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Abstract
Laminins are extracellular matrix proteins that reside in the basement membrane and provide structural support in addition to promoting cellular adhesion and migration. Through interactions with cell surface receptors, laminins stimulate intracellular signaling cascades which direct specific survival and differentiation outcomes. In metabolic tissues such as the pancreas, adipose, muscle, and liver, laminin isoforms are expressed in discrete temporal and spatial patterns suggesting that certain isoforms may support the development and function of particular metabolic cell types. This review focuses on the research to date detailing the expression of laminin isoforms, their potential function, as well as known pathways involved in laminin signaling in metabolic tissues. We will also discuss the current biomedical therapies involving laminins in these tissues in addition to prospective applications, with the goal being to encourage future investigation of laminins in the context of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goddi
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Liesl Schroedl
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 924 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ronald N Cohen
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons extend along the inner limiting membrane, which forms the extracellular matrix (ECM) containing laminin, collagen, and proteoglycans. RGC axons express integrin, which is activated by binding to ECM proteins to regulate cytoskeleton. To study the growth of RGC axons in vitro, maintaining the natural environment for them is absolutely necessary. For this purpose, culturing a strip of embryonic chick retina in Matrigel® is a suitable method. This article describes detailed techniques of the retinal strip culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamashita
- Center for Basic Medical Research, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Japan.
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3
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Méhes E, Biri-Kovács B, Isai DG, Gulyás M, Nyitray L, Czirók A. Matrigel patterning reflects multicellular contractility. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007431. [PMID: 31652274 PMCID: PMC6834294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin II (NMII)-induced multicellular contractility is essential for development, maintenance and remodeling of tissue morphologies. Dysregulation of the cytoskeleton can lead to birth defects or enable cancer progression. We demonstrate that the Matrigel patterning assay, widely used to characterize endothelial cells, is a highly sensitive tool to evaluate cell contractility within a soft extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. We propose a computational model to explore how cell-exerted contractile forces can tear up the cell-Matrigel composite material and gradually remodel it into a network structure. We identify measures that are characteristic for cellular contractility and can be obtained from image analysis of the recorded patterning process. The assay was calibrated by inhibition of NMII activity in A431 epithelial carcinoma cells either directly with blebbistatin or indirectly with Y27632 Rho kinase inhibitor. Using Matrigel patterning as a bioassay, we provide the first functional demonstration that overexpression of S100A4, a calcium-binding protein that is frequently overexpressed in metastatic tumors and inhibits NMIIA activity by inducing filament disassembly, effectively reduces cell contractility. Sensing and exerting forces is a fundamental aspect of tissue organization. We demonstrate that contractile cells form an intricate network structure when placed in a pliable culture environment, a phenomenon often associated with vascular networks and is being actively used to characterize endothelial cells in culture. We propose a computational model that operates with mechanical stresses, plastic deformation and material failure within the cell-extracellular matrix composite to explain the patterning process. In addition to re-interpret a decades-old tool of experimental cell biology, our work suggests a potentially high throughput computational assay to characterize cellular contractility within a soft ECM environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Előd Méhes
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dona G. Isai
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Márton Gulyás
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Nyitray
- Department of Biochemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Czirók
- Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Mao B, Li L, Yan M, Wong CKC, Silvestrini B, Li C, Ge R, Lian Q, Cheng CY. F5-Peptide and mTORC1/rpS6 Effectively Enhance BTB Transport Function in the Testis-Lesson From the Adjudin Model. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1832-1853. [PMID: 31157869 PMCID: PMC6637795 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, the blood-testis barrier (BTB) undergoes cyclic remodeling that is crucial to support the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes across the immunological barrier at stage VIII to IX of the epithelial cycle. Studies have shown that this timely remodeling of the BTB is supported by several endogenously produced barrier modifiers across the seminiferous epithelium, which include the F5-peptide and the ribosomal protein S6 [rpS6; a downstream signaling molecule of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)] signaling protein. Herein, F5-peptide and a quadruple phosphomimetic (and constitutively active) mutant of rpS6 [i.e., phosphorylated (p-)rpS6-MT] that are capable of inducing reversible immunological barrier remodeling, by making the barrier "leaky" transiently, were used for their overexpression in the testis to induce BTB opening. We sought to examine whether this facilitated the crossing of the nonhormonal male contraceptive adjudin at the BTB when administered by oral gavage, thereby effectively improving its BTB transport to induce germ cell adhesion and aspermatogenesis. Indeed, it was shown that combined overexpression of F5-peptide and p-rpS6-MT and a low dose of adjudin, which by itself had no noticeable effects on spermatogenesis, was capable of perturbing the organization of actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons through changes in the spatial expression of actin- and MT-binding/regulatory proteins to the corresponding cytoskeleton. These findings thus illustrate the possibility of delivering drugs to any target organ behind a blood-tissue barrier by modifying the tight junction permeability barrier using endogenously produced barrier modifiers based on findings from this adjudin animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Mao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linxi Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Yan
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence: C. Yan Cheng, PhD, The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065. E-mail:
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5
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Yoshihara T, Satake H, Nishie T, Okino N, Hatta T, Otani H, Naruse C, Suzuki H, Sugihara K, Kamimura E, Tokuda N, Furukawa K, Fururkawa K, Ito M, Asano M. Lactosylceramide synthases encoded by B4galt5 and 6 genes are pivotal for neuronal generation and myelin formation in mice. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007545. [PMID: 30114188 PMCID: PMC6095488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is uncertain which β4-galactosyltransferase (β4GalT; gene name, B4galt), β4GalT-5 and/or β4GalT-6, is responsible for the production of lactosylceramide (LacCer) synthase, which functions in the initial step of ganglioside biosynthesis. Here, we generated conditional B4galt5 knockout (B4galt5 cKO) mice, using Nestin-Cre mice, and crossed these with B4galt6 KO mice to generate B4galt5 and 6 double KO (DKO) mice in the central nervous system (CNS). LacCer synthase activity and major brain gangliosides were completely absent in brain homogenates from the DKO mice, although LacCer synthase activity was about half its normal level in B4galt5 cKO mice and B4galt6 KO mice. The DKO mice were born normally but they showed growth retardation and motor deficits at 2 weeks and died by 4 weeks of age. Histological analyses showed that myelin-associated proteins were rarely found localized in axons in the cerebral cortex, and axonal and myelin formation were remarkably impaired in the spinal cords of the DKO mice. Neuronal cells, differentiated from neurospheres that were prepared from the DKO mice, showed impairments in neurite outgrowth and branch formation, which can be explained by the fact that neurospheres from DKO mice could weakly interact with laminin due to lack of gangliosides, such as GM1a. Furthermore, the neurons were immature and perineuronal nets (PNNs) were poorly formed in DKO cerebral cortices. Our results indicate that LacCer synthase is encoded by B4galt5 and 6 genes in the CNS, and that gangliosides are indispensable for neuronal maturation, PNN formation, and axonal and myelin formation. Gangliosides are membrane-bound glycosphingolipids that contain sialic acid residues and are abundant in the mammalian nervous system, suggesting that they play pivotal roles in neural functions. We generated conditional β4-galactosyltransferase-5 (B4galt5) knockout (KO) and double B4galt5/B4galt6 KO (DKO) mice to completely ablate lactosylceramide (LacCer) synthase in the central nervous system (CNS). LacCer functions in the initial step of ganglioside biosynthesis. DKO mice were born normally but showed growth retardation and motor deficits at 2 weeks and died by 4 weeks of age. Myelin-associated proteins were rarely found localized in axons in the cerebral cortex, and axonal and myelin formation were remarkably impaired in the spinal cords of DKO mice. Neurospheres prepared from DKO mice could weakly interact with laminin, probably due to the lack of gangliosides in these mice. This defect might have caused the impaired neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells from DKO mice and poor formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs) with immature neurons in the cerebral cortices of DKO mice. Our results indicate pivotal roles for gangliosides in the CNS, including neuronal maturation, PNN formation, and axonal and myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshihara
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Satake
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nishie
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Molecular and Cell Structural Science, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Chie Naruse
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Sugihara
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eikichi Kamimura
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyo Tokuda
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koichi Fururkawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gajewska M, McNally S. Using 3D Culture of Primary Mammary Epithelial Cells to Define Molecular Entities Required for Acinus Formation: Analyzing MAP Kinase Phosphatases. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1501:199-216. [PMID: 27796954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6475-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures on reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) enable the study of complex interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) components and epithelial cells, which are crucial for the establishment of cell polarity and functional development of epithelia. 3D cultures of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) on Matrigel (a laminin-rich ECM derived from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) murine tumor) promote interactions of MECs with the matrix via integrins, leading to formation of spherical monolayers of polarized cells surrounding a hollow lumen (acini). Acini closely resemble mammary alveoli found in the mammary gland. Thus, it is possible to study ECM-cell interactions and signalling pathways that regulate formation and maintenance of tissue-specific shape and functional differentiation of MECs in 3D under in vitro conditions. Here we present experimental protocols used to investigate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKPs) during development of the alveoli-like structures by primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (PMMEC) cultured on Matrigel. We present detailed protocols for PMMEC isolation, and establishment of 3D cultures using an "on top" method, use of specific kinase and phosphatases inhibitors (PD98059 and pervanadate, respectively) administered at different stages of acinus development, and give examples of analyses carried out post-culture (Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and confocal imaging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sara McNally
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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Vilas-Boas F, Bagulho A, Tenente R, Teixeira VH, Martins G, da Costa G, Jerónimo A, Cordeiro C, Machuqueiro M, Real C. Hydrogen peroxide regulates cell adhesion through the redox sensor RPSA. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:145-57. [PMID: 26603095 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To become metastatic, a tumor cell must acquire new adhesion properties that allow migration into the surrounding connective tissue, transmigration across endothelial cells to reach the blood stream and, at the site of metastasis, adhesion to endothelial cells and transmigration to colonize a new tissue. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a redox signaling molecule produced in tumor cell microenvironment with high relevance for tumor development. However, the molecular mechanisms regulated by H2O2 in tumor cells are still poorly known. The identification of H2O2-target proteins in tumor cells and the understanding of their role in tumor cell adhesion are essential for the development of novel redox-based therapies for cancer. In this paper, we identified Ribosomal Protein SA (RPSA) as a target of H2O2 and showed that RPSA in the oxidized state accumulates in clusters that contain specific adhesion molecules. Furthermore, we showed that RPSA oxidation improves cell adhesion efficiency to laminin in vitro and promotes cell extravasation in vivo. Our results unravel a new mechanism for H2O2-dependent modulation of cell adhesion properties and identify RPSA as the H2O2 sensor in this process. This work indicates that high levels of RPSA expression might confer a selective advantage to tumor cells in an oxidative environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Vilas-Boas
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Bagulho
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rita Tenente
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Gabriel Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, R. Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Gonçalo da Costa
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Jerónimo
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Cordeiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carla Real
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pihlajaniemi
- Collagen Research Unit, Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland
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9
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Maciaszek JL, Partola K, Zhang J, Andemariam B, Lykotrafitis G. Single-cell force spectroscopy as a technique to quantify human red blood cell adhesion to subendothelial laminin. J Biomech 2014; 47:3855-61. [PMID: 25458578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS), an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based assay, enables quantitative study of cell adhesion while maintaining the native state of surface receptors in physiological conditions. Human healthy and pathological red blood cells (RBCs) express a large number of surface proteins which mediate cell-cell interactions, or cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. In particular, RBCs adhere with high affinity to subendothelial matrix laminin via the basal cell adhesion molecule and Lutheran protein (BCAM/Lu). Here, we established SCFS as an in vitro technique to study human RBC adhesion at baseline and following biochemical treatment. Using blood obtained from healthy human subjects, we recorded adhesion forces from single RBCs attached to AFM cantilevers as the cell was pulled-off of substrates coated with laminin protein. We found that an increase in the overall cell adhesion measured via SCFS is correlated with an increase in the resultant total force measured on 1 µm(2) areas of the RBC membrane. Further, we showed that SCFS can detect significant changes in the adhesive response of RBCs to modulation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Lastly, we identified variability in the RBC adhesion force to laminin amongst the human subjects, suggesting that RBCs maintain diverse levels of active BCAM/Lu adhesion receptors. By using single-cell measurements, we established a powerful new method for the quantitative measurement of single RBC adhesion with specific receptor-mediated binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Maciaszek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Hematology, Division of Experimental Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kostyantyn Partola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Biree Andemariam
- Adult Sickle Cell Disease Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - George Lykotrafitis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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10
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Ozgen H, Schrimpf W, Hendrix J, de Jonge JC, Lamb DC, Hoekstra D, Kahya N, Baron W. The lateral membrane organization and dynamics of myelin proteins PLP and MBP are dictated by distinct galactolipids and the extracellular matrix. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101834. [PMID: 25003183 PMCID: PMC4086962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, lipid-protein interactions are pivotal for myelin maintenance, as these interactions regulate protein transport to the myelin membrane as well as the molecular organization within the sheath. To improve our understanding of the fundamental properties of myelin, we focused here on the lateral membrane organization and dynamics of peripheral membrane protein 18.5-kDa myelin basic protein (MBP) and transmembrane protein proteolipid protein (PLP) as a function of the typical myelin lipids galactosylceramide (GalC), and sulfatide, and exogenous factors such as the extracellular matrix proteins laminin-2 and fibronectin, employing an oligodendrocyte cell line, selectively expressing the desired galactolipids. The dynamics of MBP were monitored by z-scan point fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS), while PLP dynamics in living cells were investigated by circular scanning FCS. The data revealed that on an inert substrate the diffusion rate of 18.5-kDa MBP increased in GalC-expressing cells, while the diffusion coefficient of PLP was decreased in sulfatide-containing cells. Similarly, when cells were grown on myelination-promoting laminin-2, the lateral diffusion coefficient of PLP was decreased in sulfatide-containing cells. In contrast, PLP's diffusion rate increased substantially when these cells were grown on myelination-inhibiting fibronectin. Additional biochemical analyses revealed that the observed differences in lateral diffusion coefficients of both proteins can be explained by differences in their biophysical, i.e., galactolipid environment, specifically with regard to their association with lipid rafts. Given the persistence of pathological fibronectin aggregates in multiple sclerosis lesions, this fundamental insight into the nature and dynamics of lipid-protein interactions will be instrumental in developing myelin regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Ozgen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Waldemar Schrimpf
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny C. de Jonge
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Don C. Lamb
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Dick Hoekstra
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoletta Kahya
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (NK) (WB)
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (NK) (WB)
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Zamurs L, Pouliot N, Kusuma N, Nice EC, Burgess AW. Chain-specific antibodies for laminin-511. Growth Factors 2013; 31:209-19. [PMID: 24274106 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.859684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to specific chains of laminin-511 (LM-511) have been developed. Antibody 2F12 binds to the LMα5 chain, 3G10 binds to the LMβ1 chain and 3C12 binds to the LMγ1 chain. These antibodies can be used to purify LM-511, to detect LM-511 in cell extracts or to detect the location of LM-511 in tissue by immunohistochemistry. In combination, the antibodies recognize all three chains of LM-511 and combinations of the antibodies can be used to quantitate levels of LM-511 in physiological fluids. One of the antibodies (3G10) is a potent inhibitor of the activity of LM-511 in cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zamurs
- The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
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12
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Nakazawa N, Miyahara K, Okawada M, Yamataka A, Suzuki R, Akazawa C, Tomikawa-Ichikawa N, Arikawa-Hirasawa E. Laminin-1 promotes enteric nervous system development in mouse embryo. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:1205-8. [PMID: 23979402 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-013-3388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Neuronal development is regulated by extracellular environmental factors including nerve growth factor (NGF) and laminin. We have previously demonstrated that laminin-1 promotes neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion cells by modulating NGF and integrin signaling. However, information about their effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS) is limited. Recently, we succeeded in visualizing enteric neural crest-derived cell (ENCC) migration using SOX10-Venus transgenic mice, in which ENCC are labeled with a green fluorescent protein, Venus. In this study, we examine the effects of NGF and laminin-1 in ENCC migration using SOX10-Venus mice gut. METHODS Pregnant SOX10-Venus mice were killed on day 12.5 of gestation. The colorectum was dissected from embryos (n = 10) and placed in culture medium including NGF with or without laminin-1 for 12 h. Extension rates of ENCC migration, colorectum and ENCC migration per colorectum were calculated. RESULTS Venus positive-ENCC extension rate was significantly higher in the laminin group (n = 5) compared to control (n = 5), 22.84 and 13.96 %, respectively (p < 0.05). The extension rate of the colorectum was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that laminin promotes ENCC migration in mice. This technique allowed us to visualize the effects of extracellular molecules on ENCC migration and it potentially provides us with an insight into the pathophysiology of developmental disorders of the ENS, such as Hirschsprung's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Juntendo Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10 Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan,
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13
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Liu W, Tian F, Jiang P, Zhao X, Guo F, Li X, Wang S. Aberrant expression of laminin γ2 correlates with poor prognosis and promotes invasion in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Surg Res 2013; 186:150-6. [PMID: 24124977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the potential role of laminin γ2 and its correlation with prognosis in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Laminin γ2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 72 extrahepatic CCA patients after surgical resection. Knockdown of laminin γ2 was achieved via small interfering RNA transfection in the extrahepatic CCA cell line QBC939. RESULTS Thirty-six of 72 extrahepatic CCAs (50%) stained positive for laminin γ2 in two types of patterns: stromal staining (28/72, 39%) and cytoplasmic staining (24/72, 33%). All 16 paracancerous tissue samples showed negative staining. Both stromal and cytoplasmic laminin γ2 expressions correlated with lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that aberrant expression of laminin γ2 correlated with poor overall survival and early recurrence. Cox regression analysis further demonstrated that laminin γ2 expression was a significant independent predictor of poor overall survival and early recurrence. Immunofluorescence staining revealed cytoplasmic expression of laminin γ2 in QBC939 cells. Knockdown of laminin γ2 significantly reduced QBC939 cell invasion and migration. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant expression of laminin γ2 correlates with poor prognosis and promotes invasion in extrahepatic CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Infectious Disease, 324 Hospital of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Chongqing, China
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14
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Tanimizu N, Mitaka T. [Tissue morphogenesis of liver epithelial cells]. Seikagaku 2012; 84:658-665. [PMID: 23012876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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15
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Flanagan K, Fitzgerald K, Baker J, Regnstrom K, Gardai S, Bard F, Mocci S, Seto P, You M, Larochelle C, Prat A, Chow S, Li L, Vandevert C, Zago W, Lorenzana C, Nishioka C, Hoffman J, Botelho R, Willits C, Tanaka K, Johnston J, Yednock T. Laminin-411 is a vascular ligand for MCAM and facilitates TH17 cell entry into the CNS. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40443. [PMID: 22792325 PMCID: PMC3391262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TH17 cells enter tissues to facilitate pathogenic autoimmune responses, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the adhesion molecules involved in the unique migratory capacity of TH17 cells, into both inflamed and uninflamed tissues remain unclear. Herein, we characterize MCAM (CD146) as an adhesion molecule that defines human TH17 cells in the circulation; following in vitro restimulation of human memory T cells, nearly all of the capacity to secrete IL-17 is contained within the population of cells expressing MCAM. Furthermore, we identify the MCAM ligand as laminin 411, an isoform of laminin expressed within the vascular endothelial basement membranes under inflammatory as well as homeotstatic conditions. Purified MCAM-Fc binds to laminin 411 with an affinity of 27 nM, and recognizes vascular basement membranes in mouse and human tissue. MCAM-Fc binding was undetectable in tissue from mice with targeted deletion of laminin 411, indicating that laminin 411 is a major tissue ligand for MCAM. An anti-MCAM monoclonal antibody, selected for inhibition of laminin binding, as well as soluble MCAM-Fc, inhibited T cell adhesion to laminin 411 in vitro. When administered in vivo, the antibody reduced TH17 cell infiltration into the CNS and ameliorated disease in an animal model of MS. Our data suggest that MCAM and laminin 411 interact to facilitate TH17 cell entry into tissues and promote inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Flanagan
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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16
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Abstract
Folliculostellate (FS) cells of the anterior pituitary gland express a variety of regulatory molecules. Using transgenic rats that express green fluorescent protein specifically in FS cells, we recently demonstrated that FS cells in vitro showed marked changes in motility, proliferation, and that formation of cellular interconnections in the presence of laminin, a component of the extracellular matrix, closely resembled those observed in vivo. These findings suggested that FS cells express matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which assists their function on laminin. In the present study, we investigate MMP-9 expression in rat anterior pituitary gland and examine its role in motility and proliferation of FS cells on laminin. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and gelatin zymography were performed to assess MMP-9 expression in the anterior pituitary gland and cultured FS cells. Real-time RT-PCR was used to quantify MMP-9 expression in cultured FS cells under different conditions and treatments. MMP-9 expression was inhibited by pharmacological inhibitor or downregulated by siRNA and time-lapse images were acquired. A 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assay was performed to analyze the proliferation of FS cells. Our results showed that MMP-9 was expressed in FS cells, that this expression was upregulated by laminin, and that laminin induced MMP-9 secretion by FS cells. MMP-9 inhibition and downregulation did not impair FS motility; however, it did impair the capacity of FS cells to form interconnections and it significantly inhibited proliferation of FS cells on laminin. We conclude that MMP-9 is necessary in FS cell interconnection and proliferation in the presence of laminin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cimi Ilmiawati
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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17
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Fuerst FC, Gruber G, Stradner MH, Jones JC, Kremser ML, Angerer H, Setznagl D, Glehr M, Windhager R, Leithner A, Graninger WB. Regulation of MMP3 by laminin alpha 4 in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 40:494-6. [PMID: 22150225 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2011.605392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Horiguchi K, Fujiwara K, Ilmiawati C, Kikuchi M, Tsukada T, Kouki T, Yashiro T. Caveolin 3-mediated integrin β1 signaling is required for the proliferation of folliculostellate cells in rat anterior pituitary gland under the influence of extracellular matrix. J Endocrinol 2011; 210:29-36. [PMID: 21508095 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Folliculostellate (FS) cells in the anterior pituitary gland are believed to have multifunctional properties. Using transgenic rats that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) specifically in FS cells in the anterior pituitary gland (S100b-GFP rats), we recently revealed that FS cells in primary culture exhibited marked proliferation in the presence of laminin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) component of the basement membrane. In a process referred to as matricrine action, FS cells receive ECM as a signal through their receptors, which results in morphological and functional changes. In this study, we investigated matricrine signaling in FS cells and observed that the proliferation of FS cells is mediated by integrin β1, which is involved in various signaling pathways for cell migration and proliferation in response to ECM. Then, we analyzed downstream events of the integrin β1 signaling pathway in the proliferation of FS cells and identified caveolin 3 as a potential candidate molecule. Caveolin 3 is a membrane protein that binds cholesterol and a number of signaling molecules that interact with integrin β1. Using specific small interfering RNA of caveolin 3, the proliferation of FS cells was inhibited. Furthermore, caveolin 3 drove activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades, which resulted in upregulation of cyclin D1 in FS cells. These findings suggest that matricrine signaling in the proliferation of FS cells was transduced by a caveolin 3-mediated integrin β1 signaling pathway and subsequent activation of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Horiguchi
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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19
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Hirrlinger PG, Pannicke T, Winkler U, Claudepierre T, Varshney S, Schulze C, Reichenbach A, Brunken WJ, Hirrlinger J. Genetic deletion of laminin isoforms β2 and γ3 induces a reduction in Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4 expression and function in the retina. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16106. [PMID: 21283711 PMCID: PMC3025027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glial cells such as retinal Müller glial cells are involved in potassium ion and water homeostasis of the neural tissue. In these cells, inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels and aquaporin-4 water channels play an important role in the process of spatial potassium buffering and water drainage. Moreover, Kir4.1 channels are involved in the maintenance of the negative Müller cell membrane potential. The subcellular distribution of Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4 channels appears to be maintained by interactions with extracellular and intracellular molecules. Laminins in the extracellular matrix, dystroglycan in the membrane, and dystrophins in the cytomatrix form a complex mediating the polarized expression of Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4 in Müller cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The aim of the present study was to test the function of the β2 and γ3 containing laminins in murine Müller cells. We used knockout mice with genetic deletion of both β2 and γ3 laminin genes to assay the effects on Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4. We studied protein and mRNA expression by immunohistochemistry, Western Blot, and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively, and membrane currents of isolated cells by patch-clamp experiments. We found a down-regulation of mRNA and protein of Kir4.1 as well as of aquaporin-4 protein in laminin knockout mice. Moreover, Müller cells from laminin β2 and γ3 knockout mice had reduced Kir-mediated inward currents and their membrane potentials were more positive than those in age-matched wild-type mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate a strong impact of laminin β2 and γ3 subunits on the expression and function of both aquaporin-4 and Kir4.1, two important membrane proteins in Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra G Hirrlinger
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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20
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Columbaro M, Mattioli E, Schena E, Capanni C, Cenni V, Levy N, Navarro CL, Del Coco R, Squarzoni S, Camozzi D, Hutchison CJ, Wehnert M, Lattanzi G. Prelamin A processing and functional effects in restrictive dermopathy. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4766-8. [PMID: 21127399 PMCID: PMC3048041 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.23.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Columbaro
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology; IOR, Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Schena
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology; IOR, Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicolas Levy
- INSERM U910; Faculté de Médecine la Timone; Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Daria Camozzi
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology; IOR, Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | - Chris J Hutchison
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; Intergrative Cell Biology Laboratories; Durham University; Stockton-on-Tees UK
| | - Manfred Wehnert
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Greifswald; Greifswald, Germany
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21
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Mohandas N, Chasis JA. The erythroid niche: molecular processes occurring within erythroblastic islands. Transfus Clin Biol 2010; 17:110-1. [PMID: 20655267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Erythroblasts terminally differentiate within specialized niches composed of erythroblast islands nesting in extracellular matrix proteins. A number of adhesion molecules active in erythroid island attachments have been identified. We have recently observed a receptor/counter receptor interaction that appears to maintain island integrity: erythroid ICAM-4 interacting with macrophage alphaV integrin. When ICAM-4/alphaV binding is blocked, a 70% decrease in islands is observed. Moreover, erythroblastic islands are markedly decreased in ICAM-4 null mice. Using erythropoietin to examine whether ICAM-4/alphaV binding plays a role in stress erythropoiesis, we found that the reticulocyte response is different in ICAM-4 null mice compared to control mice. We speculate that this may be a reflection of the baseline decrease in island number in the ICAM-4 null mice. Erythroblast enucleation also occurs within the erythroid niche. Earlier, we examined whether abnormal protein sorting during nuclear extrusion creates the deficiencies of membrane proteins that are well described in hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and hereditary elliptocytosis (HE). We observed that whereas glycophorin C partitions to reticulocytes in normal mouse cells, it sorts to extruding nuclei in murine hereditary elliptocytosis cells. Additionally, in a murine model of hereditary spherocytosis, band 3, glycophorin A and RhAG partition to both nuclei and reticulocytes, while in normal cells these three proteins distribute predominantly to reticulocytes. Hence, it appears that abnormal protein sorting generates specific protein deficiencies in hereditary elliptocytosis and hereditary spherocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narla Mohandas
- The Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, The New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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White-Adams TC, Berny MA, Patel IA, Tucker EI, Gailani D, Gruber A, McCarty OJT. Laminin promotes coagulation and thrombus formation in a factor XII-dependent manner. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1295-301. [PMID: 20796202 PMCID: PMC4367539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laminin is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in the basement membrane. Recent studies have shown that laminin supports platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation under flow conditions, highlighting a possible role for laminin in hemostasis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of laminin to promote coagulation and support thrombus formation under shear. RESULTS AND METHODS Soluble laminin accelerated factor (F) XII activation in a purified system, and shortened the clotting time of recalcified plasma in a FXI- and FXII-dependent manner. Laminin promoted phosphatidylserine exposure on platelets and supported platelet adhesion and fibrin formation in recalcified blood under shear flow conditions. Fibrin formation in laminin-coated capillaries was abrogated by an antibody that interferes with FXI activation by activated FXII, or an antibody that blocks activated FXI activation of FIX. CONCLUSION This study identifies a role for laminin in the initiation of coagulation and the formation of platelet-rich thrombi under shear conditions in a FXII-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C White-Adams
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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23
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Katagiri F, Nomizu M. [Peptide science for cell adhesive molecules]. Seikagaku 2010; 82:463-473. [PMID: 20662254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Katagiri
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Lorenzini S, Bird TG, Boulter L, Bellamy C, Samuel K, Aucott R, Clayton E, Andreone P, Bernardi M, Golding M, Alison MR, Iredale JP, Forbes SJ. Characterisation of a stereotypical cellular and extracellular adult liver progenitor cell niche in rodents and diseased human liver. Gut 2010; 59:645-54. [PMID: 20427399 PMCID: PMC3034133 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.182345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem/progenitor cell niches in tissues regulate stem/progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation through local signalling. OBJECTIVE To examine the composition and formation of stem progenitor cell niches. METHODS The composition of the hepatic progenitor cell niche in independent models of liver injury and hepatic progenitor cell activation in rodents and humans was studied. To identify the origin of the progenitor and niche cells, sex-mismatched bone marrow transplants in mice, who had received the choline-ethionine-deficient-diet to induce liver injury and progenitor cell activation, were used. The matrix surrounding the progenitor cells was described by immunohistochemical staining and its functional role controlling progenitor cell behaviour was studied in cell culture experiments using different matrix layers. RESULTS The progenitor cell response in liver injury is intimately surrounded by myofibroblasts and macrophages, and to a lesser extent by endothelial cells. Hepatic progenitor cells are not of bone marrow origin; however, bone marrow-derived cells associate intimately with these cells and are macrophages. Laminin always surrounds the progenitor cells. In vitro studies showed that laminin aids maintenance of progenitor and biliary cell phenotype and promotes their gene expression (Dlk1, Aquaporin 1, gammaGT) while inhibiting hepatocyte differentiation and gene expression (CEPB/alpha). CONCLUSIONS During liver damage in rodents and humans a stereotypical cellular and laminin niche forms around hepatic progenitor cells. Laminin helps maintenance of undifferentiated progenitor cells. The niche links the intrahepatic progenitor cells with bone marrow-derived cells and links tissue damage with progenitor cell-mediated tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lorenzini
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
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25
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Utani A. [Laminin alpha3 chain-derived peptide promotes keratinocyte migration and wound closure: clustering of syndecan-4 and integrin beta1]. Seikagaku 2010; 82:327-331. [PMID: 20496754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Utani
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Japan
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Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of astilbin on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis, a T cell-dependent model of liver injury. Con A administration resulted in a severe liver injury in mice, with a strong increment in spleen cell adhesion and liver infiltration of T cells, as well as in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. Against this liver injury, astilbin significantly inhibited the elevation in transaminase activity, reduced the TNF-α production, and improved the histological changes, including inflammatory infiltration, hepatocyte necrosis and degeneration and Kupffer cell hyperplasia. In addition, astilbin inhibited the adhesion of spleen cells and purified T lymphocytes isolated from the liver-injured mice to fibronectin, laminin and type IV collagen. Moreover, the adhesion of human Jurkat T cells to endothelial cell line ECV-304 was also inhibited by astilbin. These results suggest that the improvement of the T cell-mediated liver injury by astilbin may be related to the reduction in TNF-α production and in T cell adhesion to extracellular matrices and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, China
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The key lesion of laminitis is separation at the hoof lamellar dermal-epidermal interface. For this to happen the structural and adhesion proteins of the basement membrane zone must be altered. Which proteins and how damage to them leads to the lamellar separation of laminitis is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate lamellar hemidesmosome and cytoskeleton damage and basement membrane dysadhesion using light microscopy (LM) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). METHODS Cryostat sections of lamellar tissues from 2 control and 6 Standardbred horses with oligofructose induced laminitis were studied using LM and IFM. Plectin, integrin alpha6 and BP230 antibody was used to label hemidesmosome intracellular plaque proteins and anti-BP180 and anti-laminin 5 (L5) was used to label anchoring filament (AF) proteins. Cytoskeleton intermediate filaments were labelled using anti-cytokeratin 14. The primary antibodies of selected sections were double labelled to show protein co-localisation. RESULTS Laminitis caused reduction of transmembrane integrin alpha6, the AF proteins BP180 and L5, and failure of co-localisation of BP180 and L5. Proteins of the inner hemidesmosomal plaque, plectin and BP230, were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Loss of co-localisation of L5 and BP180 suggests that, during the acute phase of laminitis, L5 is cleaved and therefore, the AFs connecting the epidermis to the dermis, fail. Without a full complement of AFs separation at the lamellar dermo-epidermal junction occurs. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Suppressing or inhibiting metalloproteinase activity may prevent L5 cleavage and therefore the lamellar dermo-epidermal separation of laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R French
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Natural Resources Agriculture and Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix plays an important role in modulating the behavior of cells with which it interacts. There are a number of families of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including collagens, proteoglycans and laminins (LM). LM are the major component of the basal lamina (BL). Here, we review the current knowledge on their structure, self-assembly, binding mechanisms, diverse tissue-expression patterns and its impact on pathology. Studies and hypothesis exploring the role of LM and their polymorphic genes on autoimmune diseases (AIDs) such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Carolina Páez
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine at Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Otonkoski T, Banerjee M, Korsgren O, Thornell LE, Virtanen I. Unique basement membrane structure of human pancreatic islets: implications for beta-cell growth and differentiation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10 Suppl 4:119-27. [PMID: 18834439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are an important part of the physiological microenvironment of pancreatic islet cells. In mouse islets, beta-cells interact directly with BMs of capillary endothelial cells. We have shown that in the human islets, the capillaries are surrounded by a double BM both in foetal and adult tissues. The endocrine islet cells are facing a BM that is separate from the endothelia. Laminins are the functionally most important component of BMs. The only laminin isoform present in the human endocrine islet BM is laminin-511 (previously known as laminin 10). The islet cells facing this BM have a strong and polarized expression of Lutheran glycoprotein, which is a well-known receptor for the laminin alpha 5 chain. Dispersed human islet cells adhere to purified human laminin-511 and the binding is equally effectively blocked by a soluble form of Lutheran as by antibody against integrin beta1. Our results reveal unique features of the BM structure of human islets, different from rodents. This information has potentially important implications for the generation of an optimal microenvironment for beta-cell function, proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Otonkoski
- Biomedicum Stem Cell Center and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) was long thought to be merely a structural tissue support and/or a filter. However, recent studies have suggested that ECM proteins regulate many intracellular and extracellular events, including cell growth, cell adhesion, cell division, cell movement, and apoptosis. They do so through activation of several families of cell surface receptor, including the integrins and syndecans. The focus of this review is on two laminin isoforms expressed in the skin. Laminins are an important molecular component of the basement membranes in a variety of tissue types. They have a cruciform shape, and are composed of three chains-alpha, beta, and gamma. Keratinocytes of the skin secrete numerous laminin isoforms, including laminin-511 and laminin-332. The latter are known to affect the behaviour of keratinocytes through binding to membrane-penetrating receptors (outside-in signal transduction). Conversely, the expression, secretion and assembly of laminin-rich matrices is regulated by cell surface receptors through inside-out signal transduction. We will review how integrins regulate laminin matrix assembly and the signals elicited by laminins that support either migration or stable adhesion of keratinocytes. We will also discuss recent data indicating that laminins plays key regulatory roles in the development of skin appendages and contribute to the pathogenesis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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31
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Liotta LA, Rao NC, Barsky SH, Bryant G. The laminin receptor and basement membrane dissolution: role in tumour metastasis. Ciba Found Symp 2008; 108:146-62. [PMID: 6240391 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720899.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumour invasion and metastasis is a complex process involving multiple interactions of tumour cells with host cellular and extracellular elements. Metastasizing tumour cells traverse basement membranes at many stages in the metastatic cascade. Immunohistology studies demonstrate that the basement membranes are defective in all human malignant epithelial neoplasms studied to date. The basement membrane is absent in regions of microinvasion and adjacent to actively invading tumour cells. In contrast, benign neoplasms retain a continuous basement membrane. This distinction may have diagnostic value in surgical pathology. Tumour cells are hypothesized to traverse basement membranes by a three-step process: attachment, local degradation of the basement membrane by type IV collagenase and other proteases, and locomotion. The first step may be mediated in part by specific cell surface receptors which bind to laminin in the basement membrane. The laminin receptor has been purified from a series of different human carcinomas. The receptor has an Mr of 67 000 and a binding coefficient of 2 nM. The content of unoccupied receptors is markedly augmented in invasive human breast cancer compared to benign controls.
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Abstract
Since many dermatological diseases affect the epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ), there has been intense investigation into the role of epidermal BMZ constituents in various skin diseases, particularly subepidermal skin diseases. The epidermal BMZ consists of four major structural components--the basal cell plasma membrane, the lamina lucida, the lamina densa and the sublamina densa zone, which contains anchoring fibrils. The lamina lucida is composed of laminin, bullous pemphigoid antigen (a disease-specific glycoprotein identified by antibodies circulating in patients' sera), and other as yet poorly defined antigens which are identified by in vivo bound and circulating antibodies in the sera of patients with herpes gestationis, scarring pemphigoid and other conditions. The lamina densa consists of type IV collagen and KF-1 antigen (which is non-collagenous and is identified by a skin-specific monoclonal antibody). Knowledge of the structure and chemical composition of the BMZ is critical to an understanding of some of the genetic and immunologically mediated blistering skin diseases.
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de Toledo KA, Bernardes ES, Baruffi MD, Roque-Barreira MC. Neutrophil haptotaxis induced by mouse MNCF: interactions with extracellular matrix glycoproteins probably contribute to overcoming the anti-inflammatory action of dexamethasone. Inflamm Res 2008; 56:368-76. [PMID: 17878999 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-007-6159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The Macrophage-derived Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor (MNCF) has been characterized as a dexamethasone-resistant neutrophil chemotactic lectin produced by rat macrophages. This study was undertaken to evaluate different MNCF cellular sources and investigate the mechanisms by which MNCF overcomes the anti-inflammatory actions of dexamethasone. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mouse macrophage-like cell line P388D1 and thioglycollate-elicited mouse macrophages were studied regarding their capacity to release MNCF. Neutrophil migration assays were performed in vivo and in vitro, in either the presence or absence of extracellular matrix glycoproteins (ECM). RESULTS Mouse and P388D1 macrophages release a lectin that reproduces the activities of rat MNCF. The ability of MNCF to induce neutrophil adhesion and haptotaxis is enhanced through its interaction with laminin and fibronectin. These properties are not inhibited by dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results suggest that dexamethasone-resistant neutrophil migration induced by MNCF occurs probably because of its interactions with ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Alves de Toledo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Campus USP, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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Tucker BA, Rahimtula M, Mearow KM. Src and FAK are key early signalling intermediates required for neurite growth in NGF-responsive adult DRG neurons. Cell Signal 2007; 20:241-57. [PMID: 17999938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Axonal regeneration is influenced by factors in the extracellular environment, including neurotrophins, such as NGF, and adhesion molecules, such as laminin. The provision of both NGF and a permissive substrate to cultured adult NGF-responsive DRG neurons results in enhanced levels of neurite growth not achievable by either factor alone. In this study, we have investigated the early signalling events that contribute to NGF and laminin-induced neurite growth. Adult NGF-responsive DRG neurons were plated on poly-d-lysine for 2 h then stimulated with NGF, laminin, or laminin plus NGF for 10 min, 1 h, or 6 h. Signalling pathways were subsequently analysed using Western blotting and pharmacological inhibition of specific signalling components. While activation of the various signalling intermediates (Src, FAK, Akt, MAPK) could be detected as early as 10 min-1 h after stimulation, significant neurite growth was observed mainly at the 6 h time point. The results of the time course experiments showed differential activation of the signalling intermediates. Src was activated by all treatments (NGF, laminin and the combination) at the earliest time point analysed, 10 min. NGF stimulation also resulted in detectable activation of FAK, Akt and MAPK by 10 min. However, laminin stimulation alone did not result in detectable activation of FAK, Akt or MAPK until the 1 h time point. Inhibition of either Src or FAK activity attenuated both laminin and/or NGF-induced PI 3-K/Akt and MEK/MAPK signalling pathways, as well as neurite growth. Downstream inhibition of Akt by Akt knockdown also blocked observed neurite growth, while inhibition of MEK/MAPK had no significant effect. Together, these results demonstrate that signalling underlying neurite growth can be detected within minutes of stimulation and provide a mechanism for the observed enhancement of neurite growth when both NGF and the permissive substrate, laminin, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budd A Tucker
- Schepens Eye Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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35
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Teller IC, Auclair J, Herring E, Gauthier R, Ménard D, Beaulieu JF. Laminins in the developing and adult human small intestine: relation with the functional absorptive unit. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:1980-90. [PMID: 17503455 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the five laminin alpha-chains was analyzed in the developing and mature human small intestine at the protein and transcript levels in order to further delineate specific involvement of individual laminins in relation to the epithelial cell state as defined along the functional crypt-villus axis. The results show that all of the alpha-laminin transcripts are expressed in significant amounts in the small intestine relative to a panel of other tissues and organs. Further analysis of their expression by indirect immunofluorescence and semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR demonstrates a close correlation between transcript and protein expression, distinct epithelial and mesenchymal origins, as well as differential occurrence in intestinal basement membranes according to developmental stage, along the crypt-villus axis and in compartment-related experimental intestinal cell models. Taken together, the data point out the prime importance of alpha2-, alpha3-, and alpha5-containing laminins for the development and maintenance of the functional human intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga C Teller
- CIHR Team on Digestive Epithelium, Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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36
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Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Durbeej M. Role of the extracellular matrix and its receptors in smooth muscle cell function: implications in vascular development and disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2007; 18:540-5. [PMID: 17885425 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3282ef77e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease affects millions of people worldwide, while the sarcoglycan deficient cardiomyopathies are rare disorders. One important common feature, however, is the vascular smooth muscle. Here we focus on the roles of extracellular matrix components and their receptors in the functions of vascular smooth muscle cells. RECENT FINDINGS Recent observations highlight the importance of integrins and the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in development and cardiomyopathy. For example, integrin alpha4 and alpha7 subunits are important for distributing vascular smooth muscle cells during blood vessel development. Studies on delta-sarcoglycan deficient animals have revealed abnormal vascular smooth muscle proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, data suggest that perlecan, by affecting smooth muscle cell proliferation, participates in the atherosclerotic process. Overexpression of decorin leads to reduced progression of atherosclerosis and thrombospondin-1 has been implicated in regulation of smooth muscle cell contractility via inhibition of nitric oxide. Novel findings on versican suggest that the binding of versican to fibulin is of great importance for regulating smooth muscle cell function. SUMMARY By regulating migration, proliferation and apoptosis as well as extracellular matrix synthesis and assembly, proteoglycans, integrins and the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex may be of great importance both during development and in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hultgårdh-Nilsson
- Vessel Wall Biology Unit, Sweden bMuscle Biology Unit, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
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37
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Abstract
In opossum kidney (OK) cells as well as in kidney proximal tubules, Pi depletion increases apical (A) and basolateral (B) Na+-dependent Pi cell influxes. In OK cells' monolayers in contrast to proximal tubules, there is no increase in transepithelial Pi transport. This limitation may be due to altered cell-matrix interactions. A and B cell 32Pi uptakes and transepithelial 32Pi and [14C]mannitol fluxes were measured in OK cells grown on uncoated or on Matrigel-coated filter inserts. Cells were exposed overnight to solution of either low (0.25 mM) or high (2.5 mM) Pi. When grown on Matrigel, immunofluorescence of apical NaPi4 (an isoform of the sodium-phosphate cotransporter) transporters increased and A and B 32Pi uptakes into Pi depleted cells were five and threefold higher than in Pi replete cells ( P < 0.001). Pi deprivation resulted in larger increase in A to B (4.6×, P < 0.001) than in B to A (3.5×, P < 0.001) Pi flux and net Pi transport from A to B increased 10-fold ( P < 0.001). With Pi depletion increases in B to A (3.4×) and A to B (3.3×) paracellular [14C]mannitol fluxes were similar, and its net flux was opposite to that of Pi. In cells grown on uncoated filters, transepithelial and paracellular unidirectional and net Pi fluxes decreased or did not change with Pi depletion, despite twofold increases in apical and basolateral Pi cell influxes. In summary, Matrigel-OK cell interactions, particularly in Pi-depleted cells, led to enhanced expression of apical NaPi4 transporters resulting in higher Pi transport rates across cell boundaries; apical Pi readily entered the transcellular transport pool and paracellular fluxes were smaller fractions of transepithelial Pi fluxes. These Matrigel-induced changes led to an increase in net transepithelial apical to basolateral Pi transport.
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38
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Wiksten M, Väänänen A, Liesi P. Selective overexpression of gamma1 laminin in astrocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis indicates an involvement in ALS pathology. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2045-58. [PMID: 17554784 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier studies indicate that the KDI tripeptide of gamma1 laminin reverts paralysis and protects adult rat CNS from excitotoxicity of glutamate and from oxidative stress. Here we show that gamma1 laminin is selectively overexpressed in reactive astrocytes of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) spinal cord, with both gray and white matter astrocytes overexpressing gamma1 laminin. Intensely gamma1 laminin-positive, aggressive-looking reactive astrocytes of the lateral columns of both cervical and thoracic spinal cord surround the lateral ventral horns and roots and extend into the area of the lateral corticospinal tract. In the cervical ALS spinal cord, large numbers of strongly gamma1 laminin-immunoreactive astrocytes are also present in the dorsal columns of the ascending sensory pathways. No other laminin or any other ALS-associated protein localizes in this manner. This unique distribution of gamma1 laminin-immunoreactive astrocytes in the ALS white matter together with our recent results on the efficacy of the KDI domain as a neuronal protector strongly suggest that gamma1 laminin may be expressed by astrocytes of the ALS spinal cord as a protective measure intended to aid neuronal survival. Further comparative studies on ALS spinal cord tissues and those of the animal models of ALS are needed to clarify the specific role of gamma1 laminin and its KDI domain in ALS and its putative interactions with the additional ALS-associated factors, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neurofilament accumulation. Most importantly, further studies are urgently needed to test the potential of the KDI tripeptide as a therapeutic treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wiksten
- The Brain Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (Physiology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Fujiwara H, Hayashi Y, Sanzen N, Kobayashi R, Weber CN, Emoto T, Futaki S, Niwa H, Murray P, Edgar D, Sekiguchi K. Regulation of mesodermal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by basement membranes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:29701-11. [PMID: 17690109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611452200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) have been implicated in cell fate determination during development. Embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from mouse embryonic stem cells deficient in the laminin gamma1 chain are incapable of depositing a BM, resulting in failure of primitive ectoderm epithelialization. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, we compared the gene expression profiles of EBs with or without a BM to identify the genes showing BM-dependent expression. We found that the expressions of marker genes for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), including the transcription factor Snai2, were up-regulated in LAMC1(-/-) EBs, whereas restoration of a BM to LAMC1(-/-) EBs suppressed the up-regulation of these genes. Overexpression of Snai2 induced the EMT in control EBs by molecular and morphological criteria, suggesting that suppression of the EMT regulatory genes is involved in BM-dependent epithelialization of primitive ectoderm. Despite the failure of primitive ectoderm epithelialization in BM-deficient EBs, mesodermal differentiation was not compromised, but rather accelerated. Furthermore, at later stages of control EB differentiation, the BM was disrupted at the gastrulation site where mesodermal markers were strongly expressed only in cells that had lost contact with the BM. Taken together, these results indicate that the BM prevents the EMT and precocious differentiation of primitive ectoderm toward mesoderm in EBs, implying that BMs are important for the control of mammalian gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Fujiwara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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40
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Tzu J, Marinkovich MP. Bridging structure with function: structural, regulatory, and developmental role of laminins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:199-214. [PMID: 17855154 PMCID: PMC2192629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The basement membrane is a highly intricate and organized portion of the extracellular matrix that interfaces with a variety of cell types including epithelial, endothelial, muscle, nerve, and fat cells. The laminin family of glycoproteins is a major constituent of the basement membrane. The 16 known laminin isoforms are formed from combinations of alpha, beta, and gamma chains, with each chain containing specific domains capable of interacting with cellular receptors such as integrins and other extracellular ligands. In addition to its role in the assembly and architectural integrity of the basement membrane, laminins interact with cells to influence proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration, processes activated in normal and pathologic states. In vitro these functions are regulated by the post-translational modifications of the individual laminin chains. In vivo laminin knockout mouse studies have been particularly instructive in defining the function of specific laminins in mammalian development and have also highlighted its role as a key component of the basement membrane. In this review, we will define how laminin structure complements function and explore its role in both normal and pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tzu
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Vainionpää N, Lehto VP, Tryggvason K, Virtanen I. Alpha4 chain laminins are widely expressed in renal cell carcinomas and have a de-adhesive function. J Transl Med 2007; 87:780-91. [PMID: 17533363 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin (Lm) alpha4 chain, a constituent of Lm-411 and Lm-421, is mainly localized to mesenchyme-derived tissues, and is suggested to have a role in formation and function of endothelium, transmigration of inflammatory cells through endothelium, and invasion of certain tumors. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of alpha4 chain Lms in 33 conventional (clear cell) renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) (31 primary tumors, two metastases), two papillary RCCs, and two oncocytomas by immunohistochemistry. In all tumors, immunoreactivity for Lm alpha4 chain was found in vasculature and stroma. Basement membranes were detected around tumor cell islets in 34/37 tumors. They showed immunoreactivity for Lm alpha4 chain in 28/34 cases. Northern blotting, inhibition of protein secretion with monensin, and immunoprecipitation combined with Western blotting showed that Caki-2, ACHN, and Caki-1 renal carcinoma cell lines produce alpha4 chain Lms. In cell adhesion assay, recombinant human Lm-411 did not promote adhesion of renal carcinoma cells but inhibited adhesion to fibronectin (Fn). In cell migration assay, the cells migrated more on Lm-411 than on Fn. The results suggest that alpha4 chain Lms have a de-adhesive function and could thus play a role in detachment, migration and invasion of renal carcinoma cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Vainionpää
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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42
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Knöll R, Postel R, Wang J, Krätzner R, Hennecke G, Vacaru AM, Vakeel P, Schubert C, Murthy K, Rana BK, Kube D, Knöll G, Schäfer K, Hayashi T, Holm T, Kimura A, Schork N, Toliat MR, Nürnberg P, Schultheiss HP, Schaper W, Schaper J, Bos E, Den Hertog J, van Eeden FJM, Peters PJ, Hasenfuss G, Chien KR, Bakkers J. Laminin-alpha4 and integrin-linked kinase mutations cause human cardiomyopathy via simultaneous defects in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. Circulation 2007; 116:515-25. [PMID: 17646580 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.689984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix proteins, such as laminins, and endothelial cells are known to influence cardiomyocyte performance; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a forward genetic screen in zebrafish to identify novel genes required for myocardial function and were able to identify the lost-contact (loc) mutant, which encodes a nonsense mutation in the integrin-linked kinase (ilk) gene. This loc/ilk mutant is associated with a severe defect in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells that leads to severe myocardial dysfunction. Additional experiments revealed the epistatic regulation between laminin-alpha4 (Lama4), integrin, and Ilk, which led us to screen for mutations in the human ILK and LAMA4 genes in patients with severe dilated cardiomyopathy. We identified 2 novel amino acid residue-altering mutations (2828C>T [Pro943Leu] and 3217C>T [Arg1073X]) in the integrin-interacting domain of the LAMA4 gene and 1 mutation (785C>T [Ala262Val]) in the ILK gene. Biacore quantitative protein/protein interaction data, which have been used to determine the equilibrium dissociation constants, point to the loss of integrin-binding capacity in case of the Pro943Leu (Kd=5+/-3 micromol/L) and Arg1073X LAMA4 (Kd=1+/-0.2 micromol/L) mutants compared with the wild-type LAMA4 protein (Kd=440+/-20 nmol/L). Additional functional data point to the loss of endothelial cells in affected patients as a direct consequence of the mutant genes, which ultimately leads to heart failure. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on mutations in the laminin, integrin, and ILK system in human cardiomyopathy, which has consequences for endothelial cells as well as for cardiomyocytes, thus providing a new genetic basis for dilated cardiomyopathy in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cell Adhesion
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chromosome Mapping
- Codon, Nonsense
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/pathology
- Female
- Heart/embryology
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/pathology
- Humans
- Integrins/metabolism
- Laminin/genetics
- Laminin/physiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation, Missense
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/toxicity
- Pedigree
- Point Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Transfection
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Knöll
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, Calif, USA.
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Hofmann SC, Voith U, Sasaki T, Trüeb RM, Nischt R, Bruckner-Tuderman L. The autoantigen in anti-p200 pemphigoid is synthesized by keratinocytes and fibroblasts and is distinct from nidogen-2. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:87-95. [PMID: 17637825 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anti-p200 pemphigoid is a subepidermal immunobullous disorder associated with tissue-bound and circulating autoantibodies reactive with a 200 kDa protein on the dermal side of salt-split-skin. The autoantigen, named p200, is a non-collagenous glycoprotein located at the lamina lucida-lamina densa border of the epidermal basement membrane. However, its identity and cellular origin remain elusive. Here, we used biochemical and genetic approaches to characterize the autoantibody reactivity in three new patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid. We show that the target antigen p200 is synthesized by both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, is disulfide-bonded, and participates in calcium-dependent molecular interactions. Lack of collagen XVII (BP 180), collagen VII, or laminin 332 (laminin 5) from the dermal-epidermal junction does not destabilize p200. Colocalization within the basement membrane zone and an identical molecular weight suggested nidogen-2 as candidate autoantigen in anti-p200 pemphigoid, but biochemical analysis demonstrated that p200 is distinct from nidogen-2. In conclusion, the results define further the biochemical characteristics of p200 and demonstrate its in vitro-synthesis by keratinocytes and fibroblasts, thus providing a basis for identification and further characterization of this autoantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke C Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lee J, Gross JM. Laminin beta1 and gamma1 containing laminins are essential for basement membrane integrity in the zebrafish eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2483-90. [PMID: 17525174 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study recessive zebrafish mutations in the genes encoding laminin beta1 (lamb1) and laminin gamma1 (lamc1) were used to determine the functions of these laminin proteins during ocular basement membrane formation and during zebrafish eye development. METHODS Ocular defects in lamb1 and lamc1 mutants were characterized by using a combination of histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The results demonstrated that zebrafish lamb1 and lamc1 mutants possess defects in two ocular basement membranes--the lens capsule and the inner limiting membrane--whereas Bruch's membrane is largely unaffected. lamb1 and lamc1 mutants possess severe lens dysplasias that result from a compromise in lens capsule integrity. Inner limiting membrane continuity is irregular in these mutants, and these irregularities result in small retinal ectopias that extend from the retina into the interstitial space between the retina and the lens. At late embryonic stages (e.g., 5-7 days after fertilization), retinal lamination defects are also observed in a subset of laminin mutants. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that laminin beta1 and -gamma1 containing laminins are essential for the integrity of the lens capsule basement membrane and inner limiting membrane in the zebrafish eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Lee
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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45
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Dénes V, Witkovsky P, Koch M, Hunter DD, Pinzón-Duarte G, Brunken WJ. Laminin deficits induce alterations in the development of dopaminergic neurons in the mouse retina. Vis Neurosci 2007; 24:549-62. [PMID: 17711601 PMCID: PMC2935900 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523807070514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified mice lacking the beta2 laminin chain (beta2null), the gamma3 laminin chain (gamma3 null), or both beta2/gamma3 chains (compound null) were produced. The development of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive neurons in these mouse lines was studied between birth and postnatal day (P) 20. Compared to wild type mice, no alterations were seen in gamma3 null mice. In beta2 null mice, however, the large, type I TH neurons appeared later in development, were at a lower density and had reduced TH immunoreactivity, although TH process number and size were not altered. In the compound null mouse, the same changes were observed together with reduced TH process outgrowth. Surprisingly, in the smaller, type II TH neurons, TH immunoreactivity was increased in laminin-deficient compared to wild type mice. Other retinal defects we observed were a patchy disruption of the inner limiting retinal basement membrane and a disoriented growth of Müller glial cells. Starburst and AII type amacrine cells were not apparently altered in laminin-deficient relative to wild type mice. We postulate that laminin-dependent developmental signals are conveyed to TH amacrine neurons through intermediate cell types, perhaps the Müller glial cell and/or the retinal ganglion cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Dénes
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Tufts Center for Vision Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Witkovsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Biochemistry and Department of Dermatology, University of Köln, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Germán Pinzón-Duarte
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Tufts Center for Vision Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William J. Brunken
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Tufts Center for Vision Research, Boston, Massachusetts
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46
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Abstract
Invasive and metastatic cells, as well as endothelial cells, must cross basement membranes (BMs) in order to disseminate or to form new blood vessels. The chemoinvasion assay using the reconstituted BM Matrigel in Boyden blind-well chambers is a very rapid, easy, inexpensive and flexible test that can be used to quantify the invasive potential of most cell types; it can be applied to detect the migratory activity associated with matrix degradation and can also be adapted to study the selective degrading activity on different matrix substrates. Transwell inserts can also be used. Once the optimal experimental conditions are empirically determined for specific cellular models, the chemoinvasion assay can be used for the screening of inhibitors of invasiveness and angiogenesis, or to select for invasive cellular populations. This protocol can be completed in 9 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, IRCCS Multimedica, Milano, Italy.
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47
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Gardiner NJ, Moffatt S, Fernyhough P, Humphries MJ, Streuli CH, Tomlinson DR. Preconditioning injury-induced neurite outgrowth of adult rat sensory neurons on fibronectin is mediated by mobilisation of axonal α5 integrin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:249-60. [PMID: 17433878 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A preconditioning sciatic nerve crush promotes the capacity of adult sensory neurons to regenerate following a subsequent injury to their axons. The increase in regeneration is detected in cultures of dissociated neurons, as an earlier and enhanced rate of neurite elongation. We compare neurotrophin-stimulated neurite outgrowth from sensory neurons on laminin and fibronectin. There is a poor response of sensory neurons to fibronectin in comparison to laminin, but this is enhanced by a preconditioning lesion to the sciatic nerve 7 days prior to culture. By using specific integrin-binding fibronectin fragments and function-blocking antibodies, we demonstrate that the enhanced preconditioned neurite outgrowth on fibronectin is largely mediated by alpha5beta1 integrin. Preconditioning injury alter the subcellular localisation of alpha5 integrin in preconditioned neurites. We show that alpha5 integrin localises to adhesion complexes in the growth cone and neurites of preconditioned neurons, but not control neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Gardiner
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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48
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Cosgrove D. A complex, tissue-specific role for plasmin and its regulators in modulating fibrogenic activity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F10-1. [PMID: 17494093 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00143.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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49
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Rebustini IT, Patel VN, Stewart JS, Layvey A, Georges-Labouesse E, Miner JH, Hoffman MP. Laminin alpha5 is necessary for submandibular gland epithelial morphogenesis and influences FGFR expression through beta1 integrin signaling. Dev Biol 2007; 308:15-29. [PMID: 17601529 PMCID: PMC2097956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Laminin alpha chains have unique spatiotemporal expression patterns during development and defining their function is necessary to understand the regulation of epithelial morphogenesis. We investigated the function of laminin alpha5 in mouse submandibular glands (SMGs). Lama5(-/-) SMGs have a striking phenotype: epithelial clefting is delayed, although proliferation occurs; there is decreased FGFR1b and FGFR2b, but no difference in Lama1 expression; later in development, epithelial cell organization and lumen formation are disrupted. In wild-type SMGs alpha5 and alpha1 are present in epithelial clefts but as branching begins alpha5 expression increases while alpha1 decreases. Lama5 siRNA decreased branching, p42 MAPK phosphorylation, and FGFR expression, and branching was rescued by FGF10. FGFR siRNA decreased Lama5 suggesting that FGFR signaling provides positive feedback for Lama5 expression. Anti-beta1 integrin antibodies decreased FGFR and Lama5 expression, suggesting that beta1 integrin signaling provides positive feedback for Lama5 and FGFR expression. Interestingly, the Itga3(-/-):Itga6(-/-) SMGs have a similar phenotype to Lama5(-/-). Our findings suggest that laminin alpha5 controls SMG epithelial morphogenesis through beta1 integrin signaling by regulating FGFR expression, which also reciprocally regulates the expression of Lama5. These data link changes in basement membrane composition during branching morphogenesis with FGFR expression and signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Epithelium/embryology
- Feedback
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gestational Age
- Integrin alpha3/genetics
- Integrin alpha3/physiology
- Integrin alpha6/genetics
- Integrin alpha6/physiology
- Integrin beta1/physiology
- Laminin/deficiency
- Laminin/genetics
- Laminin/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Morphogenesis
- Phenotype
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Submandibular Gland/embryology
- Submandibular Gland/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan T Rebustini
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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50
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Abstract
Basement membranes can be a barrier to tumour growth, but basement membrane molecules, including laminins, are also important autocrine factors produced by cancers to promote tumorigenesis. Many studies have shown the importance of laminin 332 (previously known as laminin 5) in this process, especially in squamous cell carcinoma. Through interactions with several cell-surface receptors (including alpha6beta4 and alpha3beta1 integrins, epidermal growth factor receptor and syndecan 1) and other basement membrane components (including type VII collagen), laminin 332 drives tumorigenesis through phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and RAC1 activation, promoting tumour invasion and cell survival. The extracellular interactions of laminin 332 appear amenable to antibody-mediated therapies.
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