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Koda S, Zhang B, Zhou QY, Xu N, Li J, Liu JX, Liu M, Lv ZY, Wang JL, Shi Y, Gao S, Yu Q, Li XY, Xu YH, Chen JX, Tekengne BOT, Adzika GK, Tang RX, Sun H, Zheng KY, Yan C. β2-Adrenergic Receptor Enhances the Alternatively Activated Macrophages and Promotes Biliary Injuries Caused by Helminth Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754208. [PMID: 34733286 PMCID: PMC8558246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system has been studied for its involvement in the control of macrophages; however, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the adrenergic receptors and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) remain obscure. Using FVB wild-type and beta 2 adrenergic receptors knockout, we found that β2-AR deficiency alleviates hepatobiliary damage in mice infected with C. sinensis. Moreover, β2-AR-deficient mice decrease the activation and infiltration of M2 macrophages and decrease the production of type 2 cytokines, which are associated with a significant decrease in liver fibrosis in infected mice. Our in vitro results on bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed that macrophages from Adrb2-/- mice significantly decrease M2 markers and the phosphorylation of ERK/mTORC1 induced by IL-4 compared to that observed in M2 macrophages from Adrb2+/+ . This study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the β2-AR enhances type 2 immune response through the ERK/mTORC1 signaling pathway in macrophages and their role in liver fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology
- Bile Ducts/parasitology
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonorchiasis/complications
- Clonorchiasis/immunology
- Clonorchiasis/physiopathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/parasitology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/parasitology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages/classification
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/physiology
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Man Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanbiao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yin-Hai Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Dai F, Yoo WG, Lu Y, Song JH, Lee JY, Byun Y, Pak JH, Sohn WM, Hong SJ. Sodium-bile acid co-transporter is crucial for survival of a carcinogenic liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis in the bile. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008952. [PMID: 33284789 PMCID: PMC7746286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis inhabits the bile ducts, where bile concentration disparities across the fluke cell membrane can cause bile intoxication. Sodium-bile acid co-transporter (SBAT) plays a crucial role in bile acid recycling. The process by which SBAT imports bile acids is electrically coupled to sodium ion co-transportation. Here, we report that the SBAT of C. sinensis (CsSBAT) is involved in bile acid transportation. CsSBAT cDNA encoded a putative polypeptide of 546 amino acid residues. Furthermore, CsSBAT consisted of ten putative transmembrane domains, and its 3D structure was predicted to form panel and core domains. The CsSBAT had one bile acid- and three Na+-binding sites, enabling coordination of a symport process. CsSBAT was mainly localized in the mesenchymal tissue throughout the fluke body and sparsely localized in the basement of the tegument, intestinal epithelium, and excretory bladder wall. Bile acid permeated into the adult flukes in a short time and remained at a low concentration level. Bile acid accumulated inside the mesenchymal tissue when CsSBAT was inhibited using polyacrylic acid–tetradeoxycholic acid conjugate. The accumulated bile acid deteriorated the C. sinensis adults leading to death. CsSBAT silencing shortened the lifespan of the fluke when it was placed into bile. Taken together, we propose that CsSBAT transports bile acids in the mesenchymal tissue and coordinate with outward transporters to maintain bile acid homeostasis of C. sinensis adults, contributing to C. sinensis survival in the bile environment. Clonorchiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis. C. sinensis is a biological carcinogen causing cholangiocarcinoma in humans. Juvenile worms inhabit and grow to adults in the bile ducts. Bile acids in the bile are double-edged molecules; they promote metabolism, but differences in their concentration across the cell membrane could lead to bile intoxication. The sodium-bile acid co-transporter of C. sinensis (CsSBAT) is indispensable for maintaining its normal physiology and bile detoxification in the bile duct. However, information related to the molecular and biological characteristics of the SBAT of liver flukes is not available. Here, we cloned CsSBAT for the first time in trematodes and characterized its tertiary structure and physiological functions. The sequential and structural properties of CsSBAT were similar to the apical sodium-bile acid co-transporter found in mammalian intestines. CsSBAT shared a mesenchymal tissue distribution with Na+-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide in the hepatocytes adjacent to the bile ducts. Bile acids accumulated in C. sinensis adults when CsSBAT was inhibited, causing their death. This information might promote further studies on the physiological functions of SBAT and other trematode bile transporters and open new avenues toward developing novel anthelminthic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhong Dai
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Parasitology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanyan Lu
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Liubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jin-Ho Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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3
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Fedorova OS, Fedotova MM, Zvonareva OI, Mazeina SV, Kovshirina YV, Sokolova TS, Golovach EA, Kovshirina AE, Konovalova UV, Kolomeets IL, Gutor SS, Petrov VA, Hattendorf J, Ogorodova LM, Odermatt P. Opisthorchis felineus infection, risks, and morbidity in rural Western Siberia, Russian Federation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008421. [PMID: 32598389 PMCID: PMC7351239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver fluke, Opisthorchis felineus, is widely distributed throughout Europe and large parts of the Russian Federation. In Western Siberia, information about opisthorchiasis is lacking although infection may lead to severe liver and bile duct diseases. We aimed to assess the current prevalence of O. felineus infection along with associated risk factors and morbidity in rural Western Siberia. METHODS We conducted a community-based, cross-sectional study in the rural Shegarskiy district, Tomsk Oblast, Russian Federation. All household members (≥ 7 years) present on the survey day were enrolled (n = 600). Two stool samples per person were examined for helminth eggs, using PARASEP (DiaSys Ltd, UK). The number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces was recorded. Each study participant was interviewed to determine risk factors, using a pre-tested questionnaire. An abdominal ultrasonography examination of liver and bile ducts was performed with a mobile, high resolution ultrasound device. In total, 488 persons completed assessments (two stool samples, completed questionnaires); of those, 436 individuals had an ultrasonography (US) examination. RESULTS We observed a prevalence of O. felineus infection of 60.2%. Significant risk factors for infection were the consumption of river fish (odds ratio from adjusted analysis [aOR] 2.4, 95% CI 1.52-3.95, p<0.001), particularly stock fish (OR from multivariable analysis [mOR] 3.2, 95% CI 2.63-3.80, p<0.001), smoked fish (mOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.24-1.72, p<0.001), frozen fish (mOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.29-2.02, p<0.001), and raw fish (mOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.05-1.84, p = 0.02); and fishing activities (mOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.03-1.43, p = 0.019). Women had a higher risk of infection than men. Infection was associated positively with age and negatively with socio-economic status. The respondents' general awareness of opisthorchiasis was quite high (93.2%), but their knowledge about infection transmission and prevention was insufficient. Children aged 7-18 years old had a lower level of awareness compared to adults. The abdominal ultrasonography results demonstrated a strong association between O. felineus infection and gallbladder stones (mOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.33-6.04, p = 0.007) and periductal fibrosis of intrahepatic bile ducts (mOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.08-3.46, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION O. felineus infection is highly prevalent in rural regions of Western Siberia, and associated with severe hepatobiliary pathology. Identified risk factors will be used to develop a comprehensive targeted O. felineus infection control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Fedorova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina M. Fedotova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I. Zvonareva
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Central Research laboratory, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Yulia V. Kovshirina
- Department of Infectious diseases and Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana S. Sokolova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A. Golovach
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna E. Kovshirina
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Uliana V. Konovalova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan L. Kolomeets
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey S. Gutor
- Central Research laboratory, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav A. Petrov
- Central Research laboratory, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludmila M. Ogorodova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Won J, Cho Y, Lee D, Jeon BY, Ju JW, Chung S, Pak JH. Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products increase malignant characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma cells in three-dimensional co-culture with biliary ductal plates. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007818. [PMID: 31121000 PMCID: PMC6550432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke, prolonged infection which provokes chronic inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). These effects are driven by direct physical damage caused by the worms, as well as chemical irritation from their excretory-secretory products (ESPs) in the bile duct and surrounding liver tissues. We investigated the C. sinensis ESP-mediated malignant features of CCA cells (HuCCT1) in a three-dimensional microfluidic culture model that mimics an in vitro tumor microenvironment. This system consisted of a type I collagen extracellular matrix, applied ESPs, GFP-labeled HuCCT1 cells and quiescent biliary ductal plates formed by normal cholangiocytes (H69 cells). HuCCT1 cells were attracted by a gradient of ESPs in a concentration-dependent manner and migrated in the direction of the ESPs. Meanwhile, single cell invasion by HuCCT1 cells increased independently of the direction of the ESP gradient. ESP treatment resulted in elevated secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) by H69 cells and a cadherin switch (decrease in E-cadherin/increase in N-cadherin expression) in HuCCT1 cells, indicating an increase in epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes by HuCCT1 cells. Our findings suggest that C. sinensis ESPs promote the progression of CCA in a tumor microenvironment via the interaction between normal cholangiocytes and CCA cells. These observations broaden our understanding of the progression of CCA caused by liver fluke infection and suggest a new approach for the development of chemotherapeutic for this infectious cancer. The oriental liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, is a biological carcinogen of humans and is the cause of death of infectious cancer patients in China and Korea. Its chronic infection promotes cholangiocarcinogenesis due to direct contact of host tissues with the worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs); however, the specific mechanisms underlying this pathology remain unclear. To assess its contribution to the progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture model that consists of CCA cells (HuCCT1) in direct contact with normal cholangiocytes (H69), which are subsequently exposed to C. sinensis ESPs; therefore, this model represents a C. sinensis-associated CCA microenvironment. Co-cultured HuCCT1 cells exhibited increased motility in response to C. sinensis ESPs, suggesting that this model may recapitulate some aspects of tumor microenvironment complexity. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TGF-β1 secreted by H69 cells exhibited a crosstalk effect regarding the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HuCCT1 cells, thus, promoting an increase in the metastatic characteristics of CCA cells. Our findings enable an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the etiology of C. sinensis-associated CCA, and, therefore, this approach will contribute to the development of new strategies for the reduction of its high mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Won
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Cho
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jeon
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Ju
- Division of Vectors & Parasitic Diseases, Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SC); (JHP)
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SC); (JHP)
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5
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Li S, Yoo WG, Song JH, Kim TI, Hong SJ. Bile acids drive chemotaxis of Clonorchis sinensis juveniles to the bile duct. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006818. [PMID: 30273341 PMCID: PMC6181427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis infection. C. sinensis is a biological carcinogen causing cholangiocarcinoma in humans. In the mammalian host, C. sinensis newly excysted juveniles (CsNEJs) migrate from the duodenum into the bile duct. Bile drives the chemotactic behavior of CsNEJs. Little is known about which components of bile induce the chemotaxis. We designed a chemotaxis assay panel and measured the chemotactic behavior of CsNEJs in response to bile or bile acids. The CsNEJs migrated toward 0.1–1% bile but away from 5–10% bile. The CsNEJs showed strong chemoattraction to cholic acid ≥25 mM, but chemorepulsion to lithocholic acid ≥0.25 mM. To the CsNEJs, mixture of cholic acid and lithocholic acid was chemoattractive at a ratio greater than 25:1 but chemorepulsive at one smaller than that. Regarding migration in the mammalian hosts, high concentration of lithocholic acid in the gallbladder bile may repel CsNEJs from entering it. However, bile in the hepatic bile duct has a chemoattractive strength of cholic acid but a trace amount of lithocholic acid. Collectively, our results explain why the CsNEJs migrate principally to the hepatic bile ducts, bypassing the gallbladder. We previously reported that Clonorchis sinensis newly excysted juveniles (CsNEJs) were chemotactically attracted to bile. However, there is still a paucity of information regarding which components and what concentration of bile induce the chemotactic behavior. Here, we show, among various bile components tested, two have opposing chemotactic influences on the CsNEJs; cholic acid was characterized as a chemoattractant and lithocholic acid as a chemorepellent. Chemorepulsive migration was dependent on the concentration of lithocholic acid. Notably, the ratio (25:1) of cholic acid and lithocholic acid plays a critical role in defining chemotactic preferences of CsNEJs. We suspect that this bile acid ratio directs the parasites in the mammalian host, i.e. the high concentration of lithocholic acid in the gallbladder bile may repel CsNEJs from entering it. Bile in the hepatic bile duct has a chemoattractive level of cholic acid but a trace amount of lithocholic acid. These findings may explain why the CsNEJs preferentially migrate to the common and hepatic bile ducts rather than the gallbladder. Deeper understanding on the parasitism of the liver fluke is likely to have major implications for the studies on other parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyu Li
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Planning and Management, Nakdong-gang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju-si, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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6
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Ceballos L, Canton C, Cadenazzi G, Larsen K, Virkel G, Moreno L, Fairweather I, Lanusse C, Alvarez L. Understanding the main route of drug entry in adult Fasciola hepatica: Further insights into closantel pharmacological activity. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:23-29. [PMID: 28734749 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Closantel (CLS) is highly effective against adult liver flukes after its oral or subcutaneous (sc) administration in ruminants. Trans-tegumental diffusion and oral ingestion are the two potential routes available for the entry of drugs into Fasciola hepatica. The work reported here contributes to improve the understanding of CLS pharmacology. The main goals of were: I) to determine the pattern of in vivo CLS accumulation into adult F. hepatica and relevant tissues in CLS-treated sheep; II) to investigate the influence of the physicochemical composition of the incubation medium on the CLS diffusion process into adult F. hepatica; III) to assess the ovicidal activity of CLS against F. hepatica eggs; and IV) to investigate the in vivo effect of CLS treatment on glutathione S-transferases activity in adult liver flukes exposed to CLS. Fourteen healthy sheep were each orally infected with 75 F. hepatica metacercariae. Sixteen (16) weeks after infection, animals were treated with CLS by oral (n = 6, 10 mg/kg) or sub-cutaneous (sc) (n = 6, 5 mg/kg) route. At 12, 24 and 36 h post-treatment, animals were sacrificed (n = 2) and samples of blood, bile and adult F. hepatica were collected. In addition, flukes recovered from non-treated sheep (n = 2) were ex vivo incubated (60 min) in the presence of CLS in either RPMI or bile as incubation medium. CLS concentration was measured by HPLC. The ovicidal activity of CLS was investigated using eggs obtained from the bile of untreated sheep. Finally, glutathione S-transferase activity in F. hepatica recovered from untreated and CLS-treated sheep was assessed. In the in vivo studies, the highest CLS concentrations were measured in plasma and adult liver flukes. A positive correlation was observed between CLS concentration in plasma and in F. hepatica. Results obtained in the current work indicate that the in vivo accumulation of CLS into adult liver flukes occurs mainly by the oral route. After ex vivo incubation, the uptake of CLS by the parasite was markedly diminished in the presence of bile compared with that observed in the presence of RPMI as incubation medium. CLS lacks ovicidal activity at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Lastly, CLS significantly increased glutathione S-transferase activity in flukes recovered at 12 h (oral treatment) and 24 h (sc treatment), compared to the control liver flukes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ceballos
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
| | - C Canton
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - G Cadenazzi
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - K Larsen
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - G Virkel
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - L Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - I Fairweather
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - C Lanusse
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - L Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fascioliasis is economically important to the livestock industry that caused with Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The objective of this study was to identify these two species F. hepatica and F. gigantica by using nuclear and mitochondrial markers (ITS1, ND1 and CO1) and have been employed to analyze intraspecific phylogenetic relations of Fasciola spp. MATERIALS AND METHODS Approximately 150 Fasciola specimens were collected, then stained with haematoxylin-carmine dye and observed under an optical microscope to examine for the existence of sperm. The ITS1 marker was used to identify different Fasciola and phylogenetic analysis based on ND1 and CO1 sequence data were conducted by maximum likelihood algorithm. RESULTS Fasciola samples were separated into 2 groups. Almost all specimens had many sperms in the seminal vesicle (spermic fluke) and one fluke did not contain any sperm in the seminal vesicle. The aspermic sample had F. gigantica RFLP pattern with ITS1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on NDI and COI sequence data were conducted by maximum likelihood showed a similar topology of the trees obtained particularly for F. hepatica and F. gigantica. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that aspermic Fasciola found in this region of Iran has same genetic structures through the spermic F. gigantica populations in accordance to phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rouhani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Raeghi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Neimanis AS, Moraeus C, Bergman A, Bignert A, Höglund J, Lundström K, Strömberg A, Bäcklin BM. Emergence of the Zoonotic Biliary Trematode Pseudamphistomum truncatum in Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164782. [PMID: 27755567 PMCID: PMC5068771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biliary trematode Pseudamphistomum truncatum parasitizes a wide range of fish-eating mammals, including humans. Here we report the emergence of this parasite in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the Baltic Sea. One hundred eighty-three of 1 554 grey seals (11.9%) examined from 2002-2013 had detectable hepatobiliary trematode infection. Parasite identification was confirmed as P. truncatum by sequencing the ITS2 region of a pool of five to 10 trematodes from each of ten seals collected off the coast of seven different Swedish counties. The proportion of seals parasitized by P. truncatum increased significantly over time and with increasing age of seals. Males were 3.1 times more likely to be parasitized than females and animals killed in fishery interactions were less likely to be parasitized than animals found dead or hunted. There was no significant difference in parasitism of seals examined from the Gulf of Bothnia versus those examined from the Baltic Proper. Although the majority of infections were mild, P. truncatum can cause severe hepatobiliary disease and resulted in liver failure in at least one seal. Because cyprinid fish are the second intermediate host for opisthorchiid trematodes, diets of grey seals from the Baltic Sea were analysed regarding presence of cyprinids. The proportion of gastrointestinal tracts containing cyprinid remains was ten times higher in seals examined from 2008 to 2013 (12.2%) than those examined from 2002 to 2007 (1.2%) and coincided with a general increase of trematode parasitism in the host population. The emergence and relatively common occurrence of P. truncatum in grey seals signals the presence of this parasite in the Baltic Sea ecosystem and demonstrates how aquatic mammals can serve as excellent sentinels of marine ecosystem change. Investigation of drivers behind P. truncatum emergence and infection risk for other mammals, including humans, is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksija S. Neimanis
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotta Moraeus
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergman
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bignert
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Lundström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Annika Strömberg
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Bäcklin
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Botelho MC, Alves H, Richter J. Wound healing and cancer progression in Opisthorchis viverrini associated cholangiocarcinoma. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2913-4. [PMID: 27130317 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini induces cancer of the bile ducts, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). It was shown previously that O. viverrini-secreted proteins accelerate wound resolution in human cholangiocytes. Recombinant Ov-GRN-1 (O. viverrini-derived gene encoding granulin-like growth factor) induced angiogenesis and accelerated mouse wound healing. Given the striking similarities of wound healing and cancer progression, here we discuss the major implications of this finding for an infection-induced cancer of major public health significance in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Botelho
- INSA-National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal.
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Alves
- INSA-National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joachim Richter
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Department for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Szczepaniak KO, Tomczuk K, Lojszczyk-Szczepaniak A, Lopuszynski W. Reclassification of Eimeria pogonae Walden (2009) as Choleoeimeria pogonae comb. nov. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). Parasitol Res 2015; 115:681-5. [PMID: 26468146 PMCID: PMC4722055 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The presented paper provides a reclassification of Eimeria pogonae from Pogona vitticeps into the correct genus Choleoeimeria. A description of exogenous and endogenous stages of biliary coccidium is given. Sporulation of the oocysts was endogenous. The mature oocysts contained four sporocysts each with two sporozoites. Oocysts were ellipsoidal in shape, with average length/width ratio 1.7 and measured 28.4 (SD1.5) × 16.8 (SD 1.5). The micropyle, residuum, and polar granules were absent from the sporulated oocysts. Ovoidal in shape, sporosysts without Steida bodies contained residuum and two elongated and boat-shaped sporozoites. The endogenous stages of the coccidia were located mainly in the epithelium of bile ducts; however, single-epithelium cells of the gallbladder were also infected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Tomczuk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950 Lubelskie Poland
| | - Anna Lojszczyk-Szczepaniak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950 Lubelskie Poland
| | - Wojciech Lopuszynski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, 20-950 Lubelskie Poland
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11
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Xia J, Jiang SC, Peng HJ. Association between Liver Fluke Infection and Hepatobiliary Pathological Changes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132673. [PMID: 26186510 PMCID: PMC4506038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide information about the role of liver fluke infection as a risk factor for hepatobiliary pathological changes and promote awareness among the people living in endemic areas, a systematic review and meta-analysis based on published studies was conducted to examine the association between liver fluke infection and hepatobiliary pathological changes. METHODS Relevant original literature was searched in multiple literature databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Clinical Evidence, Trip Database, Clinical Trials, Current Controlled Trials, Web of Science, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, and the Wanfang academic journal full-text database. Studies were selected based on strict screening with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Tests of heterogeneity, sensitivity and publication bias were performed with the Review Manager software, version 5.3, and meta-regression analyses were performed with the Stata software, version 11.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated and used to evaluate the risk of hepatobiliary pathological changes resulting from liver fluke infection. Linear trend analyses were conducted to determine the dose-response relationship using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. RESULT A total of 36 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Significant associations were found between liver fluke infection and cholangitis or cholecystitis (RR: 7.80, P<0.001; OR: 15.98, P<0.001), cholelithiasis (RR: 2.42, P = 0.03; OR: 4.96, P = 0.03), hepatocellular carcinoma (OR: 4.69, P<0.001) and cholangiocarcinoma (RR: 10.43, P<0.001; OR: 4.37, P<0.001). In addition, heavier infection was significantly associated with higher incidence of hepatobiliary pathological changes (P<0.05). However, cirrhosis was not significantly associated with liver fluke infection (RR: 3.50, P = 0.06; OR: 5.79, P = 0.08). The statistical heterogeneity was significant, no significant difference was observed in the sensitivity analysis, and no publication bias was found. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis found that liver fluke infection was significantly associated with cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma and that more severe infection was associated with higher incidence. However, the association between liver fluke infection and cirrhosis was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-chen Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Juan Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People’s Republic of China
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12
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Haçarız O, Akgün M, Kavak P, Yüksel B, Sağıroğlu MŞ. Comparative transcriptome profiling approach to glean virulence and immunomodulation-related genes of Fasciola hepatica. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:366. [PMID: 25956885 PMCID: PMC4429430 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola hepatica causes chronic liver disease, fasciolosis, leading to significant losses in the livestock economy and concerns for human health in many countries. The identification of F. hepatica genes involved in the parasite's virulence through modulation of host immune system is utmost important to comprehend evasion mechanisms of the parasite and develop more effective strategies against fasciolosis. In this study, to identify the parasite's putative virulence genes which are associated with host immunomodulation, we explored whole transcriptome of an adult F. hepatica using current transcriptome profiling approaches integrated with detailed in silico analyses. In brief, the comparison of the parasite transcripts with the specialised public databases containing sequence data of non-parasitic organisms (Dugesiidae species and Caenorhabditis elegans) or of numerous pathogens and investigation of the sequences in terms of nucleotide evolution (directional selection) and cytokine signaling relation were conducted. RESULTS NGS of the whole transcriptome resulted in 19,534,766 sequence reads, yielding a total of 40,260 transcripts (N₅₀ = 522 bp). A number of the parasite transcripts (n = 1,671) were predicted to be virulence-related on the basis of the exclusive homology with the pathogen-associated data, positive selection or relationship with cytokine signaling. Of these, a group of the virulence-related genes (n = 62), not previously described, were found likely to be associated with immunomodulation based on in silico functional categorisation, showing significant sequence similarities with various immune receptors (i.e. MHC I class, TGF-β receptor, toll/interleukin-1 receptor, T-cell receptor, TNF receptor, and IL-18 receptor accessory protein), cytokines (i.e. TGF-β, interleukin-4/interleukin-13 and TNF-α), cluster of differentiations (e.g. CD48 and CD147) or molecules associated with other immunomodulatory mechanisms (such as regulation of macrophage activation). Some of the genes (n = 5) appeared to be under positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1), imitating proteins associated with cytokine signaling (through sequence homologies with thrombospondin type 1, toll/interleukin-1 receptor, TGF-β receptor and CD147). CONCLUSIONS With a comparative transcriptome profiling approach, we have identified a number of potential immunomodulator genes of F. hepatica (n = 62), which are firstly described here, could be employed for the development of better strategies (including RNAi) in the battle against both zoonotically and economically important disease, fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mete Akgün
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Kavak
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Bayram Yüksel
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Şamil Sağıroğlu
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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13
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Charoensuk L, Pinlaor P, Laothong U, Yongvanit P, Pairojkul C, Nawa Y, Pinlaor S. Bile canalicular changes and defective bile secretion in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2014; 61:512-522. [PMID: 25651692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Digenea) (Poirier, 1886) causes bile duct injury and periductal fibrosis by chronic overproduction of inflammatory-mediators and eventually results in cholangiocarcinoma development. While extensive research works have been done on O. viverrini infection-associated changes of bile ducts and periductal fibrosis, little attention was paid on morphological and biochemical changes of the bile canaliculi (BC), the origin of bile flow. We aimed to investigate the morphological and functional alterations of BC in the liver of hamsters infected with O. viverrini at one and three months post-infection. Ultrastructural changes of BC showed dilatation of BC and significant reduction of the density of microvilli as early as at one month post-infection. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CD10, a BC marker, expression was reduced early as one month post-infection. The mRNA expression of the genes encoding molecules related to bile secretion including bile acid uptake transporters (slc10a1 and slco1a1), bile acid dependent (abcb11) and independent (abcc2) bile flow and bile acid biosynthesis (cyp7a1 and cyp27a1) were significantly decreased at one month post-infection in association with the reduction of bile volume. In contrast, the expression of the mRNA of bile acid regulatory genes (fxr and shp-1) was significantly increased. These changes essentially persisted up to three months post-infection. In conclusion, O. viverrini infection induces morphological and functional changes of BC in association with the decrease of bile volume.
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14
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Longjam G, Tandan M, Reddy DN. An unusual cause of occlusion of a fully covered self-expandable metallic stent by biliary ascarides. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:A24. [PMID: 23962554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manu Tandan
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
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15
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Hanpanich P, Pinlaor S, Charoensuk L, Yongvanit P, Thomas C, Kothan S, Mairiang E. MRI and (1)H MRS evaluation for the serial bile duct changes in hamsters after infection with Opisthorchis viverrini. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1418-25. [PMID: 23891436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A 3T MR scanner was used to investigate the relationship between the alteration of bile duct lesions and the hepatic metabolic changes in hamsters infected with Opisthorchis viverrini by using 3T MRI and (1)H MR spectroscopy. Animals were divided into control and infected groups. Five normal hamsters were used as control; fifty-five hamsters were infected with O. viverrini to induce bile duct lesions and hepatic metabolic changes. T2-weighted image sequence in three orthogonal planes were conducted by MRI scans. Single-voxel (1)H MRS was performed to obtain the relative choline-to-lipid ratios. The livers and bile ducts were excised for the histologic examination. The progression of bile duct changes by histology and metabolic changes in O. viverrini infected hamsters were co-investigated. In the O. viverrini-infected group, the T2-weighted images revealed the time-dependent intra- and extra-hepatic duct dilatations in the liver. The mean (±SD) choline-to-lipid ratios were 0.11±0.035 in the control group, whereas the ratio in the infected group increased significantly with the progression of time. Histologic grading of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were correlated well with the MRI grading (Spearman rank correlation test; r=0.746 and p<0.001). The control group showed no dilatation of the bile ducts and showed normal liver patterns. Noninvasive technique, MRI and (1)H MRS can demonstrated and applied to evaluate not only the inflammation-related fibrosis in the small bile ducts but also the metabolic changes in the liver induced by O. viverrini infection. A significant increase in the choline-to-lipids ratios were observed in parallel with the time-course of infection. O. viverrini infected in human is detected by stool examination. Hepatobiliary morbidity is detected and followed up by ultrasonography. MRI and MRS can be used in conjunction with ultrasonography for evaluation of progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petcharakorn Hanpanich
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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16
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Abstract
The species of liver fluke of the genus Fasciola (phylum platyhelminthes, order Digenea, Family Fasciolidae) are obligatory parasites that inhabit the large biliary ducts of herbivore animals as well as man. Reports on the species of Fasciola present in the Nile Delta, Egypt, appear controversial. In the current study a precise identification of Fasciola isolates from cattle in Qena province, Upper Egypt was done based on examination of the second Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic examination revealed that the collected Fasciola isolates represent only one species which is Fasciola hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaab A Omar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South-Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Metwally
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South-Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Khaled Sultan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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17
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Seddik H, El Khattabi A, Mahi M, En-Nouali H. [Liver abscess revealing an hepatobiliary ascariasis]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2008; 32:979-981. [PMID: 18954952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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18
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Keiser J, Utzinger J, Vennerstrom JL, Dong Y, Brennan G, Fairweather I. Activity of artemether and OZ78 against triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:1219-22. [PMID: 17905370 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclabendazole is the drug of choice against Fasciola hepatica infections in humans and animals. However, parasite resistance against triclabendazole is spreading in the veterinary field, and there are no drugs of comparable activity currently available for the treatment and control of fascioliasis. We investigated the efficacy of single oral doses of artemether and OZ78 against adult triclabendazole-resistant F. hepatica harboured in rats, and compared the results with triclabendazole administered at two different doses. Single oral doses of 100 mg/kg OZ78 and 200 mg/kg artemether resulted in worm burden reductions of 100%. Whereas a single 10 mg/kg dose of triclabendazole achieved a worm burden reduction of only 4.0%, a five-fold higher dose yielded a significant worm burden reduction of 60.9%. However, the lower dose of triclabendazole administered to rats harbouring a triclabendazole-sensitive F. hepatica isolate resulted in a worm burden reduction of 95.3%. Our findings confirm that artemether and OZ78 possess good fasciocidal properties, even against a triclabendazole-resistant F. hepatica isolate, and hence these drugs might become useful in areas where triclabendazole resistance is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Boonmars T, Srisawangwong T, Srirach P, Kaewsamut B, Pinlaor S, Sithithaworn P. Apoptosis-related gene expressions in hamsters re-infected with Opisthorchis viverrini and re-treated with praziquantel. Parasitol Res 2007; 102:57-62. [PMID: 17851691 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to reveal whether host immune response in hamster opisthorchiasis post-praziquantel treatment could induce apoptotic cell death in inflammatory cells. We, therefore, investigated apoptosis-related gene expression in hamsters re-infected with Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) and re-treated with praziquantel. Hamsters were re-infected with OV metacercariae then re-treated with praziquantel. The expression of apoptosis-related genes (i.e. apoptosis gene Bcl-2 associated protein X [BAX], caspase 9, p53 and protein kinase B [PKB]) was detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Histopathological analyses of liver tissues were performed by staining the sections with haematoxylin and eosin using light microscopy. The results show that BAX, Akt/PKB, p53 and caspase 9 expression levels were significantly increased on day 30 post-infection and at 6 h post-treatment and gradually decreased to a level near the uninfected control and at 24 h post-treatment, perhaps because of a decrease in inflammatory cells. Apoptotic cell death was observed at the nuclei of epithelial cells of the bile ducts and of T cells. Our results suggest that repeated infection with OV and re-treatment with praziquantel induces a host immune response that increases inflammatory cells, which in turn leads to increase, apoptosis-related gene expression in the short term post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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20
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Abstract
Among several diagnostic tools for clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis infection), radiologic examinations are commonly used in clinical practices. During the 2 past decades, many reports regarding imaging findings of clonorchiasis were introduced. The basic imaging finding of clonorchiasis is diffuse dilatation of the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts, without dilation of the large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. By this finding, however, active clonorchiasis cannot be differentiated from cured infection. Some recent radiologic studies suggested specific findings of active clonorchiasis. Besides direct demonstration of worms, increased periductal echogenicity on sonography and periductal enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced CT or MR imaging possibly represent active clonorchiasis. Those images of the liver clonorchiasis are known to be correlated with worm burdens (EPG counts) in their frequency and also severity. The images of cholangiocarcinoma associated with clonorchiasis show both the tumor with obstruction images and diffuse dilatation of the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts. Radiological images can be a good practical alternative diagnostic method of clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Choi
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lu BB, Su HQ. [Ultrasonic diagnosis of clonorchiasis sinensis]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2007; 25:348-349. [PMID: 18038810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This is to retrospectively review and summarize the ultrasonic images of 214 patients who were diagnosed as clonorchiasis and received treatment. The major changes in ultrasonography were found in gallbladder and hepatic bile duct. Flocculent echos in the gallbladder were the characteristic feature, which disappeared after chemotherapy. The wall of hepatic bile duct became thicker and shaggy in most patients. These changes improved quite slowly after treatment. Ultrasonography is of value in the diagnosis of clonorchiasis sinensis
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-bing Lu
- Ultrasonography Department of Guangxi Minzu Hospital, Nanning 530001, China
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22
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Chen XM, Splinter PL, O'Hara SP, LaRusso NF. A cellular micro-RNA, let-7i, regulates Toll-like receptor 4 expression and contributes to cholangiocyte immune responses against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28929-28938. [PMID: 17660297 PMCID: PMC2194650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702633200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pathogen recognition molecules and are key to epithelial immune responses to microbial infection. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate TLR expression in epithelia are obscure. Micro-RNAs play important roles in a wide range of biological events through post-transcriptional suppression of target mRNAs. Here we report that human biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) express let-7 family members, micro-RNAs with complementarity to TLR4 mRNA. We found that let-7 regulates TLR4 expression via post-transcriptional suppression in cultured human cholangiocytes. Infection of cultured human cholangiocytes with Cryptosporidium parvum, a parasite that causes intestinal and biliary disease, results in decreased expression of primary let-7i and mature let-7 in a MyD88/NF-kappaB-dependent manner. The decreased let-7 expression is associated with C. parvum-induced up-regulation of TLR4 in infected cells. Moreover, experimentally induced suppression or forced expression of let-7i causes reciprocal alterations in C. parvum-induced TLR4 protein expression, and consequently, infection dynamics of C. parvum in vitro. These results indicate that let-7i regulates TLR4 expression in cholangiocytes and contributes to epithelial immune responses against C. parvum infection. Furthermore, the data raise the possibility that micro-RNA-mediated post-transcriptional pathways may be critical to host-cell regulatory responses to microbial infection in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Chen
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
| | - Patrick L Splinter
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Steven P O'Hara
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
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Antonopoulos P, Tavernaraki K, Charalampopoulos G, Constantinidis F, Petroulakis A, Drossos C. Hydatid hepatic cysts rupture into the biliary tract, the peritoneal cavity, the thoracic cavity and the hepatic subcapsular space: specific computed tomography findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 33:294-300. [PMID: 17639380 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-007-9260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study attempts to demonstrate the role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cyst rupture based on specific imaging findings and to propose combinations of the imaging findings diagnostic for specific types of rupture. METHODS Eleven patients were studied with computed tomography of the abdomen, with 4-8 mm slice thickness, after the oral administration of contrast material and intravenous contrast material in 6 cases. RESULTS Based on a combination of imaging findings the types of hepatic hydatid cyst rupture were: intrabiliary rupture in 7 patients, intraperitoneal rupture in 1 patient, intrathoracic rupture in 1 patient, hepatic subcapsular rupture in 2 patients. Structural deformity of the cyst was present in all cases, combined with: dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (intrabiliary rupture); intraperitoneal fluid collections with diffuse haziness and stranding of the mesenteric fat (intraperitoneal rupture); an inhomogeneous lesion in the thorax with ipsilateral pleural effusion (intrathoracic rupture); a hydatid cyst located peripherally, with discontinuity of its adjacent to the hepatic capsule wall and subcapsular fluid collection (subcapsular rupture). The imaging findings were surgically and pathologically confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Using combinations of specific imaging findings we correctly diagnosed the type of hepatic hydatid cyst rupture in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Antonopoulos
- Department of Computed Tomography, 1st IKA-Sismanoglio General Hospital, Sismanogliou 1 Maroussi, 15126, Athens, Greece.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oruc
- Veterinary Control and Research Institute, 42080 Meram, Konya, Turkey
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25
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O'Hara SP, Small AJ, Nelson JB, Badley AD, Chen XM, Gores GJ, Larusso NF. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat protein enhances Cryptosporidium parvum-induced apoptosis in cholangiocytes via a Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. Infect Immun 2006; 75:684-96. [PMID: 17118988 PMCID: PMC1828501 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01348-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While Cryptosporidium parvum infection of the intestine has been reported in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, biliary infection is seen primarily in adult AIDS patients and is associated with development of AIDS cholangiopathy. However, the mechanisms of pathogen-induced AIDS cholangiopathy remain unclear. Since we previously demonstrated that the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system is involved in paracrine-mediated C. parvum cytopathicity in cholangiocytes, we also tested the potential synergistic effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivator of transcription (Tat)-mediated FasL regulation on C. parvum-induced apoptosis in cholangiocytes by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence analysis, and immunogold electron microscopy. H69 cells do not express CXCR4 and CCR5, which are receptors required for direct HIV-1 viral infection. However, recombinant biologically active HIV-1-associated Tat protein increased FasL expression in the cytoplasm of cholangiocytes without a significant increase in apoptosis. We found that C. parvum-induced apoptosis was associated with translocation of intracellular FasL to the cell membrane surface and release of full-length FasL from infected H69 cells. Tat significantly (P < 0.05) increased C. parvum-induced apoptosis in bystander cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Tat enhanced both C. parvum-induced FasL membrane translocation and release of full-length FasL. In addition, the FasL neutralizing antibody NOK-1 and the caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-fmk both blocked C. parvum-induced apoptosis in cholangiocytes. The data demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat enhances C. parvum-induced cholangiocyte apoptosis via a paracrine-mediated, FasL-dependent mechanism. Our results suggest that concurrent active HIV replication, with associated production of Tat protein, and C. parvum infection synergistically increase cholangiocyte apoptosis and thus jointly contribute to AIDS-related cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Mercado MA, Borja-Cacho D, Domínguez I, Maravilla EC, Sánchez N, Zavaleta-Martínez E, Ramírez-Muciño A, Barajas-Olivas A, Arceo-Olaiz R. An unusual cause of bilioenteric anastomotic dysfunction after iatrogenic bile duct injury. Ann Hepatol 2006; 5:120-2. [PMID: 16807520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Roux en Y hepatojejunostomy is the surgery of choice for bile duct repair. Anastomotical dysfunction after reconstruction has several etiopathologies. Besides technical factors, ischemia of the duct is responsible for late obstruction. Bile colonization with secondary stones and sludge can also be identified as a cause. An unusual cause of anastomotical dysfunction secondary to ascaris biliary infestation after biliary reconstruction is reported herein. The patient had intermittent cholangitis and eosinophilia. At operation, the worm was found obstructing the anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Mercado
- Department of Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico.
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27
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Keiser J, Utzinger J, Tanner M, Dong Y, Vennerstrom JL. The synthetic peroxide OZ78 is effective against Echinostoma caproni and Fasciola hepatica. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58:1193-7. [PMID: 17028093 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The trematocidal properties of a synthetic peroxide, 1,2,4-trioxolane (OZ78) were determined both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Two weeks post-infection Echinostoma caproni-infected mice were administered single oral doses of 400-1000 mg/kg OZ78. Fasciola hepatica-infected rats were treated orally with 50-400 mg/kg OZ78 3 and 8-9 weeks post-infection. Worm burden reductions were assessed against untreated control animals. Adult F. hepatica were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after recovery from the bile duct of a rat 3 days after administration of a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg OZ78 and after in vitro exposure to concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 microg/mL OZ78. RESULTS In the E. caproni-mouse model 100% worm burden reductions were achieved with a single oral dose of 1000 mg/kg OZ78. A single dose of 100 mg/kg OZ78 resulted in worm burden reductions of 100% against juvenile and adult F. hepatica. F. hepatica recovered from rats 3 days post-treatment displayed feeble activity and some flukes had died. Typical features revealed by SEM included extensive blebbing and sloughing. Exposure of F. hepatica to 10-100 microg/mL OZ78 in vitro resulted in the death of all trematodes. F. hepatica showed focal blebbing and sloughing of the tegument at all concentrations investigated. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that OZ78 is highly efficacious against F. hepatica and E. caproni and provide a sound platform for identification of a synthetic peroxide drug development candidate against major trematode infections.
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Kim GH, Kang DH, Kim TO, Song GA, Heo J, Cho M, Kim S. MRCP and ERCP findings in clonorchiasis. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 64:439-40; discussion 440. [PMID: 16923499 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Ha Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Rohela M, Johari S, Jamaiah I, Init I, Lee SH. Acute cholecystitis caused by Clonorchis sinensis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2006; 37:648-51. [PMID: 17121288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We are reporting a case of a 43-year-old Chinese male from Hong Kong, who came to see a doctor complaining of acute onset of severe upper abdominal pain. A diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was made and an emergency cholecystectomy was carried out. On opening the common bile duct, lancet-shaped worms were seen emerging from it. About 45 adult worms were collected and sent to the Department of Parasitology University of Malaya for identification. The worms were identified as Clonorchis sinensis. After the operation the patient was treated with praziquantel and he had an uneventful recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rohela
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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30
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Kolodziejczyk L, Siemieniuk E, Skrzydlewska E. Fasciola hepatica: Effects on the antioxidative properties and lipid peroxidation of rat serum. Exp Parasitol 2006; 113:43-8. [PMID: 16430887 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica infection is accompanied by increased formation of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to analyze antioxidative properties of rat serum in the course of fasciolosis. Wistar rats were infected per os with 30 metacercariae of F. hepatica. Activities of antioxidant enzymes and concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants in serum were determined at 4, 7, and 10 weeks post-infection (wpi). Activity of superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD) significantly decreased (by 35% during the migratory phase, by 40 and 23% at 7 and 10 wpi, respectively), while glutathione reductase activity significantly increased (by 62, 65, and 41%, at 4, 7, and 10 wpi, respectively). No significant changes were found in the activity of glutathione peroxidase. Significant decreases in concentrations of reduced glutathione, vitamins C, E, and A were observed, particularly during the migratory phase of fasciolosis (at 4 wpi). These changes were accompanied by enhancement of lipid peroxidation processes as evidenced by increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Concentrations of MDA and 4-HNE at 4 wpi increased by 38% and by 59%. MDA increased by 51% at 7 wpi and by 79% at 10 wpi, while 4-HNE increased by 87 and 118%, respectively. The results indicate that fasciolosis is associated with enhanced oxidative reactions and reduced antioxidant defense capability of rat serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Kolodziejczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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Maldonado Júnior A, Zeitone BK, Amado LA, Rosa IF, Machado-Silva JR, Lanfredi RM. Biological variation between two Brazilian geographical isolates of Echinostoma paraensei. J Helminthol 2006; 79:345-51. [PMID: 16336719 DOI: 10.1079/joh2005293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The biological behaviour and morphometric data from two allopatric isolates of Echinostoma paraensei (Rio Bonito - RB and Sumidouro - SU) collected from naturally infected Nectomys squamipes from two secluded Atlantic Forest fragments were studied. Mice that had been experimentally infected with ten encysted metacercariae of each isolate were monitored weekly in two trials to analyse worm burden and the kinetics of worm distribution along the intestine. The total number of uterine eggs, wet weights and measurements of the worms and body, acetabulum, testes and ovaries were also analysed. The RB isolate showed a higher worm burden, 7.7+/-0.8, and a longer life span, 16 weeks, compared to a worm burden of 5.8+/-1.1 and life span of 9 weeks for the SU isolate. Worms of the RB isolate were clustered in the duodenum and in the bile duct while the SU isolate worms were dispersed along the small intestine of infected mice. Both isolates developed similarly as regards morphometric data and wet weight, although the total number of uterine eggs was greater in RB. The degree of intraspecific variation observed in the worm distribution along the intestine, worm burden and life span raises questions regarding the use of these criteria for species differentiation. These findings suggest that variation in biological parameters found between the E. paraensei isolates could result from geographical isolation and, in particular, the environmental conditions of transmission. Further studies on E. paraensei polulations from different forest fragments will contribute towards an understanding of the speciation of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maldonado Júnior
- Laboratório de Biologia e Controle da Esquistossomose, Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365 Manguinhos, 21-045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Keiser J, Shu-Hua X, Tanner M, Utzinger J. Artesunate and artemether are effective fasciolicides in the rat model and in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:1139-45. [PMID: 16581915 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the fasciocidal properties of artesunate and artemether in the rat model and in vitro. METHODS Adult Fasciola hepatica were exposed in vitro to 1, 10 and 100 microg/mL of artesunate, artemether and dihydroartemisinin for 72 h. Female Wistar rats were administered a single oral dose of artesunate and artemether (100-400 mg/kg) commencing 3 or 10-14 weeks post-infection and worm burden reductions were assessed against infected but untreated control rats. F. hepatica were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after recovery from bile ducts of rats given a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg artesunate 24 and 72 h post-treatment. RESULTS F. hepatica exposed for 72 h to 10 microg/mL of artesunate, artemether and dihydroartemisinin in vitro showed poor mobility, swelling of the worm body, roughness, damage of the tegument and blebbing. Exposure to drug concentrations of 100 microg/mL resulted in the death of all F. hepatica by 72 h. One hundred per cent worm burden reductions were achieved in rats infected with adult F. hepatica after treatment with artesunate and artemether at 400 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Administration of artesunate and artemether at a dose of 200 mg/kg to rats harbouring juvenile F. hepatica resulted in worm burden reductions of 46% and 82%, respectively. F. hepatica recovered from rats' bile ducts 24 h after administration of 200 mg/kg artesunate showed normal activity and SEM observations revealed that there was no visible damage. Seventy-two hours post-treatment F. hepatica displayed very poor mobility and there was focal swelling of the tegument and spines. CONCLUSIONS Artesunate and artemether exhibit promising fasciocidal activities, with the latter showing better tolerability by the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical Institute PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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Lamothe-Argumedo R, Falcón-Ordaz J, García-Prieto L, Fernández-Fernández J. A new dicrocoeliid (Digenea: Dicrocoeliinae) parasite of rodents from Tlaxcala, Mexico. J Parasitol 2006; 91:1410-2. [PMID: 16539025 DOI: 10.1645/ge-512r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Caballerolecythus ibunami n. gen., n. sp. is described from the intestine of 2 species of rodents (Liomys irroratus [Gray, 1868] and Peromyscus difficilis [Allen, 1891]) from Piñonal, El Carmen Tequexquitla, Tlaxcala state, Mexico. These specimens represent a new genus and a new species of Dicrocoeliinae by possession of an extremely short ceca (ending at equatorial level of ovary); vitelline follicles that begin posterior to these structures, without overlapping; and a body that is long and slender (length/width ratio 1:17-21). To the best of our knowledge, this combination of characters has not been reported in other genera of this subfamily (Athesmia Looss, 1899; Unilaterilecithum Oshmarin in Skrjabin and Evranova, 1952; and Pseudathesmia Travassos, 1942).
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Abdullaev AG, Agaev RM. [Treatment policy for postoperative complications in patients with hepatic echinococcosis and bile duct affection]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2006:21-6. [PMID: 16883248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Results of surgical treatment of 277 patients with hepatic echinococcosis and bile duct affection demonstrated that the rate of specific postoperative complications depends on duration of the disease, location and size of the parasitic cyst, changes in the cyst (suppuration, calcification), and also on the level of the lesion in the bile ducts. They were seen in the lesion of the segmental ducts 1.5 times less (18%) often than in the lesion of the hepatic ducts (25.7%). Early diagnosis, adequate surgical treatment, characteristics of pathological alterations in the cyst and bile ducts influence treatment outcomes. Postoperative complications arose in 25.9% cases with lethality 1.4%. These complications were diagnosed 6 times less often after elimination of the residual cavity, suturing of bile fistulas or other methods (resection, pericyctectomy) application than after drainage of the residual cavity.
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Choi MS, Choi D, Choi MH, Ji Z, Li Z, Cho SY, Hong KS, Rim HJ, Hong ST. Correlation between sonographic findings and infection intensity in clonorchiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73:1139-44. [PMID: 16354827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This prospective study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of sonography in terms of the intensity of Clonorchis sinensis infection. Total 1,384 residents were subjected to this study at an endemic area in China, in which a clonorchiasis control program had been performed. History taking, fecal examination, and sonography were performed, and 87.8% of the subjects were found to be egg positive. Sonography showed intrahepatic bile duct dilatation (IHDD) in 68.4% of the subjects, increased periductal echogenicity (IPDE) in 24.5%, and gallbladder sludge (GBS) in 20.8%. Moreover, the grades of these sonographic findings were higher in subjects with heavier infections as determined by egg counts. IHDD was found to be the most accurate sonographic indicator of any infection degree (76.3), whereas IPDE and GBS were useful only in cases of heavy infection. Subjective symptoms were found to be only poorly correlated with sonographic findings or infection intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Seok Choi
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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36
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O'Hara SP, Huang BQ, Chen XM, Nelson J, LaRusso NF. DISTRIBUTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM SPOROZOITE APICAL ORGANELLES DURING ATTACHMENT TO AND INTERNALIZATION BY CULTURED BILIARY EPITHELIAL CELLS. J Parasitol 2005; 91:995-9. [PMID: 16419739 DOI: 10.1645/ge-495r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence supports an active role for host cells during Cryptosporidium parvum invasion of epithelia, our knowledge of the underlying parasite-specific processes triggering such events is limited. In an effort to better understand the invasion strategy of C. parvum, we characterized the presence and distribution of the apical organelles (micronemes, dense granules, and rhoptry) through the stages of attachment to, and internalization by, human biliary epithelia, using serial-section electron microscopy. Novel findings include an apparent organized rearrangement of micronemes upon host cell attachment. The apically segregated micronemes were apposed to a central microtubule-like filamentous structure, and the more distal micronemes localized to the periphery and apical region of the parasite during internalization, coinciding with the formation of the anterior vacuole. The morphological observations presented here extend our understanding of parasite-specific processes that occur during attachment to, and internalization by, host epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P O'Hara
- The Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Karadag B, Bilici A, Doventas A, Kantarci F, Selcuk D, Dincer N, Oner YA, Erdincler DS. An unusual case of biliary obstruction caused by Dicrocoelium dentriticum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 37:385-8. [PMID: 16051581 DOI: 10.1080/00365540510031430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dicrocoelium dentriticum (D. dentriticum) is a liver fluke induced biliary obstruction. Infection usually occurs in herbivores such as sheep, goats and deer; human infection is very rarely encountered in clinical practice. We report on a 65-y-old female presenting with biliary obstruction caused by D. dentriticum. Following treatment with triclobendazole, her symptoms disappeared, and laboratory values returned to normal range within 6 months. Parasitosis is an important cause of biliary obstruction. We suggest that for patients presenting with biliary obstruction, D. dentriticum should be included in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Karadag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Agustí C, Aznar FJ, Raga JA. Tetraphyllidean plerocercoids from Western Mediterranean cetaceans and other marine mammals around the world: a comprehensive morphological analysis. J Parasitol 2005; 91:83-92. [PMID: 15856877 DOI: 10.1645/ge-372r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraphyllidean plerocercoids have occasionally been reported in marine mammals, but they have rarely been described in detail, and the ecological significance of these infections is unclear. We described plerocercoids collected from the mucosa of the terminal colon and rectum, the anal crypts, and the hepatopancreatic ducts of 7 striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba, 1 Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris, and 3 Risso's dolphins Grampus griseus from the Spanish Mediterranean. We also examined undescribed plerocercoids from 3 cetacean species from the Atlantic and the Pacific. All plerocercoids had a lanceolate body, and a scolex with an apical sucker and 4 sessile monolocular bothridia. The bothridia had free posterior edges and an accessory sucker at their anterior end. Under light microscopy, the bothridia of some Mediterranean specimens looked bilocular without accessory suckers, but a true accessory sucker was observed in histological sections. A principal component analysis revealed 2 stable clusters of specimens along the first principal component regardless of host species. These "large" and "small" morphotypes are thought to represent early migratory stages of Phyllobothrium delphini and Monorygma grimaldii. The similarity in scolex morphology, the observation of plerocercoids buried in intestinal regions close to the sites where M. grimaldii and P. delphini occur, and the coexistence of all larval forms in the same individual hosts would support this hypothesis. Future molecular analysis may confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Agustí
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
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Kovalenko FP, Chernikova EA, Mikhelev VI, Shatverian GA. [Experimental grounds of a new concept of Opisthorchis felineus infection formation in a definitive host]. Parazitologiia 2005; 39:257-62. [PMID: 16033228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the course of experiments in was found out that golden hamsters having the bilious duct operationally blocked display receptivity to the infection with the non-excysted Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae passed to the stomach. Excysted metacercariae injected to the system of the portal vein settle down in the bilious pathways of the liver and develop there up to the adult stage. In vitro, the metacercariae survive in the blood serum of the intact golden hamsters during one day. Based on the experiments, it is hypothesized that the early stage of O. felineus infection in the bilious duct of definitive hosts is performed by means of hematogenic migration of metacercariae through the portal veins system from the mucous layer of the alimentary tract of the host.
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Fauquier D, Gulland F, Haulena M, Dailey M, Rietcheck RL, Lipscomb TP. Meningoencephalitis in Two Stranded California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) Caused by Aberrant Trematode Migration. J Wildl Dis 2004; 40:816-9. [PMID: 15650108 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-40.4.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Meningoencephalitis caused by aberrant trematode migration is described in two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) admitted to a rehabilitation hospital between May and August 2001. Both animals displayed seizure activity and were euthanized due to poor response to therapy. Gross abnormal findings included liver flukes (Zalophotrema hepaticum) in the bile ducts and areas of swelling and necrosis in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. Histopathology revealed meningoencephalitis with necrosis, hemorrhage, and many trematode eggs within the brain. In one sea lion, an adult trematode was found on the surface of the cerebrum. These are believed to be the first reported cases of meningoencephalitis caused by aberrant trematode migration in pinnipeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Fauquier
- The Marine Mammal Center, Marin Headlands, 1065 Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, California 95965, USA
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Chen XM, Splinter PL, Tietz PS, Huang BQ, Billadeau DD, LaRusso NF. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Frabin Mediate Cryptosporidium parvum Cellular Invasion via Activation of Cdc42. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31671-8. [PMID: 15133042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401592200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum invades target epithelia via a mechanism that involves host cell actin reorganization. We previously demonstrated that C. parvum activates the Cdc42/neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein network in host cells resulting in actin remodeling at the host cell-parasite interface, thus facilitating C. parvum cellular invasion. Here, we tested the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and frabin, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor specific for Cdc42 in the activation of Cdc42 during C. parvum infection of biliary epithelial cells. We found that C. parvum infection of cultured human biliary epithelial cells induced the accumulation of PI3K at the host cell-parasite interface and resulted in the activation of PI3K in infected cells. Frabin also was recruited to the host cell-parasite interface, a process inhibited by two PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002. The cellular expression of either a dominant negative mutant of PI3K (PI3K-Deltap85) or functionally deficient mutants of frabin inhibited C. parvum-induced Cdc42 accumulation at the host cell-parasite interface. Moreover, LY294002 abolished C. parvum-induced Cdc42 activation in infected cells. Inhibition of PI3K by cellular overexpression of PI3K-Deltap85 or by wortmannin or LY294002, as well as inhibition of frabin by various functionally deficient mutants, decreased C. parvum-induced actin accumulation and inhibited C. parvum cellular invasion. In contrast, the overexpression of the p85 subunit of PI3K promoted C. parvum invasion. Our data suggest that an important component of the complex process of C. parvum invasion of target epithelia results from the ability of the organism to trigger host cell PI3K/frabin signaling to activate the Cdc42 pathway, resulting in host cell actin remodeling at the host cell-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Chen
- The Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
The mouse bile duct tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma requires beetles as the obligatory intermediate host. However, when congenitally athymic NMRI-nu mice were infected with the mature tapeworm and allowed to eat their own faeces with tapeworm eggs, the oncospheres penetrated the intestinal tissue and developed to cysticercoids. After excysting, growth to adult worms occurs in the lumen of the small intestine and bile duct. Furthermore, the same happened when NMRI-nu mice, non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/Shi-scid) mice and NOD/Shi-scid, IL-2 Rgamma(null) (NOG) mice were orally inoculated with shell-free eggs of this parasite. Differences between the cysticercoids of H. microstoma and H. nana developed in the mouse intestinal tissues were: (i) the time course for the development of fully matured cysticercoids of H. microstoma in mice was about 11 days but only 4 days for H. nana; and (ii) cysticercoids of H. microstoma developed in mice had a tail while those of H. nana had none.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andreassen
- Parasitological Laboratory, Department of Population Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Huang BQ, Chen XM, LaRusso NF. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM ATTACHMENT TO AND INTERNALIZATION BY HUMAN BILIARY EPITHELIA IN VITRO: A MORPHOLOGIC STUDY. J Parasitol 2004; 90:212-21. [PMID: 15165040 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms by which Cryptosporidium parvum infects epithelial cells, we performed a detailed morphological study by serial electron microscopy to assess attachment to and internalization of biliary epithelial cells by C. parvum in an in vitro model of human biliary cryptosporidiosis. When C. parvum sporozoites initially attach to the host cell membrane, the rhoptry of the sporozoite extends to the attachment site; both micronemes and dense granules are recruited to the apical complex region of the attached parasite. During internalization, numerous vacuoles covered by the parasite's plasma membrane are formed and cluster together to establish a preparasitophorous vacuole. This preparasitophorous vacuole comes in contact with host cell membrane to form a host cell-parasite membrane interface, beneath which an electron-dense band begins to appear within the host cell cytoplasm. Simultaneously, host cells display membrane protrusion along the edge of the host cell-parasite membrane interface, resulting in the formation of a mature parasitophorous vacuole that completely covers the parasite. During internalization, vacuole-like structures appear in the apical complex region of the attached sporozoite, which bud out into host cells. A tunnel directly connecting the parasite to the host cell cytoplasm forms during internalization and remains when the parasite is totally internalized. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that sporozoite-associated proteins were localized along the dense band and at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. These morphological observations provide evidence that secretion of parasite apical organelles and protrusion of host cell membrane play an important role in the attachment and internalization of host epithelial cells by C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Q Huang
- The Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic and Foundation, 200 First Street, Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Rauniyar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis & Medical Imaging, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
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Lippert U, Schottelius J, Manegold C. [Disseminated microspiridiosis (Encephalitozoon intestinalis) in a patient with HIV infection]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003; 128:1769-72. [PMID: 12934171 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS A 39-year-old patient with advanced HIV infection was admitted to our hospital with a 6-month history of diarrhoea, abdominal pain and pansinusitis. INVESTIGATIONS Ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed cholangitis of the larger bile ducts. Stool examinations and coloscopy were unremarkable. No pathogenic organisms were identified by routine investigations. Finally, microsporidia of the genus encephalitozoon were diagnosed by electron microscopy in biopsies from the bile duct and the nasal mucous membrane and in stool samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TREATMENT AND COURSE Albendazole treatment was successful. The cholestatic liver tests and the ultrasound findings normalized. Control tests of stool, bile and nasal secretions by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and PCR were negative. CONCLUSION Microsporidia, along with human cytomegalovirus, cryptosporida and mycobacteria other than tuberculosis are increasingly recognized as causing opportunistic infections in immunodeficient patients, especially in AIDS-related cholangitis. Some species can cause systemic infection. Therefore microsporidia infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all patients with immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lippert
- Klinische Abteilung (Chefarzt Prof. Dr. G. Burchard)
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Chen XM, Huang BQ, Splinter PL, Cao H, Zhu G, McNiven MA, LaRusso NF. Cryptosporidium parvum invasion of biliary epithelia requires host cell tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin via c-Src. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:216-28. [PMID: 12851885 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cryptosporidium parvum invasion of epithelia requires polymerization of host cell actin at the attachment site. We analyzed the role of host cell c-Src, a cytoskeleton-associated protein tyrosine kinase, in C. parvum invasion of biliary epithelia. METHODS In vitro models of biliary cryptosporidiosis using a human biliary epithelial cell line were used to assay the role of c-Src signaling pathway in C. parvum invasion. RESULTS c-Src and cortactin, an actin-binding protein and a substrate for c-Src, were recruited to the parasite-host cell interface during C. parvum invasion. Tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in infected cells was also detected. Inhibition of host cell c-Src significantly blocked C. parvum -induced accumulation and tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin and actin polymerization at the attachment sites, thereby inhibiting C. parvum invasion of biliary epithelial cells. A triple mutation of tyrosine of cortactin in the epithelia also diminished C. parvum invasion. In addition, proteins originating from the parasite were detected within infected cells at the parasite-host cell interface. Antiserum against C. parvum membrane proteins blocked accumulation of c-Src and cortactin and significantly decreased C. parvum invasion. No accumulation of the endocytosis-related proteins, dynamin 2 and clathrin, was found at the parasite-host cell interface; also, inhibition of dynamin 2 did not block C. parvum invasion. CONCLUSIONS C. parvum invasion of biliary epithelial cells requires host cell tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin by a c-Src-mediated signaling pathway to induce actin polymerization at the attachment site, a process associated with microbial secretion but independent of host cell endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Chen
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Chen C, Gulati P, French SW. Pathologic quiz case: a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and an unusual biliary infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:243-4. [PMID: 12562247 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-243-pq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance 90502, USA.
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Agaev RM. [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcosis with bile ducts affection]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2002:58-63. [PMID: 12380190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Terasaki K, Noda Y, Itagaki T, Shibahara T, Tsuchiya K, Fukuda K, Inoue Y, Iwamura M, Hino A. The rat-like hamster, Tscherskia triton, as a host for the parthenogenetic liver fluke Fasciola sp. J Parasitol 2002; 88:1035-7. [PMID: 12435155 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1035:trlhtt]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacercariae of parthenogenetic Fasciola sp. triploid were inoculated into the rat-like hamster Tscherskia triton. Flukes at various stages of growth were found in the bile ducts of all 8 (50%) animals that survived from 42 to 90 days. The body length to width ratio ranged from 1.8 to 2.9, and flukes with the highest ratio were passed 68 days after inoculation. Our results indicate that T. triton is a suitable host for experimental infection when induced by a small number of metacercariae (less than 5) of Fasciola sp.
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Chen XM, Levine SA, Splinter PL, Tietz PS, Ganong AL, Jobin C, Gores GJ, Paya CV, LaRusso NF. Cryptosporidium parvum activates nuclear factor kappaB in biliary epithelia preventing epithelial cell apoptosis. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:1774-83. [PMID: 11375958 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Our previous studies have shown that Cryptosporidium parvum induces biliary epithelial cell apoptosis in vivo and causes apoptosis in bystander uninfected biliary epithelia in vitro. We analyzed C. parvum-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in human biliary epithelial cells and assessed its relevance to epithelial cell apoptosis. METHODS In vitro models of cryptosporidial infection using a human biliary epithelial cell line were used to assay C. parvum- induced NF-kappaB activation and associated apoptosis. RESULTS Degradation of I(kappa)B and nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB family of proteins (p65 and p50) were observed in the biliary epithelial cell cultures directly exposed to the parasite. Activation of NF-kappaB was found only in directly infected cells (but not in bystander uninfected cells). A time-dependent secretion of a known NF-kappaB gene product, interleukin 8, from infected cell cultures was detected. C. parvum-induced biliary epithelial cell apoptosis was limited to bystander uninfected cells. In contrast, inhibition of NF-kappaB activation resulted in apoptosis in directly infected cells and significantly enhanced C. parvum-induced apoptosis in bystander uninfected cells. CONCLUSIONS These observations support the concept that, while C. parvum triggers host cell apoptosis in bystander uninfected biliary epithelial cells, which may limit spread of the infection, it directly activates the NF-kappaB/I(kappa)B system in infected biliary epithelia thus protecting infected cells from death and facilitating parasite survival and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Chen
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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