1
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Israeli T, Riahi Y, Garzon P, Louzada RA, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Blandino-Rosano M, Yeroslaviz-Stolper R, Kadosh L, Tornovsky-Babeay S, Hacker G, Israeli N, Agmon O, Tirosh B, Cerasi E, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Leibowitz G. Nutrient Sensor mTORC1 Regulates Insulin Secretion by Modulating β-Cell Autophagy. Diabetes 2022; 71:453-469. [PMID: 34862201 PMCID: PMC8893949 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of autophagy in β-cells by cycles of fasting-feeding and its effects on insulin secretion are unknown. In β-cells, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is inhibited while fasting and is rapidly stimulated during refeeding by a single amino acid, leucine, and glucose. Stimulation of mTORC1 by nutrients inhibited the autophagy initiator ULK1 and the transcription factor TFEB, thereby preventing autophagy when β-cells were continuously exposed to nutrients. Inhibition of mTORC1 by Raptor knockout mimicked the effects of fasting and stimulated autophagy while inhibiting insulin secretion, whereas moderate inhibition of autophagy under these conditions rescued insulin secretion. These results show that mTORC1 regulates insulin secretion through modulation of autophagy under different nutritional situations. In the fasting state, autophagy is regulated in an mTORC1-dependent manner, and its stimulation is required to keep insulin levels low, thereby preventing hypoglycemia. Reciprocally, stimulation of mTORC1 by elevated leucine and glucose, which is common in obesity, may promote hyperinsulinemia by inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Israeli
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Riahi
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Perla Garzon
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruy Andrade Louzada
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Joao Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Manuel Blandino-Rosano
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Roni Yeroslaviz-Stolper
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Kadosh
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharona Tornovsky-Babeay
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilad Hacker
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitzan Israeli
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Agmon
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- Stress Signaling Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Erol Cerasi
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Gil Leibowitz
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Corresponding author: Gil Leibowitz,
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2
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Hu Y, He T, Zhu J, Wang X, Tong J, Li Z, Dong J. The Link between Circadian Clock Genes and Autophagy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2689600. [PMID: 34733115 PMCID: PMC8560276 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2689600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive respiratory disease, is characterized by the alveolar epithelium injury and persistent airway inflammation. It is documented that oscillation and dysregulated expression of circadian clock genes, like Bmal1, Per1, and Per2, involved in COPD pathogenies, including chronic inflammation and imbalanced autophagy level, and targeting the associations of circadian rhythm and autophagy is promising strategies in the management and treatment of COPD. Herein, we reviewed the mechanisms of the circadian clock and the unbalance of the autophagic level in COPD, as well as the link between the two, so as to provide further theoretical bases for the study on the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuedi Hu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tiantian He
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiabing Tong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zegeng Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Koda S, Zhang B, Zhou QY, Xu N, Li J, Liu JX, Liu M, Lv ZY, Wang JL, Shi Y, Gao S, Yu Q, Li XY, Xu YH, Chen JX, Tekengne BOT, Adzika GK, Tang RX, Sun H, Zheng KY, Yan C. β2-Adrenergic Receptor Enhances the Alternatively Activated Macrophages and Promotes Biliary Injuries Caused by Helminth Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754208. [PMID: 34733286 PMCID: PMC8558246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system has been studied for its involvement in the control of macrophages; however, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the adrenergic receptors and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) remain obscure. Using FVB wild-type and beta 2 adrenergic receptors knockout, we found that β2-AR deficiency alleviates hepatobiliary damage in mice infected with C. sinensis. Moreover, β2-AR-deficient mice decrease the activation and infiltration of M2 macrophages and decrease the production of type 2 cytokines, which are associated with a significant decrease in liver fibrosis in infected mice. Our in vitro results on bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed that macrophages from Adrb2-/- mice significantly decrease M2 markers and the phosphorylation of ERK/mTORC1 induced by IL-4 compared to that observed in M2 macrophages from Adrb2+/+ . This study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the β2-AR enhances type 2 immune response through the ERK/mTORC1 signaling pathway in macrophages and their role in liver fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology
- Bile Ducts/parasitology
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonorchiasis/complications
- Clonorchiasis/immunology
- Clonorchiasis/physiopathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/parasitology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/parasitology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages/classification
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/physiology
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Man Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanbiao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yin-Hai Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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4
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Teixeira V, Martins TS, Prinz WA, Costa V. Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1), Protein Kinase A (PKA) and Cytosolic pH Regulate a Transcriptional Circuit for Lipid Droplet Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9017. [PMID: 34445723 PMCID: PMC8396576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that fulfill essential roles in response to metabolic cues. The identification of several neutral lipid synthesizing and regulatory protein complexes have propelled significant advance on the mechanisms of LD biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, our understanding of signaling networks, especially transcriptional mechanisms, regulating membrane biogenesis is very limited. Here, we show that the nutrient-sensing Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1) regulates LD formation at a transcriptional level, by targeting DGA1 expression, in a Sit4-, Mks1-, and Sfp1-dependent manner. We show that cytosolic pH (pHc), co-regulated by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase Pma1 and the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), acts as a second messenger, upstream of protein kinase A (PKA), to adjust the localization and activity of the major transcription factor repressor Opi1, which in turn controls the metabolic switch between phospholipid metabolism and lipid storage. Together, this work delineates hitherto unknown molecular mechanisms that couple nutrient availability and pHc to LD formation through a transcriptional circuit regulated by major signaling transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Teixeira
- Yeast Signalling Networks, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (V.C.)
- Yeast Signalling Networks, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Telma S. Martins
- Yeast Signalling Networks, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (V.C.)
- Yeast Signalling Networks, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - William A. Prinz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Vítor Costa
- Yeast Signalling Networks, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.S.M.); (V.C.)
- Yeast Signalling Networks, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Daher M, Basar R, Gokdemir E, Baran N, Uprety N, Nunez Cortes AK, Mendt M, Kerbauy LN, Banerjee PP, Shanley M, Imahashi N, Li L, Lim FLWI, Fathi M, Rezvan A, Mohanty V, Shen Y, Shaim H, Lu J, Ozcan G, Ensley E, Kaplan M, Nandivada V, Bdiwi M, Acharya S, Xi Y, Wan X, Mak D, Liu E, Jiang XR, Ang S, Muniz-Feliciano L, Li Y, Wang J, Kordasti S, Petrov N, Varadarajan N, Marin D, Brunetti L, Skinner RJ, Lyu S, Silva L, Turk R, Schubert MS, Rettig GR, McNeill MS, Kurgan G, Behlke MA, Li H, Fowlkes NW, Chen K, Konopleva M, Champlin RE, Shpall EJ, Rezvani K. Targeting a cytokine checkpoint enhances the fitness of armored cord blood CAR-NK cells. Blood 2021; 137:624-636. [PMID: 32902645 PMCID: PMC7869185 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy has resulted in remarkable improvements in the outcome for certain cancers. To broaden the clinical impact of checkpoint targeting, we devised a strategy that couples targeting of the cytokine-inducible Src homology 2-containing (CIS) protein, a key negative regulator of interleukin 15 (IL-15) signaling, with fourth-generation "armored" chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering of cord blood-derived natural killer (NK) cells. This combined strategy boosted NK cell effector function through enhancing the Akt/mTORC1 axis and c-MYC signaling, resulting in increased aerobic glycolysis. When tested in a lymphoma mouse model, this combined approach improved NK cell antitumor activity more than either alteration alone, eradicating lymphoma xenografts without signs of any measurable toxicity. We conclude that targeting a cytokine checkpoint further enhances the antitumor activity of IL-15-secreting armored CAR-NK cells by promoting their metabolic fitness and antitumor activity. This combined approach represents a promising milestone in the development of the next generation of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Daher
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Rafet Basar
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Elif Gokdemir
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Natalia Baran
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nadima Uprety
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | | | - Mayela Mendt
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Lucila Nassif Kerbauy
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mayra Shanley
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | | | - Li Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | | | - Mohsen Fathi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ali Rezvan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Vakul Mohanty
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yifei Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hila Shaim
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Junjun Lu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Gonca Ozcan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Emily Ensley
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Mecit Kaplan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | | | - Mustafa Bdiwi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Sunil Acharya
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Yuanxin Xi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xinhai Wan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Duncan Mak
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Enli Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Xin Ru Jiang
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Sonny Ang
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | | | - Ye Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shahram Kordasti
- System Cancer Immunology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nedyalko Petrov
- System Cancer Immunology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - David Marin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
| | - Lorenzo Brunetti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Shangrong Lyu
- C.T. Bauer College of Business, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Leiser Silva
- C.T. Bauer College of Business, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Rolf Turk
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Heng Li
- Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA; and
| | - Natalie W Fowlkes
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and
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6
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Lu X, Paliogiannis P, Calvisi DF, Chen X. Role of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway in Liver Cancer: From Molecular Genetics to Targeted Therapies. Hepatology 2021; 73 Suppl 1:49-61. [PMID: 32394479 PMCID: PMC7655627 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), are highly lethal tumors, with high worldwide frequency and few effective treatment options. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism that integrates inputs from amino acids, nutrients, and extracellular signals. The mTOR protein is incorporated into two distinct complexes: mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Specifically, mTORC1 regulates protein synthesis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and autophagy, whereas mTORC2 promotes liver tumorigenesis through modulating the adenine/cytosine/guanine family of serine/threonine kinases, especially the protein kinase B proteins. In human HCC and iCCA samples, genomics analyses have revealed the frequent deregulation of the mTOR complexes. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the key role of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in liver-tumor development and progression. The first-generation mTOR inhibitors have been evaluated for effectiveness in liver-tumor treatment and have provided unsatisfactory results. Current research efforts are devoted to generating more efficacious mTOR inhibitors and identifying biomarkers for patient selection as well as for combination therapies. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the mechanisms leading to a deregulated mTOR signaling cascade in liver cancers, the mechanisms whereby the mTOR pathway contributes to HCC and iCCA molecular pathogenesis, the therapeutic strategies, and the challenges to effectively inhibit mTOR in liver-cancer treatment. Conclusion: Deregulated mTOR signaling significantly contributes to HCC and iCCA molecular pathogenesis. mTOR inhibitors, presumably administered in association with other drugs, might be effective against subsets of human liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Lu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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7
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Yao Y, Hong S, Ikeda T, Mori H, MacDougald OA, Nada S, Okada M, Inoki K. Amino Acids Enhance Polyubiquitination of Rheb and Its Binding to mTORC1 by Blocking Lysosomal ATXN3 Deubiquitinase Activity. Mol Cell 2020; 80:437-451.e6. [PMID: 33157014 PMCID: PMC7665239 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amino-acid-induced lysosomal mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) localization through the Rag GTPases is a critical step for its activation by Rheb GTPase. However, how the mTORC1 interacts with Rheb on the lysosome remains elusive. We report that amino acids enhance the polyubiquitination of Rheb (Ub-Rheb), which shows a strong binding preference for mTORC1 and supports its activation, while the Ub-Rheb is subjected to subsequent degradation. Mechanistically, we identified ATXN3 as a Ub-Rheb deubiquitinase whose lysosomal localization is blocked by active Rag heterodimer in response to amino acid stimulation. Consistently, cells lacking functional Rag heterodimer on the lysosome accumulate Ub-Rheb, and blockade of its degradation instigates robust lysosomal mTORC1 localization and its activation without the Ragulator-Rag system. Thus, polyubiquitination of Rheb is an important post-translational modification, which facilitates the binding of mTORC1 to Rheb on the lysosome and is another crosstalk between the amino acid and growth factor signaling for mTORC1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
| | - Sungki Hong
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1137 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1137 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368, USA
| | - Shigeyuki Nada
- Department of Oncogene Research, the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Inoki
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1137 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368, USA.
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8
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Kumar V, Kurth T, Zheleznova NN, Yang C, Cowley AW. NOX4/H 2O 2/mTORC1 Pathway in Salt-Induced Hypertension and Kidney Injury. Hypertension 2020; 76:133-143. [PMID: 32475313 PMCID: PMC10629473 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that a high-salt (4.0% NaCl) dietary intake activates mTORC1 and inhibition of this pathway with rapamycin blunts the chronic phase of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. In SS rats, high-salt intake is known to increase the renal production of H2O2 by NOX4, the most abundant NOX isoform in the kidney, and the global knockout of NOX4 blunts salt-sensitivity in these rats. Here, we explored the hypothesis that elevations of H2O2 by NOX4 in high-salt fed SS rat stimulate mTORC1 for the full development of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury. Our in vitro studies found that H2O2 activates mTORC1 independent of PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways. To determine the in vivo relevance of NOX4/H2O2/mTORC1 in the salt-induced hypertension, SS-Nox4 knockout (SSNox4-/-) rats were daily administrated with vehicle/rapamycin fed a high-salt diet for 21 days. Rapamycin treatment of SSNox4-/- rats had shown no augmented effect on the salt-induced hypertension nor upon indices of renal injury. Significant reductions of renal T lymphocyte and macrophage together with inhibition of cell proliferation were observed in rapamycin treated rats suggesting a role of mTORC1 independent of NOX4 in the proliferation of immune cell. Given the direct activation of mTORC1 by H2O2 and absence of any further protection from salt-induced hypertension in rapamycin-treated SSNox4-/- rats, we conclude that NOX4-H2O2 is a major upstream activator of mTORC1 that contributes importantly to salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in the SS rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | - Chun Yang
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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9
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Abstract
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10) is an adaptor protein that binds to the insulin receptor, upon which insulin signaling and action are thought to be inhibited. Grb10 is also a substrate for the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) that mediates its feedback inhibition on phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling. To characterize the function of Grb10 and its regulation by mTORC1 in human muscle, primary skeletal muscle cells were isolated from healthy lean young men and then induced to differentiate into myotubes. Knockdown of Grb10 enhanced insulin-induced PI3K/Akt signaling and glucose uptake in myotubes, reinforcing the notion underlying its function as a negative regulator of insulin action in human muscle. The increased insulin responsiveness in Grb10-silenced myotubes was associated with a higher abundance of the insulin receptor. Furthermore, insulin and amino acids independently and additively stimulated phosphorylation of Grb10 at Ser476. However, acute inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin blocked Grb10 Ser476 phosphorylation and repressed a negative-feedback loop on PI3K/Akt signaling that increased myotube responsiveness to insulin. Chronic rapamycin treatment reduced Grb10 protein abundance in conjunction with increased insulin receptor protein levels. Based on these findings, we propose that mTORC1 controls PI3K/Akt signaling through modulation of insulin receptor abundance by Grb10. These findings have potential implications for obesity-linked insulin resistance, as well as clinical use of mTORC1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlin M Edick
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivia Auclair
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sergio A Burgos
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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10
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Ling NXY, Kaczmarek A, Hoque A, Davie E, Ngoei KRW, Morrison KR, Smiles WJ, Forte GM, Wang T, Lie S, Dite TA, Langendorf CG, Scott JW, Oakhill JS, Petersen J. mTORC1 directly inhibits AMPK to promote cell proliferation under nutrient stress. Nat Metab 2020; 2:41-49. [PMID: 31993556 PMCID: PMC6986917 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Central to cellular metabolism and cell proliferation are highly conserved signalling pathways controlled by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)1,2, dysregulation of which are implicated in pathogenesis of major human diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. AMPK pathways leading to reduced cell proliferation are well established and, in part, act through inhibition of TOR complex-1 (TORC1) activity. Here we demonstrate reciprocal regulation, specifically that TORC1 directly down-regulates AMPK signalling by phosphorylating the evolutionarily conserved residue Ser367 in the fission yeast AMPK catalytic subunit Ssp2, and AMPK α1Ser347/α2Ser345 in the mammalian homologs, which is associated with reduced phosphorylation of activation loop Thr172. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TORC1 signalling led to AMPK activation in the absence of increased AMP:ATP ratios; under nutrient stress conditions this was associated with growth limitation in both yeast and human cell cultures. Our findings reveal fundamental, bi-directional regulation between two major metabolic signalling networks and uncover new opportunity for cancer treatment strategies aimed at suppressing cell proliferation in the nutrient-poor tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi X Y Ling
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian Kaczmarek
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Davie
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaitlin R Morrison
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Tingting Wang
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shervi Lie
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Toby A Dite
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Christopher G Langendorf
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John W Scott
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Janni Petersen
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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11
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Schaub T, Gürgen D, Maus D, Lange C, Tarabykin V, Dragun D, Hegner B. mTORC1 and mTORC2 Differentially Regulate Cell Fate Programs to Coordinate Osteoblastic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20071. [PMID: 31882658 PMCID: PMC6934532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular regeneration depends on intact function of progenitors of vascular smooth muscle cells such as pericytes and their circulating counterparts, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). Deregulated MSC differentiation and maladaptive cell fate programs associated with age and metabolic diseases may exacerbate arteriosclerosis due to excessive transformation to osteoblast-like calcifying cells. Targeting mTOR, a central controller of differentiation and cell fates, could offer novel therapeutic perspectives. In a cell culture model for osteoblastic differentiation of pluripotent human MSC we found distinct roles for mTORC1 and mTORC2 in the regulation of differentiation towards calcifying osteoblasts via cell fate programs in a temporally-controlled sequence. Activation of mTORC1 with induction of cellular senescence and apoptosis were hallmarks of transition to a calcifying phenotype. Inhibition of mTORC1 with Rapamycin elicited reciprocal activation of mTORC2, enhanced autophagy and recruited anti-apoptotic signals, conferring protection from calcification. Pharmacologic and genetic negative interference with mTORC2 function or autophagy both abolished regenerative programs but induced cellular senescence, apoptosis, and calcification. Overexpression of the mTORC2 constituent rictor revealed that enhanced mTORC2 signaling without altered mTORC1 function was sufficient to inhibit calcification. Studies in mice reproduced the in vitro effects of mTOR modulation with Rapamycin on cell fates in vascular cells in vivo. Amplification of mTORC2 signaling promotes protective cell fates including autophagy to counteract osteoblast differentiation and calcification of MSC, representing a novel mTORC2 function. Regenerative approaches aimed at modulating mTOR network activation patterns hold promise for delaying age-related vascular diseases and treatment of accelerated arteriosclerosis in chronic metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theres Schaub
- Clinic for Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Gürgen
- Clinic for Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Deborah Maus
- Clinic for Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Junior Research Group 2: Metabolism of Microbial Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Lange
- Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Duska Dragun
- Clinic for Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Björn Hegner
- Clinic for Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Berlin, Germany
- Vivantes Ida Wolff Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Makanae Y, Ato S, Kido K, Fujita S. Dietary Aronia melanocarpa extract enhances mTORC1 signaling, but has no effect on protein synthesis and protein breakdown-related signaling, in response to resistance exercise in rat skeletal muscle. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:60. [PMID: 31829236 PMCID: PMC6907222 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursolic acid altered muscle protein metabolism in normal and resting conditions after acute resistance exercise, suggesting that eating fruits rich in ursolic acid could enhance muscle protein synthesis and decrease muscle degradation. Aronia melanocarpa, a member of the family Rosaceae and native to North America and Eastern Canada, is rich in ursolic acid. In this study, we examined the effects of A. melanocarpa extract (AME) supplementation on the mTORC1 signaling pathway and muscle degradation-related factors in rats, both alone and in combination with resistance exercise. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into AME and normal chow (NOR) groups. AME group was fed chow providing a dose of 3 g/kg of AME and 115 mg/kg of ursolic acid for 7 days, whereas NOR rats were fed normal powder chow. The right gastrocnemius muscle of each animal was isometrically exercised (5 sets of ten 3-s contractions, with a 7-s interval between contractions and 3-min rest intervals between sets), while the left gastrocnemius muscle served as an internal control. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess expression of factors involved in the mTORC1 signaling pathway and muscle degradation. RESULTS At 1 h after resistance exercise, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was significantly increased by AME consumption. At 6 h after resistance exercise, AME consumption significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt, p70S6K, rpS6, and AMPK. It also increased MAFbx expression. Furthermore, AME significantly increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K and rpS6 in response to resistance exercise. However, AME did not increase muscle protein synthesis (MPS) after resistance exercise. AME did not affect the expression of any of the mediators of protein degradation, with the exception of MAFbx. CONCLUSIONS Dietary AME enhanced mTORC1 activation in response to resistance exercise without increasing MPS. Moreover, it neither accelerated muscle protein degradation nor otherwise negatively affected protein metabolism. Further study is needed to clarify the effect of the combination of AME and chronic resistance training on muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Makanae
- Department of Physical Education, National Defense Academy, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
| | - Satoru Ato
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Envionmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga Japan
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13
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Mao B, Li L, Yan M, Wong CKC, Silvestrini B, Li C, Ge R, Lian Q, Cheng CY. F5-Peptide and mTORC1/rpS6 Effectively Enhance BTB Transport Function in the Testis-Lesson From the Adjudin Model. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1832-1853. [PMID: 31157869 PMCID: PMC6637795 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, the blood-testis barrier (BTB) undergoes cyclic remodeling that is crucial to support the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes across the immunological barrier at stage VIII to IX of the epithelial cycle. Studies have shown that this timely remodeling of the BTB is supported by several endogenously produced barrier modifiers across the seminiferous epithelium, which include the F5-peptide and the ribosomal protein S6 [rpS6; a downstream signaling molecule of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)] signaling protein. Herein, F5-peptide and a quadruple phosphomimetic (and constitutively active) mutant of rpS6 [i.e., phosphorylated (p-)rpS6-MT] that are capable of inducing reversible immunological barrier remodeling, by making the barrier "leaky" transiently, were used for their overexpression in the testis to induce BTB opening. We sought to examine whether this facilitated the crossing of the nonhormonal male contraceptive adjudin at the BTB when administered by oral gavage, thereby effectively improving its BTB transport to induce germ cell adhesion and aspermatogenesis. Indeed, it was shown that combined overexpression of F5-peptide and p-rpS6-MT and a low dose of adjudin, which by itself had no noticeable effects on spermatogenesis, was capable of perturbing the organization of actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons through changes in the spatial expression of actin- and MT-binding/regulatory proteins to the corresponding cytoskeleton. These findings thus illustrate the possibility of delivering drugs to any target organ behind a blood-tissue barrier by modifying the tight junction permeability barrier using endogenously produced barrier modifiers based on findings from this adjudin animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Mao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linxi Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Yan
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence: C. Yan Cheng, PhD, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065. E-mail:
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14
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Carlin D, Halevi AE, Ewan EE, Moore AM, Cavalli V. Nociceptor Deletion of Tsc2 Enhances Axon Regeneration by Inducing a Conditioning Injury Response in Dorsal Root Ganglia. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0168-19.2019. [PMID: 31182472 PMCID: PMC6595439 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0168-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons of the PNS are able to regenerate injured axons, a process requiring significant cellular resources to establish and maintain long-distance growth. Genetic activation of mTORC1, a potent regulator of cellular metabolism and protein translation, improves axon regeneration of peripheral neurons by an unresolved mechanism. To gain insight into this process, we activated mTORC1 signaling in mouse nociceptors via genetic deletion of its negative regulator Tsc2. Perinatal deletion of Tsc2 in nociceptors enhanced initial axon growth after sciatic nerve crush, however by 3 d post-injury axon elongation rate became similar to controls. mTORC1 inhibition prior to nerve injury was required to suppress the enhanced axon growth. Gene expression analysis in purified nociceptors revealed that Tsc2-deficient nociceptors had increased activity of regeneration-associated transcription factors (RATFs), including cJun and Atf3, in the absence of injury. Additionally, nociceptor deletion of Tsc2 activated satellite glial cells and macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a similar manner to nerve injury. Surprisingly, these changes improved axon length but not percentage of initiating axons in dissociated cultures. The pro-regenerative environment in naïve DRG was recapitulated by AAV8-mediated deletion of Tsc2 in adult mice, suggesting that this phenotype does not result from a developmental effect. Consistently, AAV8-mediated Tsc2 deletion did not improve behavioral recovery after a sciatic nerve crush injury despite initially enhanced axon growth. Together, these data show that neuronal mTORC1 activation induces an incomplete pro-regenerative environment in the DRG that improves initial but not later axon growth after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Carlin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Alexandra E Halevi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eric E Ewan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Amy M Moore
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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15
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SETIAWAN JAJAR, KOTANI TAKENORI, KONNO TASUKU, SAITO YASUYUKI, MURATA YOJI, NODA TETSUO, MATOZAKI TAKASHI. Regulation of Small Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis by Tsc2-mTORC1 Signaling. Kobe J Med Sci 2019; 64:E200-E209. [PMID: 31327863 PMCID: PMC6668652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a protein complex containing the serine/threonine kinase mTOR, integrates various growth stimulating signals. mTORC1 is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), whereas the physiological roles of this protein complex in homeostasis of IECs remain virtually unknown. We here generated mice, in which tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (Tsc2), a negative regulator of mTORC1, was specifically ablated in IECs (Tsc2 CKO mice). Ablation of Tsc2 enhanced the phosphorylation of mTORC1 downstream molecules such as ribosomal S6 protein and 4E-BP1 in IECs. Tsc2 CKO mice manifested the enhanced proliferative activity of IECs in intestinal crypts as well as the promoted migration of these cells along the crypt-villus axis. The mutant mice also manifested the increased apoptotic rate of IECs as well as the increased ectopic Paneth cells, which are one of the major differentiated IECs. In addition, in vitro study showed that ablation of Tsc2 promoted the development of intestinal organoids without epidermal growth factor, while mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, diminished this phenotype. Our results thus suggest that Tsc2-mTORC1 signaling regulates the proliferation, migration, and positioning of IECs, and thereby contributes to the proper regulation of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JAJAR SETIAWAN
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - TAKENORI KOTANI
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - TASUKU KONNO
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - YASUYUKI SAITO
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - YOJI MURATA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - TETSUO NODA
- Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - TAKASHI MATOZAKI
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Mutations in the pancreatic duodenal homeobox (PDX1) gene are associated with diabetes in humans. Pdx1-haploinsufficient mice also develop diabetes, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. To this end, we knocked down Pdx1 gene expression in mouse MIN6 insulinoma cells. Pdx1 suppression not only increased apoptotic cell death but also decreased cell proliferation, which was associated with a decrease in activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We found that in Pdx1-deficient mice, tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1) ablation in pancreatic β-cells restores β-cell mass, increases β-cell proliferation and size, decreases the number of TUNEL-positive cells and restores glucose tolerance after glucose challenge. In addition, Tsc1 ablation in pancreatic β-cells increases phosphorylation of initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) phosphorylation and 40S ribosomal protein S6, two downstream targets of mTORC1 indicating that Tsc1 mediates mTORC1 downregulation induced by Pdx1 suppression. These results suggest that the Tsc1-mTORC1 pathway plays an important role in mediating the decrease in β-cell proliferation and growth and the reduction in β-cell mass that occurs in Pdx1-deficient diabetes. Thus, mTORC1 may be target for therapeutic interventions in diabetes associated with reductions in β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- Department of MedicineThe University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liqun Mao
- Department of MedicineThe University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of GynecologyKey Research Laboratory of Gynecology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Decheng Ren
- Department of MedicineThe University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of GynecologyKey Research Laboratory of Gynecology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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17
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Abstract
Nitric oxide, produced by eNOS, plays critical roles in the regulation of vascular function and maintenance. Chronic PI3K signaling has recently been associated with vascular malformations. A well described substrate downstream of PI3K signaling is eNOS. Another critical downstream target of PI3K is the metabolic regulator, mTORc1. The relationship between mTORc1 and eNOS regulation, has not been determined. We generated cells with manipulated PI3K signaling by expressing the activating mutation, PIK3CAH1047R , or knocking down PTEN expression. We investigated eNOSS1177 phosphorylation, a major activating regulatory site, following mTORC1 inhibition. We also tested the sufficiency of mTORc1 activation to stimulate eNOSS1177 phosphorylation. Our data indicate mTORc1 activity is required for the phosphorylation of eNOSS1177 , even in the presence of robust AKT activation. Moreover, we found that expression of RHEB, which functions in the absence of AKT activation to activate mTORc1, is sufficient to phosphorylate this site. Our data indicate that mTORc1, rather than AKT, may be the critical determinant of eNOSS1177 phosphorylation. As mTORc1 is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, the finding that this regulatory complex can directly participate in the regulation of eNOS provides new insights into metabolic uncoupling and vascular disease that often accompanies diabetes, high fat diets, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandee Decker
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell BiologyAlbany Medical CollegeAlbanyNew York
| | - Kevin Pumiglia
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell BiologyAlbany Medical CollegeAlbanyNew York
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18
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André C, Catania C, Remus-Borel J, Ladeveze E, Leste-Lasserre T, Mazier W, Binder E, Gonzales D, Clark S, Guzman-Quevedo O, Abrous DN, Layé S, Cota D. mTORC1 pathway disruption abrogates the effects of the ciliary neurotrophic factor on energy balance and hypothalamic neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:325-334. [PMID: 29548998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) potently decreases food intake and body weight in diet-induced obese mice by acting through neuronal circuits and pathways located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. CNTF also exerts pro-inflammatory actions within the brain. Here we tested whether CNTF modifies energy balance by inducing inflammatory responses in the ARC and whether these effects depend upon the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, which regulates both energy metabolism and inflammation. To this purpose, chow- and high fat diet (HFD)- fed mice lacking the S6 kinase 1 (S6K1-/-), a downstream target of mTORC1, and their wild-type (WT) littermates received 12 days continuous intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of the CNTF analogue axokine (CNTFAx15). Behavioral, metabolic and molecular effects were evaluated. Central chronic administration of CNTFAx15 decreased body weight and feed efficiency in WT mice only, when fed HFD, but not chow. These metabolic effects correlated with increased number of iba-1 positive microglia specifically in the ARC and were accompanied by significant increases of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic iNOS and SOCS3 mRNA, molecular markers of pro-inflammatory response, were also increased by CNTFAx15. All these changes were absent in S6K1-/- mice. This study reveals that CNTFAx15 requires a functional S6K1 to modulate energy balance and hypothalamic inflammation in a diet-dependent fashion. Further investigations should determine whether S6K1 is a suitable target for the treatment of pathologies characterized by a high neuroinflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline André
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Caterina Catania
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Remus-Borel
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Ladeveze
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wilfrid Mazier
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elke Binder
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Gonzales
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Samantha Clark
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Omar Guzman-Quevedo
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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19
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Weng L, Han YP, Enomoto A, Kitaura Y, Nagamori S, Kanai Y, Asai N, An J, Takagishi M, Asai M, Mii S, Masuko T, Shimomura Y, Takahashi M. Negative regulation of amino acid signaling by MAPK-regulated 4F2hc/Girdin complex. PLoS Biol 2018. [PMID: 29538402 PMCID: PMC5868845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid signaling mediated by the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is fundamental to cell growth and metabolism. However, how cells negatively regulate amino acid signaling remains largely unknown. Here, we show that interaction between 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc), a subunit of multiple amino acid transporters, and the multifunctional hub protein girders of actin filaments (Girdin) down-regulates mTORC1 activity. 4F2hc interacts with Girdin in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)- and amino acid signaling–dependent manners to translocate to the lysosome. The resultant decrease in cell surface 4F2hc leads to lowered cytoplasmic glutamine (Gln) and leucine (Leu) content, which down-regulates amino acid signaling. Consistently, Girdin depletion augments amino acid-induced mTORC1 activation and inhibits amino acid deprivation–induced autophagy. These findings uncovered the mechanism underlying negative regulation of amino acid signaling, which may play a role in tightly regulated cell growth and metabolism. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) protein kinase is a master regulator of cell growth, which senses several extracellular signals, such as growth factors and nutrient levels, to coordinate cell metabolism. The activation of mTORC1 by amino acids requires many proteins such as Rag GTPase, GATOR, and Ragulator. However, how cells negatively regulate amino acid signaling remains largely unknown. In this study, we revealed that an endocytosis-related protein called Girdin negatively regulates amino acid–induced mTORC1 activation via the formation of a complex with 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc), a subunit of multiple amino acid transporters. We show that Girdin/4F2h complex formation requires growth factor-induced Girdin phosphorylation and amino acid–induced 4F2hc ubiquitination. We also find that the complex promotes the internalization of 4F2hc from the plasma membrane to the lysosomes. The subsequent decrease of 4F2hc in the cell surface results in a lower cytoplasmic glutamine and leucine content, which then down-regulates amino acid–induced mTORC1 activation. These findings uncover the mechanism underlying negative regulation of mTORC1 signaling, which may play a role in tightly regulated cell growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Weng
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (MT); (LW); (AE)
| | - Yi-Peng Han
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (MT); (LW); (AE)
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Department of Bio-System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jian An
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Kaifu District, Changsha, China
| | - Maki Takagishi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Masuko
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (MT); (LW); (AE)
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20
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Li SYT, Yan M, Chen H, Jesus T, Lee WM, Xiao X, Cheng CY. mTORC1/rpS6 regulates blood-testis barrier dynamics and spermatogenetic function in the testis in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E174-E190. [PMID: 29089336 PMCID: PMC5866417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00263.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB), conferred by Sertoli cells in the mammalian testis, is an important ultrastructure that supports spermatogenesis. Studies using animal models have shown that a disruption of the BTB leads to meiotic arrest, causing defects in spermatogenesis and male infertility. To better understand the regulation of BTB dynamics, we report findings herein to understand the role of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), a downstream signaling protein of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), in promoting BTB disruption in the testis in vivo, making the barrier "leaky." Overexpression of wild-type rpS6 (rpS6-WT, the full-length cDNA cloned into the mammalian expression vector pCI-neo) and a constitutively active quadruple phosphomimetic mutant cloned into pCI-neo (p-rpS6-MT) vs. control (empty pCI-neo vector) was achieved by transfecting adult rat testes with the corresponding plasmid DNA using a Polyplus in vivo-jetPEI transfection reagent. On the basis of an in vivo functional BTB integrity assay, p-rpS6-MT was found to induce BTB disruption better than rpS6-WT did (and no effects in empty vector control), leading to defects in spermatogenesis, including loss of spermatid polarity and failure in the transport of cells (e.g., spermatids) and organelles (e.g., phagosomes), to be followed by germ exfoliation. More important, rpS6-WT and p-rpS6-MT exert their disruptive effects through changes in the organization of actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons, which are mediated by changes in the spatiotemporal expression of actin- and MT-based binding and regulatory proteins. In short, mTORC1/rpS6 signaling complex is a regulator of spermatogenesis and BTB by modulating the organization of the actin- and MT-based cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y T Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, New York
| | - Ming Yan
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, New York
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haiqi Chen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, New York
| | - Tito Jesus
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, New York
| | - Will M Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council , New York, New York
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21
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Gordon BS, Steiner JL, Rossetti ML, Qiao S, Ellisen LW, Govindarajan SS, Eroshkin AM, Williamson DL, Coen PM. REDD1 induction regulates the skeletal muscle gene expression signature following acute aerobic exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E737-E747. [PMID: 28899858 PMCID: PMC5814598 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00120.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic stress placed on skeletal muscle by aerobic exercise promotes acute and long-term health benefits in part through changes in gene expression. However, the transducers that mediate altered gene expression signatures have not been completely elucidated. Regulated in development and DNA damage 1 (REDD1) is a stress-induced protein whose expression is transiently increased in skeletal muscle following acute aerobic exercise. However, the role of this induction remains unclear. Because REDD1 altered gene expression in other model systems, we sought to determine whether REDD1 induction following acute exercise altered the gene expression signature in muscle. To do this, wild-type and REDD1-null mice were randomized to remain sedentary or undergo a bout of acute treadmill exercise. Exercised mice recovered for 1, 3, or 6 h before euthanization. Acute exercise induced a transient increase in REDD1 protein expression within the plantaris only at 1 h postexercise, and the induction occurred in both cytosolic and nuclear fractions. At this time point, global changes in gene expression were surveyed using microarray. REDD1 induction was required for the exercise-induced change in expression of 24 genes. Validation by RT-PCR confirmed that the exercise-mediated changes in genes related to exercise capacity, muscle protein metabolism, neuromuscular junction remodeling, and Metformin action were negated in REDD1-null mice. Finally, the exercise-mediated induction of REDD1 was partially dependent upon glucocorticoid receptor activation. In all, these data show that REDD1 induction regulates the exercise-mediated change in a distinct set of genes within skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida;
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jennifer L Steiner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael L Rossetti
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Shuxi Qiao
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alexey M Eroshkin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - David L Williamson
- Kinesiology Program, School of Behavioral Sciences and Education, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg, Middletown, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Paul M Coen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida
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22
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Kishore M, Cheung KCP, Fu H, Bonacina F, Wang G, Coe D, Ward EJ, Colamatteo A, Jangani M, Baragetti A, Matarese G, Smith DM, Haas R, Mauro C, Wraith DC, Okkenhaug K, Catapano AL, De Rosa V, Norata GD, Marelli-Berg FM. Regulatory T Cell Migration Is Dependent on Glucokinase-Mediated Glycolysis. Immunity 2017; 47:875-889.e10. [PMID: 29166588 PMCID: PMC5714502 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Migration of activated regulatory T (Treg) cells to inflamed tissue is crucial for their immune-modulatory function. While metabolic reprogramming during Treg cell differentiation has been extensively studied, the bioenergetics of Treg cell trafficking remains undefined. We have investigated the metabolic demands of migrating Treg cells in vitro and in vivo. We show that glycolysis was instrumental for their migration and was initiated by pro-migratory stimuli via a PI3K-mTORC2-mediated pathway culminating in induction of the enzyme glucokinase (GCK). Subsequently, GCK promoted cytoskeletal rearrangements by associating with actin. Treg cells lacking this pathway were functionally suppressive but failed to migrate to skin allografts and inhibit rejection. Similarly, human carriers of a loss-of-function GCK regulatory protein gene-leading to increased GCK activity-had reduced numbers of circulating Treg cells. These cells displayed enhanced migratory activity but similar suppressive function, while conventional T cells were unaffected. Thus, GCK-dependent glycolysis regulates Treg cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Kishore
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - Kenneth C P Cheung
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Guosu Wang
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - David Coe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor J Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maryam Jangani
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples 80131, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Naples 80131, Italy
| | - David M Smith
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB40WG, UK
| | - Robert Haas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Postprandial suppression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and stimulation of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in the liver by insulin are essential for the metabolic homeostasis in the mammalian organism. The mechanism of coregulation of lipolysis and DNL is not clear. RECENT FINDINGS Insulin controls both lipolysis and DNL at the level of transcription via the same mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and FoxO1-mediated signaling pathways. SUMMARY mTORC1 suppresses lipolysis in adipose tissue and activates DNL in the liver, whereas FoxO1 has the opposite effect. Individual inputs of either mTORC1 or FoxO1 in the regulation of lipid metabolism may be difficult to evaluate because of the cross talk between these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Kandror
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Lee PL, Jung SM, Guertin DA. The Complex Roles of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin in Adipocytes and Beyond. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:319-339. [PMID: 28237819 PMCID: PMC5682923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Having healthy adipose tissue is essential for metabolic fitness. This is clear from the obesity epidemic, which is unveiling a myriad of comorbidities associated with excess adipose tissue including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Lipodystrophy also causes insulin resistance, emphasizing the importance of having a balanced amount of fat. In cells, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively) link nutrient and hormonal signaling with metabolism, and recent studies are shedding new light on their in vivo roles in adipocytes. In this review, we discuss how recent advances in adipose tissue and mTOR biology are converging to reveal new mechanisms that maintain healthy adipose tissue, and discuss ongoing mysteries of mTOR signaling, particularly for the less understood complex mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Su Myung Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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25
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Hara K. [Roles of mTOR in ageing and longevity]. Nihon Rinsho 2016; 74:1479-1484. [PMID: 30557480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The large Ser/Thr protein kinase mTOR signals through two physically distinct multipro- tein complexes called mTOR complexes 1 and 2(mTORC1 and mTORC2). The mTORC1 pathway integrates inputs from nutrients and growth factors for protein synthesis, autophagy, cell growth and proliferation. Dietary restriction delays ageing and extends life span in diverse species including yeast, worm, fly, and mammals such as mouse and monkey. Because in- cidences of many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease and dementia rise rapidly with age, interventions that delay ageing would greatly benefit health. It has become apparent in recent years that the nutrient sensing mTOR pathways are well con- served among such various species and important regulators of ageing and longevity.
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Kucejova B, Duarte J, Satapati S, Fu X, Ilkayeva O, Newgard CB, Brugarolas J, Burgess SC. Hepatic mTORC1 Opposes Impaired Insulin Action to Control Mitochondrial Metabolism in Obesity. Cell Rep 2016; 16:508-519. [PMID: 27346353 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism during hepatic insulin resistance may contribute to pathophysiologies ranging from elevated glucose production to hepatocellular oxidative stress and inflammation. Given that obesity impairs insulin action but paradoxically activates mTORC1, we tested whether insulin action and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) contribute to altered in vivo hepatic mitochondrial metabolism. Loss of hepatic insulin action for 2 weeks caused increased gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial anaplerosis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle oxidation, and ketogenesis. However, activation of mTORC1, induced by the loss of hepatic Tsc1, suppressed these fluxes. Only glycogen synthesis was impaired by both loss of insulin receptor and mTORC1 activation. Mice with a double knockout of the insulin receptor and Tsc1 had larger livers, hyperglycemia, severely impaired glycogen storage, and suppressed ketogenesis, as compared to those with loss of the liver insulin receptor alone. Thus, activation of hepatic mTORC1 opposes the catabolic effects of impaired insulin action under some nutritional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Kucejova
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joao Duarte
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santhosh Satapati
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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