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Jurca CM, Kozma K, Petchesi CD, Zaha DC, Magyar I, Munteanu M, Faur L, Jurca A, Bembea D, Severin E, Jurca AD. Tuberous Sclerosis, Type II Diabetes Mellitus and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways-Case Report and Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:433. [PMID: 36833359 PMCID: PMC9957184 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome. It is manifested mainly in cutaneous lesions, epilepsy and the emergence of hamartomas in several tissues and organs. The disease sets in due to mutations in two tumor suppressor genes: TSC1 and TSC2. The authors present the case of a 33-year-old female patient registered with the Bihor County Regional Center of Medical Genetics (RCMG) since 2021 with a TSC diagnosis. She was diagnosed with epilepsy at eight months old. At 18 years old she was diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis and was referred to the neurology department. Since 2013 she has been registered with the department for diabetes and nutritional diseases with a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis. The clinical examination revealed: growth delay, obesity, facial angiofibromas, sebaceous adenomas, depigmented macules, papillomatous tumorlets in the thorax (bilateral) and neck, periungual fibroma in both lower limbs, frequent convulsive seizures; on a biological level, high glycemia and glycated hemoglobin levels. Brain MRI displayed a distinctive TS aspect with five bilateral hamartomatous subependymal nodules associating cortical/subcortical tubers with the frontal, temporal and occipital distribution. Molecular diagnosis showed a pathogenic variant in the TSC1 gene, exon 13, c.1270A>T (p. Arg424*). Current treatment targets diabetes (Metformin, Gliclazide and the GLP-1 analog semaglutide) and epilepsy (Carbamazepine and Clonazepam). This case report presents a rare association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. We suggest that the diabetes medication Metformin may have positive effects on both the progression of the tumor associated with TSC and the seizures specific to TSC and we assume that the association of TSC and T2DM in the presented cases is accidental, as there are no similar cases reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Jurca
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Oradea (Part of ERN-ITHACA), 410469 Oradea, Romania
| | - Kinga Kozma
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Oradea (Part of ERN-ITHACA), 410469 Oradea, Romania
| | - Codruta Diana Petchesi
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
- Regional Center of Medical Genetics Bihor, County Emergency Clinical Hospital Oradea (Part of ERN-ITHACA), 410469 Oradea, Romania
| | - Dana Carmen Zaha
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Ioan Magyar
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Mihai Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Lucian Faur
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Aurora Jurca
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Dan Bembea
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ”Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilia Severin
- Department of Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ”Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Daniel Jurca
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
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Chung J, Shevchenko A, Lee JB. Evolution of a melanoma in situ to a sarcomatoid dedifferentiated melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 48:943-947. [PMID: 33675557 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomatoid dedifferentiated melanoma (SDDM) is a recently recognized subtype of melanoma that stains diffusely for CD10 and lacks the expression of the usual melanocytic markers including S100, SOX10, MITF, and Melan A. Advances in next-generation DNA sequencing technology have facilitated the increased recognition of this rare, aggressive spindle cell melanoma. Herein, a case of relatively early lesion of SDDM arising in association with melanoma in situ is highlighted. A 72-year-old man with a history of previously treated melanoma in situ on the face five years prior presented with a new rapidly growing lesion within the scar of the treated site. A shave biopsy of the lesion revealed a centrally located 1.8-mm deep, poorly differentiated spindle cell neoplasm in association with an adjacent recurrent melanoma in situ. The spindle cell component stained diffusely for CD10, but failed to stain for S100, SOX10, and Melan-A while the melanoma in situ expressed all three melanocytic markers. Next-generation DNA sequencing assay revealed mutations in NF1, CDKN2A, TP53, and TSC1. A diagnosis of stage 2B SDDM arising in association with melanoma in situ was established based on the clinical context and genomic assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Chung
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alina Shevchenko
- Department of Dermatology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason B Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Glushkova M, Bojinova V, Koleva M, Dimova P, Bojidarova M, Litvinenko I, Todorov T, Iluca E, Calusaru C, Neagu E, Craiu D, Mitev V, Todorova A. Molecular genetic diagnostics of tuberous sclerosis complex in Bulgaria: six novel mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes. J Genet 2018; 97:419-427. [PMID: 29932062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of hamartomas localized in various tissues which can occur in the skin, brain, kidney and other organs. TSC is caused by mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes. Here we report the results from the first molecular testing of 16 Bulgarian patients and one Romanian patient in whom we found six novel mutations: four in the TSC22 gene, of which one is nonsense, two frame shift and one large deletion of 16 exons; and two in the TSC1 gene, one nonsense and other frame shift. In addition, we detected 10 previously reported mutations; some of which are described only once in the literature. Our data is similar to the previous studies with exception of the larger number of TSC1 mutations than that reported in the literature data. In total, 40% (4/10) of the mutation in the TSC2 gene are located in the GTPase-activating protein domain, while 50% (3/6) are in the TSC1 gene and clustered in exon 15. All the cases represent the typical clinical symptoms and meet the clinical criteria for TSC diagnosis. In 35% of our cases the family history was positive. Our results add novel findings in the genetic heterogeneity and pathogenesis of TSC. The genetic heterogeneity might correlate to the clinical variability among the TSC-affected families, which makes the genetic counselling a real challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glushkova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University Sofia, 2'Zdrave' street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail:
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Gu X, Han L, Chen J, Wang J, Hao X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Ge S, He Y. Antenatal screening and diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex by fetal echocardiography and targeted genomic sequencing. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0112. [PMID: 29642139 PMCID: PMC5908597 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma can be the initial finding in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), the challenges of precise genetic diagnosis of TSC can now be potentially overcome by new whole or targeted genomic sequencing. The goals of this study were to investigate the correlation between suspected cardiac rhabdomyoma and TSC to provide the information for a prenatal diagnosis of TSC and to validate the TSC genotype in this cohort of fetuses with suspected prenatal cardiac rhabdomyoma.We retrospectively analyzed 10,728 fetal echocardiograms from January 2013 to March 2016 in our institution. A total of 32 fetuses were suspected of having cardiac rhabdomyomas. Among them, 15 subjects met the inclusion criteria and provided written consent. Samples from fetuses (n = 13 after terminations) and newborns (n = 2) were available for targeted genomic sequencing of the exons and introns of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes and the adjacent 10 base pairs and for validated studies using Sanger sequencing.Among the 15 subjects with suspected cardiac rhabdomyoma and TSC genomic sequencing data, 7 subjects were familial and 8 subjects were sporadic cases. Fetal echocardiography showed a single tumor in 2 fetuses and multiple tumors in 13 fetuses. Gene sequencing analysis showed no mutation of the TSC1 or TSC2 gene in 2 subjects with a single tumor but positive mutations in all 13 subjects with multiple tumors. Among the latter, 5 mutations were "pathogenic" and have been previously reported (4 familial and 1 sporadic). Six new mutations were "likely pathogenic" and had not been previously reported (3 familial and 3 sporadic); 1 was of "uncertain significance" (sporadic), and 1 was suspected of being "likely benign" (sporadic).Prenatal suspected cardiac rhabdomyoma detected by fetal echocardiography should raise the suspicion of TSC. In fetuses with multiple tumors, especially the familial cases, genomic sequencing has a high yield of detecting TSC-causing genes. Patient history, prenatal fetal echocardiography, and targeted genomic sequencing may facilitate screening for, diagnosis of, and counseling for TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in Fetal Heart Disease
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in Fetal Heart Disease
| | | | - Xiaoyan Hao
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in Fetal Heart Disease
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in Fetal Heart Disease
| | - Jun Zhang
- The Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Ge
- The Heart Center, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yihua He
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in Fetal Heart Disease
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Bakić M, Ratković M, Gledović B, Vujović B, Radunović D, Babić V, Prelević V. Cutaneous Manifestations of Tuberous Sclerosis. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2018; 26:73-74. [PMID: 29782307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dear Editor, Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disease, which occurs due to genetically determined hyperplasia of ectodermal and mesodermal cells. Clinical manifestations present on the skin and in the nervous system, kidneys, heart, and other organs. Recent studies estimate the incidence of TS at 1/6000 to 1/10,000 live births, and a prevalence in the general population of approximately 1 in 20,000 (1). There are two different genetic loci responsible for TS: 9q34 (TSC1-hamartin) and 16p13.3 (TSC2-tuberin) (2). Cutaneous manifestations occur in about 96% of patients (3). Neurological disorders occur in 50% of patients in the form of seizures and motor and psychomotor symptomatology (4). A 19-year-old male patient was hospitalized for clinical and diagnostic evaluation in February 2016 year in Clinic for Nephrology, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro. Polycystic kidney changes were verified by ultrasound when the patient was three years old, with the presence of several calcified nodules in lateral ventricles and supraventricularly in the brain as well as the existence of several hypopigmented maculae on the skin. During the last hospitalization in February 2016, the following tests were performed: cranial magnet resonance imaging (MRI) findings showed the existence of visible changes in the signal in the form of ectopic tuber tissue in the region of the cortex and subcortical white matter of the brain, but without neurological and psychomotor abnormalities; ultrasound of the urinary tract showed that both kidneys were enlarged with multiple cysts, with dominant cysts at the lower pole of the right kidney with a size of 55 mm and at the upper pole of the left kidney, approximately 40 mm. Reduced functional capacity of kidneys was found on dynamic scintigraphy, slightly more in the left kidney (41%) compared with the right (59%). Electroencephalography, X-ray of the lungs and heart, and echocardiography were also performed, but without any pathological findings. Dermatological examination found numerous fibroma up to 0.5 cm in diameter, the largest located nasolabially, periorally, and on the chin skin (Figure 1) at the age of seven, whereas a fibroma and several white maculae were present from birth on the skin of the forehead. They were now also present on the skin of the trunk and on the upper and lower extremities (Figure 2), accompanied by surrounding minor changes in the form of confetti-like maculae. A subungual fibroma was present on the third finger of the right hand. Collagen nevus (shagreen patch) (5), i.e. a subepidermal fibrosis as a mildly elevated, palm-sized area is also characteristic of TS, which is described in literature, in most cases in the lumbosacral region. In our case, such a fibrosis about 3 cm in diameter, and with the consistency of an orange peel, was discovered on the right shoulder. Subungual fibromas (Koenen tumors) (6), which can develop in adolescence, were present in our patient on the third finger of the right hand. The diagnosis of TS was established based on genetic testing, physical examination, ultrasound-verified polycystic kidney disease and reduced global renal functions, intracranial MRI, many hypomelanotic changes, and angiofibromas found with dermatological examination (7). There is no specific therapeutic approach for TS, and the treatment is symptomatic. Angiofibromas of the skin can be removed by dermabrasion or laser. Recent data show a good therapeutic effect of applying 0.1% rapamycin (8), which leads to a reduction of angiofibromas in patients with TS. On dermatological follow up after five weeks of application of tacrolimus, angiofibromas of the face were in regression. Some studies suggest the simultaneous topical applications of both of those drugs (9). In adolescents and adults of reproductive age, genetic counseling is recommended (10).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir Prelević
- Vladimir Prelević, MD, Clinic for Nephrology Clinical Center of Montenegro, Ljubljanska bb 81101 Podgorica, Montenegro;
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Li H, Ren Y, Mao K, Hua F, Yang Y, Wei N, Yue C, Li D, Zhang H. FTO is involved in Alzheimer's disease by targeting TSC1-mTOR-Tau signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:234-239. [PMID: 29501742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are commonly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulating evidence show that insulin signaling defects are protentional upstream driver of AD. However, the mechanism by which diabetes and insulin signaling defects contribute to AD remains unknown. Here we show that Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) is involved the insulin defects-associated AD. Defective insulin signaling in diabetes and obesity in human and mice activated Fto in the brain tissues. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of Fto reduced the phosphorylation of Tau protein whereas overexpression of FTO promoted the level of phosphorylated Tau in neurons. Mechanism study demonstrated that FTO activated the phosphorylation of Tau in a mTOR-dependent manner because FTO activated mTOR and its downstream signaling and rapamycin blocked FTO-mediated phosphorylation of Tau. FTO promoted the activation of mTOR by increasing the mRNA level of TSC1 but not TSC2, the upstream inhibitor of mTOR. Finally, we found that conditional knockout of Fto in the neurons reduced the cognitive deficits in 3xTg AD mice. Collectively, our evidence demonstrated that FTO is critically involved in insulin defects-related AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China.
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Keshi Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Fei Hua
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of ChangZhou Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Chunxian Yue
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Dawen Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
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Armstrong LC, Westlake G, Snow JP, Cawthon B, Armour E, Bowman AB, Ess KC. Heterozygous loss of TSC2 alters p53 signaling and human stem cell reprogramming. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4629-4641. [PMID: 28973543 PMCID: PMC5886307 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a pediatric disorder of dysregulated growth and differentiation caused by loss of function mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which regulate mTOR kinase activity. To study aberrations of early development in TSC, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells using dermal fibroblasts obtained from patients with TSC. During validation, we found that stem cells generated from TSC patients had a very high rate of integration of the reprogramming plasmid containing a shRNA against TP53. We also found that loss of one allele of TSC2 in human fibroblasts is sufficient to increase p53 levels and impair stem cell reprogramming. Increased p53 was also observed in TSC2 heterozygous and homozygous mutant human stem cells, suggesting that the interactions between TSC2 and p53 are consistent across cell types and gene dosage. These results support important contributions of TSC2 heterozygous and homozygous mutant cells to the pathogenesis of TSC and the important role of p53 during reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Armstrong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D4105 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Grant Westlake
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D4105 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John P Snow
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D4105 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bryan Cawthon
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D4105 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eric Armour
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D4105 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D4105 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D4105 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Valvezan AJ, Turner M, Belaid A, Lam HC, Miller SK, McNamara MC, Baglini C, Housden BE, Perrimon N, Kwiatkowski DJ, Asara JM, Henske EP, Manning BD. mTORC1 Couples Nucleotide Synthesis to Nucleotide Demand Resulting in a Targetable Metabolic Vulnerability. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:624-638.e5. [PMID: 29056426 PMCID: PMC5687294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) supports proliferation through parallel induction of key anabolic processes, including protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis. We hypothesized that these processes are coupled to maintain anabolic balance in cells with mTORC1 activation, a common event in human cancers. Loss of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) tumor suppressors results in activation of mTORC1 and development of the tumor syndrome TSC. We find that pharmacological inhibitors of guanylate nucleotide synthesis have selective deleterious effects on TSC-deficient cells, including in mouse tumor models. This effect stems from replication stress and DNA damage caused by mTORC1-driven rRNA synthesis, which renders nucleotide pools limiting. These findings reveal a metabolic vulnerability downstream of mTORC1 triggered by anabolic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Valvezan
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Turner
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amine Belaid
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hilaire C Lam
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Spencer K Miller
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly C McNamara
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Baglini
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan D Manning
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Rosset C, Vairo F, Bandeira IC, Correia RL, de Goes FV, da Silva RTB, Bueno LSM, de Miranda Gomes MCS, Galvão HDCR, Neri JICF, Achatz MI, Netto CBO, Ashton-Prolla P. Molecular analysis of TSC1 and TSC2 genes and phenotypic correlations in Brazilian families with tuberous sclerosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185713. [PMID: 28968464 PMCID: PMC5624610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by the development of multiple hamartomas in many organs and tissues. It occurs due to inactivating mutations in either of the two genes, TSC1 and TSC2, following a second hit in a tumor suppressor gene in most hamartomas. Comprehensive screening for mutations in both the TSC1 and TSC2 loci has been performed in several cohorts of patients and a broad spectrum of pathogenic mutations have been described. In Brazil, there is no data regarding incidence and prevalence of tuberous sclerosis and mutations in TSC1 and TSC2. We analyzed both genes in 53 patients with high suspicion of tuberous sclerosis using multiplex-ligation dependent probe amplification and a customized next generation sequencing panel. Confirmation of all variants was done by the Sanger method. We identified 50 distinct variants in 47 (89%) of the patients. Five were large rearrangements and 45 were point mutations. The symptoms presented by our series of patients were not different between male and female individuals, except for the more common occurrence of shagreen patch in women (p = 0.028). In our series, consistent with other studies, TSC2 mutations were associated with a more severe phenotypic spectrum than TSC1 mutations. This is the first study that sought to characterize the molecular spectrum of Brazilian individuals with tuberous sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clévia Rosset
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica – Centro de Pesquisa Experimental – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Filippo Vairo
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Bandeira
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica – Centro de Pesquisa Experimental – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudinei Luis Correia
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica – Centro de Pesquisa Experimental – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Veiga de Goes
- Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - João I. C. F. Neri
- Centro Especializado em Reabilitação e Habilitação, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Achatz
- A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States of America
| | | | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica – Centro de Pesquisa Experimental – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em genética e biologia molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Calderaro J, Couchy G, Imbeaud S, Amaddeo G, Letouzé E, Blanc JF, Laurent C, Hajji Y, Azoulay D, Bioulac-Sage P, Nault JC, Zucman-Rossi J. Histological subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma are related to gene mutations and molecular tumour classification. J Hepatol 2017; 67:727-738. [PMID: 28532995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Our increasing understanding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biology holds promise for personalized care, however its translation into clinical practice requires a precise knowledge of its relationship to tumour phenotype. METHODS We aimed at investigating molecular-phenotypic correlations in a large series of HCC. To this purpose, 343 surgically resected HCC samples were investigated by pathological review, immunohistochemistry, gene expression profiling and sequencing. RESULTS CTNNB1 (40%) and TP53 (21%) mutations were mutually exclusive and defined two major groups of HCC characterized by distinct phenotypes. CTNNB1 mutated tumours were large (p=0.002), well-differentiated (p<0.001), cholestatic (p<0.001), with microtrabecular (p<0.001) and pseudoglandular (p<0.001) patterns and without inflammatory infiltrates (p<0.001). TP53 mutated tumours were poorly differentiated (p<0.001) with a compact pattern (p=0.02), multinucleated (p=0.01) and pleomorphic (p=0.02) cells and frequent vascular invasion (p=0.02). World Health Organization (WHO) classification of histological subtypes were also strongly related to molecular features. The scirrhous subtype was associated with TSC1/TSC2 mutations (p=0.005), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and a progenitor expression profile. The steatohepatitic subtype showed frequent IL-6/JAK/STAT activation without CTNNB1, TERT and TP53 pathway alterations (p=0.01). Pathological review identified a novel subtype, designated as "macrotrabecular-massive" associated with poor survival (p<0.001), high alpha-fetoprotein serum level (p=0.02), vascular invasion (p<0.001), TP53 mutations (p<0.001) and FGF19 amplifications (p=0.02), features also validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. Finally, integration of HCC pathological characteristics with its transcriptomic classification showed phenotypically distinct tumour subclasses closely related to G1-G6 subgroups. CONCLUSION HCC phenotypes are tightly associated with gene mutations and transcriptomic classification. These findings may help in translating our knowledge of HCC biology into clinical practice. Lay summary: HCC is a very heterogenous tumour, both at the pathological and molecular levels. We show here that HCC phenotype is tightly associated to its molecular alterations and underlying oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Calderaro
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, F-75010, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pathology, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
| | - Gabrielle Couchy
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, F-75010, France
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, F-75010, France
| | - Giuliana Amaddeo
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Hepatology, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Inserm U955, Team 18, Créteil, France
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, F-75010, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, CHU Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, 33600 Pessac, France; Inserm UMR 1053, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Laurent
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, CHU-Hôpitaux de Bordeaux, France
| | - Yacine Hajji
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, F-75010, France
| | - Daniel Azoulay
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France; Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Paulette Bioulac-Sage
- Inserm UMR 1053, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Department of Pathology, Pellegrin Hospital, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, F-75010, France; Liver Unit, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, F-75010, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
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Figlia G, Norrmén C, Pereira JA, Gerber D, Suter U. Dual function of the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 axis in myelination of the peripheral nervous system. eLife 2017; 6:e29241. [PMID: 28880149 PMCID: PMC5589416 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination is a biosynthetically demanding process in which mTORC1, the gatekeeper of anabolism, occupies a privileged regulatory position. We have shown previously that loss of mTORC1 function in Schwann cells (SCs) hampers myelination. Here, we genetically disrupted key inhibitory components upstream of mTORC1, TSC1 or PTEN, in mouse SC development, adult homeostasis, and nerve injury. Surprisingly, the resulting mTORC1 hyperactivity led to markedly delayed onset of both developmental myelination and remyelination after injury. However, if mTORC1 was hyperactivated after myelination onset, radial hypermyelination was observed. At early developmental stages, physiologically high PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 signaling suppresses expression of Krox20 (Egr2), the master regulator of PNS myelination. This effect is mediated by S6K and contributes to control mechanisms that keep SCs in a not-fully differentiated state to ensure proper timing of myelination initiation. An ensuing decline in mTORC1 activity is crucial to allow myelination to start, while remaining mTORC1 activity drives myelin growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Figlia
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZürichSwitzerland
| | - Camilla Norrmén
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jorge A Pereira
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZürichSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Gerber
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZürichSwitzerland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare monogenic disorder characterized by benign tumors in multiple organs as well as a high prevalence of epilepsy, intellectual disability and autism. TSC is caused by inactivating mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. Heterozygocity induces hyperactivation of mTOR which can be inhibited by mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, which have proven efficacy in the treatment of TSC-associated symptoms. The aim of the present study was (1) to identify molecular changes associated with social and cognitive deficits in the brain tissue of Tsc1+/- mice and (2) to investigate the molecular effects of rapamycin treatment, which has been shown to ameliorate genotype-related behavioural deficits. METHODS Molecular alterations in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of Tsc1+/- and control mice, with or without rapamycin treatment, were investigated. A quantitative mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomic approach (LC-MSE) was employed as an unbiased method to detect changes in protein levels. Changes identified in the initial profiling stage were validated using selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Protein Set Enrichment Analysis was employed to identify dysregulated pathways. RESULTS LC-MSE analysis of Tsc1+/- mice and controls (n = 30) identified 51 proteins changed in frontal cortex and 108 in the hippocampus. Bioinformatic analysis combined with targeted proteomic validation revealed several dysregulated molecular pathways. Using targeted assays, proteomic alterations in the hippocampus validated the pathways "myelination", "dendrite," and "oxidative stress", an upregulation of ribosomal proteins and the mTOR kinase. LC-MSE analysis was also employed on Tsc1+/- and wildtype mice (n = 34) treated with rapamycin or vehicle. Rapamycin treatment exerted a stronger proteomic effect in Tsc1+/- mice with significant changes (mainly decreased expression) in 231 and 106 proteins, respectively. The cellular pathways "oxidative stress" and "apoptosis" were found to be affected in Tsc1+/- mice and the cellular compartments "myelin sheet" and "neurofilaments" were affected by rapamycin treatment. Thirty-three proteins which were altered in Tsc1+/- mice were normalized following rapamycin treatment, amongst them oxidative stress related proteins, myelin-specific and ribosomal proteins. CONCLUSIONS Molecular changes in the Tsc1+/- mouse brain were more prominent in the hippocampus compared to the frontal cortex. Pathways linked to myelination and oxidative stress response were prominently affected and, at least in part, normalized following rapamycin treatment. The results could aid in the identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of cognitive, social and psychiatric symptoms in autism spectrum disorders. Similar pathways have also been implicated in other psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and could imply similar disease processes. Thus, the potential efficacy of mTOR inhibitors warrants further investigation not only for autism spectrum disorders but also for other neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Wesseling
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT UK
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QT UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3000 CA The Netherlands
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13
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Lipton JO, Boyle LM, Yuan ED, Hochstrasser KJ, Chifamba FF, Nathan A, Tsai PT, Davis F, Sahin M. Aberrant Proteostasis of BMAL1 Underlies Circadian Abnormalities in a Paradigmatic mTOR-opathy. Cell Rep 2017; 20:868-880. [PMID: 28746872 PMCID: PMC5603761 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, whose products form a critical inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Loss of TSC1/2 gene function renders an mTOR-overactivated state. Clinically, TSC manifests with epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism, and sleep dysfunction. Here, we report that mouse models of TSC have abnormal circadian rhythms. We show that mTOR regulates the proteostasis of the core clock protein BMAL1, affecting its translation, degradation, and subcellular localization. This results in elevated levels of BMAL1 and a dysfunctional clock that displays abnormal timekeeping under constant conditions and exaggerated responses to phase resetting. Genetically lowering the dose of BMAL1 rescues circadian behavioral phenotypes in TSC mouse models. These findings indicate that BMAL1 deregulation is a feature of the mTOR-activated state and suggest a molecular mechanism for mitigating circadian phenotypes in a neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Lara M Boyle
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Yuan
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin J Hochstrasser
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fortunate F Chifamba
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ashwin Nathan
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter T Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 73590, TX 75390, USA
| | - Fred Davis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex is an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by growth of benign tumors (hamartomas) in multiple organs, especially the kidneys, brain, heart, lungs, and skin. Tuberous sclerosis complex is usually caused by a mutation in either the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 or tuberous sclerosis complex 2 gene, resulting in constitutive activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Currently, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are recommended in adult patients with tuberous sclerosis complex for the treatment of asymptomatic, growing renal angiomyolipoma that are >3 cm in diameter and pediatric or adult patients with brain lesions (subependymal giant cell astrocytoma) that either are growing or are not amenable to surgical resection. Clinical evidence suggests that systemic administration of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor may provide concurrent improvements in multiple lesions and symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex. With the major paradigm shift in consensus guidelines toward screening at diagnosis and ongoing monitoring and with the recent availability of an effective oral treatment, it is important that nephrologists have a thorough understanding of our role in the management of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Because the various manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex typically emerge at different periods during patients' lifetimes, patients will need to be followed throughout their lives. Unlike brain and cardiac lesions, renal lesions are more likely to emerge as patients age and can grow at any time. Considerations regarding long-term medication administration for the potential control of multiple tuberous sclerosis complex manifestations will need to be addressed; these include the most appropriate starting dose, appropriate doses for tumor shrinkage versus prevention of regrowth, and management of adverse events. Best practices and potential obstacles for nephrologists treating patients with tuberous sclerosis complex who have multiple manifestations are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Samuels
- Renal Disease and Hypertension, Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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15
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Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and applied a rhodol-based chromophore to a molecular wire-based platform for voltage sensing to achieve fast, sensitive, and bright voltage sensing using two-photon (2P) illumination. Rhodol VoltageFluor-5 (RVF5) is a voltage-sensitive dye with improved 2P cross-section for use in thick tissue or brain samples. RVF5 features a dichlororhodol core with pyrrolidyl substitution at the nitrogen center. In mammalian cells under one-photon (1P) illumination, RVF5 demonstrates high voltage sensitivity (28% ΔF/F per 100 mV) and improved photostability relative to first-generation voltage sensors. This photostability enables multisite optical recordings from neurons lacking tuberous sclerosis complex 1, Tsc1, in a mouse model of genetic epilepsy. Using RVF5, we show that Tsc1 KO neurons exhibit increased activity relative to wild-type neurons and additionally show that the proportion of active neurons in the network increases with the loss of Tsc1. The high photostability and voltage sensitivity of RVF5 is recapitulated under 2P illumination. Finally, the ability to chemically tune the 2P absorption profile through the use of rhodol scaffolds affords the unique opportunity to image neuronal voltage changes in acutely prepared mouse brain slices using 2P illumination. Stimulation of the mouse hippocampus evoked spiking activity that was readily discerned with bath-applied RVF5, demonstrating the utility of RVF5 and molecular wire-based voltage sensors with 2P-optimized fluorophores for imaging voltage in intact brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Narges Pourmandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kaveh Karbasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Evan W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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16
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Cai Y, Li H, Zhang Y. Assessment of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Associated With Renal Lesions by Targeted Next-generation Sequencing in Mainland China. Urology 2017; 101:170.e1-170.e7. [PMID: 28065512 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the TSC1 and TSC2 mutations in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) associated with renal lesions, and to explore the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 43 individuals affected with TSC accompanied by renal lesions using next-generation sequencing (NGS). We also performed Sanger sequencing to validate the NGS results. RESULTS We reported a comprehensive mutation analysis of 43 affected individuals with TSC accompanied by renal lesions using NGS. Forty-one of 43 patients (95%) had at least 1 detectable mutation in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. We identified 14 novel nucleotide alterations, including 11 novel small mutations and 3 large-deletion mutations for the first time. Our study showed that patients with TSC2 mutations had higher frequency of hypomelanotic macules and dental enamel pits and larger angiomyolipomas (AMLs) than patient populations with non-TSC2 mutations through analysis of the correlated mutation findings with clinical features. CONCLUSION In conclusion, patients with TSC2 mutations had higher frequency of hypomelanotic macules and dental enamel pits, along with larger renal AMLs, compared with patient populations with non-TSC2 mutations. Patients with large deletions and frameshift mutations of the TSC1 or TSC2 gene showed larger AML diameters than patients with other kinds of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hanzhong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Somatic mutations in genes of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/TSC/mTORC1 signaling pathway cause segmental overgrowth, hamartomas, and malignant tumors. Mosaicism for activating mutations in AKT1 or PIK3CA cause Proteus syndrome and PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum, respectively. Postzygotic mutations in PTEN or TSC1/TSC2 cause mosaic forms of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome or tuberous sclerosis complex, respectively. Distinct features observed in these mosaic conditions in part reflect differences in embryological timing or tissue type harboring the mutant cells. Deep sequencing of affected tissue is useful for diagnosis. Drugs targeting mTORC1 or other points along this signaling pathway are in clinical trials to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Nathan
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kim M Keppler-Noreuil
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 49, Room 4A56, 49 Convent Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 49, Room 4A56, 49 Convent Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Building 10, Room 6D05, 10 Center Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA
| | - Thomas N Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Cao J, Tyburczy ME, Moss J, Darling TN, Widlund HR, Kwiatkowski DJ. Tuberous sclerosis complex inactivation disrupts melanogenesis via mTORC1 activation. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:349-364. [PMID: 27918305 DOI: 10.1172/jci84262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant tumor-suppressor gene syndrome caused by inactivating mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2, and the TSC protein complex is an essential regulator of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). Patients with TSC develop hypomelanotic macules (white spots), but the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation are not fully characterized. Using human primary melanocytes and a highly pigmented melanoma cell line, we demonstrate that reduced expression of either TSC1 or TSC2 causes reduced pigmentation through mTORC1 activation, which results in hyperactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), followed by phosphorylation of and loss of β-catenin from the nucleus, thereby reducing expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and subsequent reductions in tyrosinase and other genes required for melanogenesis. Genetic suppression or pharmacological inhibition of this signaling cascade at multiple levels restored pigmentation. Importantly, primary melanocytes isolated from hypomelanotic macules from 6 patients with TSC all exhibited reduced TSC2 protein expression, and 1 culture showed biallelic mutation in TSC2, one of which was germline and the second acquired in the melanocytes of the hypomelanotic macule. These findings indicate that the TSC/mTORC1/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin/MITF axis plays a central role in regulating melanogenesis. Interventions that enhance or diminish mTORC1 activity or other nodes in this pathway in melanocytes could potentially modulate pigment production.
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Guo Y, Dreier JR, Cao J, Du H, Granter SR, Kwiatkowski DJ. Analysis of a Mouse Skin Model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167384. [PMID: 27907099 PMCID: PMC5132223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant tumor suppressor gene syndrome in which patients develop several types of tumors, including facial angiofibroma, subungual fibroma, Shagreen patch, angiomyolipomas, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. It is due to inactivating mutations in TSC1 or TSC2. We sought to generate a mouse model of one or more of these tumor types by targeting deletion of the Tsc1 gene to fibroblasts using the Fsp-Cre allele. Mutant, Tsc1ccFsp-Cre+ mice survived a median of nearly a year, and developed tumors in multiple sites but did not develop angiomyolipoma or lymphangioleiomyomatosis. They did develop a prominent skin phenotype with marked thickening of the dermis with accumulation of mast cells, that was minimally responsive to systemic rapamycin therapy, and was quite different from the pathology seen in human TSC skin lesions. Recombination and loss of Tsc1 was demonstrated in skin fibroblasts in vivo and in cultured skin fibroblasts. Loss of Tsc1 in fibroblasts in mice does not lead to a model of angiomyolipoma or lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John R. Dreier
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juxiang Cao
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heng Du
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Granter
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Kwiatkowski
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mohan N, Shen Y, Dokmanovic M, Endo Y, Hirsch DS, Wu WJ. VPS34 regulates TSC1/TSC2 heterodimer to mediate RheB and mTORC1/S6K1 activation and cellular transformation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:52239-52254. [PMID: 27409169 PMCID: PMC5239548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
VPS34 is reported to activate S6K1 and is implicated in regulating cell growth, the mechanisms of which remain elusive. Here, we describe novel mechanisms by which VPS34 upregulates mTOR/S6K1 activity via downregulating TSC2 protein and activating RheB activity. Specifically, upregulation of VPS34 lipid kinase increases local production of ptdins(3)p in the plasma membrane, which recruits PIKFYVE, a FYVE domain containing protein, to ptdins(3)p enriched regions of the plasma membrane, where VPS34 forms a protein complex with PIKFYVE and TSC1. This in turn disengages TSC2 from the TSC1/TSC2 heterodimer, leading to TSC2 ubiquitination and degradation. Downregulation of TSC2 promotes the activation of RheB and mTOR/S6K1. When VPS34 lipid kinase activity is increased by introduction of an H868R mutation, ptdins(3)p production at the plasma membrane is dramatically increased, which recruits more PIKFYVE and TSC1 molecules to the plasma membrane. This results in the enhanced TSC2 ubiquitination and degradation, and subsequent activation of RheB and mTORC1/S6K1, leading to oncogenic transformation. The role played by VPS34 in regulating mTOR/S6K1 activity and cellular transformation is underscored by the fact that the VPS34 kinase dead mutant blocks VPS34-induced recruitment of PIKFYVE and TSC1 to the plasma membrane. This study provides mechanistic insight into the cellular function of VPS34 in regulating oncogenic transformation and important indications for identifying VPS34 specific mutations in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Mohan
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Milos Dokmanovic
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukinori Endo
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Dianne S. Hirsch
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen Jin Wu
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 20993, Maryland, USA
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Giannikou K, Malinowska IA, Pugh TJ, Yan R, Tseng YY, Oh C, Kim J, Tyburczy ME, Chekaluk Y, Liu Y, Alesi N, Finlay GA, Wu CL, Signoretti S, Meyerson M, Getz G, Boehm JS, Henske EP, Kwiatkowski DJ. Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies TSC1/TSC2 Biallelic Loss as the Primary and Sufficient Driver Event for Renal Angiomyolipoma Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006242. [PMID: 27494029 PMCID: PMC4975391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal angiomyolipoma is a kidney tumor in the perivascular epithelioid (PEComa) family that is common in patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) but occurs rarely sporadically. Though histologically benign, renal angiomyolipoma can cause life-threatening hemorrhage and kidney failure. Both angiomyolipoma and LAM have mutations in TSC2 or TSC1. However, the frequency and contribution of other somatic events in tumor development is unknown. We performed whole exome sequencing in 32 resected tumor samples (n = 30 angiomyolipoma, n = 2 LAM) from 15 subjects, including three with TSC. Two germline and 22 somatic inactivating mutations in TSC2 were identified, and one germline TSC1 mutation. Twenty of 32 (62%) samples showed copy neutral LOH (CN-LOH) in TSC2 or TSC1 with at least 8 different LOH regions, and 30 of 32 (94%) had biallelic loss of either TSC2 or TSC1. Whole exome sequencing identified a median of 4 somatic non-synonymous coding region mutations (other than in TSC2/TSC1), a mutation rate lower than nearly all other cancer types. Three genes with mutations were known cancer associated genes (BAP1, ARHGAP35 and SPEN), but they were mutated in a single sample each, and were missense variants with uncertain functional effects. Analysis of sixteen angiomyolipomas from a TSC subject showed both second hit point mutations and CN-LOH in TSC2, many of which were distinct, indicating that they were of independent clonal origin. However, three tumors had two shared mutations in addition to private somatic mutations, suggesting a branching evolutionary pattern of tumor development following initiating loss of TSC2. Our results indicate that TSC2 and less commonly TSC1 alterations are the primary essential driver event in angiomyolipoma/LAM, whereas other somatic mutations are rare and likely do not contribute to tumor development. We performed comprehensive genome analysis of a kidney tumor called angiomyolipoma. These tumors are known to develop in most individuals who have Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and those who have sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), and are seen rarely in the general population. In these angiomyolipomas, we found consistent involvement of the TSC2 and TSC1 genes that are known to cause TSC, but very few (<5 on average) mutations elsewhere in the protein-coding regions. This is in stark contrast to other adult solid tumours that typically harbor hundreds to thousands of such mutations. Our results indicate that genetic alterations in TSC2/TSC1 are the primary and essential driver genetic events for development and progression of renal angiomyolipoma. Analysis of multiple angiomyolipomas from a single patient showed distinct genetic aberrations in the majority of samples, indicating that most of the tumors had developed independently. Branched clonal evolution was evident from the observation of three tumors that shared 2 mutations in addition to mutations private to each. Our results indicate that therapeutic approaches for treatment of patients with angiomyolipoma should focus on the consequences of TSC2/TSC1 loss, including but not limited to mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krinio Giannikou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Izabela A. Malinowska
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trevor J. Pugh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel Yan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuen-Yi Tseng
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Coyin Oh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaegil Kim
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Magdalena E. Tyburczy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Chekaluk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicola Alesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Geraldine A. Finlay
- Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jesse S. Boehm
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EPH); (DJK)
| | - David J. Kwiatkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EPH); (DJK)
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22
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Kucejova B, Duarte J, Satapati S, Fu X, Ilkayeva O, Newgard CB, Brugarolas J, Burgess SC. Hepatic mTORC1 Opposes Impaired Insulin Action to Control Mitochondrial Metabolism in Obesity. Cell Rep 2016; 16:508-519. [PMID: 27346353 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism during hepatic insulin resistance may contribute to pathophysiologies ranging from elevated glucose production to hepatocellular oxidative stress and inflammation. Given that obesity impairs insulin action but paradoxically activates mTORC1, we tested whether insulin action and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) contribute to altered in vivo hepatic mitochondrial metabolism. Loss of hepatic insulin action for 2 weeks caused increased gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial anaplerosis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle oxidation, and ketogenesis. However, activation of mTORC1, induced by the loss of hepatic Tsc1, suppressed these fluxes. Only glycogen synthesis was impaired by both loss of insulin receptor and mTORC1 activation. Mice with a double knockout of the insulin receptor and Tsc1 had larger livers, hyperglycemia, severely impaired glycogen storage, and suppressed ketogenesis, as compared to those with loss of the liver insulin receptor alone. Thus, activation of hepatic mTORC1 opposes the catabolic effects of impaired insulin action under some nutritional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Kucejova
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joao Duarte
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santhosh Satapati
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- AIRC Division of Metabolic Mechanisms of Disease, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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23
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Fang C, Yu J, Luo Y, Chen S, Wang W, Zhao C, Sun Z, Wu W, Guo W, Han Z, Hu X, Liao F, Feng X. Tsc1 is a Critical Regulator of Macrophage Survival and Function. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016; 36:1406-18. [PMID: 26159807 DOI: 10.1159/000430306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (Tsc1) has been shown to regulate M1/M2 polarization of macrophages, but the precise roles of Tsc1 in the function and stability of macrophages are not fully understood. Here we show that Tsc1 is required for regulating the survival, migration and phagocytosis of macrophages. METHODS Mice with Tsc1 homozygous deletion in myeloid cells (LysMCreTsc1(flox/flox); Tsc1 KO) were obtained by crossing Tsc1(flox/flox) mice with mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of Lysozyme promoter (LysMCre). The apoptosis and growth of macrophages were determined by flow cytometry and Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The phagocytosis was determined using a Vybrant™ phagocytosis assay kit. The migration of macrophages was determined using transwell migration assay. RESULTS Peritoneal macrophages of Tsc1 KO mice exhibited increased apoptosis and enlarged cell size. Both M1 and M2 phenotypes in Tsc1-deficient macrophages were elevated in steady-state as well as in inflammatory conditions. Tsc1-deficient macrophages demonstrated impaired migration and reduced expression of chemokine receptors including CCR2 and CCR5. Phagocytosis activity and ROS production were enhanced in Tsc1-deficient macrophages. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) partially reversed the aberrance of Tsc1-deficient macrophages. CONCLUSION Tsc1 plays a critical role in regulating macrophage survival, function and polarization via inhibition of mTORC1 activity.
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24
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Yan B, Zhang Z, Jin D, Cai C, Jia C, Liu W, Wang T, Li S, Zhang H, Huang B, Lai P, Wang H, Liu A, Zeng C, Cai D, Jiang Y, Bai X. mTORC1 regulates PTHrP to coordinate chondrocyte growth, proliferation and differentiation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11151. [PMID: 27039827 PMCID: PMC4822018 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise coordination of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation is essential for the development of multicellular organisms. Here, we report that although the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity is required for chondrocyte growth and proliferation, its inactivation is essential for chondrocyte differentiation. Hyperactivation of mTORC1 via TSC1 gene deletion in chondrocytes causes uncoupling of the normal proliferation and differentiation programme within the growth plate, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation, and blockage of differentiation and chondrodysplasia in mice. Rapamycin promotes chondrocyte differentiation and restores these defects in mutant mice. Mechanistically, mTORC1 downstream kinase S6K1 interacts with and phosphorylates Gli2, and releases Gli2 from SuFu binding, resulting in nuclear translocation of Gli2 and transcription of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), a key regulator of bone development. Our findings demonstrate that dynamically controlled mTORC1 activity is crucial to coordinate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation partially through regulating Gli2/PTHrP during endochondral bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhongmin Zhang
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Dadi Jin
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Chen Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Chunhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shengfa Li
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Pinglin Lai
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Anling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chun Zeng
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Daozhang Cai
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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25
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Filipová H, Procházka M, Vrtěl R. [Diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex focusing on prenatal period]. Ceska Gynekol 2016; 81:147-154. [PMID: 27457398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tuberous sclerosis is a disease with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance which is characterized by the development of benign tumours in many tissues and organs. Clinical signs are extremely variable, causing mutations in the gene TSC1 or TSC2. Complex formed by the products of the TSC genes regulates cell growth and proliferation by inhibition of mTORC1 signalling. Early diagnosis of TSC is very important to plan appropriate perinatal care. Using ultrasound and eventually MRI it is possible in the prenatal period to capture the following major features of tuberous sclerosis: cardiac rhabdomyo-ma, subependymal nodules, cortical tubers and renal angiomyolipomas. In connection with the syndrome of contiguous genes TSC2 / PKD1 can also be detect foetal renal cysts. Often these TSC-associated lesions represent an incidental finding during a routine ultrasound. In the period from the 20th week of pregnancy it is most often found cardiac rhabdomyoma/s as the first marker suggestive of tuberous sclerosis. In the case, where one of the parents is a carrier of already identified mutation in the TSC gene, it is possible to carry out targeted genetic testing of a sample of DNA isolated from cells of chorionic villi, amniocytes or tissue from aborted foe-tuses. Significantly more time consuming is to perform molecular analysis of the TSC genes in foetuses with suspected tuberous sclerosis without the occurrence of illness in the family. After finding a causal mutation and its confirmation, it is possible to offer genetic testing for other persons at risk, prenatal (eventually preimplantation) diagnosis for future pregnancies. It is also necessary to consider the possibility of gonadal mosaicism. DESIGN Review of the literature.
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26
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Waqar SN, Baggstrom MQ, Morgensztern D, Williams K, Rigden C, Govindan R. A Phase I Trial of Temsirolimus and Pemetrexed in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Chemotherapy 2016; 61:144-7. [PMID: 26780363 DOI: 10.1159/000442147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemetrexed is an antifolate chemotherapeutic agent approved for use in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is implicated in lung cancer development and inhibited by temsirolimus. METHODS We performed a phase I study evaluating the combination of pemetrexed and temsirolimus in advanced non-squamous NSCLC. RESULTS Eight patients were enrolled in this study. The dose-limiting toxicities included grade 4 thrombocytopenia, grade 3 leukopenia and grade 3 neutropenia. The maximum tolerated dose was determined to be pemetrexed 375 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 and temsirolimus 25 mg intravenously on days 1, 8 and 15. No objective responses were noted and 3 patients had stable disease as the best response. CONCLUSION The combination of pemetrexed and temsirolimus is feasible and well tolerated. This combination may be further evaluated in patients with mTOR pathway activation, particularly in those with TSC1 or STK11 mutations.
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27
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Huang C. [Detection of TSC1/TSC2 gene mutation for rapid diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex by high-throughput sequencing technology]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2016; 32:92-95. [PMID: 26728384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a high-throughput sequencing method for rapid detection of gene mutations of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1/TSC2) disease. METHODS A total of 10 patients with tuberous sclerosis disease and 10 healthy people were enrolled in this study. Long-chain polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify all exon regions of TSC1 and TSC2 genes. The products were sequenced by Ion PGM(TM) platform and validated by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS All exons of TSC1 and TSC2 genes were specifically amplified and seven long segments were produced with the length between 13 000 bp to 15 000 bp. By Ion PGM machine, 10 pathogenic mutations were quickly identified. Among them, 7 were located in TSC1 and 3 were observed in TSC2. All variations were verified by Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION Next generation sequencing (NGS) is an efficient method for rapid diagnosis of gene mutations of tuberous sclerosis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Huang
- Clinical laboratory, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail:
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28
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Hoyois A, Salame M, Lakis A, Colonval P, Pouya M, Gallez J. [Bourneville tuberous sclerosis and colonic polyposis]. Rev Med Brux 2016; 37:432-435. [PMID: 28525212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is characterized by epilepsy, mental retardation and facial angiofibromas. Usually, the disease is diagnosed in childhood but there are frustrates form of tuberous sclerosis with or without genetic mutation. This clinical case about a man who is diagnosed a colonic polyposis, a rectal adenocarcinoma and a tuberous sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoyois
- Service de Gastro-Entérologie, ULB, Belgium
| | - M Salame
- CHR Haute Senne Service de Gastro-entérologie, Chaussée de Braine 39, Soignies, Belgium
| | - A Lakis
- CHR Haute Senne Service de Gastro-entérologie, Chaussée de Braine 39, Soignies, Belgium
| | - P Colonval
- Service de Chirurgie Générale et Digestive, Belgium
| | - M Pouya
- Service d'Urologie Service de Gastro-Entérologie, CHR Haute Senne, Belgium
| | - J Gallez
- CHR Haute Senne Service de Gastro-entérologie, Chaussée de Braine 39, Soignies, Belgium
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29
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Sun S, Chen S, Liu F, Wu H, McHugh J, Bergin IL, Gupta A, Adams D, Guan JL. Constitutive Activation of mTORC1 in Endothelial Cells Leads to the Development and Progression of Lymphangiosarcoma through VEGF Autocrine Signaling. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:758-772. [PMID: 26777415 PMCID: PMC4828306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Angiosarcoma/lymphangiosarcoma is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis. We generated a mouse model with inducible endothelial-cell-specific deletion of Tsc1 to examine mTORC1 signaling in lymphangiosarcoma. Tsc1 loss increased retinal angiogenesis in neonates and led to endothelial proliferative lesions from vascular malformations to vascular tumors in adult mice. Sustained mTORC1 signaling was required for lymphangiosarcoma development and maintenance. Increased VEGF expression in tumor cells was seen, and blocking autocrine VEGF signaling abolished vascular tumor development and growth. We also found significant correlations between mTORC1 activation and VEGF, HIF1α, and c-Myc expression in human angiosarcoma samples. These studies demonstrated critical mechanisms of aberrant mTORC1 activation in lymphangiosarcoma and validate the mice as a valuable model for further study.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Autocrine Communication/drug effects
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Enzyme Activation
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/analysis
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lymphangiosarcoma/drug therapy
- Lymphangiosarcoma/genetics
- Lymphangiosarcoma/metabolism
- Lymphangiosarcoma/pathology
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Multiprotein Complexes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Phenotype
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/metabolism
- Retinal Neovascularization/genetics
- Retinal Neovascularization/metabolism
- Retinal Neovascularization/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haige Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jonathan McHugh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid L Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anita Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Denise Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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30
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Zhang L, Feliciano DM, Huang T, Zhang S, Bordey A. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a contributes to dendritic overgrowth in tuberous sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:43-47. [PMID: 26655465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1a (HIF1a) is increased under several pathological conditions such as hyperactive mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Hyperactive mTORC1 and the resulting increased dendritic complexity of neurons are shared molecular and cellular alterations in several neurological disorders associated with cognitive disabilities. Despite some evidence that HIF1a contributes to dendritic overgrowth in vitro, it remains unknown whether increased HIF1a in TSC neurons could contribute to their increased dendritic complexity. To address this use in vivo, we generated TSC neurons by deleting Tsc1 in newborn olfactory bulb (OB) neurons of conditional Tsc1 transgenic mice using neonatal electroporation. In addition to their increased dendritic complexity, Tsc1(null) neurons have been reported to display increased Hif1a mRNA level and HIF1a transcriptional activity. We found that Tsc1(null)-dependent dendritic overgrowth was prevented by knocking down HIF1a or expressing a dominant negative HIF1a. In addition, overexpressing HIF1a in wild-type developing neurons resulted in increased dendritic complexity in vivo. These data highlight that an increase in HIF1a levels contributes to abnormal dendritic patterning in developing neurons under normal conditions and hyperactive mTORC1 conditions as in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082 Changsha, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - David M Feliciano
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082 Changsha, China
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082 Changsha, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082 Changsha, China
| | - Angélique Bordey
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8082 Changsha, China.
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Vaishampayan U, Shevrin D, Stein M, Heilbrun L, Land S, Stark K, Li J, Dickow B, Heath E, Smith D, Fontana J. Phase II Trial of Carboplatin, Everolimus, and Prednisone in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Pretreated With Docetaxel Chemotherapy: A Prostate Cancer Clinical Trial Consortium Study. Urology 2015; 86:1206-11. [PMID: 26375845 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a phase II trial of the combination of carboplatin, prednisone, and everolimus in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) as mTOR inhibition can overcome resistance to chemotherapy in prostate cancer. METHODS Patients with progressive mCRPC pretreated with docetaxel-based regimen were eligible. Performance status of 0-1 and adequate bone marrow, renal, and liver function were required. Primary end point was time to progression. Treatment consisted of carboplatin (starting dose equal to area under the curve (AUC of 5) intravenously every 21 days along with oral everolimus 5 mg once daily and prednisone 5 mg twice daily. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were enrolled with median age of 69 years with 8 patients of African American origin. Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia or neutropenia in 4 of 6 initial patients required dose adjustment of carboplatin to AUC of 4 for subsequent patients. There were no pharmacokinetic interactions between carboplatin and everolimus. The median time to progression was 2.5 months (90% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-4.3 months), and median overall survival was 12.5 months (90% CI, 7.7-18.7 months). Of 10 patients, 8 that demonstrated positive nuclear phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) staining on immunohistochemistry progressed within 9 weeks, whereas 2 patients with negative staining continued without progression for prolonged durations of 30 and 48 weeks. TSC1 gene mutations did not correlate with clinical outcome. CONCLUSION The addition of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus to carboplatin demonstrated minimal clinical efficacy in metastatic prostate cancer. pAKT testing warrants further evaluation as a predictive marker of response to everolimus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulka Vaishampayan
- Department of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.
| | - Daniel Shevrin
- Department of Oncology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | - Mark Stein
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Lance Heilbrun
- Department of Oncology, Biostatistics Core, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI
| | - Susan Land
- Department of Oncology, John D. Dingell Veterans Medical Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Karri Stark
- Department of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Brenda Dickow
- Department of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Elisabeth Heath
- Department of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Daryn Smith
- Department of Oncology, Biostatistics Core, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI
| | - Joseph Fontana
- Department of Oncology, John D. Dingell Veterans Medical Center, Detroit, MI
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Ruiz de Garibay G, Herranz C, Llorente A, Boni J, Serra-Musach J, Mateo F, Aguilar H, Gómez-Baldó L, Petit A, Vidal A, Climent F, Hernández-Losa J, Cordero Á, González-Suárez E, Sánchez-Mut JV, Esteller M, Llatjós R, Varela M, López JI, García N, Extremera AI, Gumà A, Ortega R, Plà MJ, Fernández A, Pernas S, Falo C, Morilla I, Campos M, Gil M, Román A, Molina-Molina M, Ussetti P, Laporta R, Valenzuela C, Ancochea J, Xaubet A, Casanova Á, Pujana MA. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Biomarkers Linked to Lung Metastatic Potential and Cell Stemness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132546. [PMID: 26167915 PMCID: PMC4500593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare lung-metastasizing neoplasm caused by the proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells that commonly carry loss-of-function mutations in either the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 or 2 (TSC1 or TSC2) genes. While allosteric inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has shown substantial clinical benefit, complementary therapies are required to improve response and/or to treat specific patients. However, there is a lack of LAM biomarkers that could potentially be used to monitor the disease and to develop other targeted therapies. We hypothesized that the mediators of cancer metastasis to lung, particularly in breast cancer, also play a relevant role in LAM. Analyses across independent breast cancer datasets revealed associations between low TSC1/2 expression, altered mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway signaling, and metastasis to lung. Subsequently, immunohistochemical analyses of 23 LAM lesions revealed positivity in all cases for the lung metastasis mediators fascin 1 (FSCN1) and inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1). Moreover, assessment of breast cancer stem or luminal progenitor cell biomarkers showed positivity in most LAM tissue for the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), integrin-ß3 (ITGB3/CD61), and/or the sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) proteins. The immunohistochemical analyses also provided evidence of heterogeneity between and within LAM cases. The analysis of Tsc2-deficient cells revealed relative over-expression of FSCN1 and ID1; however, Tsc2-deficient cells did not show higher sensitivity to ID1-based cancer inhibitors. Collectively, the results of this study reveal novel LAM biomarkers linked to breast cancer metastasis to lung and to cell stemness, which in turn might guide the assessment of additional or complementary therapeutic opportunities for LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Ruiz de Garibay
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen Herranz
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jacopo Boni
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Serra-Musach
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesca Mateo
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helena Aguilar
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laia Gómez-Baldó
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Petit
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - August Vidal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fina Climent
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Álex Cordero
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva González-Suárez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Vicente Sánchez-Mut
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Llatjós
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mar Varela
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Ignacio López
- Cruces University Hospital, BioCruces Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Nadia García
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana I. Extremera
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Gumà
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raúl Ortega
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Plà
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Breast Cancer Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Adela Fernández
- Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sònia Pernas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Catalina Falo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Idoia Morilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Campos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel Gil
- Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Román
- Department of Pulmonology, Lung Transplant Unit, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Clinic, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Molina-Molina
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Piedad Ussetti
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Clínica Puerta del Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalía Laporta
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Clínica Puerta del Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Valenzuela
- Department of Pneumology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Department of Pneumology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Xaubet
- Biomedical Research Centre Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Agusti Pi Suñer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Angel Pujana
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder with a high prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Tremendous progress in understanding the pathogenesis of TSC has been made in recent years, along with initial trials of medical treatment aimed specifically at the underlying mechanism of the disorder. At the cellular level, loss of TSC1 or TSC2 results in upregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. At the circuitry level, TSC and mTOR play crucial roles in axonal, dendritic, and synaptic development and function. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism underlying TSC, and how this disease results in aberrant neural connectivity at multiple levels in the central nervous system, leading to ASD symptoms. We then review recent advances in mechanism-based treatments of TSC, and the promise that these treatments provide for future mechanism-based treatment of ASD. Because of these recent advances, TSC represents an ideal model for how to make progress in understanding and treating the mechanisms that underlie ASD in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Davis
- />Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA USA
| | - Jurriaan M. Peters
- />Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA USA
| | - Darcy A. Krueger
- />Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- />Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA USA
- />F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Grzegorek I, Zuba-Surma E, Chabowski M, Janczak D, Szuba A, Dziegiel P. Characterization of cells cultured from chylous effusion from a patient with sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:3341-3351. [PMID: 26026094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive, rare interstitial lung disease that almost exclusively affects women. It is caused by a mutation in one of the tuberous sclerosis genes, TSC1 or TSC2, and constitutive activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in smooth muscle-like cells (LAM cells). The heightened proliferation and accumulation of LAM cells leads to the destruction of lung tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we developed a cell line (S-LAM1) derived from a chylous effusion obtained from a patient with sporadic, pulmonary LAM and evaluated its phenotype using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and an image stream system. Ultrastructure was assessed using a transmission electron microscope. To assess the ability of LAM cells to move and migrate (which is strictly associated with the ability to metastasize), we carried-out a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array analysis of 84 genes involved in cell motility. In order to evaluate the effect of rapamycin, a natural inhibitor of mTOR kinase, on S-LAM1 cells, a sulforhodamine B cell viability assay was performed with different concentrations of rapamycin. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The phenotype of these cells is consistent with the biology of LAM cells. S-LAM1 cells present combined smooth muscle, melanocytic, and lymphatic endothelium lineage, as well as the presence of mesenchymal differentiation markers. A particular pattern of gene expression, including high expression of ezrin (EZR), myosin heavy chain 10, non-muscle (MYH10), and myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) and a greatly decreased expression of supervillin (SVIL), when compared to controls, indicates a high potential motility activity, especially of cell spreading. Rapamycin significantly, although only partially, inhibited S-LAM1 cell proliferation in vitro, and should, perhaps, be considered in the future in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmina Grzegorek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Chabowski
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland Department of Clinical Proceedings, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Janczak
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland Department of Clinical Proceedings, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szuba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fourth Military Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland Department of Angiology, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ci X, Kuraoka M, Wang H, Carico Z, Hopper K, Shin J, Deng X, Qiu Y, Unniraman S, Kelsoe G, Zhong XP. TSC1 Promotes B Cell Maturation but Is Dispensable for Germinal Center Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127527. [PMID: 26000908 PMCID: PMC4441391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), a tumor suppressor that acts by inhibiting mTOR signaling, plays an important role in the immune system. We report here that TSC1 differentially regulates mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2/Akt signaling in B cells. TSC1 deficiency results in the accumulation of transitional-1 (T1) B cells and progressive losses of B cells as they mature beyond the T1 stage. Moreover, TSC1KO mice exhibit a mild defect in the serum antibody responses or rate of Ig class-switch recombination after immunization with a T-cell-dependent antigen. In contrast to a previous report, we demonstrate that both constitutive Peyer’s patch germinal centers (GCs) and immunization-induced splenic GCs are unimpaired in TSC1-deficient (TSC1KO) mice and that the ratio of GC B cells to total B cells is comparable in WT and TSC1KO mice. Together, our data demonstrate that TSC1 plays important roles for B cell development, but it is dispensable for GC formation and serum antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ci
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zachary Carico
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Kristen Hopper
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Jinwook Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yirong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shyam Unniraman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XPZ); (GK)
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XPZ); (GK)
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Deng L, Jiang C, Chen L, Jin J, Wei J, Zhao L, Chen M, Pan W, Xu Y, Chu H, Wang X, Ge X, Li D, Liao L, Liu M, Li L, Wang P. The ubiquitination of rag A GTPase by RNF152 negatively regulates mTORC1 activation. Mol Cell 2015; 58:804-18. [PMID: 25936802 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
mTORC1 is essential for regulating cell growth and metabolism in response to various environmental stimuli. Heterodimeric Rag GTPases are required for amino-acid-mediated mTORC1 activation at the lysosome. However, the mechanism by which amino acids regulate Rag activation remains not fully understood. Here, we identified the lysosome-anchored E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF152 as an essential negative regulator of the mTORC1 pathway by targeting RagA for K63-linked ubiquitination. RNF152 interacts with and ubiquitinates RagA in an amino-acid-sensitive manner. The mutation of RagA ubiquitination sites abolishes this effect of RNF152 and enhances the RagA-mediated activation of mTORC1. Ubiquitination by RNF152 generates an anchor on RagA to recruit its inhibitor GATOR1, a GAP complex for Rag GTPases. RNF152 knockout results in the hyperactivation of mTORC1 and protects cells from amino-acid-starvation-induced autophagy. Thus, this study reveals a mechanism for regulation of mTORC1 signaling by RNF152-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of RagA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiali Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weijuan Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hongshang Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinbo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lujian Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Stapp L, Combs A. Fibrous forehead plaque. Cutis 2015; 95:E11-E16. [PMID: 25942032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Stapp
- Graduate Medical Education, Broward Health Medical Center, 1600 S Andrews Ave, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316, USA.
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Carneiro BA, Meeks JJ, Kuzel TM, Scaranti M, Abdulkadir SA, Giles FJ. Emerging therapeutic targets in bladder cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:170-8. [PMID: 25498841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of muscle invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma (BCa) remains a major challenge. Comprehensive genomic profiling of tumors and identification of driver mutations may reveal new therapeutic targets. This manuscript discusses relevant molecular drivers of the malignant phenotype and agents with therapeutic potential in BCa. Small molecule pan-FGFR inhibitors have shown encouraging efficacy and safety results especially among patients with activating FGFR mutations or translocations. mTOR inhibitors for patients with TSC1 mutations and concomitant targeting of PI3K and MEK represent strategies to block PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Encouraging preclinical results with ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) exemplifies a new potential treatment for HER2-positive BCa along with innovative bispecific antibodies. Inhibitors of cell cycle regulators (aurora kinase, polo-like kinase 1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4) are being investigated in combination with chemotherapy. Early results of clinical studies with anti-CTLA4 and anti-PDL1 are propelling immune modulating drugs to the forefront of emerging treatments for BCa. Collectively, these novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies hold promise to improve the outcome of patients afflicted with this malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Aurora Kinases/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Maytansine/analogs & derivatives
- Maytansine/pharmacology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
- Trastuzumab
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Polo-Like Kinase 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito A Carneiro
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States.
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States
| | - Timothy M Kuzel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States
| | - Mariana Scaranti
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States
| | - Francis J Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, United States; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, United States
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Xiang X, Lan H, Tang H, Yuan F, Xu Y, Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang W. Tuberous sclerosis complex 1-mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling determines brown-to-white adipocyte phenotypic switch. Diabetes 2015; 64:519-28. [PMID: 25213336 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interconversion of white and brown adipocytes occurs between anabolic and catabolic states. The molecular mechanism regulating this phenotypic switch remains largely unknown. This study explores the role of tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in the conversion of brown to white adipose tissue (WAT). A colony of Fabp4-Tsc1(-/-) mice, in which the Tsc1 gene was specifically deleted by the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4)-Cre, was established. Western blotting and immunostaining demonstrated the absence of TSC1 and activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, the downstream target of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, in the brown adipose tissues (BATs) of Fabp4-Tsc1(-/-) mice. Accumulation of lipid droplets in BAT was significantly increased. Levels of brown adipocyte markers were markedly downregulated, while white adipocyte markers were upregulated. Rapamycin reversed the conversion from BAT to WAT in Fabp4-Tsc1(-/-) mice. Deletion of the Tsc1 gene in cultured brown preadipocytes significantly increased the conversion to white adipocytes. FoxC2 mRNA, the transcriptional factor for brown adipocyte determination, was significantly decreased, while mRNAs for retinoblastoma protein, p107 and RIP140, the transcriptional factors for white adipocyte determination, increased in the BAT of Fabp4-Tsc1(-/-) mice. Our study demonstrates that TSC1-mTORC1 signaling contributes to the brown-to-white adipocyte phenotypic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Department of Pathology, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - He Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Naderi N, Timofte I, McCurdy MT, Reed RM. Tuberous sclerosis complex: multisystem hamartomas. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr2014208537. [PMID: 25618887 PMCID: PMC4307053 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-208537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Negar Naderi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Timofte
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T McCurdy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert M Reed
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Valianou M, Cox AM, Pichette B, Hartley S, Paladhi UR, Astrinidis A. Pharmacological inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) by BI-2536 decreases the viability and survival of hamartin and tuberin deficient cells via induction of apoptosis and attenuation of autophagy. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:399-407. [PMID: 25565629 PMCID: PMC4353234 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.986394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) increases translation, cell size and angiogenesis, and inhibits autophagy. mTORC1 is negatively regulated by hamartin and tuberin, the protein products of the tumor suppressors TSC1 and TSC2 that are mutated in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) and sporadic Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Hamartin interacts with the centrosomal and mitotic kinase polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Hamartin and tuberin deficient cells have abnormalities in centrosome duplication, mitotic progression, and cytokinesis, suggesting that the hamartin/tuberin heterodimer and mTORC1 signaling are involved in centrosome biology and mitosis. Here we report that PLK1 protein levels are increased in hamartin and tuberin deficient cells and LAM patient-derived specimens, and that this increase is rapamycin-sensitive. Pharmacological inhibition of PLK1 by the small-molecule inhibitor BI-2536 significantly decreased the viability and clonogenic survival of hamartin and tuberin deficient cells, which was associated with increased apoptosis. BI-2536 increased p62, LC3B-I and GFP-LC3 punctae, and inhibited HBSS-induced degradation of p62, suggesting that PLK1 inhibition attenuates autophagy. Finally, PLK1 inhibition repressed the expression and protein levels of key autophagy genes and proteins and the protein levels of Bcl(-)2 family members, suggesting that PLK1 regulates both autophagic and apoptotic responses. Taken together, our data point toward a previously unrecognized role of PLK1 on the survival of cells with mTORC1 hyperactivation, and the potential use of PLK1 inhibitors as novel therapeutics for tumors with dysregulated mTORC1 signaling, including TSC and LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthildi Valianou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
USA
| | - Andrew M Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
USA
| | - Benjamin Pichette
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
USA
| | - Shannon Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
USA
| | - Unmesha Roy Paladhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
USA
| | - Aristotelis Astrinidis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
USA
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry; Department
of Medicine; School of Health Sciences; University of Ioannina,
Greece
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and
Biotechnology; School of Pharmacy; Texas Tech University Health Sciences
Center; Abilene, TX USA
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Zhang L, Li K, He H, Hu MQ. [Tsc1 promoter methylation rate, mTOR expression in food-induced obese rat hypothalamus]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2015; 46:47-50. [PMID: 25807795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the methylation rate of tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (Tsc1) promoter and expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in food-induced rat hypothalamus. METHODS 16 male SD rats were divided into high fat diet induced group (8 rats) and normal control group (8 rats) feeding for 12 weeks. Body mass, mass of celiac fat, celiac fat/body mass were measured. Methylation of Tsc1 promoter, mRNA and protein expression of mTOR were detected by bisulfite sequencing method, RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Mass of celiac fat, celiac fat/body mass were higher in food-induced rat than that in control group. There were 11 methylation sites in SD rat hypothalamus. Obese group has significantly higher methylation rates (94.50% +/- 4.66%) than that of control group (86.60% +/- 3.49%) (P<0.002). The mRNA and protein expression of mTOR were noted lower in control group than in obese group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The increased methylation rate of Tsc1 promoter in food-induced rat hypothalamus and up-regulated expression of mTOR, downstream gene of Tsc1 may promote the obesity.
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Abstract
Abnormalities in ovarian function, including defective oogenesis and folliculogenesis, represent a key female reproductive deficiency. Accumulating evidence in the literature has shown that the PI3K/PTEN/Akt and TSC/mTOR signaling pathways are critical regulators of ovarian function including quiescence, activation, and survival of primordial follicles, granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation, and meiotic maturation of oocytes. Dysregulation of these signaling pathways may contribute to infertility caused by impaired follicular development, intrafollicular oocyte development, and ovulation. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of the functional role of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt and TSC/mTOR pathways during mammalian oogenesis and folliculogenesis and their association with female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Makker
- Post-Graduate Department of PathologyDepartment of BiochemistryKing George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Mati Goel
- Post-Graduate Department of PathologyDepartment of BiochemistryKing George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Post-Graduate Department of PathologyDepartment of BiochemistryKing George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kayyali US, Larsen CG, Bashiruddin S, Lewandowski SL, Trivedi CM, Warburton RR, Parkhitko AA, Morrison TA, Henske EP, Chekaluk Y, Kwiatkowski DJ, Finlay GA. Targeted deletion of Tsc1 causes fatal cardiomyocyte hyperplasia independently of afterload. Cardiovasc Pathol 2014; 24:80-93. [PMID: 25434723 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high expression levels, the role of Tsc1 in cardiovascular tissue is ill defined. We launched this study to examine the role of Tsc1 in cardiac physiology and pathology. Mice in which Tsc1 was deleted in cardiac tissue and vascular smooth muscle (Tsc1c/cSM22cre(+/-)), developed progressive cardiomegaly and hypertension and died early. Hearts of Tsc1c/cSM22cre(+/-) mice displayed a progressive increase in cardiomyocyte number, and to a lesser extent, size between the ages of 1 and 6 weeks. In addition, compared to control hearts, proliferation markers (phospho-histone 3 and PCNA) were elevated in Tsc1c/cSM22cre(+/-) cardiomyocytes at 0-4 weeks, suggesting that cardiomyocyte proliferation was the predominant mechanism underlying cardiomegaly in Tsc1c/cSM22cre(+/-) mice. To examine the contribution of Tsc1 deletion in peripheral vascular smooth muscle to the cardiac phenotype, Tsc1c/cSM22cre(+/-) mice were treated with the antihypertensive, hydralazine. Prevention of hypertension had no effect on survival, cardiac size, or cardiomyocyte number in these mice. We furthermore generated mice in which Tsc1 was deleted only in vascular smooth muscle but not in cardiac tissue (Tsc1c/cSMAcre-ER(T2+/-)). The Tsc1c/cSMAcre-ER(T2+/-) mice also developed hypertension. However, their survival was normal and no cardiac abnormalities were observed. Our results suggest that loss of Tsc1 in the heart causes cardiomegaly, which is driven by increased cardiomyocyte proliferation that also appears to confer relative resistance to afterload reduction. These findings support a critical role for the Tsc1 gene as gatekeeper in the protection against uncontrolled cardiac growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usamah S Kayyali
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Christopher G Larsen
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sarah Bashiruddin
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sara L Lewandowski
- Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chinmay M Trivedi
- Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rod R Warburton
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Andrey A Parkhitko
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Tasha A Morrison
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Yvonne Chekaluk
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Geraldine A Finlay
- Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Goncharova EA, James ML, Kudryashova TV, Goncharov DA, Krymskaya VP. Tumor suppressors TSC1 and TSC2 differentially modulate actin cytoskeleton and motility of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111476. [PMID: 25360538 PMCID: PMC4216017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
TSC1 and TSC2 mutations cause neoplasms in rare disease pulmonary LAM and neuronal pathfinding in hamartoma syndrome TSC. The specific roles of TSC1 and TSC2 in actin remodeling and the modulation of cell motility, however, are not well understood. Previously, we demonstrated that TSC1 and TSC2 regulate the activity of small GTPases RhoA and Rac1, stress fiber formation and cell adhesion in a reciprocal manner. Here, we show that Tsc1−/− MEFs have decreased migration compared to littermate-derived Tsc1+/+ MEFs. Migration of Tsc1−/− MEFs with re-expressed TSC1 was comparable to Tsc1+/+ MEF migration. In contrast, Tsc2−/− MEFs showed an increased migration compared to Tsc2+/+ MEFs that were abrogated by TSC2 re-expression. Depletion of TSC1 and TSC2 using specific siRNAs in wild type MEFs and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts also showed that TSC1 loss attenuates cell migration while TSC2 loss promotes cell migration. Morphological and immunochemical analysis demonstrated that Tsc1−/− MEFs have a thin protracted shape with a few stress fibers; in contrast, Tsc2−/− MEFs showed a rounded morphology and abundant stress fibers. Expression of TSC1 in either Tsc1−/− or Tsc2−/− MEFs promoted stress fiber formation, while TSC2 re-expression induced stress fiber disassembly and the formation of cortical actin. To assess the mechanism(s) by which TSC2 loss promotes actin re-arrangement and cell migration, we explored the role of known downstream effectors of TSC2, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Increased migration of Tsc2−/− MEFs is inhibited by siRNA mTOR and siRNA Rictor, but not siRNA Raptor. siRNA mTOR or siRNA Rictor promoted stress fiber disassembly in TSC2-null cells, while siRNA Raptor had little effect. Overexpression of kinase-dead mTOR induced actin stress fiber disassembly and suppressed TSC2-deficient cell migration. Our data demonstrate that TSC1 and TSC2 differentially regulate actin stress fiber formation and cell migration, and that only TSC2 loss promotes mTOR- and mTORC2-dependent pro-migratory cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Goncharova
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Melane L. James
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Tatiana V. Kudryashova
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dmitry A. Goncharov
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Vera P. Krymskaya
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Patursky-Polischuk I, Kasir J, Miloslavski R, Hayouka Z, Hausner-Hanochi M, Stolovich-Rain M, Tsukerman P, Biton M, Mudhasani R, Jones SN, Meyuhas O. Reassessment of the role of TSC, mTORC1 and microRNAs in amino acids-meditated translational control of TOP mRNAs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109410. [PMID: 25338081 PMCID: PMC4206288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
TOP mRNAs encode components of the translational apparatus, and repression of their translation comprises one mechanism, by which cells encountering amino acid deprivation downregulate the biosynthesis of the protein synthesis machinery. This mode of regulation involves TSC as knockout of TSC1 or TSC2 rescued TOP mRNAs translation in amino acid-starved cells. The involvement of mTOR in translational control of TOP mRNAs is demonstrated by the ability of constitutively active mTOR to relieve the translational repression of TOP mRNA upon amino acid deprivation. Consistently, knockdown of this kinase as well as its inhibition by pharmacological means blocked amino acid-induced translational activation of these mRNAs. The signaling of amino acids to TOP mRNAs involves RagB, as overexpression of active RagB derepressed the translation of these mRNAs in amino acid-starved cells. Nonetheless, knockdown of raptor or rictor failed to suppress translational activation of TOP mRNAs by amino acids, suggesting that mTORC1 or mTORC2 plays a minor, if any, role in this mode of regulation. Finally, miR10a has previously been suggested to positively regulate the translation of TOP mRNAs. However, we show here that titration of this microRNA failed to downregulate the basal translation efficiency of TOP mRNAs. Moreover, Drosha knockdown or Dicer knockout, which carries out the first and second processing steps in microRNAs biosynthesis, respectively, failed to block the translational activation of TOP mRNAs by amino acid or serum stimulation. Evidently, these results are questioning the positive role of microRNAs in this mode of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Patursky-Polischuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Judith Kasir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Miloslavski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zvi Hayouka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mirit Hausner-Hanochi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miri Stolovich-Rain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pinchas Tsukerman
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Biton
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rajini Mudhasani
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, North Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen N. Jones
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, North Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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48
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Ou X, Liu M, Luo H, Dong LQ, Liu F. Ursolic acid inhibits leucine-stimulated mTORC1 signaling by suppressing mTOR localization to lysosome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95393. [PMID: 24740400 PMCID: PMC3989317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid widely found in medicinal herbs and fruits, has been reported to possess a wide range of beneficial properties including anti-hyperglycemia, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of UA remain largely unknown. Here we show that UA inhibits leucine-induced activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in C2C12 myotubes. The UA-mediated inhibition of mTORC1 is independent of Akt, tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2 (TSC1/2), and Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), suggesting that UA negatively regulates mTORC1 signaling by targeting at a site downstream of these mTOR regulators. UA treatment had no effect on the interaction between mTOR and its activator Raptor or inhibitor Deptor, but suppressed the binding of RagB to Raptor and inhibited leucine-induced mTOR lysosomal localization. Taken together, our study identifies UA as a direct negative regulator of the mTORC1 signaling pathway and suggests a novel mechanism by which UA exerts its beneficial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ou
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Meilian Liu
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hairong Luo
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lily Q. Dong
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Feng Liu
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center and Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Tyburczy ME, Wang JA, Li S, Thangapazham R, Chekaluk Y, Moss J, Kwiatkowski DJ, Darling TN. Sun exposure causes somatic second-hit mutations and angiofibroma development in tuberous sclerosis complex. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2023-9. [PMID: 24271014 PMCID: PMC3959815 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is characterized by the formation of tumors in multiple organs and is caused by germline mutation in one of two tumor suppressor genes, TSC1 and TSC2. As for other tumor suppressor gene syndromes, the mechanism of somatic second-hit events in TSC tumors is unknown. We grew fibroblast-like cells from 29 TSC skin tumors from 22 TSC subjects and identified germline and second-hit mutations in TSC1/TSC2 using next-generation sequencing. Eighteen of 22 (82%) subjects had a mutation identified, and 8 of the 18 (44%) subjects were mosaic with mutant allele frequencies of 0 to 19% in normal tissue DNA. Multiple tumors were available from four patients, and in each case, second-hit mutations in TSC2 were distinct indicating they arose independently. Most remarkably, 7 (50%) of the 14 somatic point mutations were CC>TT ultraviolet 'signature' mutations, never seen as a TSC germline mutation. These occurred exclusively in facial angiofibroma tumors from sun-exposed sites. These results implicate UV-induced DNA damage as a cause of second-hit mutations and development of TSC facial angiofibromas and suggest that measures to limit UV exposure in TSC children and adults should reduce the frequency and severity of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena E. Tyburczy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ji-an Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA and
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA and
| | - Rajesh Thangapazham
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA and
| | - Yvonne Chekaluk
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David J. Kwiatkowski
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas N. Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA and
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Pilipow K, Basso V, Migone N, Mondino A. Monoallelic germline TSC1 mutations are permissive for T lymphocyte development and homeostasis in tuberous sclerosis complex individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91952. [PMID: 24633152 PMCID: PMC3954840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline and somatic biallelic mutations of the Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 1 and TSC2 gene products cause TSC, an autosomal dominant multifocal hamartomatosis with variable neurological manifestations. The consequences of TSC1 or TSC2 loss in cells of hematopoietic origin have recently started to be unveiled in mice and showed to hinder the development of proper T cell immunity. To date, the consequences of germline TSC1 mutations and/or its loss in mature human T cells remain to be determined. To address these issues, we analyzed subset representation, phenotype and responsiveness to mitogens in T cells from patients with inherited monoallelic TSC1 mutations, and induced shRNA-mediated TSC1 down-regulation in primary and transformed human T cells. We report that, the distribution of peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, their cytokine-secretion profile, and responsiveness to in vitro stimulation were largely preserved in TSC subjects with monoallelic TSC1 germline mutations when compared to healthy controls. Sufficient levels of hamartin and tuberin and proper control of mTOR-dependent signaling in primary T cells from TSC subjects best explained this. In contrast, shRNA-induced down-regulation of TSC1, likely mimicking biallelic inactivation of TSC1, compromised hamartin and tuberin expression and mTORC2/AKT/FoxO1/3 signaling causing both primary and transformed T cells to die by apoptosis. Thus, our results indicate that, while one functional TSC1 allele preserves human T lymphocytes development and homeostasis, TSC1 acute down-regulation is detrimental to the survival of both primary and transformed T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pilipow
- Lymphocyte Activation Unit, Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease Division, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Veronica Basso
- Lymphocyte Activation Unit, Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease Division, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Migone
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, and Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria San Giovanni Battista, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Mondino
- Lymphocyte Activation Unit, Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease Division, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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