341 genes upregulated and 61 genes downregulated at 6 h post infection, while 1562 genes were upregulated and 10 genes downregulated after 18 h. Gene-set enrichment analysis demonstrated that immune specific biological processes were amongst the most downregulated. The Toll-like receptor pathway in particular was significantly affected, the suppression of which is a well-documented immune evasive strategy employed by F. hepatica. In general, the genes identified were associated with suppression of inflammatory responses, helminth induced immune responses and tissue repair/homeostasis. This study provides a rich catalogue of the genes expressed in the early stages of F. hepatica infection, adding to the understanding of early host-parasite interactions and assisting in the design of future studies that look to advance the development of a novel F. hepatica vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Connick
- Fundamental and Translational Immunology Group, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - R Lalor
- Fundamental and Translational Immunology Group, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - A Murphy
- Fundamental and Translational Immunology Group, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - A Glasgow
- Fundamental and Translational Immunology Group, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - C Breen
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Z Malfait
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - D Harold
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - S M O'Neill
- Fundamental and Translational Immunology Group, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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21
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Fontenla S, Langleib M, de la Torre-Escudero E, Domínguez MF, Robinson MW, Tort J. Role of Fasciola hepatica Small RNAs in the Interaction With the Mammalian Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:812141. [PMID: 35155272 PMCID: PMC8824774 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.812141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression being involved in many different biological processes and play a key role in developmental timing. Additionally, recent studies have shown that miRNAs released from parasites are capable of regulating the expression of host genes. In the present work, we studied the expression patterns of ncRNAs of various intra-mammalian life-cycle stages of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, as well as those packaged into extracellular vesicles and shed by the adult fluke. The miRNA expression profile of the intra-mammalian stages shows important variations, despite a set of predominant miRNAs that are highly expressed across all stages. No substantial variations in miRNA expression between dormant and activated metacercariae were detected, suggesting that they might not be central players in regulating fluke gene expression during this crucial step in the invasion of the definitive host. We generated a curated pipeline for the prediction of putative target genes that reports only sites conserved between three different prediction approaches. This pipeline was tested against an iso-seq curated database of the 3’ UTR regions of F. hepatica genes to detect miRNA regulation networks within liver fluke. Several functions related to the host immune response or modulation were enriched among the targets of the most highly expressed parasite miRNAs, stressing that they might be key players during the establishment and maintenance of infection. Additionally, we detected fragments derived from the processing of tRNAs, in all developmental stages analyzed, and documented the presence of novel long tRNA fragments enriched in vesicles. We confirmed the presence of at least 5 putative vault RNAs (vtRNAs), that are expressed across different stages and enriched in vesicles. The presence of tRNA fragments and vtRNAs in vesicles raise the possibility that they could be involved in the host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Fontenla
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Santiago Fontenla, ; José Tort,
| | - Mauricio Langleib
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Domínguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - José Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Santiago Fontenla, ; José Tort,
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Mirzadeh A, Jafarihaghighi F, Kazemirad E, Sabzevar SS, Tanipour MH, Ardjmand M. Recent Developments in Recombinant Proteins for Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:13-25. [PMID: 32974849 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is an important neglected tropical disease that causes severe injury to the bile ducts and liver. Therefore, a rapid and accurate method for detection of Fasciola hepatica infection plays a vital role in early treatment. Currently, the diagnosis of fascioliasis is mainly conducted via serological tests using the excretory/secretory (E/S) products, which might cross-react with antigens from other helminth parasitic diseases. Hence, the development of serodiagnosis test using recombinant antigens may contribute to differentiate fascioliasis from other helminth infections. In the past 20 years, many attempts have been made to exert different F. hepatica recombinant antigens to obtain a well-established standard assay with high accuracy. In this review, we address recent studies that refer to the development of serodiagnosis tests for diagnosis of human fascioliasis based on the candidate recombinant antigens produced by different approaches. Meanwhile, in the present review, some main factors have been highlighted to improve the accuracy of diagnostic tests such as the effect of refolding methods to recover antigens' tertiary structure as well as applying a mixture of recombinant antigens with the highest sensitivity and specificity to improve the accuracy of diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mirzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Farid Jafarihaghighi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, 1584743311, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemirad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokouh Shahrokhi Sabzevar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Tanipour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mehdi Ardjmand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, 1584743311, Tehran, Iran
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Parker A, David AA. Genetic Characterization of the Giant Liver Fluke, Fascioloides magna (Platyhelminthes: Fasciolidae) From the Adirondack Region of Northern New York. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:259-263. [PMID: 32734444 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is an important parasite of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus), a commercially important game species in the northeastern United States. However, the parasite has never been genetically characterized from this region and so its genetic interrelationships with other enzootic populations on the continent are unknown. The purpose of this study was to genetically characterize F. magna from the Adirondack region of northern New York (NNY) and determine its relationship with its enzootic cohorts. METHODS Flukes were extracted from seven livers of O. virginanus at three localities in and around the Adirondack Park in northern New York. DNA was extracted from eight individuals using standard procedures, and a 440-bp fragment of the COI gene was amplified using species-specific primers. F. magna sequences generated from a previous phylogeographic study were obtained from the GenBank database and a mtDNA dataset was compiled, aligned, and edited for molecular analyses. Analyses based on eight mtDNA sequences included haplotype network reconstruction, along with hierarchical and pairwise (ФST) AMOVA tests. RESULTS F. magna from the Adirondacks was found to be most genetically similar to specimens from Minnesota based on shared haplotypes and relatively low genetic differentiation (ФST = 0.331). East coast enzootic populations exhibited panmixia while their west coast cohorts were genetically distinct. CONCLUSION Based on the strong genetic similarities between F. magna from northern New York and Minnesota, we propose that the GLR enzootic range of F. magna be extended to encompass the Adirondack region of NNY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Parker
- Biology Department, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Andrew A David
- Biology Department, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
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Ovchinnikov VY, Kashina EV, Mordvinov VA, Fromm B. EV-transported microRNAs of Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica: Potential targets in definitive hosts. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 85:104528. [PMID: 32891875 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes are widespread parasitic flatworms that significantly affect mankind either directly as human parasites, or indirectly via the infection of livestock and the related economic damage. The two most important trematode taxa are the blood flukes Schistosoma and the liver flukes Fasciola, but detection and differentiation of these parasites remains a challenge. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) were described from extracellular vesicles (EV) for both parasites secreted into respective hosts. These molecules have been proposed as mediators of parasite-host communication, and potential biomarkers for the detection of parasitic infections from host blood. Our aim here was to study similarities and differences in the miRNA complements of Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica, EV-load in particular, to predict their targets and potential functions in the parasite-host interaction. We reanalyzed the known miRNA complements of S. mansoni and F. hepatica and found 16 and 4 previously overlooked, but deeply conserved miRNAs, respectively, further moving their complements closer together. We found distinct miRNA enrichment patterns in EVs both showing high levels of flatworm miRNAs with potential for the detection of an infection from blood. Two miRNAs of the protostome specific MIR-71 and MIR-277 families were highly expressed in EVs and could, therefore, have potential as biomarkers for trematode infection. Curiously, we identified nucleotide differences in the sequence of Mir-277-P2 between S. mansoni and F. hepatica that hold great promise for the distinction of both parasites. To test whether the EV-miRNAs of S. mansoni and F. hepatica could be modulating the expression of host genes, we predicted miRNA targets in 321 human and cattle messenger RNAs that overlapped between both hosts. Of several predicted targets, wnt signaling pathway genes stood out and their suppression likely leads to changes in the glucose concentration in host blood and the reduction of inflammatory and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Ovchinnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elena V Kashina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Viatcheslav A Mordvinov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Bastian Fromm
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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De Marco Verissimo C, Jewhurst HL, Tikhonova IG, Urbanus RT, Maule AG, Dalton JP, Cwiklinski K. Fasciola hepatica serine protease inhibitor family (serpins): Purposely crafted for regulating host proteases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008510. [PMID: 32760059 PMCID: PMC7437470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) regulate proteolytic events within diverse biological processes, including digestion, coagulation, inflammation and immune responses. The presence of serpins in Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products indicates that the parasite exploits these to regulate proteases encountered during its development within vertebrate hosts. Interrogation of the F. hepatica genome identified a multi-gene serpin family of seven members that has expanded by gene duplication and divergence to create an array of inhibitors with distinct specificities. We investigated the molecular properties and functions of two representatives, FhSrp1 and FhSrp2, highly expressed in the invasive newly excysted juvenile (NEJ). Consistent with marked differences in the reactive centre loop (RCL) that executes inhibitor-protease complexing, the two recombinant F. hepatica serpins displayed distinct inhibitory profiles against an array of mammalian serine proteases. In particular, rFhSrp1 efficiently inhibited kallikrein (Ki = 40 nM) whilst rFhSrp2 was a highly potent inhibitor of chymotrypsin (Ki = 0.07 nM). FhSrp1 and FhSrp2 are both expressed on the NEJ surface, predominantly around the oral and ventral suckers, suggesting that these inhibitors protect the parasites from the harmful proteolytic effects of host proteases, such as chymotrypsin, during invasion. Furthermore, the unusual inhibition of kallikrein suggests that rFhSrp1 modulates host responses such as inflammation and vascular permeability by interfering with the kallikrein-kinin system. A vaccine combination of rFhSrp1 and rFhSrp2 formulated in the adjuvant Montanide ISA 206VG elicited modest but non-significant protection against a challenge infection in a rat model, but did induce some protection against liver pathogenesis when compared to a control group and a group vaccinated with two well-studied vaccine candidates, F. hepatica cathepsin L2 and L3. This work highlights the importance of F. hepatica serpins to regulate host responses that enables parasite survival during infection and, coupled with the vaccine data, encourages future vaccine trials in ruminants. Serpins are protease inhibitors that regulate various biological processes, including digestion, blood coagulation, inflammation and immune responses. The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, produces an array of inhibitors to regulate proteolytic enzymes they encounter during development within the mammalian host. In this study, we identified seven different serpins that have evolved to inhibit a range of host proteases. In particular, we characterized two representatives, FhSrp1 and FhSrp2, that we found highly expressed on the surface of the invasive newly excysted juvenile (NEJ), suggesting that they protect the parasites from harmful proteolytic effects during invasion. Contrasting inhibitory profiles were observed; while recombinant FhSrp1 inhibited kallikrein, recombinant FhSrp2 was a highly potent inhibitor of chymotrypsin. The unusual inhibition of kallikrein suggests that rFhSrp1 influences host responses such as inflammation and vascular permeability by interfering with the kallikrein-kinin system. Conversely, chymotrypsin is typically inhibited by trematode-specific serpins, implying a conserved mechanism to regulate digestive enzymes. The ability of the liver fluke serpin family to inhibit such an array of proteases highlights the importance of these inhibitors in parasite-host interactions and encourages future investigations of serpins as candidate anti-parasite vaccine targets for the control of fasciolosis in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Heather L. Jewhurst
- Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Irina G. Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf T. Urbanus
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aaron G. Maule
- Microbe & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Dalton
- Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Afshan K, Kabeer S, Firasat S, Jahan S, Qayyum M. Seroepidemiology of human fascioliasis and its relationship with anti- Fasciola IgG and liver enzymes as biomarkers of pathogenicity. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:208-218. [PMID: 33402909 PMCID: PMC7750091 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis has never been considered a public health concern in Pakistan, although the increasing numbers of human cases reported in south Asia need a re-consideration in the country. The current study aimed to find the seroprevalence of human fascioliasis, associated risk factors and its relationship with liver enzymes as biomarkers of pathogenicity. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted in different districts of Punjab region from May 2014 to August 2016. A total of 546 respondents were screened by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum biochemical tests. RESULTS Higher seroprevalence was recorded in Muzaffargarh (6.2%) and Bhara kahu (5.9%), while low infection rate in Gujranwala (1.1%) and Islamabad (1.5%). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed rural inhabitants (OR=7.9, 95%CI: 2.5-24.8), females (OR=3.5, 95%CI: 1.7-7.1), family size 3-7 (OR=1.7, 95%CI: 1.0-2.9) and socioeconomic condition (OR=3.9, 95%CI: 1.5-10.4) were the significantly (p<0.005) associated risk factors with disease. The results of liver enzymes i.e. aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and cholesterol levels were significantly (p=0.001) elevated and associated with fascioliasis pathogenicity. CONCLUSION The higher prevalence recorded may explain with Fasciola IgG antibodies for both active and past infections and cross reactivity of the assay with other helminthes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Afshan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saman Kabeer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sabika Firasat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Qayyum
- Department of Zoology and Biology, Faculty of Sciences, PMAS-Agriculture University, Rawalpindi-46300, Pakistan
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Chen MX, Zhang RL, Xu XN, Yu Q, Huang DN, Liu W, Chen SH, Song P, Lu L, Cai YC, Ai L, Chen JX. Parasitological and molecular detection of human fascioliasis in a young man from Guizhou, China. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:50-57. [PMID: 33612717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A 24-year-old man born in Guizhou province was diagnosed with obstructive jaundice and bile duct stones in 2013. Four living trematodes were found during laparotomy and cholecystectomy. Based on the morphology and molecular genetics analysis of internal transcribed spacer and pcox1 genes of the flatworm specimens, the trematodes from the patient were confirmed to be Fasciola hepatica. This report provided the clinical and molecular diagnosis information on human fascioliasis, which is an emerging sanitary problem still ignored in China. Human fascioliasis constantly occurs due to climatic changes and frequency of human travel. Therefore, it deserves more attention from physicians working in both developing and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M X Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - R L Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - X N Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Q Yu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - D N Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - W Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - S H Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - P Song
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - L Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Y C Cai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - L Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - J X Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025, PR China
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Amor N, Farjallah S, Merella P, Alagaili AN, Mohammed OB. Multilocus approach reveals discordant molecular markers and corridors for gene flow between North African populations of Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109035. [PMID: 32014829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a foodborne trematodosis characterised by a worldwide distribution. Various approaches have been developed for the study of the causative agents of this parasitic infection: Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica and the aspermic intermediated forms (hybrid and introgressed). In the present study, novel and common molecular markers (pepck and pold, ITS, CO1, ND1 and CO1-trnT-rrnL) were used to characterise Fasciola flukes from the Tunisian-Algerian border, to estimate the gene flow between these populations and to evaluate the reliability of different molecular markers. All nuclear and mitochondrial markers, apart from pepck, supported the monophyly of the studied flukes identified as F. hepatica. Multiplex PCR for pepck revealed three different genotypes corresponding to F. hepatica (pepck-Fh), F. gigantica (pepck-Fg) and the aspermic Fasciola flukes (pepck-Fh/Fg). Sequence analysis of pepck revealed high polymorphism, length variation, within this intronic marker. The observed inconsistencies were due to the position of the forward primer within the intronic region. Pepck sequences showed different level of heterozygosity and homozygosity with length polymorphisms in the introns. Pepck multiplex PCR patterns could not differentiate between Fasciola species. All studies based on only pepck multiplex PCR with mitochondrial markers should be revised. Nuclear and mitochondrial markers revealed an important gene flow between Tunisian and Algerian populations of F. hepatica. The combination of nuclear and mitochondrial sequence analysis is still the best method to distinguish these taxa. Effective measures are needed in order to better control cross-country illegal trade of vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Amor
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology & Aquatic Ecosystems (LR18ES05) Tunis El Manar University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Sarra Farjallah
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology & Aquatic Ecosystems (LR18ES05) Tunis El Manar University, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Paolo Merella
- Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Abdulaziz N Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama B Mohammed
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
The chronic infection with the liver fluke of the genus Fasciola spp. is the most prevalent foodborne trematodiasis, affecting at least one-fourth of the world livestock grazing in areas where the parasite is present. Moreover, fascioliasis is considered a major zoonosis mainly in rural areas of central South America, Northern Africa, and Central Asia. Increasing evidences of resistance against triclabendazole may compromise its use as drug of choice; thus, novel control strategies are desperately needed. Functional genomic approaches play a key role in the validation and characterization of new targets for drug and vaccine development. So far, RNA interference has been the only gene silencing approach successfully employed in liver flukes of the genus Fasciola spp. Herein, we describe a detailed step-by-step protocol to perform gene silencing mediated by RNAi in Fasciola hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rinaldi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | - Nicolás Dell'Oca
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estela Castillo
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José F Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Chougar L, Amor N, Farjallah S, Harhoura K, Aissi M, Alagaili AN, Merella P. New insight into genetic variation and haplotype diversity of Fasciola hepatica from Algeria. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1179-1192. [PMID: 30847611 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is the main cause of fasciolosis in North Africa leading to significant economic losses and public health problems. In this study, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), the mitochondrial region spanning the COI-trnT-rrnL, and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (NADI) markers were used to characterize Fasciola flukes from Algeria. Fasciola appeared widespread from the east to the west of Algeria. Among 1701 sampled cattle from 8 Algerian provinces, 5% were infected. Using morphological and morphometric analysis, one morphotype of Fasciola was observed. Nuclear ITS marker indicated that all collected flukes belong to F. hepatica. Multiple alignments of ITS dataset revealed two haplotypes, one described here for the first time. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of mitochondrial markers revealed weak population structure in Algeria. Mismatch distributions, neutrality tests, and median-joining network analysis all were compatible with a recent expansion of Algerian F. hepatica population. Fasciolosis appeared common in Algerian cattle, it seems that the absence of control strategy coupled to the favorable Mediterranean climate may lead to a reconstruction and dispersion of its populations. This study provides important results concerning the genetic characterization and variability of F. hepatica in Algeria as well as the significant role of cattle importation in shaping its dispersal route worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chougar
- Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, High National Veterinary School-Algiers, B.P. 228, Oued Samar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nabil Amor
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Research Unit of Integrative Biology and Evolutionary and Functional Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Sarra Farjallah
- Research Unit of Integrative Biology and Evolutionary and Functional Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Harhoura
- Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, High National Veterinary School-Algiers, B.P. 228, Oued Samar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Miriem Aissi
- Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, High National Veterinary School-Algiers, B.P. 228, Oued Samar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdulaziz N Alagaili
- KSU Mammals Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paolo Merella
- Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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González-Miguel J, Valero MA, Reguera-Gomez M, Mas-Bargues C, Bargues MD, Simón F, Mas-Coma S. Numerous Fasciola plasminogen-binding proteins may underlie blood-brain barrier leakage and explain neurological disorder complexity and heterogeneity in the acute and chronic phases of human fascioliasis. Parasitology 2019; 146:284-298. [PMID: 30246668 PMCID: PMC6402360 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human fascioliasis is a worldwide, pathogenic food-borne trematodiasis. Impressive clinical pictures comprising puzzling polymorphisms, manifestation multifocality, disease evolution changes, sequelae and mortality, have been reported in patients presenting with neurological, meningeal, neuropsychic and ocular disorders caused at distance by flukes infecting the liver. Proteomic and mass spectrometry analyses of the Fasciola hepatica excretome/secretome identified numerous, several new, plasminogen-binding proteins enhancing plasmin generation. This may underlie blood-brain barrier leakage whether by many simultaneously migrating, small-sized juvenile flukes in the acute phase, or by breakage of encapsulating formations triggered by single worm tracks in the chronic phase. Blood-brain barrier leakages may subsequently occur due to a fibrinolytic system-dependent mechanism involving plasmin-dependent generation of the proinflammatory peptide bradykinin and activation of bradykinin B2 receptors, after different plasminogen-binding protein agglomeration waves. Interactions between diverse parasitic situations and non-imbalancing fibrinolysis system alterations are for the first time proposed that explain the complexity, heterogeneity and timely variations of neurological disorders. Additionally, inflammation and dilation of blood vessels may be due to contact system-dependent generation bradykinin. This baseline allows for search of indicators to detect neurological risk in fascioliasis patients and experimental work on antifibrinolytic treatments or B2 receptor antagonists for preventing blood-brain barrier leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. González-Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M. A. Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Reguera-Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - C. Mas-Bargues
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez No. 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. D. Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - F. Simón
- Área de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - S. Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Pacheco IL, Abril N, Zafra R, Morales-Prieto N, Hernández VM, Ruiz MT, Perez-Caballero R, Martínez-Moreno A, Pérez J. Identification of reference genes for real-time PCR cytokine gene expression studies in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1485. [PMID: 30728395 PMCID: PMC6365638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate reference genes for gene normalisation using qRT-PCR in hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) and livers from sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica during early and late stages of infection. To this end, a comprehensive statistical approach (RefFinder) encompassing four different methods of analysis (geNorm, BestKeeper, ΔCt method and NormFinder) was used to validate ten candidate reference genes. Stability analysis of gene expression followed by pairwise variation (Vn/Vn + 1) analysis revealed that PGK1, HSP90AA1 and GYPC were the most stable reference genes and suitable for qRT-PCR normalisation in both HLN and liver tissues. These three genes were validated against FoxP3, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-1β genes in the HLN tissue of sheep vaccinated with Cathepsin L1 from F. hepatica and unvaccinated infected and uninfected controls during early stages of infection. In the liver, the three reference genes were validated against TNF-α and IL-1β during chronic stages of infection with F. hepatica and in uninfected controls. Our study is the first to evaluate and validate sheep reference genes in order to provide tools for monitoring cytokines in Fasciola hepatica infected sheep target organs. Our results present an approach to elucidate the role of different cytokines in F. hepatica vaccinated and infected sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Pacheco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - N Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - R Zafra
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology section, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - N Morales-Prieto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - V Molina Hernández
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M T Ruiz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - R Perez-Caballero
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology section, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Moreno
- Department of Animal Health, Parasitology section, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Pérez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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Shokouhi S, Abdi J, Valizadeh R. Genotyping of Fasciola hepatica Isolated from Domestic Animals in the West of Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:409-413. [PMID: 30081792 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180806121934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The most common parasites responsible for fascioliasis are F. hepatica and F. gigantica. Fascioliasis is an important problem in terms of health and economics. The western part of Iran is one of the major hubs of animal husbandry and the prevalence of fascioliasis is high. The aim of the current study was to determine the Fasciola spp. present in the western part of Iran. In the present study, 45 samples were collected from slaughterhouses in three provinces in the western part of Iran, including Ilam, Lorestan and Kermanshah. METHODS The flukes were detected using morphological methods and the DNA of all samples was extracted. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) was identified by PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques using the Rsa1 restriction enzyme. Then, 15% of the samples were sequenced. RESULTS Based on their ITS1 sequence, all samples showed 700 bp bands. The results of sequencing showed a similarity of 99% to 100% across samples. Using the Rsa1 restriction enzyme, all samples produced three distinct bands (60 bp, 100 bp, and 360 bp). These results demonstrated that the most common fasciola in the western part of Iran in sheep and cattle is F. hepatica. CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that only the species F. hepatica is parasitizing livestock in the western part of Iran. Further studies using new molecular markers for more accurate identification of fasciola-causing species will be useful in the control and prevention of fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Shokouhi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Jahangir Abdi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Reza Valizadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Tian AL, Lu M, Zhang FK, Calderón-Mantilla G, Petsalaki E, Tian X, Wang W, Huang SY, Li X, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. The pervasive effects of recombinant Fasciola gigantica Ras-related protein Rab10 on the functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:579. [PMID: 30400957 PMCID: PMC6219056 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola gigantica-induced immunomodulation is a major hurdle faced by the host for controlling infection. Here, we elucidated the role of F. gigantica Ras-related protein Rab10 (FgRab10) in the modulation of key functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of goats. METHODS We cloned and expressed recombinant FgRab10 (rFgRab10) protein and examined its effects on several functions of goat PBMCs. Protein interactors of rFgRab10 were predicted in silico by querying the databases Intact, String, BioPlex and BioGrid. In addition, a total energy analysis of each of the identified interactions was also conducted. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was carried out using FuncAssociate 3.0. RESULTS The FgRab10 gene (618 bp), encodes 205-amino-acid residues with a molecular mass of ~23 kDa, had complete nucleotide sequence homology with F. hepatica Ras family protein gene (PIS87503.1). The rFgRab10 protein specifically cross-reacted with anti-Fasciola antibodies as shown by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. This protein exhibited multiple effects on goat PBMCs, including increased production of cytokines [interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ)] and total nitric oxide (NO), enhancing apoptosis and migration of PBMCs, and promoting the phagocytic ability of monocytes. However, it significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Homology modelling revealed 63% identity between rFgRab10 and human Rab10 protein (Uniprot ID: P61026). Protein interaction network analysis revealed more stabilizing interactions between Rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 1 (CHM) and Rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 2 (CHML) and rFgRab10 protein. Gene Ontology analysis identified RabGTPase mediated signaling as the most represented pathway. CONCLUSIONS rFgRab10 protein exerts profound influences on various functions of goat PBMCs. This finding may help explain why F. gigantica is capable of provoking recognition by host immune cells, less capable of destroying this successful parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - MingMin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guillermo Calderón-Mantilla
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD UK
| | - XiaoWei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - WenJuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
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Rajanna R, Thimmareddy PM, Sengupta PP, Siju SJ, Mamatha GS. Epidemiological and genetic characterization of larval stages of Fasciola gigantica in snail intermediate hosts in Karnataka State, India. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:609-616. [PMID: 29975642 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis in ruminants in India is caused by the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica. Radix (Lymnaea) spp. are known to carry the infective stages of this parasite. Understanding the seasonal prevalence of F. gigantica infection in the intermediate host is of extreme importance in order to elucidate the transmission dynamics of the parasite. So the present study was designed to determine the bioclimatic distribution of larval stages of F. gigantica in Radix spp. snails as well as to explore the genetic diversity of F. gigantica in three geographical regions (Deccan plateau, Western Ghats and coastal region) of Karnataka. The lymnaeid snails were sampled (n = 2077) for a period of one year (June 2015 to May 2016) at 24 sites. The snails were morphologically identified and the infection status was established through cercarial shedding and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based technique targeting second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The sensitivity of PCR (8.2%) for detection of F. gigantica infection within snail is significantly higher than cercarial shedding (4.3%) with an overall prevalence of 5.1%. The prevalence of infection was higher in winter than in the rainy and summer seasons (6.2% instead of 4.6% and 4.3% respectively). Deccan plateau (5.8%) showed a higher prevalence of infection compared to Western Ghats (5.2%) and Coastal region (3.6%). The sequencing ITS-2 region permitted the identification of the parasite as F. gigantica which is having high implication in studying the population genetic structure of the parasite in the country. In conclusion, overall results indicated that Radix spp. snails harboured F. gigantica developmental stages throughout the year and nested PCR was found to be sensitive and specific for detection of F. gigantica infection in snails compared to routine parasitological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa Rajanna
- Centre for Advanced Faculty Training, Veterinary, College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560024
| | | | - Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560064
| | - Susan Jacob Siju
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560064
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McVeigh P, Cwiklinski K, Garcia-Campos A, Mulcahy G, O'Neill SM, Maule AG, Dalton JP. In silico analyses of protein glycosylating genes in the helminth Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) predict protein-linked glycan simplicity and reveal temporally-dynamic expression profiles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11700. [PMID: 30076319 PMCID: PMC6076252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins secreted by helminth parasites are immunogenic and represent appealing components of vaccine preparations. Our poor knowledge of the pathways that mediate protein glycosylation in parasitic flatworms hinders our understanding of how proteins are synthesised and modified, and our ability to target these pathways for parasite control. Here we provide the first detailed description of genes associated with protein glycosylation in a parasitic flatworm, focusing on the genome of the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica), which is a globally important trematode parasite of humans and their livestock. Using 190 human sequences as search queries against currently available F. hepatica genomes, we identified 149 orthologues with putative roles in sugar uptake or nucleotide sugar synthesis, and an array of glycosyltransferase and glycosidase activities required for protein N- and O-glycosylation. We found appreciable duplication within these orthologues, describing just 87 non-redundant genes when paralogues were excluded. F. hepatica lacks many of the enzymes required to produce complex N- and O-linked glycans, which explains the genomic basis for the structurally simple glycans described by F. hepatica glycomic datasets, and predicts pervasive structural simplicity in the wider glycome. These data provide a foundation for functional genomic interrogation of these pathways with the view towards novel parasite intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McVeigh
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra M O'Neill
- Department of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aaron G Maule
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - John P Dalton
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Norbury LJ, Basałaj K, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Sielicka A, Wilkowski P, Wesołowska A, Smooker PM, Wędrychowicz H. Intranasal delivery of a formulation containing stage-specific recombinant proteins of Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L5 and cathepsin B2 triggers an anti-fecundity effect and an adjuvant-mediated reduction in fluke burden in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:14-23. [PMID: 30105973 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica infection continues to be a major problem in the agriculture sector, particularly in sheep and cattle. Cathepsin L and B proteases are major components of the excretory/secretory material of the parasite, and their roles in several important aspects of parasite invasion and survival has led to their use as targets in rational vaccine design. Previous studies in rats demonstrated that the use of stage-specific antigens, cathepsin B2 and cathepsin L5, as part of a multivalent vaccine, was able to confer significant protection against challenge. In the present study, recombinant versions of cathepsin L5 and cathepsin B2 produced in yeast were used in combination to vaccinate sheep. Intramuscular and intranasal forms of administration were applied, and sheep were subsequently challenged with 150 F. hepatica metacercariae. Intramuscular vaccination was able to induce a strong systemic antibody response against both antigens, but failed to confer significant protection. Conversely, no elevated antibody response was detected against the vaccine antigens following nasal vaccination; however, a reduction in parasite egg viability (>92%) and a statistically significant (p = 0.006), predominantly adjuvant-mediated reduction in worm burdens was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Norbury
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland; School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Sielicka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wilkowski
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter M Smooker
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Halina Wędrychowicz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
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McVeigh P, McCammick E, McCusker P, Wells D, Hodgkinson J, Paterson S, Mousley A, Marks NJ, Maule AG. Profiling G protein-coupled receptors of Fasciola hepatica identifies orphan rhodopsins unique to phylum Platyhelminthes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:87-103. [PMID: 29474932 PMCID: PMC6114109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are established drug targets. Despite their considerable appeal as targets for next-generation anthelmintics, poor understanding of their diversity and function in parasitic helminths has thwarted progress towards GPCR-targeted anti-parasite drugs. This study facilitates GPCR research in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, by generating the first profile of GPCRs from the F. hepatica genome. Our dataset describes 147 high confidence GPCRs, representing the largest cohort of GPCRs, and the largest set of in silico ligand-receptor predictions, yet reported in any parasitic helminth. All GPCRs fall within the established GRAFS nomenclature; comprising three glutamate, 135 rhodopsin, two adhesion, five frizzled, one smoothened, and one secretin GPCR. Stringent annotation pipelines identified 18 highly diverged rhodopsins in F. hepatica that maintained core rhodopsin signatures, but lacked significant similarity with non-flatworm sequences, providing a new sub-group of potential flukicide targets. These facilitated identification of a larger cohort of 76 related sequences from available flatworm genomes, representing new members of existing groups (PROF1/Srfb, Rho-L, Rho-R, Srfa, Srfc) of flatworm-specific rhodopsins. These receptors imply flatworm specific GPCR functions, and/or co-evolution with unique flatworm ligands, and could facilitate the development of exquisitely selective anthelmintics. Ligand binding domain sequence conservation relative to deorphanised rhodopsins enabled high confidence ligand-receptor matching of seventeen receptors activated by acetylcholine, neuropeptide F/Y, octopamine or serotonin. RNA-Seq analyses showed expression of 101 GPCRs across various developmental stages, with the majority expressed most highly in the pathogenic intra-mammalian juvenile parasites. These data identify a broad complement of GPCRs in F. hepatica, including rhodopsins likely to have key functions in neuromuscular control and sensory perception, as well as frizzled and adhesion/secretin families implicated, in other species, in growth, development and reproduction. This catalogue of liver fluke GPCRs provides a platform for new avenues into our understanding of flatworm biology and anthelmintic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McVeigh
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Erin McCammick
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Paul McCusker
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Duncan Wells
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela Mousley
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Nikki J Marks
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aaron G Maule
- Parasitology & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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Anandanarayanan A, Raina OK, Lalrinkima H, Rialch A, Sankar M, Varghese A. RNA interference in Fasciola gigantica: Establishing and optimization of experimental RNAi in the newly excysted juveniles of the fluke. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006109. [PMID: 29232690 PMCID: PMC5749881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola gigantica is a neglected tropical disease but a constraint on the growth and productivity of cattle, buffaloes and sheep in the tropical countries of Asia and Africa. Resistance to commonly used anthelmintics in Fasciola has increased the need to search for alternative therapeutic targets. RNA interference is the current tool of choice in the search for such targets in Fasciola. The susceptibility of juvenile Fasciola hepatica to double stranded (ds) RNA induced RNAi has been established but in F. gigantica a single preliminary report on RNAi induced mRNA transcript knockdown is available. Here we optimized conditions for RNAi in the liver fluke F.gigantica targeting six genes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), σ class of glutathione-s-transferase (GST), cathepsin (Cat) L1-D, Cat B1, Cat B2 and Cat B3 that showed robust transcriptional silencing of the targets following exposure of the newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) to long (170–223 nt) dsRNA. Knockdown was shown to be concentration dependent with significant mRNA transcript suppression occurring at 5 ng / μl that showed further suppression with the increase in the dsRNA concentration. The dsRNA induced persistent silencing of the mRNA transcript of SOD and σGST up to 15 days of observation. Delivery of the long dsRNA and siRNA to the newly excysted juveniles by soaking method was found to be efficient by tracking the uptake and diffusion of Cy3 labelled siRNA and long dsRNA in the flukes. Off-target effects of dsRNA trigger on some of the non-target genes were detected in the present investigation on RNAi in F. gigantica. The dsRNA induced superoxide dismutase protein suppression while impact of RNAi on other target proteins was not studied. There is no in vitro culture system for prolonged survival of the F. gigantica and in the present study in vitro maintenance of the NEJs is reported for a period of 3 weeks. The present study is the first attempt on optimization of RNAi protocols in F. gigantica where long dsRNA allowed for an efficient and persistent gene silencing, opening prospects for functional validation of putative vaccine and therapeutic targets in this neglected parasite. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method for selectively silencing genes for the validation of potential targets for drug and vaccine development. The susceptibility of juvenile Fasciola hepatica to double stranded (ds) RNA induced RNAi has been established but in F. gigantica a single report of a preliminary study on knockdown of a single gene transcript exists. In the absence of other tools of reverse genetics, RNAi occupies a centre stage in the validation of gene functions in Fasciola species. This study focuses on F.gigantica, an economically important veterinary parasite with a zoonotic potential. Here in this study, we optimized a set of simple methods for triggering RNAi in the F. gigantica juvenile liver fluke, which shows that a robust transcriptional suppression can be readily achieved across all targets tested and with protein suppression confirmed in one of the targets. These studies also highlight the need for developing an in vitro maintenance system for the fluke for validation of the RNAi protocols. These findings are important for researchers aiming to employ RNAi in investigations of liver fluke biology and target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Anandanarayanan
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP-India
| | - Opinder Krishen Raina
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP-India
- * E-mail:
| | - Hniang Lalrinkima
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP-India
| | - Ajayta Rialch
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Dr GC Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, HP, India
| | - Muthu Sankar
- Division of Temperate Animal Husbandry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, UK-India
| | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, India
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Caron Y, Celi-Erazo M, Hurtrez-Boussès S, Lounnas M, Pointier JP, Saegerman C, Losson B, Benítez-Ortíz W. Is Galba schirazensis (Mollusca, Gastropoda) an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda, Digenea) in Ecuador? Parasite 2017; 24:24. [PMID: 28664841 PMCID: PMC5492793 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a widely distributed disease in livestock in South America but knowledge about the epidemiology and the intermediate hosts is relatively scarce in Ecuador. For three months, lymnaeid snails were sampled (n = 1482) in Pichincha Province at two sites located in a highly endemic area. Snails were identified (based on morphology and ITS-2 sequences) and the infection status was established through microscopic dissection and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique. Techniques based on morphology were not useful to accurately name the collected snail species. Comparison with available DNA sequences showed that a single snail species was collected, Galba schirazensis. Live rediae were observed in 1.75% (26/1482) and Fasciola sp. DNA was detected in 6% (89/1482) of collected snails. The COX-1 region permitted identification of the parasite as Fasciola hepatica. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the microscope study, compared to PCR results, were 25.84% and 99.78%, respectively. The mean size of the snails recorded positive for F. hepatica through crushing and microscopy was significantly higher than the mean size of negative snails, but there was no such difference in PCR-positive snails. The role of G. schirazensis as an intermediate host of F. hepatica in Ecuador is discussed and the hypothesis of an adaptation of the parasite to this invasive snail is proposed. For the first time, an epidemiological survey based on molecular biology-based techniques assessed the possible role of lymnaeid snails in the epidemiology of fasciolosis in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Caron
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Parasitology and Pathology of Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège Quartier Vallée 2, 6 Avenue de Cureghem 4000
Liège Belgium
| | - Maritza Celi-Erazo
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International Center for Zoonosis, Day Hospital, Central University of Ecuador PO Box 17-03-100
Quito Ecuador
| | - Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
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MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM 911 Avenue Agropolis 34394
Montpellier France
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Department of Biology Ecology (Sciences Faculty), Montpellier University 2 Place Pierre Viala 34060
Montpellier France
| | - Mannon Lounnas
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MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM 911 Avenue Agropolis 34394
Montpellier France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pointier
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PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Perpignan University 58 Avenue Paul Alduy 66860
Perpignan France
| | - Claude Saegerman
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Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège Quartier Vallée 2, 7A-7D Avenue de Cureghem 4000
Liège Belgium
| | - Bertrand Losson
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Parasitology and Pathology of Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège Quartier Vallée 2, 6 Avenue de Cureghem 4000
Liège Belgium
| | - Washington Benítez-Ortíz
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International Center for Zoonosis, Day Hospital, Central University of Ecuador PO Box 17-03-100
Quito Ecuador
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Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Faculty, Avenida América, Central University of Ecuador PO Box 17-03-100
Quito Ecuador
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Bargues MD, Gayo V, Sanchis J, Artigas P, Khoubbane M, Birriel S, Mas-Coma S. DNA multigene characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Lymnaea neotropica and its fascioliasis transmission capacity in Uruguay, with historical correlation, human report review and infection risk analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005352. [PMID: 28158188 PMCID: PMC5310921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is a pathogenic disease transmitted by lymnaeid snails and recently emerging in humans, in part due to effects of climate changes, anthropogenic environment modifications, import/export and movements of livestock. South America is the continent presenting more human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas and the highest prevalences and intensities known. These scenarios appear mainly linked to altitude areas in Andean countries, whereas lowland areas of non-Andean countries, such as Uruguay, only show sporadic human cases or outbreaks. A study including DNA marker sequencing of fasciolids and lymnaeids, an experimental study of the life cycle in Uruguay, and a review of human fascioliasis in Uruguay, are performed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The characterization of Fasciola hepatica from cattle and horses of Uruguay included the complete sequences of the ribosomal DNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mitochondrial DNA cox1 and nad1. ITS-2, ITS-1, partial cox1 and rDNA 16S gene of mtDNA were used for lymnaeids. Results indicated that vectors belong to Lymnaea neotropica instead of to Lymnaea viator, as always reported from Uruguay. The life cycle and transmission features of F. hepatica by L. neotropica of Uruguay were studied under standardized experimental conditions to enable a comparison with the transmission capacity of F. hepatica by Galba truncatula at very high altitude in Bolivia. On this baseline, we reviewed the 95 human fascioliasis cases reported in Uruguay and analyzed the risk of human infection in front of future climate change estimations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The correlation of fasciolid and lymnaeid haplotypes with historical data on the introduction and spread of livestock into Uruguay allowed to understand the molecular diversity detected. Although Uruguayan L. neotropica is a highly efficient vector, its transmission capacity is markedly lower than that of Bolivian G. truncatula. This allows to understand the transmission and epidemiological differences between Andean highlands and non-Andean lowlands in South America. Despite rainfall increase predictions for Uruguay, nothing suggests a trend towards a worrying human infection scenario as in Andean areas.
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Grants
- Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- ISCIII-Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa RETICS, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
- The International Atomic Energy Agency (Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Headquaters Vienna, Austria)
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valeria Gayo
- Departamento de Parasitología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios (DILAVE), "Miguel C. Rubino", Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jaime Sanchis
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidad de la República (Regional Norte), Salto, Uruguay
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Messaoud Khoubbane
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Soledad Birriel
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Ai L, Cai YC, Lu Y, Chen JX, Chen SH. Human Cases of Fascioliasis in Fujian Province, China. Korean J Parasitol 2017; 55:55-60. [PMID: 28285507 PMCID: PMC5365266 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a foodborne zoonotic parasitic disease. We report 4 cases occurring in the same family, in whom diagnosis of acute fascioliasis was established after series of tests. One case was hospitalized with fever, eosinophilia, and hepatic lesions. MRI showed hypodense changes in both liver lobes. The remaining 3 cases presented with the symptom of stomachache only. Stool analysis was positive for Fasciola eggs in 2 adult patients. The immunological test and molecular identification of eggs were confirmed at the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China. The results of serological detection were positive in all the 4 patients. DNA sequencing of PCR products of the eggs demonstrated 100% homology with ITS and cox1 of Fasciola hepatica. The conditions of the patients were not improved by broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drugs until administration of triclabendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025,
China
| | - Yu-Chun Cai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025,
China
| | - Yan Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025,
China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025,
China
| | - Shao-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai 200025,
China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fascioliasis is economically important to the livestock industry that caused with Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The objective of this study was to identify these two species F. hepatica and F. gigantica by using nuclear and mitochondrial markers (ITS1, ND1 and CO1) and have been employed to analyze intraspecific phylogenetic relations of Fasciola spp. MATERIALS AND METHODS Approximately 150 Fasciola specimens were collected, then stained with haematoxylin-carmine dye and observed under an optical microscope to examine for the existence of sperm. The ITS1 marker was used to identify different Fasciola and phylogenetic analysis based on ND1 and CO1 sequence data were conducted by maximum likelihood algorithm. RESULTS Fasciola samples were separated into 2 groups. Almost all specimens had many sperms in the seminal vesicle (spermic fluke) and one fluke did not contain any sperm in the seminal vesicle. The aspermic sample had F. gigantica RFLP pattern with ITS1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on NDI and COI sequence data were conducted by maximum likelihood showed a similar topology of the trees obtained particularly for F. hepatica and F. gigantica. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that aspermic Fasciola found in this region of Iran has same genetic structures through the spermic F. gigantica populations in accordance to phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rouhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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McNulty SN, Tort JF, Rinaldi G, Fischer K, Rosa BA, Smircich P, Fontenla S, Choi YJ, Tyagi R, Hallsworth-Pepin K, Mann VH, Kammili L, Latham PS, Dell’Oca N, Dominguez F, Carmona C, Fischer PU, Brindley PJ, Mitreva M. Genomes of Fasciola hepatica from the Americas Reveal Colonization with Neorickettsia Endobacteria Related to the Agents of Potomac Horse and Human Sennetsu Fevers. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006537. [PMID: 28060841 PMCID: PMC5257007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food borne trematodes (FBTs) are an assemblage of platyhelminth parasites transmitted through the food chain, four of which are recognized as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Fascioliasis stands out among the other NTDs due to its broad and significant impact on both human and animal health, as Fasciola sp., are also considered major pathogens of domesticated ruminants. Here we present a reference genome sequence of the common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica isolated from sheep, complementing previously reported isolate from cattle. A total of 14,642 genes were predicted from the 1.14 GB genome of the liver fluke. Comparative genomics indicated that F. hepatica Oregon and related food-borne trematodes are metabolically less constrained than schistosomes and cestodes, taking advantage of the richer millieux offered by the hepatobiliary organs. Protease families differentially expanded between diverse trematodes may facilitate migration and survival within the heterogeneous environments and niches within the mammalian host. Surprisingly, the sequencing of Oregon and Uruguay F. hepatica isolates led to the first discovery of an endobacteria in this species. Two contigs from the F. hepatica Oregon assembly were joined to complete the 859,205 bp genome of a novel Neorickettsia endobacterium (nFh) closely related to the etiological agents of human Sennetsu and Potomac horse fevers. Immunohistochemical studies targeting a Neorickettsia surface protein found nFh in specific organs and tissues of the adult trematode including the female reproductive tract, eggs, the Mehlis' gland, seminal vesicle, and oral suckers, suggesting putative routes for fluke-to-fluke and fluke-to-host transmission. The genomes of F. hepatica and nFh will serve as a resource for further exploration of the biology of F. hepatica, and specifically its newly discovered trans-kingdom interaction with nFh and the impact of both species on disease in ruminants and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. McNulty
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jose F. Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Fontenla
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Kammili
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Patricia S. Latham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Dell’Oca
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernanda Dominguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Carmona
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Peter U. Fischer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Beesley NJ, Williams DJL, Paterson S, Hodgkinson J. Fasciola hepatica demonstrates high levels of genetic diversity, a lack of population structure and high gene flow: possible implications for drug resistance. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:11-20. [PMID: 27940066 PMCID: PMC5264428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-fertilisation does occur but is rare in field populations of Fasciola hepatica. Some hosts harboured genotypically identical parasites (clones). The presence of clones is consistent with clonal expansion and clumped transmission. 84% of 1579 F. hepatica had unique genotypes, indicating high genetic diversity. We found high gene flow, no population structure and low self-fertilisation rate.
Fasciola hepatica, the liver fluke, is a trematode parasite of considerable economic importance to the livestock industry and is a re-emerging zoonosis that poses a risk to human health in F. hepatica-endemic areas worldwide. Drug resistance is a substantial threat to the current and future control of F. hepatica, yet little is known about how the biology of the parasite influences the development and spread of resistance. Given that F. hepatica can self-fertilise and therefore inbreed, there is the potential for greater population differentiation and an increased likelihood of recessive alleles, such as drug resistance genes, coming together. This could be compounded by clonal expansion within the snail intermediate host and aggregation of parasites of the same genotype on pasture. Alternatively, widespread movement of animals that typically occurs in the UK could promote high levels of gene flow and prevent population differentiation. We identified clonal parasites with identical multilocus genotypes in 61% of hosts. Despite this, 84% of 1579 adult parasites had unique multilocus genotypes, which supports high levels of genotypic diversity within F. hepatica populations. Our analyses indicate a selfing rate no greater than 2%, suggesting that this diversity is in part due to the propensity for F. hepatica to cross-fertilise. Finally, although we identified high genetic diversity within a given host, there was little evidence for differentiation between populations from different hosts, indicating a single panmictic population. This implies that, once those emerge, anthelmintic resistance genes have the potential to spread rapidly through liver fluke populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Beesley
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Steve Paterson
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
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46
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Liu Q, Huang SY, Yue DM, Wang JL, Wang Y, Li X, Zhu XQ. Proteomic analysis of Fasciola hepatica excretory and secretory products (FhESPs) involved in interacting with host PBMCs and cytokines by shotgun LC-MS/MS. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:627-635. [PMID: 27866265 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a helminth parasite with a worldwide distribution, which can cause chronic liver disease, fasciolosis, leading to economic losses in the livestock and public health in many countries. Control is mostly reliant on the use of drugs, and as a result, drug resistance has now emerged. The identification of F. hepatica genes involved in interaction between the parasite and host immune system is utmost important to elucidate the evasion mechanisms of the parasite and develop more effective strategies against fasciolosis. In this study, we aimed to identify molecules in F. hepatica excretory and secretory products (FhESPs) interacting with the host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), Th1-like cytokines (IL2 and IFN-γ), and Th17-like cytokines (IL17) by Co-IP combined with tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that 14, 16, and 9 proteins in FhESPs could bind with IL2, IL17, and IFN-γ, respectively, which indicated that adult F. hepatica may evade the host immune responses through directly interplaying with cytokines. In addition, nine proteins in FhESPs could adhere to PBMCs. Our findings provided potential targets as immuno-regulators, and will be helpful to elucidate the molecular basis of host-parasite interactions and search for new potential proteins as vaccine and drug target candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong-Mei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
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47
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Cheung S, Thomas CM, Timson DJ. FhCaBP1 (FH22): A Fasciola hepatica calcium-binding protein with EF-hand and dynein light chain domains. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:109-115. [PMID: 27693219 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
FH22 has been previously identified as a calcium-binding protein from the common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. It is part of a family of at least four proteins in this organism which combine an EF-hand containing N-terminal domain with a C-terminal dynein light chain-like domain. Here we report further biochemical properties of FH22, which we propose should be renamed FhCaBP1 for consistency with other family members. Molecular modelling predicted that the two domains are linked by a flexible region and that the second EF-hand in the N-terminal domain is most likely the calcium ion binding site. Native gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the protein binds both calcium and manganese ions, but not cadmium, magnesium, strontium, barium, cobalt, copper(II), iron (II), nickel, zinc, lead or potassium ions. Calcium ion binding alters the conformation of the protein and increases its stability towards thermal denaturation. FhCaBP1 is a dimer in solution and calcium ions have no detectable effect on the protein's ability to dimerise. FhCaBP1 binds to the calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine. Overall, the FhCaBP1's biochemical properties are most similar to FhCaBP2 a fact consistent with the close sequence and predicted structural similarity between the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cheung
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Charlotte M Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - David J Timson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK.
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48
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Wesołowska A, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Norbury LJ, Wilkowski P, Januszkiewicz K, Pyziel AM, Zygner W, Wędrychowicz H. Immune responses in rats and sheep induced by a DNA vaccine containing the phosphoglycerate kinase gene of Fasciola hepatica and liver fluke infection. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:212-20. [PMID: 27078643 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses of rats and sheep following vaccination with cDNA encoding phosphoglycerate kinase of Fasciola hepatica (cDNA-FhPGK/pCMV) and F. hepatica infection were investigated in the present study. cDNA-FhPGK/pCMV vaccinated female Sprague-Dawley rats were better protected by vaccination than their male counterparts - 48% reduction in fluke burden for females and no protection for males when compared with appropriate infection control groups. Moreover, male rats developed marked leukocytosis during the study with higher neutrophil, eosinophil and monocyte responses than females. Additionally, dynamics of eosinophil and monocyte responses varied between sexes. Increased titres of anti-FhPGK IgG1 and IgG2a correlated with the protective effect of vaccination that was observed among female rats. In the case of male sheep, no differences in worm burdens and in the course of the immune response were observed following vaccination. Titres of specific antibodies detected were low, and cellular responses were not significant. Apparently, sheep immune responses induced by cDNA-FhPGK/pCMV vaccination are not effective at controlling F. hepatica infection. Poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in large animals is still a major obstacle of this technology that has to be overcome.
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49
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Haçarız O, Akgün M, Kavak P, Yüksel B, Sağıroğlu MŞ. Comparative transcriptome profiling approach to glean virulence and immunomodulation-related genes of Fasciola hepatica. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:366. [PMID: 25956885 PMCID: PMC4429430 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola hepatica causes chronic liver disease, fasciolosis, leading to significant losses in the livestock economy and concerns for human health in many countries. The identification of F. hepatica genes involved in the parasite's virulence through modulation of host immune system is utmost important to comprehend evasion mechanisms of the parasite and develop more effective strategies against fasciolosis. In this study, to identify the parasite's putative virulence genes which are associated with host immunomodulation, we explored whole transcriptome of an adult F. hepatica using current transcriptome profiling approaches integrated with detailed in silico analyses. In brief, the comparison of the parasite transcripts with the specialised public databases containing sequence data of non-parasitic organisms (Dugesiidae species and Caenorhabditis elegans) or of numerous pathogens and investigation of the sequences in terms of nucleotide evolution (directional selection) and cytokine signaling relation were conducted. RESULTS NGS of the whole transcriptome resulted in 19,534,766 sequence reads, yielding a total of 40,260 transcripts (N₅₀ = 522 bp). A number of the parasite transcripts (n = 1,671) were predicted to be virulence-related on the basis of the exclusive homology with the pathogen-associated data, positive selection or relationship with cytokine signaling. Of these, a group of the virulence-related genes (n = 62), not previously described, were found likely to be associated with immunomodulation based on in silico functional categorisation, showing significant sequence similarities with various immune receptors (i.e. MHC I class, TGF-β receptor, toll/interleukin-1 receptor, T-cell receptor, TNF receptor, and IL-18 receptor accessory protein), cytokines (i.e. TGF-β, interleukin-4/interleukin-13 and TNF-α), cluster of differentiations (e.g. CD48 and CD147) or molecules associated with other immunomodulatory mechanisms (such as regulation of macrophage activation). Some of the genes (n = 5) appeared to be under positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1), imitating proteins associated with cytokine signaling (through sequence homologies with thrombospondin type 1, toll/interleukin-1 receptor, TGF-β receptor and CD147). CONCLUSIONS With a comparative transcriptome profiling approach, we have identified a number of potential immunomodulator genes of F. hepatica (n = 62), which are firstly described here, could be employed for the development of better strategies (including RNAi) in the battle against both zoonotically and economically important disease, fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mete Akgün
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Kavak
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Bayram Yüksel
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Şamil Sağıroğlu
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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50
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Zintl A, Talavera S, Sacchi-Nestor C, Ryan M, Chryssafidis A, Mulcahy G. Comparison of Fasciola hepatica genotypes in relation to their ability to establish patent infections in the final host. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:145-50. [PMID: 25936437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a common and economically important parasite of sheep and cattle. Although its marked genetic heterogeneity is well recognised, an association between haplotypes and specific phenotypic traits has yet to be identified. Using experimental infections in cattle this study investigated whether a fragment of mitochondrial DNA (coding for cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, transfer RNA histidine and cytochrome b) and 3 nuclear microsatellite loci (Fh15, Fh23 and Fh25) could be used as markers for the parasite's ability to complete its tissue migration and establish in the liver of the final host. While we did not detect any shift in the frequency of the various genotypes in the population of metacercariae used for the infection on the one hand and the flukes collected from the liver on the other, there was an indication that parasites with heterozygous microsatellite alleles may have a selective advantage over homozygote parasites during their migration in the final host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annetta Zintl
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Silvia Talavera
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Marion Ryan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Grace Mulcahy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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