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Koda S, Zhang B, Zhou QY, Xu N, Li J, Liu JX, Liu M, Lv ZY, Wang JL, Shi Y, Gao S, Yu Q, Li XY, Xu YH, Chen JX, Tekengne BOT, Adzika GK, Tang RX, Sun H, Zheng KY, Yan C. β2-Adrenergic Receptor Enhances the Alternatively Activated Macrophages and Promotes Biliary Injuries Caused by Helminth Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754208. [PMID: 34733286 PMCID: PMC8558246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system has been studied for its involvement in the control of macrophages; however, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the adrenergic receptors and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) remain obscure. Using FVB wild-type and beta 2 adrenergic receptors knockout, we found that β2-AR deficiency alleviates hepatobiliary damage in mice infected with C. sinensis. Moreover, β2-AR-deficient mice decrease the activation and infiltration of M2 macrophages and decrease the production of type 2 cytokines, which are associated with a significant decrease in liver fibrosis in infected mice. Our in vitro results on bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed that macrophages from Adrb2-/- mice significantly decrease M2 markers and the phosphorylation of ERK/mTORC1 induced by IL-4 compared to that observed in M2 macrophages from Adrb2+/+ . This study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the β2-AR enhances type 2 immune response through the ERK/mTORC1 signaling pathway in macrophages and their role in liver fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology
- Bile Ducts/parasitology
- Bile Ducts/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonorchiasis/complications
- Clonorchiasis/immunology
- Clonorchiasis/physiopathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/parasitology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/parasitology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages/classification
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/physiology
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Man Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Yan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanbiao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yin-Hai Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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2
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Jesus ICG, Araújo FM, Mesquita T, Júnior NNS, Silva MM, Morgan HJN, Silva KSC, Silva CLA, Birbrair A, Amaral FA, Navegantes LC, Salgado HC, Szawka RE, Poletini MO, Guatimosim S. Molecular basis of Period 1 regulation by adrenergic signaling in the heart. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21886. [PMID: 34473369 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100441r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac circadian clock is responsible for the modulation of different myocardial processes, and its dysregulation has been linked to disease development. How this clock machinery is regulated in the heart remains an open question. Because noradrenaline (NE) can act as a zeitgeber in cardiomyocytes, we tested the hypothesis that adrenergic signaling resets cardiac clock gene expression in vivo. In its anti-phase with Clock and Bmal1, cardiac Per1 abundance increased during the dark phase, concurrent with the rise in heart rate and preceded by an increase in NE levels. Sympathetic denervation altered Bmal1 and Clock amplitude, while Per1 was affected in both amplitude and oscillatory pattern. We next treated mice with a β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) blocker. Strikingly, the β-AR blockade during the day suppressed the nocturnal increase in Per1 mRNA, without altering Clock or Bmal1. In contrast, activating β-AR with isoproterenol (ISO) promoted an increase in Per1 expression, demonstrating its responsiveness to adrenergic input. Inhibitors of ERK1/2 and CREB attenuated ISO-induced Per1 expression. Upstream of ERK1/2, PI3Kγ mediated ISO induction of Per1 transcription, while activation of β2-AR, but not β1-AR induced increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and Per1 expression. Consistent with the β2-induction of Per1 mRNA, ISO failed to activate ERK1/2 and elevate Per1 in the heart of β2-AR-/- mice, whereas a β2-AR antagonist attenuated the nocturnal rise in Per1 expression. Our study established a link between NE/β2-AR signaling and Per1 oscillation via the PI3Ky-ERK1/2-CREB pathway, providing a new framework for understanding the physiological mechanism involved in resetting cardiac clock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar C G Jesus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávia M Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thássio Mesquita
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nilton N S Júnior
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mário M Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Henrique J N Morgan
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kaoma S C Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cleide L A Silva
- Animal Facility of Blood Center Foundation, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio A Amaral
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maristela O Poletini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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3
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Hagberg CE, Li Q, Kutschke M, Bhowmick D, Kiss E, Shabalina IG, Harms MJ, Shilkova O, Kozina V, Nedergaard J, Boucher J, Thorell A, Spalding KL. Flow Cytometry of Mouse and Human Adipocytes for the Analysis of Browning and Cellular Heterogeneity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2746-2756.e5. [PMID: 30184507 PMCID: PMC6137819 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes, once considered simple lipid-storing cells, are rapidly emerging as complex cells with many biologically diverse functions. A powerful high-throughput method for analyzing single cells is flow cytometry. Several groups have attempted to analyze and sort freshly isolated adipocytes; however, using an adipocyte-specific reporter mouse, we demonstrate that these studies fail to detect the majority of white adipocytes. We define critical settings required for adipocyte flow cytometry and provide a rigid strategy for analyzing and sorting white and brown adipocyte populations. The applicability of our protocol is shown by sorting mouse adipocytes based on size or UCP1 expression and demonstrating that a subset of human adipocytes lacks the β2-adrenergic receptor, particularly in the insulin-resistant state. In conclusion, the present study confers key technological insights for analyzing and sorting mature adipocytes, opening up numerous downstream research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Hagberg
- Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden.
| | - Qian Li
- Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Maria Kutschke
- Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Debajit Bhowmick
- Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Endre Kiss
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Harms
- Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
| | - Olga Shilkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Viviana Kozina
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden; The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science, Danderyds Hospital, Stockholm 18288, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm 11691, Sweden
| | - Kirsty L Spalding
- Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (KI/AZ ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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4
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Sun HY, Li Q, Liu YY, Wei XH, Pan CS, Fan JY, Han JY. Xiao-Yao-San, a Chinese Medicine Formula, Ameliorates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Induced Polycystic Ovary in Rat. Front Physiol 2017; 8:729. [PMID: 29018356 PMCID: PMC5614964 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress induces endocrine disturbance, which contributes to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition that remains a challenge for clinicians to cope with. The present study investigated the effect of Xiao-Yao-San (XYS), a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for treatment of gynecological disease, on the chronic stress-induced polycystic ovary and its underlying mechanism. Female Sprague-Dwaley rats underwent a 3 weeks chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) procedure to establish the PCOS model, followed by 4 weeks treatment with XYS (0.505 g/kg or 1.01 g/kg) by gavage. Granulosa cells were exposed to noradrenaline (1 mM) in vitro for 24 h, followed by incubation with or without XYS-treated rat serum for 24 h. Post-treatment with XYS ameliorated CUMS-induced irregular estrous cycles and follicles development abnormalities, decrease of estradiol and progesterone level as well as increase of luteinizing hormone in serum, reduced cystic follicles formation and the apoptosis and autophagy of granulosa cells, attenuated the increase in dopamine beta hydroxylase and c-fos level in locus coeruleus, the noradrenaline level in serum and ovarian tissue, and the expression of beta 2 adrenergic receptor in ovarian tissue. Besides, XYS alleviated the reduction of phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase polypeptide I and protein kinase B, as well as the increase of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-I to microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II conversion both in vivo and in vitro. This study demonstrated XYS as a potential strategy for CUMS induced polycystic ovary, and suggested that the beneficial role of XYS was correlated with the regulation of the sympathetic nerve activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Sun
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China.,Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China
| | - Quan Li
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Yu-Ying Liu
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wei
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Chun-Shui Pan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Jing-Yu Fan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing, China.,Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
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5
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Carvajal Gonczi CM, Tabatabaei Shafiei M, East A, Martire E, Maurice-Ventouris MHI, Darlington PJ. Reciprocal modulation of helper Th1 and Th17 cells by the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist drug terbutaline. FEBS J 2017; 284:3018-3028. [PMID: 28710773 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamine hormones are powerful regulators of the immune system produced by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). They regulate the adaptive immune system by altering T-cell differentiation into T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cell subsets, but the effect on Th17 cells is not known. Th17 cells, defined, in part, by chemokine receptor CCR6 and cytokine interleukin (IL)-17A, are crucial for mediating certain pathogen-specific responses and are linked with several autoimmune diseases. We demonstrated that a proportion of human Th17 cells express beta 2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), a G protein-coupled receptor that responds to catecholamines. Activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which were obtained from venous blood drawn from healthy volunteers, with anti-cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) and anti-CD28 and with a β2-agonist drug, terbutaline (TERB), augmented IL-17A levels (P < 0.01) in the majority of samples. TERB reduced interferon gamma (IFNγ) indicating that IL-17A and IFNγ are reciprocally regulated. Similar reciprocal regulation was observed with dbcAMP. Proliferation of Th cells was monitored by carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester labeling and flow cytometry with antibody staining for CD3 and CD4. TERB increased proliferation by a small but significant margin (P < 0.001). Next, Th17 cells (CD4+ CXCR3- CCR6+ ) were purified using an immunomagnetic positive selection kit, which removes all other mononuclear cells. TERB increased IL-17A from purified Th17 cells, which argues that TERB acts directly on Th17 cells. Thus, hormone signals from the SNS maintain a balance of Th cells subtypes through the β2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina M Carvajal Gonczi
- The Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mahdieh Tabatabaei Shafiei
- The Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ashley East
- The Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erika Martire
- The Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meagane H I Maurice-Ventouris
- The Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter J Darlington
- The Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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