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Agustina V, Saichua P, Laha T, Tangkawatana S, Prakobwong S, Laoprom N, Kamphasri W, Chareonchai C, Blair D, Suttiprapa S. Exploring the second intermediate hosts and morphology of human- and cat-specific Opisthorchis viverrini-like populations. Int J Parasitol 2024:S0020-7519(24)00076-6. [PMID: 38641032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Infection by the zoonotic fish-borne trematode, Opisthorchis viverrini, remains a crucial health issue in Thailand and neighboring countries. Recently, molecular analysis revealed two populations of putative O. viverrini: one found primarily in human hosts ("human-specific" population) and the other primarily in cats ("cat-specific" population). It is unclear how the infective stages (metacercariae) of these different populations circulate among definitive and reservoir hosts in nature. To gain an insight into this, mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 gene sequences of metacercariae from fish intermediate hosts were examined. None of 192 metacercariae from cyprinid fish in Lao PDR and Thailand had sequences typical of "cat-specific" O. viverrini, suggesting that cyprinid fish are not the main second intermediate hosts of this population. Interestingly, all 20 O. viverrini-like metacercariae from snakehead fish (Channa striata) shared 99.51-100% sequence identity with eggs from cats naturally infected in a previous study. Hence, we propose a modification of the known transmission dynamics of O. viverrini: consumption of metacercariae within snakehead fish provides another pathway for cats and (occasionally) humans to acquire infection. We also performed morphological comparisons of eggs, metacercariae, and adult flukes (raised in hamsters) of both Opisthorchis populations. The "cat-specific" population has eggs that are narrower and adults that are shorter and wider than in the human-specific population. The metacercaria of the "cat-specific" population is elliptical, while that of the "human-specific" population is oval, occasionally rounded. Our results confirmed that O. viverrini-like metacercariae from snakehead fish are the infective stages of the "cat-specific" fluke. This provides a new insight into the dissemination and transmission of each population in the second intermediate host. The identity of the cat-specific population is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Agustina
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Prasert Saichua
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawatana
- WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suksanti Prakobwong
- Department of Biology, The Parasitology, Geoinformatics, Environment and Health Science Research Group, Faculty of Science, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani 41000, Thailand
| | - Nonglak Laoprom
- Department of General Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | | | | | - David Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Jumpajan J, Chaiyadet S, Saichua P, Tangkawatana S, Talabnin K, Laha T, Suttiprapa S. Recombinant protein production and functional analysis of a M60-like-2 metallopeptidase enzyme from the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 216:106429. [PMID: 38185343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Mucin plays a crucial role in safeguarding mucosal tissues by obstructing the translocation of microorganisms. Mucosal tissue-dwelling parasites must devise a strategy to surmount this mucin barrier in order to establish colonization. In a recent discovery, it was observed that the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini secretes two mucinases, namely Ov-M60-like-1 and Ov-M60-like-2. Ov-M60-like-1 was previously characterized. Here, we study the Ov-M60-like-2 by utilizing the wheat germ expression system to produce recombinant proteins and conducted a functional analysis of its enzymatic activity on bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM). Subsequently, we delved deeper into understanding the role of this enzyme in host-parasite interactions by evaluating its mucinase activity on mucins from the bile duct of O. viverrini-infected hamsters. Through successful production of recombinant proteins using the wheat germ expression system, we observed that this enzyme displayed mucinase activity over a wide pH range (pH 2 to pH 10) against BSM. Our investigations revealed it ability to digest mucin from the bile duct. These findings suggest that Ov-M60-like-2 possess a mucinase activity, together with Ov-M60-like-1, enabling the liver fluke to successful colonization of the host's bile duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Jumpajan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Tropical Disease Research Center, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Health Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakon Nakhon, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Tropical Disease Research Center, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Prasert Saichua
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Tropical Disease Research Center, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawatana
- Tropical Disease Research Center, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Krajang Talabnin
- School of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Tropical Disease Research Center, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Worasith C, Sithithaworn J, Wongphutorn P, Homwong C, Khongsukwiwat K, Techasen A, Kopolrat KY, Loilome W, Namwat N, Thinkamrop B, Tawarungruang C, Titapun A, Laha T, Andrews RH, Taylor-Robinson SD, Sithithaworn P. Accuracy of a new rapid diagnostic test for urinary antigen detection and assessment of drug treatment in opisthorchiasis. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:102. [PMID: 37990282 PMCID: PMC10662682 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for opisthorchiasis, a parasitic worm infection affecting many millions of people in Southeast Asia, has traditionally relied on faecal egg examination such as the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) and Kato-Katz method. Although the urinary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used more recently, we developed a urinary antigen-based rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to simplify diagnosis and as a point-of-care testing (POCT) and field applications for surveillance and control of opisthorchiasis. METHODS A urinary Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)-RDT was developed using immunochromatographic methodology with a specific monoclonal antibody against OV. The diagnostic performance of the urinary OV-RDT was compared to that of quantitative faecal FECT and urinary antigen ELISA (n = 493). Cross-reactivities of urinary OV-RDT with other helminthiases coexisted with O. viverrini were determined (n = 96). A field trial in the application of urinary OV-RDT was compared with urinary antigen ELISA at baseline screening and assessment of drug treatment outcomes in opisthorchiasis (n = 1629). The McNemar chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ-value) tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Urinary OV-RDT had sensitivity of 94.2% and specificity of 93.2%, compared to faecal FECT. Urinary OV-RDT had high diagnostic agreement (Kappa = 0.842-0.874, P < 0.001) and quantitative correlation with urinary antigen ELISA (Kruskal-Wallis tests = 316.2, P < 0.0001) and faecal FECT (Kruskal-Wallis tests = 362.3, P < 0.0001). The positive rates by OV-RDT, ELISA and FECT were 48.9%, 52.5% and 49.3%, respectively. Cross-reactions of urinary OV-RDT with other helminthiases were few (2%). Field trials of urinary OV-RDT yielded comparable prevalence of O. viverrini between urinary OV-RDT (53.2%) and urinary antigen ELISA (54.0%). OV screening showed high diagnostic agreement (kappa > 0.8, P < 0.0001) between urinary OV-RDT and urinary antigen ELISA. The cure rates of opisthorchiasis at 1 month post-praziquantel treatment determined by urinary OV-RDT (86.6%) and urinary antigen ELISA (80.5%) were similar (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The urinary OV-RDT test has high potential as a new tool for screening and evaluating treatment outcomes in opisthorchiasis. The ease of sample collection and simplicity of urinary OV-RDT may facilitate mass screening, control and elimination of opisthorchiasis, thereby contributing to a reduction in the disease burden in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Worasith
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Phattharaphon Wongphutorn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Systems Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Khon Kaen University Phenome Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Systems Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Khon Kaen University Phenome Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bandit Thinkamrop
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Tawarungruang
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Attapol Titapun
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Division of Digestive Health, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Ruangsuwast A, Smout MJ, Brindley PJ, Loukas A, Laha T, Chaiyadet S. Tetraspanins from the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini stimulate cholangiocyte migration and inflammatory cytokine production. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2023; 70:2023.017. [PMID: 37752807 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2023.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Poirier, 1886) (Digenea) secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) bearing CD63-like tetraspanins on their surface. Fluke EVs are actively internalised by host cholangiocytes in the bile ducts, where they drive pathology and promote neoplasia through induction of cellular proliferation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. We investigated the effects of tetraspanins of the CD63 superfamily by co-culturing recombinant forms of the large extracellular loop (LEL) of O. viverrini tetraspanin-2 (rLEL-Ov-TSP-2) and tetraspanin-3 (rLEL-Ov-TSP-3) with non-cancerous human bile duct (H69) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA, M213) cell lines. The results showed that cell lines co-cultured with excretory/secretory products from adult O. viverrini (Ov-ES) underwent significantly increased cell proliferation at 48 hours but not 24 hours compared to untreated control cells (P < 0.05), whereas rLEL-Ov-TSP-3 co-culture resulted in significantly increased cell proliferation at both 24 hours (P < 0.05) and 48 hours (P < 0.01) time points. In like fashion, H69 cholangiocytes co-cultured with both Ov-ES and rLEL-Ov-TSP-3 underwent significantly elevated Il-6 and Il-8 gene expression for at least one of the time points assessed. Finally, both rLEL-Ov-TSP-2 and rLEL-Ov-TSP-3 significantly enhanced migration of both M213 and H69 cell lines. These findings indicated that O. viverrini CD63 family tetraspanins can promote a cancerous microenvironment by enhancing innate immune responses and migration of biliary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apisit Ruangsuwast
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Michael J Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand *Address for correspondence: Sujittra Chaiyadet, Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand. E-mail
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Ruangsuwast A, Smout MJ, Brindley PJ, Loukas A, Laha T, Chaiyadet S. Tetraspanins from Opisthorchis viverrini stimulate cholangiocyte migration and inflammatory cytokine production. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.12.544604. [PMID: 37398394 PMCID: PMC10312640 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver fluke Opsithorchis viverrini secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) bearing CD63-like tetraspanins on their surface. Fluke EVs are actively internalized by host cholangiocytes in the bile ducts, where they drive pathology and promote neoplasia through induction of cellular proliferation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. We investigated the effects of tetraspanins of the CD63 superfamily by co-culturing recombinant forms of the large extracellular loop (LEL) of O. viverrini tetraspanin-2 (rLEL- Ov -TSP-2) and tetraspanin-3 (rLEL- Ov -TSP-3) with non-cancerous human bile duct (H69) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA, M213) cell lines. The results showed that cell lines co-cultured with excretory/secretory products from adult O. viverrini ( Ov- ES) underwent significantly increased cell proliferation at 48 hours but not 24 hours compared to untreated control cells ( P <0.05), whereas rLEL- Ov -TSP-3 co-culture resulted in significantly increased cell proliferation at both 24 hr ( P <0.05) and 48 hr ( P <0.01) time points. In like fashion, H69 cholangiocytes co-cultured with both Ov -ES and rLEL- Ov -TSP-3 underwent significantly elevated Il-6 and Il-8 gene expression for at least one of the time points assessed. Finally, both rLEL- Ov -TSP-and rLEL- Ov -TSP-3 significantly enhanced migration of both M213 and H69 cell lines. These findings indicated that O. viverrini CD63 family tetraspanins can promote a cancerous microenvironment by enhancing innate immune responses and migration of biliary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apisit Ruangsuwast
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Michael J. Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
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Chaiyadet S, Sotillo J, Smout M, Cooper M, Doolan DL, Waardenberg A, Eichenberger RM, Field M, Brindley PJ, Laha T, Loukas A. Small extracellular vesicles but not microvesicles from Opisthorchis viverrini promote cell proliferation in human cholangiocytes. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.22.540805. [PMID: 37292777 PMCID: PMC10245807 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.540805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with O. viverrini has been linked to the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which is a major public health burden in the Lower Mekong River Basin countries, including Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia. Despite its importance, the exact mechanisms by which O. viverrini promotes CCA are largely unknown. In this study, we characterized different extracellular vesicle populations released by O. viverrini (OvEVs) using proteomic and transcriptomic analyses and investigated their potential role in host-parasite interactions. While 120k OvEVs promoted cell proliferation in H69 cells at different concentrations, 15k OvEVs did not produce any effect compared to controls. The proteomic analysis of both populations showed differences in their composition that could contribute to this differential effect. Furthermore, the miRNAs present in 120k EVs were analysed and their potential interactions with human host genes was explored by computational target prediction. Different pathways involved in inflammation, immune response and apoptosis were identified as potentially targeted by the miRNAs present in this population of EVs. This is the first study showing specific roles for different EV populations in the pathogenesis of a parasitic helminth, and more importantly, an important advance towards deciphering the mechanisms used in establishment of opisthorchiasis and liver fluke infection-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Martha Cooper
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Denise L. Doolan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Ashley Waardenberg
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Current affiliation: i-Synapse, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Immunogenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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Hembasat T, Chaiyadet S, Ittiprasert W, Smout MJ, Young ND, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Laha T. Peptide derived from progranulin of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini stimulates cell hyperproliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2586058. [PMID: 36993607 PMCID: PMC10055533 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2586058/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein growth factor with roles in wound healing, inflammation, angiogenesis and malignancy. An orthologue of the gene encoding human PGRN was identified in the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Methods Sequence structure, general characteristics and possible function of O. viverrini PGRN was analyzed using bioinformatics. Expression profiles were investigated with quantitative RT-PCR, western blot and immunolocalization. A specific peptide of Ov-PGRN was used to investigate a role for this molecule in pathogenesis. Results The structure of the gene coding for O. viverrini PGRN was 36,463 bp in length, and comprised of 13 exons, 12 introns, and a promoter sequence. The Ov-pgrn mRNA is 2,768 bp in length and encodes an 846 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 91.61 kDa. Ov-PGRN exhibited one half and seven complete granulin domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Ov-PGRN formed its closest relationship with PGRN of liver flukes in the Opisthorchiidae. Transcripts of Ov-pgrn were detected in several developmental stages, with highest expression in the metacercaria, indicating that Ov-PGRN may participate as a growth factor in the early development of O. viverrini. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of detected Ov-PGRN in both soluble somatic or excretory/secretory products, and immunolocalization indicated high levels of expression in the tegument and parenchyma of the adult fluke. Co-culture of a human cholangiocyte cell line and a peptide fragment of Ov-PGRN stimulated proliferation of cholangiocytes and upregulation of expression of the cytokines IL6 and IL8. Conclusion Ov-PGRN is expressed throughout the life cycle of liver fluke, and likely plays a key role in development and growth.
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White R, Sotillo J, Ancarola ME, Borup A, Boysen AT, Brindley PJ, Buzás EI, Cavallero S, Chaiyadet S, Chalmers IW, Cucher MA, Dagenais M, Davis CN, Devaney E, Duque‐Correa MA, Eichenberger RM, Fontenla S, Gasan TA, Hokke CH, Kosanovic M, Kuipers ME, Laha T, Loukas A, Maizels RM, Marcilla A, Mazanec H, Morphew RM, Neophytou K, Nguyen LT, Nolte‐‘t Hoen E, Povelones M, Robinson MW, Rojas A, Schabussova I, Smits HH, Sungpradit S, Tritten L, Whitehead B, Zakeri A, Nejsum P, Buck AH, Hoffmann KF. Special considerations for studies of extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths: A community-led roadmap to increase rigour and reproducibility. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12298. [PMID: 36604533 PMCID: PMC9816087 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, research interest in defining how extracellular vesicles (EVs) shape cross-species communication has grown rapidly. Parasitic helminths, worm species found in the phyla Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, are well-recognised manipulators of host immune function and physiology. Emerging evidence supports a role for helminth-derived EVs in these processes and highlights EVs as an important participant in cross-phylum communication. While the mammalian EV field is guided by a community-agreed framework for studying EVs derived from model organisms or cell systems [e.g., Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV)], the helminth community requires a supplementary set of principles due to the additional challenges that accompany working with such divergent organisms. These challenges include, but are not limited to, generating sufficient quantities of EVs for descriptive or functional studies, defining pan-helminth EV markers, genetically modifying these organisms, and identifying rigorous methodologies for in vitro and in vivo studies. Here, we outline best practices for those investigating the biology of helminth-derived EVs to complement the MISEV guidelines. We summarise community-agreed standards for studying EVs derived from this broad set of non-model organisms, raise awareness of issues associated with helminth EVs and provide future perspectives for how progress in the field will be achieved.
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9
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Eamudomkarn C, Ruantip S, Sithithaworn J, Techasen A, Kopoolrat KY, Worasith C, Wongphutorn P, Bethony JM, Laha T, Sithithaworn P. Epidemiology of strongyloidiasis determined by parasite-specific IgG detections by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on urine samples using Strongyloides stercoralis, S. ratti and recombinant protein (NIE) as antigens in Northeast Thailand. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284305. [PMID: 37043507 PMCID: PMC10096234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of anti-Strongyloides IgG in urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis reportedly has comparable performance to conventional serum assays. Initial comparisons of urine assays using commercial ELISA kits designated for serology have shown its diagnostic potential but sub-optimal accuracy. In the present study, we optimized urine ELISA protocols based on different antigen types and evaluated their accuracies in determining the epidemiology of strongyloidiasis in Northeast Thailand. Paired urine and fecal samples of 966 individuals from the study community were collected for three consecutive days and tested for strongyloidiasis. We compared three ELISA protocols using different antigens including crude S. stercoralis antigen (Ss-ELISA), crude S. ratti antigen (Sr-ELISA) and recombinant NIE antigen (NIE-ELISA) and fecal examination by agar plate-culture (APCT) technique and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT). The optimized ELISA protocols using three different antigen sources yielded significantly higher prevalence rates of strongyloidiasis (58.9-65.1%) than those by fecal examination methods (19.7%). The prevalence of strongyloidiasis determined by ELISA protocols significantly increased with age (p value < 0.0001) and males had higher prevalence than females (p value < 0.0001). Diagnostic agreements between ELISA protocols were moderate (κ = 0.461-0.586) and the agreement between each ELISA protocol and fecal examinations were slight (κ = 0.139-0.210). The results obtained by urine ELISA protocols using three different antigens showed comparable diagnostic performances, provided further supports for the utility of urine as an alternative clinical specimen for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirowan Ruantip
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Wireless and Intelligent System for Dual-Use Applications Research Division (WISRD), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Associate Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y Kopoolrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Phattharaphon Wongphutorn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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10
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Chaiyadet S, Tangkawattana S, Smout MJ, Ittiprasert W, Mann VH, Deenonpoe R, Arunsan P, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Laha T. Knockout of liver fluke granulin, Ov-grn-1, impedes malignant transformation during chronic infection with Opisthorchis viverrini. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010839. [PMID: 36137145 PMCID: PMC9531791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the principal risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the Mekong Basin countries of Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia. Using a novel model of CCA, involving infection with gene-edited liver flukes in the hamster during concurrent exposure to dietary nitrosamine, we explored the role of the fluke granulin-like growth factor Ov-GRN-1 in malignancy. We derived RNA-guided gene knockout flukes (ΔOv-grn-1) using CRISPR/Cas9/gRNA materials delivered by electroporation. Genome sequencing confirmed programmed Cas9-catalyzed mutations of the targeted genes, which was accompanied by rapid depletion of transcripts and the proteins they encode. Gene-edited parasites colonized the biliary tract of hamsters and developed into adult flukes. However, less hepatobiliary tract disease manifested during chronic infection with ΔOv-grn-1 worms in comparison to hamsters infected with control gene-edited and mock-edited parasites. Specifically, immuno- and colorimetric-histochemical analysis of livers revealed markedly less periductal fibrosis surrounding the flukes and less fibrosis globally within the hepatobiliary tract during infection with ΔOv-grn-1 genotype worms, minimal biliary epithelial cell proliferation, and significantly fewer mutations of TP53 in biliary epithelial cells. Moreover, fewer hamsters developed high-grade CCA compared to controls. The clinically relevant, pathophysiological phenotype of the hepatobiliary tract confirmed a role for this secreted growth factor in malignancy and morbidity during opisthorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, and WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis, Tropical Disease Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Michael J. Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Raksawan Deenonpoe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patpicha Arunsan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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11
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Chaiyadet S, Sotillo J, Krueajampa W, Thongsen S, Smout M, Brindley PJ, Laha T, Loukas A. Silencing of Opisthorchis viverrini Tetraspanin Gene Expression Results in Reduced Secretion of Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:827521. [PMID: 35223551 PMCID: PMC8875506 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.827521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-phylum transfer of molecular information is exquisitely exemplified in the uptake of parasite extracellular vesicles (EVs) by their target mammalian host tissues. The oriental liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini is the major cause of bile duct cancer in people in Southeast Asia. A major mechanism by which O. viverrini promotes cancer is through the secretion of excretory/secretory products which contain extracellular vesicles (OvEVs). OvEVs contain microRNAs that are predicted to impact various mammalian cell proliferation pathways, and are internalized by cholangiocytes that line the bile ducts. Upon uptake, OvEVs drive relentless proliferation of cholangiocytes and promote a tumorigenic environment, but the underlying mechanisms of this process are unknown. Moreover, purification and characterization methods for helminth EVs in general are ill defined. We therefore compared different purification methods for OvEVs and characterized the sub-vesicular compartment proteomes. Two CD63-like tetraspanins (Ov-TSP-2 and TSP-3) are abundant on the surface of OvEVs, and could serve as biomarkers for these parasite vesicles. Anti-TSP-2 and -TSP-3 IgG, as well as different endocytosis pathway inhibitors significantly reduced OvEV uptake and subsequent proliferation of cholangiocytes in vitro. Silencing of Ov-tsp-2 and tsp-3 gene expression in adult flukes using RNA interference resulted in substantial reductions in OvEV secretion, and those vesicles that were secreted were deficient in their respective TSP proteins. Our findings shed light on the importance of tetraspanins in fluke EV biogenesis and/or stability, and provide a conceivable mechanism for the efficacy of anti-tetraspanin subunit vaccines against a range of parasitic helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Watchara Krueajampa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sophita Thongsen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Michael Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Alex Loukas, ; Thewarach Laha,
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alex Loukas, ; Thewarach Laha,
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12
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Pearson MS, Tedla BA, Mekonnen GG, Proietti C, Becker L, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Doolan DL, Amoah AS, Knopp S, Rollinson D, Ali SM, Kabole F, Hokke CH, Adegnika AA, Field MA, van Dam G, Corstjens PLAM, Mduluza T, Mutapi F, Oeuvray C, Greco B, Chaiyadet S, Laha T, Cai P, McManus DP, Bottazzi ME, Felgner PL, Sotillo J, Loukas A. Immunomics-guided discovery of serum and urine antibodies for diagnosing urogenital schistosomiasis: a biomarker identification study. The Lancet Microbe 2021; 2:e617-e626. [PMID: 34977830 PMCID: PMC8683377 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sensitive diagnostics are needed for effective management and surveillance of schistosomiasis so that current transmission interruption goals set by WHO can be achieved. We aimed to screen the Schistosoma haematobium secretome to find antibody biomarkers of schistosome infection, validate their diagnostic performance in samples from endemic populations, and evaluate their utility as point of care immunochromatographic tests (POC-ICTs) to diagnose urogenital schistosomiasis in the field. Methods We did a biomarker identification study, in which we constructed a proteome array containing 992 validated and predicted proteins from S haematobium and screened it with serum and urine antibodies from endemic populations in Gabon, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Arrayed antigens that were IgG-reactive and a select group of antigens from the worm extracellular vesicle proteome, predicted to be diagnostically informative, were then evaluated by ELISA using the same samples used to probe arrays, and samples from individuals residing in a low-endemicity setting (ie, Pemba and Unguja islands, Zanzibar, Tanzania). The two most sensitive and specific antigens were incorporated into POC-ICTs to assess their ability to diagnose S haematobium infection from serum in a field-deployable format. Findings From array probing, in individuals who were infected, 208 antigens were the targets of significantly elevated IgG responses in serum and 45 antigens were the targets of significantly elevated IgG responses in urine. Of the five proteins that were validated by ELISA, Sh-TSP-2 (area under the curve [AUC]serum=0·98 [95% CI 0·95–1·00]; AUCurine=0·96 [0·93–0·99]), and MS3_01370 (AUCserum=0·93 [0·89–0·97]; AUCurine=0·81 [0·72–0·89]) displayed the highest overall diagnostic performance in each biofluid and exceeded that of S haematobium-soluble egg antigen in urine (AUC=0·79 [0·69–0·90]). When incorporated into separate POC-ICTs, Sh-TSP-2 showed absolute specificity and a sensitivity of 75% and MS3_01370 showed absolute specificity and a sensitivity of 89%. Interpretation We identified numerous biomarkers of urogenital schistosomiasis that could form the basis of novel antibody diagnostics for this disease. Two of these antigens, Sh-TSP-2 and MS3_01370, could be used as sensitive, specific, and field-deployable diagnostics to support schistosomiasis control and elimination initiatives, with particular focus on post-elimination surveillance. Funding Australian Trade and Investment Commission and Merck Global Health Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Pearson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Correspondence to: Dr Mark Pearson, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Bemnet A Tedla
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Gebeyaw G Mekonnen
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Carla Proietti
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Luke Becker
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Rie Nakajima
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Al Jasinskas
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Abena S Amoah
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Said M Ali
- Public Health Laboratory, Ivo de Carneri, Pemba, Tanzania
| | - Fatma Kabole
- Neglected Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Unguja, Tanzania
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Akim A Adegnika
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matt A Field
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Govert van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul L A M Corstjens
- Department of Molecular Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa Partnership, NIHR Global Health Research Unit, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Department of Molecular Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa Partnership, NIHR Global Health Research Unit, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pengfei Cai
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Prof Alex Loukas, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
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13
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Jala I, Almanfaluthi ML, Laha T, Kanthawong S, Tangkawattana S, Saichua P, Suttiprapa S, Sripa B. Helicobacter pylori GroEL Seropositivity Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Opisthorchis viverrini-Associated Hepatobiliary Abnormalities and Cholangiocarcinoma. Korean J Parasitol 2021; 59:363-368. [PMID: 34470087 PMCID: PMC8413853 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the synergistic effect of Opisthorchis viverrini and Helicobacter pylori co-infection on pathogenesis of severe hepatobiliary abnormalities (HBA) including advanced periductal fibrosis and replace with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have been established, the immune response to H. pylori in O. viverrini infected population has never been explored. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the antibody responses to 2 immunogenic H. pylori proteins in O. viverrini-infected patients with HBA and CCA. The risk analysis by multinomial logistic regression revealed that GroEL seropositivity was associated with higher risks of hepatobiliary abnormalities and CCA with adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.11 (95% CI=1.20-3.71, P=0.008) and 2.13 (95% CI=1.21-3.75, P=0.009), respectively. These findings indicate that GroEL seropositivity might be a biomarker for early detection of O. viverrini associated HBA and CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jala
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program (International Program), Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Luthfi Almanfaluthi
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program (International Program), Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sakawrat Kanthawong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Prasert Saichua
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program (International Program), Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program (International Program), Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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14
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Sengthong C, Yingklang M, Intuyod K, Haonon O, Pinlaor P, Jantawong C, Hongsrichan N, Laha T, Anutrakulchai S, Cha'on U, Sithithaworn P, Pinlaor S. Repeated Ivermectin Treatment Induces Ivermectin Resistance in Strongyloides ratti by Upregulating the Expression of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Genes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1117-1123. [PMID: 34339389 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a widely used anthelmintic. However, with widespread use comes the risk of the emergence of IVM resistance, particularly in strongyloidiasis. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes play an important role in the IVM-resistance mechanism. Here, we aimed to establish an animal experimental model of IVM resistance by frequent treatment of Strongyloides ratti with subtherapeutic doses of IVM, resistance being evaluated by the expression levels of ABC transporter genes. Rats infected with S. ratti were placed in experimental groups as follows: 1) untreated control (control); 2) treated with the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS); 3) injected with 100 µg/kg body weight of IVM (IVM); 4) treated with a combination of EMS and IVM (IVM+EMS). Parasites were evaluated after four generations. Extent of IVM resistance was assessed using IVM sensitivity, larval development, and expression of ABC genes. By the F4 generation, S. ratti in the IVM group exhibited significantly higher levels of IVM resistance than did other groups according to in vitro drug-sensitivity tests and inhibition of larval development (IC50 = 36.60 ng/mL; 95% CI: 31.6, 42.01). Expression levels of ABC isoform genes (ABCA, ABCF, and ABCG) were statistically significantly higher in the IVM-resistant line compared with the susceptible line. In conclusion, IVM subtherapeutic doses induced IVM resistance in S. ratti by the F4 generation with corresponding upregulation of some ABC isoform genes. The study provides a model for inducing and assessing drug resistance in Strongyloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchawan Sengthong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Medical Technology Unit of Bangkatum Hospital, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
| | - Manachai Yingklang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
| | - Kitti Intuyod
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Haonon
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.,Faculty of Medical Technology, Nakhonratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Porntip Pinlaor
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.,Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chanakan Jantawong
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.,Science Program in Biomedical Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Anutrakulchai
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ubon Cha'on
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand
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15
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Phumrattanaprapin W, Pearson M, Pickering D, Tedla B, Smout M, Chaiyadet S, Brindley PJ, Loukas A, Laha T. Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting an Opisthorchis viverrini Extracellular Vesicle Tetraspanin Protect Hamsters against Challenge Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070740. [PMID: 34358156 PMCID: PMC8310160 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini causes severe pathology in the bile ducts of infected human hosts, and chronic infection can culminate in bile duct cancer. The prevention of infection by vaccination would decrease opisthorchiasis-induced morbidity and mortality. The tetraspanin protein, Ov-TSP-2, is located on the membrane of secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), and is a candidate antigen for inclusion in a subunit vaccine. To address the role of anti-Ov-TSP-2 antibodies in protection, we assessed the protective capacity of anti-Ov-TSP-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against opisthorchiasis. Two anti-TSP-2 IgM mAbs, 1D6 and 3F5, and an isotype control were passively transferred to hamsters, followed by parasite challenge one day later. Hamsters that received 3F5 had 74.5% fewer adult flukes and 67.4% fewer eggs per gram of feces compared to hamsters that received the control IgM. Both 1D6 and 3F5 (but not the control IgM) blocked the uptake of fluke EVs by human bile duct epithelial cells in vitro. This is the first report of passive immunization against human liver fluke infection, and the findings portend the feasibility of antibody-directed therapies for liver fluke infection, bolstering the selection of TSPs as components of a subunit vaccine for opisthorchiasis and fluke infections generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuttipong Phumrattanaprapin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Applied Zoology, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (M.P.); (D.P.); (B.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Darren Pickering
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (M.P.); (D.P.); (B.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Bemnet Tedla
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (M.P.); (D.P.); (B.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (M.P.); (D.P.); (B.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia; (M.P.); (D.P.); (B.T.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (T.L.)
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16
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Ruantip S, Eamudomkarn C, Kopolrat KY, Sithithaworn J, Laha T, Sithithaworn P. Analysis of Daily Variation for 3 and for 30 Days of Parasite-Specific IgG in Urine for Diagnosis of Strongyloidiasis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105896. [PMID: 33753029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has found urine analysis to be as sensitive as serology for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Here, we examined the daily variation of Strongyloides-specific IgG in urine by qualitative and quantitative ELISA and its effects on diagnostic accuracy and reliability. In the first part of the study, matched urine and fecal samples were collected from project participants in northeast Thailand for three consecutive days. Urine samples were analyzed for Strongyloides-specific IgG by ELISA using Strongyloides ratti as the antigen source. Performance of urine ELISA was compared with parasitological diagnosis by agar plate culture technique (APCT) and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT). In the second part of the study, urine IgG levels were compared daily for thirty consecutive days. The prevalence of Strongyloides infection, as measured by urine ELISA for three consecutive days, was significantly higher than that found using parasitological methods (63.1% vs. 22%). There was slight daily variation in prevalence estimates according to urine ELISA while there were significant variations according to parasitological examination methods over three consecutive days. For the 3-day experiment, urine ELISA had 83-86% diagnostic sensitivity when compared with the fecal examination method or with a composite standard (combined results from fecal examination methods (APCT or FECT) and/or urine ELISA). The levels of parasite-specific IgG in urine were stable throughout both the 3-day and the 30-day studies. In conclusion, diagnosis of strongyloidiasis by urine ELISA is more sensitive than by fecal methods, with minimal daily variation for qualitative and quantitative diagnosis. Urine ELISA has potential for clinical diagnosis and population screening of strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirowan Ruantip
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Kulthida Y Kopolrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | | | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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17
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Yingklang M, Banjong D, Haonon O, Intuyod K, Dangtakot R, Thongpon P, Pinlaor P, Laha T, Siriyasatien P, Pinlaor S. Phylogeography and demographic history of Thai Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 91:104825. [PMID: 33775906 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediculus humanus (human louse) is a hematophagous insect that feeds on human blood. It is distributed worldwide. Understanding phylogeography and population-genetic structure of the human louse will illuminate the evolution of this insect and the dynamics of how resistance alleles might spread in the landscape. In this work, we used mitochondrial (cox1 and cytb genes) sequences of the human louse to investigate genetic diversity, population-genetic structure and demographic history of the louse in Thailand. Human lice in Thailand belonged to mitochondrial clades A and C. Most genetic variation was attributed to intra-region 65.71% within provinces for clade A and 68.92% for clade C, while inter-region level was 34.40% among provinces within regions for clade A and 20.09% for clade C. Neutrality and other indices suggested that louse populations from clades A and C in Thailand have experienced a population expansion. But head lice from Khon Kaen Province in clade C demonstrated a significant recent population bottleneck or natural selective pressure with constant population size. Head lice in Thailand showed varying degrees of low to high genetic differentiation at the level of province with many populations being genetically distinct from each other among regions and within the same region. Knowledge of the clades present in Thailand and that gene flow occurs between regions will assist in developing appropriate strategies for management of head lice at the local level in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manachai Yingklang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ditsayathan Banjong
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Haonon
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Nakhonratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kitti Intuyod
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rungtiwa Dangtakot
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Phonpilas Thongpon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Pinlaor
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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18
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Pal M, Gope M, Basu A, Laha T, Masto RE, Labar R, Kundu TK, Hoque RR, Khillare PS, Balachandran S. Indoor Quality of Residential Homes and Schools of an Industrial Area in Asansol: Characterization, Bioaccessibility and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements. NEPT 2021. [DOI: 10.46488/nept.2021.v20i01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Prum S, Plumworasawat S, Chaiyadet S, Saichua P, Thanan R, Laha T, Laohaviroj M, Sripa B, Suttiprapa S. Characterization and in vitro functional analysis of thioredoxin glutathione reductase from the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105621. [PMID: 32659283 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini causes several hepatobiliary diseases including a bile duct cancer-cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which is a major public health problem in many countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Praziquantel is the main drug against this parasite, however, reduced drug efficacy has been observed in some endemic areas. Therefore, alternative drugs are needed to prepare for praziquantel resistance in the future. The selenoprotein thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) enzyme, which plays a crucial role in cellular redox balance of parasitic flatworms, has been shown as a potential drug target against these parasites. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the TGR of O. viverrini and assess its potential as a drug target. An open reading frame (ORF) that encodes O. viverrini TGR (Ov-TGR) was cloned from an O. viverrini cDNA library and the nucleotide were sequenced. The 1,812 nucleotides of the Ov-TGR full ORF encoded a polypeptide of 603 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 66 kDa. The putative amino acid sequence shared 55-96.8% similarities with TGRs from other helminths and mammals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship of Ov-TGR with that of other trematodes. The ORF of Ov-TGR was inserted into pABC2 plasmid and transformed into Escherichia coli strain C321.ΔA to facilitate selenocysteine incorporation. The recombinant Ov-TGR (rOv-TGR-SEC) was expressed as a soluble protein and detected as a dimer form in the non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Its thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were detected using DTNB, Trx and GSSG substrates with the Michaelis constant (Km) of 292.6 ± 52.3 µM, 8.09 ± 1.91 µM and 13.74 ± 1.2 µM, respectively. The TGR enzyme activities were effectively inhibited by a well-known inhibitor, auranofin in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, auranofin expressed a lethal toxic effect on both newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) and adult worms of O. viverrini in vitro. Taken together, these results indicated that Ov-TGR is crucial for O. viverrini survival and maybe a potential target for the development of novel agents against opisthorschiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prum
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirikanya Plumworasawat
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Prasert Saichua
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Pathology Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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20
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Namsanor J, Pitaksakulrat O, Kopolrat K, Kiatsopit N, Webster BL, Gower CM, Webster JP, Laha T, Saijuntha W, Laoprom N, Andrews RH, Petney TN, Blair D, Sithithaworn P. Impact of geography and time on genetic clusters of Opisthorchis viverrini identified by microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analysis. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:1133-1144. [PMID: 32866491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection by the small liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, causes serious public health problems, including cholangiocarcinoma, in Thailand and southeastern Asian countries. Previous studies have reported that O. viverrini represents a species complex with varying levels of genetic differentiation in Thailand and Lao PDR. In this study, we re-examined population genetic structure and genetic diversity of O. viverrini using extensive samples of the parasite collected over 15 years from 12 geographical localities in Thailand and eight localities in Lao PDR. Parasite life-cycle stages of 721 individuals of O. viverrini (91 cercariae, 230 metacercariae and 400 adult worms) were genotyped using 12 microsatellite loci. Metacercariae exhibited genetic diversity comparable with that of experimentally raised adults: metacercariae can therefore be used to represent O. viverrini populations without the need for laboratory definitive hosts. Data obtained from larval as well as adult worms identified two distinct genetic clusters of O. viverrini. Sequences of a portion of the mitochondrial cox1 gene strongly supported the existence of these two clusters. One, the widespread cluster, was found at all sampled sites. The second cluster occurred only in Phang Khon District, Sakon Nakhon Province (SPk), within the Songkram River wetland in Thailand. A striking feature of our data relates to the temporal dynamics of the SPk cluster, which was largely replaced by representatives of the widespread cluster over time. If the SPk cluster is excluded, no marked genetic differences were seen among O. viverrini populations from Thailand and Lao PDR. The underlying causes of the observed population structure and population dynamics of O. viverrini are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Namsanor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Kopolrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- Department of Life Sciences, Parasites and Vectors Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - C M Gower
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150 Thailand
| | - Nongluk Laoprom
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, South Wharf Street, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Evolution and Paleontology, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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21
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Phumrattanaprapin W, Chaiyadet S, Brindley PJ, Pearson M, Smout MJ, Loukas A, Laha T. Orally Administered Bacillus Spores Expressing an Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Tetraspanin Protect Hamsters Against Challenge Infection With Carcinogenic Human Liver Fluke. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1445-1455. [PMID: 32813017 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a food-borne trematode that causes hepatobiliary disease in humans throughout Southeast Asia. People become infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish containing metacercariae. Development of a vaccine to prevent or minimize pathology would decrease the risk of severe morbidity, including the development of bile duct cancer. METHODS We produced an oral vaccine based on recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores expressing the large extracellular loop (LEL) of O. viverrini tetraspanin-2 (Ov-TSP-2), a protein that is abundant on the surface of O. viverrini secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recombinant spores expressing Ov-TSP-2-LEL were orally administered to hamsters prior to challenge infection with O. viverrini metacercariae. RESULTS Vaccinated hamsters generated serum IgG as well as bile IgG and IgA responses to Ov-TSP-2-LEL, and serum IgG from vaccinated hamsters blocked the uptake of fluke EVs by a human bile duct epithelial cell line. Vaccinated hamsters had 56% reductions in both adult flukes and fecal eggs compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that oral vaccination of hamsters with recombinant B. subtilis spores expressing Ov-TSP-2-LEL is efficacious at reducing infection intensity and could form the basis of a vaccine for control of carcinogenic liver fluke infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Kifle DW, Chaiyadet S, Waardenberg AJ, Wise I, Cooper M, Becker L, Doolan DL, Laha T, Sotillo J, Pearson MS, Loukas A. Uptake of Schistosoma mansoni extracellular vesicles by human endothelial and monocytic cell lines and impact on vascular endothelial cell gene expression. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:685-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Namsanor J, Kiatsopit N, Laha T, Andrews RH, Petney TN, Sithithaworn P. Infection Dynamics of Opisthorchis viverrini Metacercariae in Cyprinid Fishes from Two Endemic Areas in Thailand and Lao PDR. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:110-116. [PMID: 31701859 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection dynamics of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae was analyzed in cyprinid fish from endemic areas in Mukdahan Province, Thailand, and Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. The fish were collected during the cool-dry (November-February), hot-dry (March-May), and rainy (June-October) seasons in 2017. They were examined by the digestion method, and the infection status was statistically analyzed by study area, season, and fish size. The prevalence (no. of fish positive/no. of fish examined × 100) and metacercarial intensities (no. of metacercariae detected/no. of fish positive) of O. viverrini in both study areas depended on season, being high in the cool-dry season and varying in the hot-dry and rainy seasons. In Mukdahan Province, the average prevalence was 18.3% (range 11.0-46.7%, n = 420) and the intensity was 4.07 ± 5.86 cysts/fish (mean ± SD), whereas in Khammouane Province, the prevalence was 51.9% (range 9.1-70.6%, n = 673) and the intensity was 6.67 ± 12.88 cysts/fish. Among the cyprinid fish species examined, the infection was associated with fish body size and predominantly found in Hampala dispar (86.5%), Cyclocheilichthys armatus (73.2%), and Puntius brevis (42.7%). The distribution of O. viverrini metacercariae in fish was skewed, with most of the fish having a low worm burden with an average of four to six cysts/fish. The findings that seasonality, sampling locality, fish size, and species of fish play roles in the risk of O. viverrini infection imply that these host and environmental factors are important for the transmission dynamics and control of O. viverrini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Namsanor
- Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Evolution and Paleontology, State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Faculty of Medicine, Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Thi Phung L, Chaiyadet S, Hongsrichan N, Sotillo J, Dinh Thi Dieu H, Quang Tran C, Brindley PJ, Loukas A, Laha T. Partial protection with a chimeric tetraspanin-leucine aminopeptidase subunit vaccine against Opisthorchis viverrini infection in hamsters. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105355. [PMID: 31991114 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis is a serious public health problem in East Asia and Europe. The pathology involves hepatobiliary abnormalities such as cholangitis, choledocholithiasis and tissue fibrosis that can develop into cholangiocarcinoma. Prevention of infection is difficult as multiple social and behavioral factors are involved, thus, progress on a prophylactic vaccine against opisthorchiasis is urgently needed. Opisthorchis viverrini tetraspanin-2 (Ov-TSP-2) was previously described as a potential vaccine candidate conferring partial protection against O. viverrini infections in hamsters. In this study, we generated a recombinant chimeric form of the large extracellular loop of Ov-TSP-2 and O. viverrini leucine aminopeptidase, designated rOv-TSP-2-LAP. Hamsters were vaccinated with 100 and 200 µg of rOv-TSP-2-LAP formulated with alum-CpG adjuvant via intraperitoneal injection and evaluated the level of protection against O. viverrini infection. Our results demonstrated that the number of worms recovered from hamsters vaccinated with either 100 or 200 µg of rOv-TSP-2-LAP were significantly reduced by 27% compared to the adjuvant control group. Furthermore, the average length of worms recovered from animals vaccinated with 200 μg of rOv-TSP-2-LAP was significantly shorter than those from the control adjuvant group. Immunized hamsters showed significantly increased serum levels of anti-rOv-TSP-2 IgG and IgG1 compared to adjuvant control group, suggesting that rOv-TSP-2-LAP vaccination induces a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response in hamsters. Therefore, the development of a suitable vaccine against opisthorchiasis requires further work involving new vaccine technologies to improve immunogenicity and protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyen Thi Phung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Hai Duong Medical Technical University, Hai Duong city, Hai Duong province, Viet Nam
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | | | - Javier Sotillo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Hang Dinh Thi Dieu
- Hai Duong Medical Technical University, Hai Duong city, Hai Duong province, Viet Nam
| | - Canh Quang Tran
- Hai Duong Medical Technical University, Hai Duong city, Hai Duong province, Viet Nam
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
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Phung LT, Chaiyadet S, Hongsrichan N, Sotillo J, Dieu HDT, Tran CQ, Brindley PJ, Loukas A, Laha T. Recombinant Opisthorchis viverrini tetraspanin expressed in Pichia pastoris as a potential vaccine candidate for opisthorchiasis. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3419-3427. [PMID: 31724067 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis affects millions of people in Southeast Asia and has been strongly associated with bile duct cancer. Current strategic control approaches such as chemotherapy and health education are not sustainable, and a prophylactic vaccine would be a major advance in the prevention of the disease. Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins previously described as potential vaccine candidates for other helminth infections and are also found in the membranes of the tegument and extracellular vesicles of O. viverrini. Here, we investigated the potential of a recombinant protein encoding for the large extracellular loop of O. viverrini tetraspanin-2 (rOv-LEL-TSP-2) in a hamster vaccination model. Hamsters were vaccinated with 50 and 100 μg of rOv-LEL-TSP-2 produced from Pichia pastoris yeast combined with alum CpG adjuvant via the intraperitoneal route. The number of worms recovered from hamsters vaccinated with rOv-LEL-TSP-2 was significantly reduced compared to adjuvant control groups. Fecal egg output was also significantly reduced in vaccinated animals, and the average length of worms recovered from vaccinated animals was significantly shorter than that of the control group. Vaccinated animals showed significantly increased levels of anti-rOv-TSP-2 IgG in the sera after three immunizations, as well as increased levels of several T helper type 1 cytokines in the spleen including IFN-γ and IL-6 but not the Th2/regulatory cytokines IL-4 or IL-10. These results suggest that rOv-TSP-2 could be a potential vaccine against opisthorchiasis and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyen Thi Phung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Hai Duong Medical Technical University, Hai Duong City, Hai Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Hang Dinh Thi Dieu
- Hai Duong Medical Technical University, Hai Duong City, Hai Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Canh Quang Tran
- Hai Duong Medical Technical University, Hai Duong City, Hai Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Muthukumar R, Suttiprapa S, Mairiang E, Kessomboon P, Laha T, Smith JF, Sripa B. Effects of Opisthorchis viverrini infection on glucose and lipid profiles in human hosts: A cross-sectional and prospective follow-up study from Thailand. Parasitol Int 2019; 75:102000. [PMID: 31669292 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infection is endemic to the Northeast Thailand where the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is higher whilst the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is lower than the rest of Thailand. Helminth infection has both nutritional and immunological impact on their definitive hosts. Thus, a cross-sectional study was performed to see the effects of OV infection on glucose and lipid profiles. For this purpose, 200 each of OV infected and uninfected residents were recruited and their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglycerides, low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) levels and anthropometric measurements, including BMI were examined. Then, as the prospective follow- up study, changes of those metabolic parameters of OV positive subjects (n = 120) before and after Praziquantel (PZQ) treatment were monitored for six months. The results showed that OV infection has a protective effect against hyperglycemia (OR 0.482 and p = .04) and metabolic disease risk group (OR 0.478 and p = .03). OV positive participants had lower HbA1c (5.5% Vs. 6.01%, p = .001) but higher HDL (54.07 Vs. 49.46 mg/dL, p = .001) than OV negative participants that are statistically significant. After PZQ treatment for OV-positive subjects, their serum levels of HbA1c (p < .05) and HDL (p < .05) significantly rose during the follow up. Apparently, OV infection lowers HbA1c but increases HDL in definitive human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Muthukumar
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Eimorn Mairiang
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pattapong Kessomboon
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - John F Smith
- Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Centre, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Chaiyadet S, Sotillo J, Krueajampa W, Thongsen S, Brindley PJ, Sripa B, Loukas A, Laha T. Vaccination of hamsters with Opisthorchis viverrini extracellular vesicles and vesicle-derived recombinant tetraspanins induces antibodies that block vesicle uptake by cholangiocytes and reduce parasite burden after challenge infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007450. [PMID: 31136572 PMCID: PMC6555531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infects several million people in Southeast Asia. Adult flukes live in the bile ducts of humans, where they cause hepatobiliary pathology, including cholangiocarcinoma. Here, we investigated the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the fluke and defined recombinant proteins derived from EVs to generate protective immunity in a hamster vaccination-challenge model. Methodology/Principal findings EVs isolated from the excretory-secretory products of O. viverrini and two recombinant EV surface proteins encoding the large extracellular loops (LEL) of Ov-TSP-2 (rOv-TSP-2) and Ov-TSP-3 (rOv-TSP-3) were adjuvanted and used to vaccinate hamsters intraperitoneally followed by challenge infection with O. viverrini metacercariae. The number of adult flukes recovered from hamsters immunized with EVs, rOv-TSP-2, rOv-TSP-3 and rOv-TSP-2+rOv-TSP-3 were significantly reduced compared to control animals vaccinated with adjuvant alone. The number of eggs per gram feces was also significantly reduced in hamsters vaccinated with rOv-TSP-2 compared to controls, but no significant differences were found in the other groups. The average length of worms recovered from hamsters vaccinated with EVs, rOv-TSP-2 and rOv-TSP-3 was significantly shorter than that of worms recovered from the control group. Anti-EV IgG levels in serum and bile were significantly higher in hamsters vaccinated with EVs compared to control hamsters both pre- and post-challenge. In addition, levels of anti-rOv-TSP antibodies in the serum and bile were significantly higher than control hamsters both pre- and post-challenge. Finally, antibodies against rOv-TSP-2 and rOv-TSP-3 blocked uptake of EVs by human primary cholangiocyte in vitro, providing a plausible mechanism by which these vaccines exert partial efficacy and reduce the intensity of O. viverrini infection. Conclusion/Significance Liver fluke EVs and recombinant tetraspanins derived from the EV surface when administered to hamsters induce antibody responses that block EV uptake by target bile duct cells and exert partial efficacy and against O. viverrini challenge. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a significant public health problem in countries throughout Southeast Asia. In these areas CCA has a strong association with chronic infection with the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Current control of the infection relies on chemotherapy and health education, however these approaches are not sustainable in isolation. Hence, there is an urgent need for a vaccine against this neglected tropical disease. A vaccine against O. viverrini would confer anti-cancer protection in similar fashion to the acclaimed vaccine for human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Toward this goal, secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) of O. viverrini and recombinant proteins from the surface of EVs were generated and tested as vaccines in a hamster challenge model. Vaccination of hamsters with EVs and recombinant proteins induced production of antibodies in serum and bile, and those antibodies blocked uptake of EVs by primary bile duct cells in vitro. Challenge of vaccinated hamsters with infective stage flukes markedly reduced adult fluke recovery compared to the adjuvant control group. This is the first report of successful vaccination of hamsters with O. viverrini EVs and recombinant vesicle surface proteins, and provides proof-of-concept for development of subunit vaccines for this carcinogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Watchara Krueajampa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sophita Thongsen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- * E-mail: (AL); (TL)
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail: (AL); (TL)
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Chaiyasaeng M, Pechdee P, Sereewong C, Suwannatrai A, Laha T, Tesana S. Effects of aestivation on survival of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos snails and the infection of Opisthorchis viverrini in the irrigation area of wet- and dry-season rice paddy. Acta Trop 2019; 192:55-60. [PMID: 30659807 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The snail Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos acts as the first intermediate host of the human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, a major cause of cholangiocarcinoma in Northeast Thailand. In this study, we investigated host-parasite interactions in wet- and dry-season rice paddy plantation. The snails that aestivated through 4-month-dried period after rice harvest had average mortality rate of 36.45% and monthly increasing from 17.76% to 54.57%. Surprisingly, at depths greater than 5 cm experienced a higher mortality rate than upper level. Average mortality rate at the depth more than 5 cm, was 42.97%. In the initial month of aestivation, mortality rate of 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth was 9.13% and 26.39% then increase to 57.58% and 51.97%, respectively in the last 4th month. The average prevalence O. viverrini infection in snails during the study period was 0.44%. The highest prevalence of O. viverrini infection was found in the cool dry and wet season. The odds of O. viverrini infection in female snails and large snails were higher relative to male snails and medium-sized snails. The physicochemical factors involved in increased prevalence of O. viverrini infection in snail hosts were mean daily air temperature and average monthly rainfall. Short aestivation period made lower mortality in irrigation area than the previous report of non-irrigation area, that is, the aestivation is one of snail population control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monticha Chaiyasaeng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province 40002, Thailand
| | - Phornpitcha Pechdee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanisala Sereewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiporn Suwannatrai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province 40002, Thailand
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Province 40002, Thailand.
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Arunsan P, Ittiprasert W, Smout MJ, Cochran CJ, Mann VH, Chaiyadet S, Karinshak SE, Sripa B, Young ND, Sotillo J, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Laha T. Programmed knockout mutation of liver fluke granulin attenuates virulence of infection-induced hepatobiliary morbidity. eLife 2019; 8:e41463. [PMID: 30644359 PMCID: PMC6355195 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the principal risk factor (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2012) for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the Lower Mekong River Basin countries including Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia. We exploited this link to explore the role of the secreted growth factor termed liver fluke granulin (Ov-GRN-1) in pre-malignant lesions by undertaking programmed CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the Ov-GRN-1 gene from the liver fluke genome. Deep sequencing of amplicon libraries from genomic DNA of gene-edited parasites revealed Cas9-catalyzed mutations within Ov-GRN-1. Gene editing resulted in rapid depletion of Ov-GRN-1 transcripts and the encoded Ov-GRN-1 protein. Gene-edited parasites colonized the biliary tract of hamsters and developed into adult flukes, but the infection resulted in reduced pathology as evidenced by attenuated biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis. Not only does this report pioneer programmed gene-editing in parasitic flatworms, but also the striking, clinically-relevant pathophysiological phenotype confirms the role for Ov-GRN-1 in virulence morbidity during opisthorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patpicha Arunsan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Michael J Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Christina J Cochran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Victoria H Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Shannon E Karinshak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Neil David Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Laha T, Brindley PJ, Suyapoh W, Suttiprapa S. RNA Interference as an Approach to Functional Genomics Genetic Manipulation of Opisthorchis viverrini. Adv Parasitol 2018; 102:25-43. [PMID: 30442309 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The availability of genome and transcriptome data of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini provides the foundation for exploration of gene function and its effect on host-parasite interactions and pathogenesis of O. viverrini-associated bile duct cancer. Functional genomics approaches address the function of DNA at levels of the gene, RNA transcript and protein product using informative manipulations of the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, microbiome and metabolome. Advances in functional genomics for O. viverrini have thus far focused on RNA interference. The flukes have been transfected with double-stranded RNAs aiming to silence target gene expression. In general, this approach for functional genomics investigation of this pathogen has been found to be tractable and efficient: suppression of messenger RNA expression in O. viverrini results in reduction of protein activity and phenotypic changes. Future perspectives for functional genomics of this liver fluke and close phylogenetic relatives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Watcharapol Suyapoh
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Tropical Disease Research Center, Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Upontain S, Sereerak P, Laha T, Sripa B, Tangkawatana P, Brindley PJ, Tangkawatana S. Granulin Expression in Hamsters during Opisthorchis viverrini Infection-Induced Cholangiocarcinogenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2437-2445. [PMID: 30255697 PMCID: PMC6249462 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The secreted growth factor granulin (GRN) is upregulated during diverse epithelial cancers. GRN stimulates cell growth and development while inhibiting apoptosis. Orthologues of vertebrate granulins evolved in other animals including the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Curiously, liver fluke granulin, termed Ov-GRN-1 promotes cholangiocarcinogenesis during chronic opisthorchiasis but, by contrast, limited information is available concerning mammalian GRN during liver fluke infection-induced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Here we investigated the expression of mammalian granulin in the O. viverrini-associated a hamster model of opisthorchiasis and liver fluke infection-induced CCA. Male Syrian golden hamsters were assigned to one of four treatment groups, each group included 30 hamsters: 1) normal (control), 2) infected with O. viverrini (OV); 3) exposed to N-dimethylnitrosamine in drinking water (DMN); and 4) infected with O. viverrini and exposed to DMN (OVDMN). Immunohistochemistry using an anti-granulin specific probe for mammalian granulin was undertaken to monitor expression and location in hepatobiliary tissues of the hamsters. In parallel, cognate studies of transcription of mRNA and protein. Histopathological examination revealed development of proliferative lesions from the onset and eruption of CCA onwards, an outcome that was most prominent in the OVDMN hamsters. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index rose continuously from initiation of infection and increased with lesion progression in OV, DMN and markedly in OVDMN hamsters. Expression of GRN in biliary was elevated in biliary epithelial cells in CCA lesions in hamsters in the DMN and OVDMN groups. Expression of GRN as assayed by western blot and RT-PCR reflected the same trend as seen with PCNA. Together the histopathogical and molecular assay based findings revealed marked expression of granulin during cholangiocarcinoma in these hamsters, and highlighted the prospect that granulin represents a potential prognostic marker for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkiad Upontain
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease)/Tropical Disease Research Center (TDRC), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Khampoosa P, Jones MK, Lovas EM, Piratae S, Kulsuntiwong J, Prasopdee S, Srisawangwong T, Laha T, Sripanidkulchai B, Thitapakorn V, Tesana S. Egg-Hatching Mechanism of Human Liver Fluke,Opisthorchis viverrini: A Role For Leucine Aminopeptidases From the Snail Host,Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos. J Parasitol 2018; 104:388-397. [DOI: 10.1645/16-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Khampoosa
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Physical Education, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok Province 26120, Thailand
- Food-Borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - M. K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton Queensland 4343, Australia, and Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - E. M. Lovas
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton Queensland 4343, Australia, and Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - S. Piratae
- Department of Veterinary of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham Province 44000, Thailand
| | - J. Kulsuntiwong
- Department of Biology, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani Province 41000, Thailand
| | - S. Prasopdee
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - T. Srisawangwong
- Food-Borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - T. Laha
- Food-Borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - B. Sripanidkulchai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kean 40002, Thailand
| | - V. Thitapakorn
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - S. Tesana
- Food-Borne Parasite Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Leggat PA, Graves P, Laha T, Aye KS. Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases in South and Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E70. [PMID: 30274466 PMCID: PMC6160933 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Leggat
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vectorborne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
- Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Patricia Graves
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vectorborne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Khin Saw Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon 11191, Myanmar.
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Pitaksakulrat O, Webster BL, Webster JP, Laha T, Saijuntha W, Lamberton PHL, Kiatsopit N, Andrews RH, Petney TN, Sithithaworn P. Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthorchis viverrini species complex with specific analysis of O. viverrini sensu lato from Sakon Nakhon, Thailand by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 62:86-94. [PMID: 29679744 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato causes serious public-health problems in Northeast Thailand and Southeast Asian countries. A hypothesis has been proposed that O. viverrini represents a species complex with varying levels of genetic differentiation in Thailand and Lao PDR. This study aimed to clarify whether O. viverrini populations can be genetically divided into separate taxa. We collected O. viverrini s.l. from eight different locations in Lao PDR and Thailand. The results of nad1, cox1, CF-int6, Pm-int9, ITS2 and 28S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that sub-structuring occurred between the eight populations. We found that O. viverrini s.l. from Sakon Nakhon (SK), Thailand, shows significant genetic differentiation (P < .05) from all other isolates from different localities in Thailand and Lao PDR. This was supported by haplotype and phylogenetic tree analyses in which the SK isolate was separated from all other isolates. This suggests that O. viverrini s.l. from SK is a cryptic species. The data, however, also confirm the association between genetic groups of O. viverrini s.l. and specific wetland systems, and raise important questions regarding the epidemiological significance of these genetic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- Department of Life Sciences, Parasites and Vectors Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; The London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- The London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK; Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Popluation Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Institute of Zoology 1: Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kornblumen Strasse 13, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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35
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Suttiprapa S, Sotillo J, Smout M, Suyapoh W, Chaiyadet S, Tripathi T, Laha T, Loukas A. Opisthorchis viverrini Proteome and Host-Parasite Interactions. Adv Parasitol 2018; 102:45-72. [PMID: 30442310 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The omics technologies have improved our understanding of the molecular events that underpin host-parasite interactions and the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases. In the last decade, proteomics and genomics in particular have been used to characterize the surface and secreted products of the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini and revealed important roles for proteins at the host-parasite interface to ensure that the flukes can migrate, feed and reproduce in a hostile environment. This review summarizes the advances made in this area, primarily focusing on discoveries enabled by the publication of the fluke secreted proteomes over the last decade. Protein families that will be covered include proteases, antioxidants, oncogenic proteins and the secretion of exosome-like extracellular vesicles. Roles of these proteins in host-parasite interactions and pathogenesis of fluke-induced hepatobiliary diseases, including cholangiocarcinogenesis, are discussed. Future directions for the application of this knowledge to control infection and disease will also be discussed.
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36
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Navarro S, Pickering DA, Ferreira IB, Jones L, Ryan S, Troy S, Leech A, Hotez PJ, Zhan B, Laha T, Prentice R, Sparwasser T, Croese J, Engwerda CR, Upham JW, Julia V, Giacomin PR, Loukas A. Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:362ra143. [PMID: 27797959 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the developed world, declining prevalence of some parasitic infections correlates with increased incidence of allergic and autoimmune disorders. Moreover, experimental human infection with some parasitic worms confers protection against inflammatory diseases in phase 2 clinical trials. Parasitic worms manipulate the immune system by secreting immunoregulatory molecules that offer promise as a novel therapeutic modality for inflammatory diseases. We identify a protein secreted by hookworms, anti-inflammatory protein-2 (AIP-2), that suppressed airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma, reduced expression of costimulatory markers on human dendritic cells (DCs), and suppressed proliferation ex vivo of T cells from human subjects with house dust mite allergy. In mice, AIP-2 was primarily captured by mesenteric CD103+ DCs and suppression of airway inflammation was dependent on both DCs and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that originated in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and accumulated in distant mucosal sites. Transplantation of MLNs from AIP-2-treated mice into naïve hosts revealed a lymphoid tissue conditioning that promoted Treg induction and long-term maintenance. Our findings indicate that recombinant AIP-2 could serve as a novel curative therapeutic for allergic asthma and potentially other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine Navarro
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Darren A Pickering
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ivana B Ferreira
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda Jones
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie Ryan
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sally Troy
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Leech
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bin Zhan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Roger Prentice
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - John Croese
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - John W Upham
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Valerie Julia
- CNRS UMR7275, INSERM U1080, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul R Giacomin
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
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37
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Chaiyadet S, Krueajampa W, Hipkaeo W, Plosan Y, Piratae S, Sotillo J, Smout M, Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Loukas A, Laha T. Suppression of mRNAs encoding CD63 family tetraspanins from the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini results in distinct tegument phenotypes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14342. [PMID: 29084967 PMCID: PMC5662742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infects 10 million people in Southeast Asia and causes cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Fluke secreted and tegumental proteins contribute to the generation of a tumorigenic environment and are targets for drug and vaccine-based control measures. Herein, we identified two tetraspanins belonging to the CD63 family (Ov-TSP-2 and Ov-TSP-3) that are abundantly expressed in the tegument proteome of O. viverrini. Ov-tsp-2 and tsp-3 transcripts were detected in all developmental stages of O. viverrini. Protein fragments corresponding to the large extracellular loop (LEL) of each TSP were produced in recombinant form and antibodies were raised in rabbits. Ov-TSP-2 and TSP-3 were detected in whole worm extracts and excretory/secretory products of O. viverrini and reacted with sera from infected hamsters and humans. Antibodies confirmed localization of Ov-TSP-2 and TSP-3 to the adult fluke tegument. Using RNA interference, Ov-tsp-2 and tsp-3 mRNA expression was significantly suppressed for up to 21 days in vitro. Ultrastructural observation of tsp-2 and tsp-3 dsRNA-treated flukes resulted in phenotypes with increased tegument thickness, increased vacuolation (tsp-2) and reduced electron density (tsp-3). These studies confirm the importance of CD63 family tegument tetraspanins in parasitic flukes and support efforts to target these proteins for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Watchara Krueajampa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yada Plosan
- Electron microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- Office of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Smout
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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38
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Gouveia MJ, Pakharukova MY, Laha T, Sripa B, Maksimova GA, Rinaldi G, Brindley PJ, Mordvinov VA, Amaro T, Santos LL, Costa JMCD, Vale N. Infection with Opisthorchis felineus induces intraepithelial neoplasia of the biliary tract in a rodent model. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:929-937. [PMID: 28910999 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus is a member of the triad of epidemiologically relevant species of the trematode family Opisthorchiidae, and the causative agent of opisthorchiasis felinea over an extensive range that spans regions of Eurasia. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies the infection with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis as group 1 agents and a major risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. However, the carcinogenic potential of the infection with O. felineus is less clear. Here, we present findings that support the inclusion of O. felineus in the Group 1 list of biological carcinogens. Two discrete lines of evidence support the notion that infection with this liver fluke is carcinogenic. First, novel oxysterol-like metabolites detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy in the egg and adult developmental stages of O. felineus, and in bile, sera, and urine of liver fluke-infected hamsters exhibited marked similarity to oxysterol-like molecules known from O. viverrini. Numerous oxysterols and related DNA-adducts detected in the liver fluke eggs and in bile from infected hamsters suggested that infection-associated oxysterols induced chromosomal lesions in host cells. Second, histological analysis of liver sections from hamsters infected with O. felineus confirmed portal area enlargement, inflammation with severe periductal fibrosis and changes in the epithelium of the biliary tract characterized as biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, BilIN. The consonance of these biochemical and histopathological changes revealed that O. felineus infection in this rodent model induced precancerous lesions conducive to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Gouveia
- Center for the Study in Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Rua de D. Manuel II, Apt 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal.,UCBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Y Pakharukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Street, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology.,Department of Pathology.,Tropical Diseases Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Parasitology.,Department of Pathology.,Tropical Diseases Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Galina A Maksimova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Viatcheslav A Mordvinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 2/12 Tymakov Street, 630055 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Teresina Amaro
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Rua Dr. António de Almeida 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Rua Dr. António de Almeida 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Center for the Study in Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Rua de D. Manuel II, Apt 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Parasite Immunology and Biology, Infectious Diseases Department, INSA, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- UCBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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39
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Teimoori S, Arimatsu Y, Laha T, Kaewkes S, Sereerak P, Sripa M, Tangkawattana S, Brindley PJ, Sripa B. Chicken IgY-based coproantigen capture ELISA for diagnosis of human opisthorchiasis. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:443-447. [PMID: 27140305 PMCID: PMC5086311 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini infection by conventional stool examination is increasingly difficult due to the low intensity of the infection after several rounds of control programmes in endemic regions as well as coinfections with intestinal flukes. Therefore sensitive and specific diagnostic test is needed. In this study, a coproantigen sandwich ELISA using recombinant O. viverrini cathepsin F (rOv-CF) was developed. This sandwich ELISA employing chicken IgY raised against rOv-CF in combination with rabbit IgG antibody to the somatic O. viverrini antigens showed a lower detection limit (LLD) of 70ng native O. viverrini somatic antigens by spiking the parasite antigens into control feces. When applied to the diagnosis, the IgY-based sandwich ELISA exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 93.3% and 76.7%, respectively, in an investigation of 90 human cases positive or negative for opisthorchiasis. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for this coproantigen detection were 66.7% and 95.2%, respectively. This IgY-based sandwich ELISA using parasite cathepsin F detection shows a promising immunodiagnostic alternative for human opisthorchiasis in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Teimoori
- Centre of Research Excellence for Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yuji Arimatsu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Kaewkes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Piya Sereerak
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Manop Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Centre of Research Excellence for Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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40
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Pitaksakulrat O, Kiatsopit N, Laoprom N, Webster BL, Webster JP, Lamberton PHL, Laha T, Andrews RH, Petney TN, Blair D, Carlton EJ, Spear RC, Sithithaworn P. Preliminary genetic evidence of two different populations of Opisthorchis viverrini in Lao PDR. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1247-1256. [PMID: 28238124 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini is a major public health concern in Southeast Asia. Various reports have suggested that this parasite may represent a species complex, with genetic structure in the region perhaps being dictated by geographical factors and different species of intermediate hosts. We used four microsatellite loci to analyze O. viverrini adult worms originating from six species of cyprinid fish in Thailand and Lao PDR. Two distinct O. viverrini populations were observed. In Ban Phai, Thailand, only one subgroup occurred, hosted by two different fish species. Both subgroups occurred in fish from That Luang, Lao PDR, but were represented to very different degrees among the fish hosts there. Our data suggest that, although geographical separation is more important than fish host specificity in influencing genetic structure, it is possible that two species of Opisthorchis, with little interbreeding, are present near Vientiane in Lao PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Nadda Kiatsopit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nonglak Laoprom
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of General Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand
| | - Bonnie L Webster
- Department of Life Sciences, Parasites and Vectors Division, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,The London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.,Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, London, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Poppy H L Lamberton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Graham Kerr Building, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Ross H Andrews
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.,Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program, (CASCAP) Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Trevor N Petney
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program, (CASCAP) Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Institute of Zoology 1: Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KornblumenStrasse 13, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Blair
- Centre for Tropical Diversity and Climate change, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Carlton
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, 13001 E. 17th Place, B119, Aurora, CO, 8004510, USA
| | - Robert C Spear
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Sotillo J, Ferreira I, Potriquet J, Laha T, Navarro S, Loukas A, Mulvenna J. Changes in protein expression after treatment with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory products in a mouse model of colitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41883. [PMID: 28191818 PMCID: PMC5304188 DOI: 10.1038/srep41883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different reports have highlighted the potential use of helminths and their secretions in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) conditions; however, no reports have investigated their effects at a proteome level. Herein, we characterise the protein expression changes that occur in lamina propria (LP) and the intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) of mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis treated with Ancylostoma caninum excretory/secretory (ES) products using a quantitative proteomic approach. We have shown how parasite products can significantly alter the expression of proteins involved in immune responses, cell death and with an antioxidant activity. Interestingly, significant changes in the expression levels of different mucins were observed in this study. MUC13, a mucin implicated in gastrointestinal homeostasis, was upregulated in the LP of mice with DSS-induced colitis treated with ES, while MUC2, a major component of mucus, was upregulated in the IEC. In addition, A. caninum proteins have an important effect on proteins with antioxidant functions and proteins involved in intestinal homeostasis and tissue integrity and regeneration. Understanding how parasites can ameliorate IBD pathogenesis can help us design novel treatments for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Ivana Ferreira
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeremy Potriquet
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Severine Navarro
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Kafle A, Puchadapirom P, Plumworasawat S, Dontumprai R, Chan-On W, Buates S, Laha T, Sripa B, Suttiprapa S. Identification and characterization of protein 14-3-3 in carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:426-431. [PMID: 27989833 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein 14-3-3s are abundant phospho-serine/threonine binding proteins, which are highly conserved among eukaryotes. Members of this protein family mediate metabolism and signal transduction networks through binding to hundreds of other protein partners. Protein 14-3-3s have been studied in other species of parasitic helminthes, but little is known about this protein in the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. In this study, we identified and characterized protein 14-3-3s of O. viverrini. Seven protein 14-3-3 encoded sequences were retrieved from the O. viverrini genome database. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Two isoforms (protein 14-3-3 zeta and protein 14-3-3 epsilon) that have been previously found in the excretory-secretory (ES) products of O. viverrini were produced as recombinant protein in E. coli and the proteins were then used to immunize mice to obtain specific antibodies. Western blot analysis showed that both proteins were detected in all obtainable developmental stages of O. viverrini and the ES products. Immunolocalization revealed that both isoforms were expressed throughout tissues and organs except the gut epithelium. The highest expression was observed in testes especially in developing spermatocytes, suggesting their role in spermatogenesis. Prominent expression was also detected on tegumental surface of the parasite and on epical surface of bile duct epithelium indicates their additional role in host-parasite interaction. These findings indicate that protein 14-3-3s play important role in the life cycle of the parasite and might be involved in the pathogenesis of O. viverrini infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kafle
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pranom Puchadapirom
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sirikanya Plumworasawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rieofarng Dontumprai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Chan-On
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sureemas Buates
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd., Phyathai, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Prompipak J, Senawong T, Jokchaiyaphum K, Siriwes K, Nuchadomrong S, Laha T, Sripa B, Senawong G. Characterization and localization of Opisthorchis viverrini fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:413-418. [PMID: 27265876 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov) infection is a long-time public health problem in Thailand that can lead to bile duct cancer, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Characterization of the Ov proteins at a molecular level will increase our knowledge of host-parasite interaction that can be applied to new drug, vaccine, or immunodiagnostic development. In this study, an important enzyme in the Ov glycolytic pathway, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA), that had been obtained from a previous study was characterized and immunolocalized. The full-length sequence of OvFBPA gene is 1089bp and encodes 362 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point of 39.54kDa and 7.61, respectively. Additionally, three OvFBPA isoforms were identified by sequence analysis. The amino acid sequence of OvFBPA-1 characterized in this study shared 98% identity to FBPA isoform 1 of Clonorchis sinensis that was classified based on highly conserved active residues to class-I FBPA. The recombinant OvFBPA-1 protein was expressed as a soluble form in Escherichia coli at 25°C with N-terminal His-tagged fusion protein and the purified OvFBPA-1 protein was used to generate polyclonal antibody in mice. Antibody against rOvFBPA-1 protein was able to detect the native OvFBPA-1 protein in both Ov infected hamster liver section and Ov excretory-secretory (ES) products by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeerati Prompipak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanaset Senawong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Khuanta Jokchaiyaphum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kornpira Siriwes
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suporn Nuchadomrong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Gulsiri Senawong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Hanpanich P, Laha T, Sripa B, Mairiang E, Sereerak P, Upontain S, Tangkawattana P, Brindley PJ, Tangkawattana S. Decreased risk of cholangiocarcinogenesis following repeated cycles of Opisthorchis viverrini infection-praziquantel treatment: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and histopathological study in a hamster model. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:464-470. [PMID: 27143606 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that repeated infection of Opisthorchis viverrini followed by repeated treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) increases risk of development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Evidence for the prediction has accumulated based on findings of indirect approaches involving molecular changes and epidemiological trends. By contrast, here we directly monitored the impact of repeated liver fluke infection and treatment with PZQ on cholangiocarcinogenesis in a rodent model of human opisthorchiasis, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology. Twenty five Syrian golden hamsters were assigned to five treatment groups: 1) infection with O. viverrini (OV group), 2) treatment with the carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at 12.5ppm (DMN), 3) O. viverrini infection in tandem with NDMA (OD), 4) O. viverrini infection, NDMA, and treatment with PZQ (ODP), and 5) uninfected, untreated control. The repeated infections were established by intragastric inoculation of 50 metacercariae of O. viverrini to the OV, OD and ODP hamsters at weeks 0, 5 and 10. PZQ at 300mg/kg body weight was given to each hamster of the ODP group on weeks 4, 9 and 13 (four weeks after each infection). Imaging by MRI was undertaken on weeks 5, 10 and 14 (i.e. one week after each PZQ treatment). MRI revealed that the ODP hamsters did not develop CCA, whereas necropsy at week 40 revealed CCA in hamsters of the OD and DMN groups. Findings for histopathology and for proliferating cell nuclear antigen index conformed to the MRI findings. In overview, and notwithstanding that the immune response of individual hosts may play roles in cholangiocarcinogenesis, three cycles of the infection with O. viverrini followed treatment of the infection with PZQ did not increase the risk of bile duct cancer in this hamster model of liver fluke infection-induced CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petcharakorn Hanpanich
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian liver fluke disease), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian liver fluke disease), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Eimorn Mairiang
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian liver fluke disease), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Piya Sereerak
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Songkaid Upontain
- Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Prasarn Tangkawattana
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, United States
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian liver fluke disease), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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45
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Chaiyadet S, Smout M, Laha T, Sripa B, Loukas A, Sotillo J. Proteomic characterization of the internalization of Opisthorchis viverrini excretory/secretory products in human cells. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:494-502. [PMID: 26873540 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The association between liver fluke infection caused by Opisthorchis viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA - hepatic cancer of the bile duct epithelium) has been well established. Multiple mechanisms play a role in the development of CCA, but the excretory/secretory products released by O. viverrini (OvES) represent the major interface between the parasite and its host, and their uptake by biliary epithelial cells has been suggested to be responsible for proliferation of cholangiocytes, the cells that line the biliary epithelium. Despite recent progress in the study of the molecular basis of O. viverrini-host interactions, little is known about the effects that OvES induces upon internalization by host cells. In the present study we incubated non-cancerous human cholangiocytes (H69) and human colon cancer (CaCo-2) cells with OvES and performed a time-course quantitative proteomic analysis on the cells to determine the early changes induced by the parasite. Different KEGG pathways were altered in H69 cells compared to Caco-2 cells: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, the Reactome pathway analysis showed a predominance of proteins involved in cellular pathways related to apoptosis and apoptotic execution phase in H69 cells after incubation with OvES. The present study provides the first proteomic analysis to address the molecular mechanisms by which OvES products interact with host cells, and Sheds light on the cellular processes involved in O. viverrini-induced CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Smout
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
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Pakharukova MY, Vavilin VA, Sripa B, Laha T, Brindley PJ, Mordvinov VA. Functional Analysis of the Unique Cytochrome P450 of the Liver Fluke Opisthorchis felineus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004258. [PMID: 26625139 PMCID: PMC4666407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic metabolic cytochrome P450 (CYP) system is essential for biotransformation of sterols and xenobiotics including drugs, for synthesis and degradation of signaling molecules in all living organisms. Most eukaryotes including free-living flatworms have numerous paralogues of the CYP gene encoding heme monooxygenases with specific substrate range. Notably, by contrast, the parasitic flatworms have only one CYP gene. The role of this enzyme in the physiology and biochemistry of helminths is not known. The flukes and tapeworms are the etiologic agents of major neglected tropical diseases of humanity. Three helminth infections (Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and Schistosoma haematobium) are considered by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as definite causes of cancer. We focused our research on the human liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus, an emerging source of biliary tract disease including bile duct cancer in Russia and central Europe. The aims of this study were (i) to determine the significance of the CYP activity for the morphology and survival of the liver fluke, (ii) to assess CYP ability to metabolize xenobiotics, and (iii) to localize the CYP activity in O. felineus tissues. We observed high constitutive expression of CYP mRNA (Real-time PCR) in O. felineus. This enzyme metabolized xenobiotics selective for mammalian CYP2E1, CYP2B, CYP3A, but not CYP1A, as determined by liquid chromatography and imaging analyses. Tissue localization studies revealed the CYP activity in excretory channels, while suppression of CYP mRNA by RNA interference was accompanied by morphological changes of the excretory system and increased mortality rates of the worms. These results suggest that the CYP function is linked to worm metabolism and detoxification. The findings also suggest that the CYP enzyme is involved in vitally important processes in the organism of parasites and is a potential drug target. The basic metabolic system CYP (cytochrome P450) is essential for biotransformation of sterols and xenobiotics, for synthesis and degradation of signaling molecules in all living organisms. Most eukaryotes including free-living flatworms evolved numerous paralogues of the CYP gene. Notably, by contrast, flukes and tapeworms–the etiologic agents of major neglected tropical diseases of humanity, have only one gene. However, the role of P450 in the physiology and biochemistry of helminths is not known. This report presents the first functional study of the CYP enzyme of any of the parasitic flatworms. We focused our research on the food-borne human liver fluke, Opisthorchis felineus, an emerging source of biliary tract diseases in Russia, Kazakhstan and central Europe. Here we report that this liver fluke has evolved a highly expressed functional monooxygenase system with broad substrate specificity. Tissue localization studies and suppression of CYP mRNA by RNA interference revealed the CYP function is linked to the excretory system and possibly to metabolism and detoxification. The fluke’s monooxygenase likely is a model for orthologues of the singular CYP of parasitic flatworms at large, where it plays a critical role in the pathogen’s metabolism that contributes to worm survival and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Y. Pakharukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Valentin A. Vavilin
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drugs Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drugs Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Teimoori S, Arimatsu Y, Laha T, Kaewkes S, Sereerak P, Tangkawattana S, Brindley PJ, Sripa B. Immunodiagnosis of opisthorchiasis using parasite cathepsin F. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4571-8. [PMID: 26344868 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini, a food-borne trematode parasite endemic in the lower Mekong countries, is conventionally diagnosed by stool examination. However, parasitological stool-based diagnosis can be unreliable in light infections. The goal of this study was to develop the immunodiagnosis of opisthorchiasis using cathepsin F cysteine protease of O. viverrini in both indirect and sandwich ELISA assays. A recombinant O. viverrini cathepsin F (rOv-CF) of 40 kDa was expressed in E. coli strain BL21 (DE3), affinity purified, and deployed in ELISA assays. Human sera from 272 cases were investigated by indirect rOv-CF-based ELISA. Positive antibody response to rOv-CF was found in 137 out of 272 cases (50.37 %) using a cutoff OD (0.400) determined by ROC analysis. In comparison to parasitological stool examined for fluke eggs, the gold standard, the rOv-CF indirect ELISA showed a sensitivity and specificity of 62.1 and 84.05 %, respectively. Serum antibody levels correlated well with egg counts per gram feces (EPG) (P < 0.001). In addition, chicken IgY antibody raised against rOv-CF was tested in a sandwich ELISA for detection of coproantigen in the feces of experimentally infected hamsters. The sandwich ELISA using this chicken IgY in combination with rabbit antibody to O. viverrini somatic antigens showed sensitivity and specificity of 93.3 and 78.57 %, respectively. Together, these findings indicated the potential of rOv-CF for diagnosis of opisthorchiasis, including for uses with chicken IgY for detection of coproantigens of O. viverrini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Teimoori
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Centre of Research Excellence for Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Yuji Arimatsu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Kaewkes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Piya Sereerak
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirikachorn Tangkawattana
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Saichua P, Yakovleva A, Kamamia C, Jariwala AR, Sithithaworn J, Sripa B, Brindley PJ, Laha T, Mairiang E, Pairojkul C, Khuntikeo N, Mulvenna J, Sithithaworn P, Bethony JM. Levels of 8-OxodG Predict Hepatobiliary Pathology in Opisthorchis viverrini Endemic Settings in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003949. [PMID: 26230769 PMCID: PMC4521778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini is distinct among helminth infections as it drives a chronic inflammatory response in the intrahepatic bile duct that progresses from advanced periductal fibrosis (APF) to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Extensive research shows that oxidative stress (OS) plays a critical role in the transition from chronic O. viverrini infection to CCA. OS also results in the excision of a modified DNA lesion (8-oxodG) into urine, the levels of which can be detected by immunoassay. Herein, we measured concentrations of urine 8-oxodG by immunoassay from the following four groups in the Khon Kaen Cancer Cohort study: (1) O. viverrini negative individuals, (2) O. viverrini positive individuals with no APF as determined by abdominal ultrasound, (3) O. viverrini positive individuals with APF as determined by abdominal ultrasound, and (4) O. viverrini induced cases of CCA. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the utility of creatinine-adjusted urinary 8-oxodG among these groups, along with demographic, behavioral, and immunological risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of urinary 8-oxodG for APF and CCA. Elevated concentrations of 8-oxodG in urine positively associated with APF and CCA in a strongly dose-dependent manner. Urinary 8-oxodG concentrations also accurately predicted whether an individual presented with APF or CCA compared to O. viverrini infected individuals without these pathologies. In conclusion, urinary 8-oxodG is a robust ‘candidate’ biomarker of the progression of APF and CCA from chronic opisthorchiasis, which is indicative of the critical role that OS plays in both of these advanced hepatobiliary pathologies. The findings also confirm our previous observations that severe liver pathology occurs early and asymptomatically in residents of O. viverrini endemic regions, where individuals are infected for years (often decades) with this food-borne pathogen. These findings also contribute to an expanding literature on 8-oxodG in an easily accessible bodily fluid (e.g., urine) as a biomarker in the multistage process of inflammation, fibrogenesis, and infection-induced cancer. Opisthorchis viverrini is a food-borne helminth infection that drives a strong inflammatory response in the bile duct that can result in bile duct fibrosis and bile duct cancer (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma). Extensive research shows that oxidative stress (OS) plays a critical role in chronic O. viverrini infection transitioning to cancer in the bile duct. OS also results in a modified DNA lesion, referred to as 8-oxodG, excreted in the urine, where it can be detected by an antibody-based test. We measured the concentrations of 8-oxodG in the urine of O. viverrini-infected individuals who had developed bile duct fibrosis or bile duct cancer and compared levels of this metabolite in urine to O. viverrini infected individuals who did not have bile duct fibrosis or cancer in Northeastern Thailand. We determined bile duct fibrosis by ultrasonography and bile duct cancer by immunohistochemistry on resected liver tissue. We then built a statistical model to quantify how well urinary 8-oxodG predicted bile duct fibrosis and bile duct cancer in O. viverrini-infected individuals. We found that individuals with elevated levels of 8-oxodG in urine had a greater probability of developing bile duct fibrosis or bile duct cancer from O. viverrini infection. This association occurred in a strongly dose-dependent manner: in other words, the O. viverrini-infected individuals who had the highest concentration of urinary 8-oxodG also had the highest risk of presenting with bile duct fibrosis or bile duct cancer. In summary, measuring levels of 8-oxodG in the urine offers a unique opportunity to develop a candidate biomarker for advanced O. viverrini induced hepatobiliary pathologies such as fibrosis and cancer. The findings also confirm our previous observations that severe liver pathology occurs early and asymptomatically in residents of O. viverrini endemic regions, where individuals are infected for years (often decades) with this food-borne neglected tropical diseases (NTD) pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasert Saichua
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anna Yakovleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Christine Kamamia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Amar R. Jariwala
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jiraporn Sithithaworn
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Eimorn Mairiang
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- Infections Disease Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey M. Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Matchimakul P, Rinaldi G, Suttiprapa S, Mann VH, Popratiloff A, Laha T, Pimenta RN, Cochran CJ, Kaewkes S, Sripa B, Brindley PJ. Apoptosis of cholangiocytes modulated by thioredoxin of carcinogenic liver fluke. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:72-80. [PMID: 26007234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the food-borne liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, frequently induces cancer of the bile ducts, cholangiocarcinoma. Opisthorchiasis is endemic in Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam, where eating undercooked freshwater fish carrying the juvenile stage of this pathogen leads to human infection. Because inhibition of apoptosis facilitates carcinogenesis, this study investigated modulation by thioredoxin from O. viverrini of apoptosis of bile duct epithelial cells, cholangiocytes. Cells of a cholangiocyte line were incubated with the parasite enzyme after which they were exposed hydrogen peroxide. Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis was monitored using flow cytometry, growth in real time and imaging of living cells using laser confocal microscopy. Immunolocalization revealed liver fluke thioredoxin within cholangiocytes. Cells exposed to thioredoxin downregulated apoptotic genes in the mitogen activated protein kinases pathway and upregulated anti-apoptosis-related genes including apoptosis signaling kinase 1, caspase 9, caspase 8, caspase 3, survivin and others. Western blots of immunoprecipitates of cell lysates revealed binding of thioredoxin to apoptosis signaling kinase 1. Together the findings indicated that thioredoxin from O. viverrini inhibited oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of bile duct epithelial cells, which supports a role for this liver fluke oxidoreductase in opisthorchiasis-induced cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaya Matchimakul
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rachthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Victoria H Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- Center for Microscopy & Image Analysis, and Department of Anatomy & Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rafael N Pimenta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Christina J Cochran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sasithorn Kaewkes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Chaiyadet S, Sotillo J, Smout M, Cantacessi C, Jones MK, Johnson MS, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Potriquet J, Laohaviroj M, Mulvenna J, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, Laha T, Sripa B, Loukas A. Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Secretes Extracellular Vesicles That Promote Cholangiocytes to Adopt a Tumorigenic Phenotype. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1636-45. [PMID: 25985904 PMCID: PMC4621255 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Throughout Asia, there is an unprecedented link between cholangiocarcinoma and infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Multiple processes, including chronic inflammation and secretion of parasite proteins into the biliary epithelium, drive infection toward cancer. Until now, the mechanism and effects of parasite protein entry into cholangiocytes was unknown. Methods. Various microscopy techniques were used to identify O. viverrini extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their internalization by human cholangiocytes. Using mass spectrometry we characterized the EV proteome and associated changes in cholangiocytes after EV uptake, and we detected EV proteins in bile of infected hamsters and humans. Cholangiocyte proliferation and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion was measured to assess the impact of EV internalization. Results. EVs were identified in fluke culture medium and bile specimens from infected hosts. EVs internalized by cholangiocytes drove cell proliferation and IL-6 secretion and induced changes in protein expression associated with endocytosis, wound repair, and cancer. Antibodies to an O. viverrini tetraspanin blocked EV uptake and IL-6 secretion by cholangiocytes. Conclusions. This is the first time that EVs from a multicellular pathogen have been identified in host tissues. Our findings imply a role for O. viverrini EVs in pathogenesis and highlight an approach to vaccine development for this infectious cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns
| | - Michael Smout
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton
| | | | - Lynne Turnbull
- iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, George Washington University, Washington D.C
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, George Washington University, Washington D.C
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | | | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns
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