1
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Zacharias N, Podust VN, Kajihara KK, Leipold D, Del Rosario G, Thayer D, Dong E, Paluch M, Fischer D, Zheng K, Lei C, He J, Ng C, Su D, Liu L, Masih S, Sawyer W, Tinianow J, Marik J, Yip V, Li G, Chuh J, Morisaki JH, Park S, Zheng B, Hernandez-Barry H, Loyet KM, Xu M, Kozak KR, Phillips GL, Shen BQ, Wu C, Xu K, Yu SF, Kamath A, Rowntree RK, Reilly D, Pillow T, Polson A, Schellenberger V, Hazenbos WLW, Sadowsky J. A homogeneous high-DAR antibody-drug conjugate platform combining THIOMAB antibodies and XTEN polypeptides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3147-3160. [PMID: 35414872 PMCID: PMC8926172 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a well-validated modality for the cell-specific delivery of small molecules with impact expanding rapidly beyond their originally-intended purpose of treating cancer. However, antibody-mediated delivery (AMD)...
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir N Podust
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2 Tower Place South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | - Desiree Thayer
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2 Tower Place South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Emily Dong
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Maciej Paluch
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - David Fischer
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Kai Zheng
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Corinna Lei
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | - William Sawyer
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Jeff Tinianow
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Jan Marik
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Victor Yip
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Josefa Chuh
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | - Summer Park
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Bing Zheng
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | - Kelly M Loyet
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Min Xu
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Cong Wu
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Andrew Polson
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | - Jack Sadowsky
- Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
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2
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Vollmar BS, Frantz C, Schutten MM, Zhong F, Del Rosario G, Go MAT, Yu SF, Leipold DD, Kamath AV, Ng C, Xu K, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Kozak KR, Chen J, Xu Z, Wai J, Adhikari P, Erickson HK, Dragovich PS, Polson AG, Pillow TH. Calicheamicin Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Improved Properties. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1112-1120. [PMID: 33722856 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calicheamicin antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are effective therapeutics for leukemias with two recently approved in the United States: Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) targeting CD33 for acute myeloid leukemia and Besponsa (inotuzumab ozogamicin) targeting CD22 for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Both of these calicheamicin ADCs are heterogeneous, aggregation-prone, and have a shortened half-life due to the instability of the acid-sensitive hydrazone linker in circulation. We hypothesized that we could improve upon the heterogeneity, aggregation, and circulation stability of calicheamicin ADCs by directly attaching the thiol of a reduced calicheamicin to an engineered cysteine on the antibody via a disulfide bond to generate a linkerless and traceless conjugate. We report herein that the resulting homogeneous conjugates possess minimal aggregation and display high in vivo stability with 50% of the drug remaining conjugated to the antibody after 21 days. Furthermore, these calicheamicin ADCs are highly efficacious in mouse models of both solid tumor (HER2+ breast cancer) and hematologic malignancies (CD22+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Safety studies in rats with this novel calicheamicin ADC revealed an increased tolerability compared with that reported for Mylotarg. Overall, we demonstrate that applying novel linker chemistry with site-specific conjugation affords an improved, next-generation calicheamicin ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Frantz
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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3
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Dragovich PS, Pillow TH, Blake RA, Sadowsky JD, Adaligil E, Adhikari P, Chen J, Corr N, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Del Rosario G, Fullerton A, Hartman SJ, Jiang F, Kaufman S, Kleinheinz T, Kozak KR, Liu L, Lu Y, Mulvihill MM, Murray JM, O'Donohue A, Rowntree RK, Sawyer WS, Staben LR, Wai J, Wang J, Wei B, Wei W, Xu Z, Yao H, Yu SF, Zhang D, Zhang H, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Zhu X. Antibody-Mediated Delivery of Chimeric BRD4 Degraders. Part 2: Improvement of In Vitro Antiproliferation Activity and In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2576-2607. [PMID: 33596073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterobifunctional compounds that direct the ubiquitination of intracellular proteins in a targeted manner via co-opted ubiquitin ligases have enormous potential to transform the field of medicinal chemistry. These chimeric molecules, often termed proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in the chemical literature, enable the controlled degradation of specific proteins via their direction to the cellular proteasome. In this report, we describe the second phase of our research focused on exploring antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which incorporate BRD4-targeting chimeric degrader entities. We employ a new BRD4-binding fragment in the construction of the chimeric ADC payloads that is significantly more potent than the corresponding entity utilized in our initial studies. The resulting BRD4-degrader antibody conjugates exhibit potent and antigen-dependent BRD4 degradation and antiproliferation activities in cell-based experiments. Multiple ADCs bearing chimeric BRD4-degrader payloads also exhibit strong, antigen-dependent antitumor efficacy in mouse xenograft assessments that employ several different tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert A Blake
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emel Adaligil
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pragya Adhikari
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Nicholas Corr
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Aaron Fullerton
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven J Hartman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fan Jiang
- Viva Biotech, Structural Biology, 334 Aidisheng Road, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liling Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ying Lu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Melinda M Mulvihill
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeremy M Murray
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee O'Donohue
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William S Sawyer
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna R Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jian Wang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wentao Wei
- Viva Biotech, Structural Biology, 334 Aidisheng Road, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shenhua Zhang
- Viva Biotech, Structural Biology, 334 Aidisheng Road, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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4
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Dragovich PS, Pillow TH, Blake RA, Sadowsky JD, Adaligil E, Adhikari P, Bhakta S, Blaquiere N, Chen J, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Gascoigne KE, Hartman SJ, He M, Kaufman S, Kleinheinz T, Kozak KR, Liu L, Liu L, Liu Q, Lu Y, Meng F, Mulvihill MM, O'Donohue A, Rowntree RK, Staben LR, Staben ST, Wai J, Wang J, Wei B, Wilson C, Xin J, Xu Z, Yao H, Zhang D, Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhu X. Antibody-Mediated Delivery of Chimeric BRD4 Degraders. Part 1: Exploration of Antibody Linker, Payload Loading, and Payload Molecular Properties. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2534-2575. [PMID: 33596065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biological and medicinal impacts of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and related chimeric molecules that effect intracellular degradation of target proteins via ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitination continue to grow. However, these chimeric entities are relatively large compounds that often possess molecular characteristics, which may compromise oral bioavailability, solubility, and/or in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. We therefore explored the conjugation of such molecules to monoclonal antibodies using technologies originally developed for cytotoxic payloads so as to provide alternate delivery options for these novel agents. In this report, we describe the first phase of our systematic development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) derived from bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4)-targeting chimeric degrader entities. We demonstrate the antigen-dependent delivery of the degrader payloads to PC3-S1 prostate cancer cells along with related impacts on MYC transcription and intracellular BRD4 levels. These experiments culminate with the identification of one degrader conjugate, which exhibits antigen-dependent antiproliferation effects in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert A Blake
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emel Adaligil
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pragya Adhikari
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sunil Bhakta
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Karen E Gascoigne
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven J Hartman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mingtao He
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liang Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Liling Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ying Lu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Melinda M Mulvihill
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee O'Donohue
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna R Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jian Wang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Catherine Wilson
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianfeng Xin
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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5
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Fourie-O'Donohue A, Chu PY, Dela Cruz Chuh J, Tchelepi R, Tsai SP, Tran JC, Sawyer WS, Su D, Ng C, Xu K, Yu SF, Pillow TH, Sadowsky J, Dragovich PS, Liu Y, Kozak KR. Improved translation of stability for conjugated antibodies using an in vitro whole blood assay. MAbs 2021; 12:1715705. [PMID: 31997712 PMCID: PMC6999835 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1715705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For antibody-drug conjugates to be efficacious and safe, they must be stable in circulation to carry the payload to the site of the targeted cell. Several components of a drug-conjugated antibody are known to influence stability: 1) the site of drug attachment on the antibody, 2) the linker used to attach the payload to the antibody, and 3) the payload itself. In order to support the design and optimization of a high volume of drug conjugates and avoid unstable conjugates prior to testing in animal models, we wanted to proactively identify these potential liabilities. Therefore, we sought to establish an in vitro screening method that best correlated with in vivo stability. While traditionally plasma has been used to assess in vitro stability, our evaluation using a variety of THIOMABTM antibody-drug conjugates revealed several disconnects between the stability assessed in vitro and the in vivo outcomes when using plasma. When drug conjugates were incubated in vitro for 24 h in mouse whole blood rather than plasma and then analyzed by affinity capture LC-MS, we found an improved correlation to in vivo stability with whole blood (R2 = 0.87, coefficient of determination) compared to unfrozen or frozen mouse plasma (R2 = 0.34, 0.01, respectively). We further showed that this whole blood assay was also able to predict in vivo stability of other preclinical species such as rat and cynomolgus monkey, as well as in human. The screening method utilized short (24 h) incubation times, as well as a custom analysis software, allowing increased throughput and in-depth biotransformation characterization. While some instabilities that were more challenging to identify remain, the method greatly enhanced the process of screening, optimizing, and lead candidate selection, resulting in the substantial reduction of animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Fourie-O'Donohue
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Y Chu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Josefa Dela Cruz Chuh
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tchelepi
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Siao Ping Tsai
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John C Tran
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William S Sawyer
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dian Su
- BioAnalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carl Ng
- BioAnalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keyang Xu
- BioAnalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- In Vivo Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Discovery Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Sadowsky
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- Discovery Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yichin Liu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Dela Cruz Chuh J, Go M, Chen Y, Guo J, Rafidi H, Mandikian D, Sun Y, Lin Z, Schneider K, Zhang P, Vij R, Sharpnack D, Chan P, de la Cruz C, Sadowsky J, Seshasayee D, Koerber JT, Pillow TH, Phillips GD, Rowntree RK, Boswell CA, Kozak KR, Polson AG, Polakis P, Yu SF, Dragovich PS, Agard NJ. Preclinical optimization of Ly6E-targeted ADCs for increased durability and efficacy of anti-tumor response. MAbs 2021; 13:1862452. [PMID: 33382956 PMCID: PMC7784788 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1862452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early success with brentuximab vedotin in treating classical Hodgkin lymphoma spurred an influx of at least 20 monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) into clinical trials. While three MMAE-ADCs have been approved, most of these conjugates are no longer being investigated in clinical trials. Some auristatin conjugates show limited or no efficacy at tolerated doses, but even for drugs driving initial remissions, tumor regrowth and metastasis often rapidly occur. Here we describe the development of second-generation therapeutic ADCs targeting Lymphocyte antigen 6E (Ly6E) where the tubulin polymerization inhibitor MMAE (Compound 1) is replaced with DNA-damaging agents intended to drive increased durability of response. Comparison of a seco-cyclopropyl benzoindol-4-one (CBI)-dimer (compound 2) to MMAE showed increased potency, activity across more cell lines, and resistance to efflux by P-glycoprotein, a drug transporter commonly upregulated in tumors. Both anti-Ly6E-CBI and -MMAE conjugates drove single-dose efficacy in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models, but seco-CBI-dimer conjugates showed reduced tumor outgrowth following multiple weeks of treatment, suggesting that they are less susceptible to developing resistance. In parallel, we explored approaches to optimize the targeting antibody. In contrast to immunization with recombinant Ly6E or Ly6E DNA, immunization with virus-like particles generated a high-affinity anti-Ly6E antibody. Conjugates to this antibody improve efficacy versus a previous clinical candidate both in vitro and in vivo with multiple cytotoxics. Conjugation of compound 2 to the second-generation antibody results in a substantially improved ADC with promising preclinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Dela Cruz Chuh
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - MaryAnn Go
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Chen
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Mandikian
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kellen Schneider
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Zhang
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajesh Vij
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Sharpnack
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Chan
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jack Sadowsky
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dhaya Seshasayee
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James T. Koerber
- Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - C. Andrew Boswell
- Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul Polakis
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Research biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Staben LR, Chen J, Cruz-Chuh JD, Del Rosario G, Go MA, Guo J, Khojasteh SC, Kozak KR, Li G, Ng C, Lewis Phillips GD, Pillow TH, Rowntree RK, Wai J, Wei B, Xu K, Xu Z, Yu SF, Zhang D, Dragovich PS. Systematic Variation of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-Dimer Payload Physicochemical Properties Impacts Efficacy and Tolerability of the Corresponding Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9603-9622. [PMID: 32787101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-dimer molecules are frequently utilized as payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and many examples are currently in clinical development. In order to further explore this ADC payload class, the physicochemical properties of various PBD-dimer molecules were modified by the systematic introduction of acidic and basic moieties into their chemical structures. The impact of these changes on DNA binding, cell membrane permeability, and in vitro antiproliferation potency was, respectively, determined using a DNA alkylation assay, PAMPA assessments, and cell-based cytotoxicity measurements conducted with a variety of cancer lines. The modified PBD-dimer compounds were subsequently incorporated into CD22-targeting ADCs, and these entities were profiled in a variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The introduction of a strongly basic moiety into the PBD-dimer scaffold afforded a conjugate with dramatically worsened mouse tolerability properties relative to ADCs derived from related payloads, which lacked the basic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna R Staben
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Geoff Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary Ann Go
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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8
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Pillow TH, Adhikari P, Blake RA, Chen J, Del Rosario G, Deshmukh G, Figueroa I, Gascoigne KE, Kamath AV, Kaufman S, Kleinheinz T, Kozak KR, Latifi B, Leipold DD, Sing Li C, Li R, Mulvihill MM, O'Donohue A, Rowntree RK, Sadowsky JD, Wai J, Wang X, Wu C, Xu Z, Yao H, Yu S, Zhang D, Zang R, Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhu X, Dragovich PS. Front Cover: Antibody Conjugation of a Chimeric BET Degrader Enables
in vivo
Activity (ChemMedChem 1/2020). ChemMedChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | | | - Gauri Deshmukh
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | - Brandon Latifi
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | - Chun Sing Li
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Ruina Li
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Cong Wu
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Hui Yao
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Shang‐Fan Yu
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Richard Zang
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
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9
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Scales SJ, Tsai SP, Zacharias N, Cruz-Chuh JD, Bullen G, Velasquez E, Chang J, Bruguera E, Kozak KR, Sadowsky J. Development of a Cysteine-Conjugatable Disulfide FRET Probe: Influence of Charge on Linker Cleavage and Payload Trafficking for an Anti-HER2 Antibody Conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:3046-3056. [PMID: 31726009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide-linked bioconjugates allow the delivery of pharmacologically active or other cargo to specific tissues in a redox-sensitive fashion. However, an understanding of the kinetics, subcellular distribution, and mechanism of disulfide cleavage in such bioconjugates is generally lacking. Here, we report a modular disulfide-linked TAMRA-BODIPY based FRET probe that can be readily synthesized, modified, and conjugated to a cysteine-containing biomolecule to enable real-time monitoring of disulfide cleavage during receptor-mediated endocytosis in cells. We demonstrate the utility of this probe to study disulfide reduction during HER2 receptor-mediated uptake of a Cys-engineered anti-HER2 THIOMAB antibody. We found that introduction of positive, but not negative, charges in the probe improved retention of the BODIPY catabolite. This permitted the observation of significant disulfide cleavage in endosomes or lysosomes on par with proteolytic cleavage of a similarly charged valine-citrulline peptide-based probe. In general, the FRET probe we describe should enable real-time cellular monitoring of disulfide cleavage in other targeted delivery systems for mechanistic or diagnostic applications. Furthermore, modifications to the released BODIPY moiety permit evaluation of physicochemical properties that govern lysosomal egress or retention, which may have implications for the development of next-generation antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie J Scales
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Siao Ping Tsai
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Neelie Zacharias
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Josefa Dela Cruz-Chuh
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Gordy Bullen
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Erick Velasquez
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Julie Chang
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Elise Bruguera
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jack Sadowsky
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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10
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Pillow TH, Adhikari P, Blake RA, Chen J, Del Rosario G, Deshmukh G, Figueroa I, Gascoigne KE, Kamath AV, Kaufman S, Kleinheinz T, Kozak KR, Latifi B, Leipold DD, Sing Li C, Li R, Mulvihill MM, O'Donohue A, Rowntree RK, Sadowsky JD, Wai J, Wang X, Wu C, Xu Z, Yao H, Yu S, Zhang D, Zang R, Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhu X, Dragovich PS. Antibody Conjugation of a Chimeric BET Degrader Enables
in vivo
Activity. ChemMedChem 2019; 15:17-25. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | | | - Gauri Deshmukh
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | - Brandon Latifi
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | - Chun Sing Li
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Ruina Li
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Cong Wu
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Hui Yao
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Shang‐Fan Yu
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Richard Zang
- Genentech Inc. 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Wuxi Apptec 288 Fute Zhong Road Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China
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11
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Bhakta S, Crocker LM, Chen Y, Hazen M, Schutten MM, Li D, Kuijl C, Ohri R, Zhong F, Poon KA, Go MAT, Cheng E, Piskol R, Firestein R, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Kozak KR, Raab H, Hongo JA, Sampath D, Dennis MS, Scheller RH, Polakis P, Junutula JR. Correction: An Anti-GDNF Family Receptor Alpha 1 (GFRA1) Antibody-Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:2182. [PMID: 31676543 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Boswell CA, Yadav DB, Mundo EE, Yu SF, Lacap JA, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Kozak KR, Ferl GZ, Zhang C, Ho J, Ulufatu S, Khawli LA, Lin K. Biodistribution and efficacy of an anti-TENB2 antibody-drug conjugate in a patient-derived model of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6234-6244. [PMID: 31692898 PMCID: PMC6817444 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TENB2, a transmembrane proteoglycan protein, is a promising target for antibody drug conjugate (ADC) therapy due to overexpression in human prostate tumors and rapid internalization. We previously characterized how predosing with parental anti-TENB2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) at 1 mg/kg in a patient-derived LuCap77 explant model with high (3+) TENB2 expression could (i) block target-mediated intestinal uptake of tracer (& 0.1 mg/kg) levels of radiolabeled anti-TENB2-monomethyl auristatin E ADC while preserving tumor uptake, and (ii) maintain efficacy relative to ADC alone. Here, we systematically revisit this strategy to evaluate the effects of predosing on tumor uptake and efficacy in LuCap96.1, a low TENB2-expressing (1+) patient-derived model that is more responsive to ADC therapy than LuCap77. Importantly, rather than using tracer (& 0.1 mg/kg) levels, radiolabeled ADC tumor uptake was assessed at 1 mg/kg – one of the doses evaluated in the tumor growth inhibition study – in an effort to bridge tissue distribution (PK) with efficacy (PD). Predosing with mAb up to 1 mg/kg had no effect on efficacy. These findings warrant further investigations to determine whether predosing prior to ADC therapy might improve therapeutic index by preventing ADC disposition and possible toxicological liabilities in antigen-expressing healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andrew Boswell
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
| | | | - Eduardo E Mundo
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA.,Present address: Department of Safety Assessment, Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, 94158 CA, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Arca Lacap
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
| | - Gregory Z Ferl
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
| | - Crystal Zhang
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
| | - Jason Ho
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
| | - Leslie A Khawli
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA.,Present address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, 90033 CA, USA
| | - Kedan Lin
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA.,Present address: Clinical Development and US Operation, Innovent Biologics, South San Francisco, 94080 CA, USA
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13
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Li D, Lee D, Dere RC, Zheng B, Yu SF, Fuh FK, Kozak KR, Chung S, Bumbaca Yadav D, Nazzal D, Danilenko D, Go MAT, Williams M, Polson AG, Poon KA, Prabhu S. Evaluation and use of an anti-cynomolgus monkey CD79b surrogate antibody-drug conjugate to enable clinical development of polatuzumab vedotin. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3805-3818. [PMID: 31270798 PMCID: PMC6780994 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Polatuzumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) being developed for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It contains a humanized anti-CD79b IgG1 monoclonal antibody linked to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an anti-mitotic agent. Polatuzumab vedotin binds to human CD79b only. Therefore, a surrogate ADC that binds to cynomolgus monkey CD79b was used to determine CD79b-mediated pharmacological effects in the monkey and to enable first-in-human clinical trials. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Polatuzumab vedotin, the surrogate ADC, and the corresponding antibodies were evaluated in different assays in vitro and in animals. In vitro assessments included binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from different species, binding to a human and monkey CD79b-expressing cell line, binding to human Fcγ receptors, and stability in plasma across species. In vivo, ADCs were assessed for anti-tumour activity in mice, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in monkeys, and toxicity in rats and monkeys. KEY RESULTS Polatuzumab vedotin and surrogate ADC bind with similar affinity to human and cynomolgus monkey B cells, respectively. Comparable in vitro plasma stability, in vivo anti-tumour activity, and mouse pharmacokinetics were also observed between the surrogate ADC and polatuzumab vedotin. In monkeys, only the surrogate ADC showed B-cell depletion and B-cell-mediated drug disposition, but both ADCs showed similar MMAE-driven myelotoxicity, as expected. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The suitability of the surrogate ADC for evaluation of CD79b-dependent pharmacology was demonstrated, and anti-tumour activity, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and toxicity data with both ADCs supported the entry of polatuzumab vedotin into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donna Lee
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Randall C Dere
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Franklin K Fuh
- Department of OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Bumbaca Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Denise Nazzal
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dimitry Danilenko
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Ann T Go
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marna Williams
- Department of Translational Medicine, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Andrew G Polson
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Achilles Poon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Zhang D, Fourie-O’Donohue A, Dragovich PS, Pillow TH, Sadowsky JD, Kozak KR, Cass RT, Liu L, Deng Y, Liu Y, Hop CE, Khojasteh SC. Catalytic Cleavage of Disulfide Bonds in Small Molecules and Linkers of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1156-1163. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.086132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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15
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Su D, Chen J, Cosino E, dela Cruz-Chuh J, Davis H, Del Rosario G, Figueroa I, Goon L, He J, Kamath AV, Kaur S, Kozak KR, Lau J, Lee D, Lee MV, Leipold D, Liu L, Liu P, Lu GL, Nelson C, Ng C, Pillow TH, Polakis P, Polson AG, Rowntree RK, Saad O, Safina B, Stagg NJ, Tercel M, Vandlen R, Vollmar BS, Wai J, Wang T, Wei B, Xu K, Xue J, Xu Z, Yan G, Yao H, Yu SF, Zhang D, Zhong F, Dragovich PS. Antibody–Drug Conjugates Derived from Cytotoxic seco-CBI-Dimer Payloads Are Highly Efficacious in Xenograft Models and Form Protein Adducts In Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1356-1370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Helen Davis
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Isabel Figueroa
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanne Goon
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amrita V. Kamath
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lau
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donna Lee
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - M. Violet Lee
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas Leipold
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guo-Liang Lu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Chris Nelson
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Polakis
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrew G. Polson
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ola Saad
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian Safina
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicola J. Stagg
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Breanna S. Vollmar
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Wang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Juanjuan Xue
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Gang Yan
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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16
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Vance N, Zacharias N, Ultsch M, Li G, Fourie A, Liu P, LaFrance-Vanasse J, Ernst JA, Sandoval W, Kozak KR, Phillips G, Wang W, Sadowsky J. Development, Optimization, and Structural Characterization of an Efficient Peptide-Based Photoaffinity Cross-Linking Reaction for Generation of Homogeneous Conjugates from Wild-Type Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 30:148-160. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Vance
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Neelie Zacharias
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark Ultsch
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee Fourie
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Liu
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julien LaFrance-Vanasse
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James A. Ernst
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail Phillips
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Weiru Wang
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack Sadowsky
- Research & Early Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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17
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Leipold DD, Figueroa I, Masih S, Latifi B, Yip V, Shen BQ, Dere RC, Carrasco-Triguero M, Lee MV, Saad OM, Liu L, He J, Su D, Xu K, Vuillemenot BR, Laing ST, Schutten M, Kozak KR, Zheng B, Polson AG, Kamath AV. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DCLL9718A: An antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. MAbs 2018; 10:1312-1321. [PMID: 30183491 PMCID: PMC6284592 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1517565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Few treatment options are available for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. DCLL9718A is an antibody-drug conjugate that targets C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1). This receptor is prevalent on monocytes, neutrophils, and AML blast cells, and unlike CD33, is not expressed on hematopoietic stem cells, thus providing possible hematopoietic recovery. DCLL9718A comprises an anti-CLL-1 IgG1 antibody (MCLL0517A) linked to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer payload, via a cleavable disulfide-labile linker. Here, we characterize the in vitro and in vivo stability, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of DCLL9718A and MCLL0517A in rodents and cynomolgus monkeys. Three key PK analytes were measured in these studies: total antibody, antibody-conjugated PBD dimer and unconjugated PBD dimer. In vitro, DCLL9718A, was stable with most (> 80%) of the PBD dimer payload remaining conjugated to the antibody over 96 hours. This was recapitulated in vivo with antibody-conjugated PBD dimer clearance estimates similar to DCLL9718A total antibody clearance. Both DCLL9718A and MCLL0517A showed linear PK in the non-binding rodent species, and non-linear PK in cynomolgus monkeys, a binding species. The PK data indicated minimal impact of conjugation on the disposition of DCLL9718A total antibody. Finally, in cynomolgus monkey, MCLL0517A showed target engagement at all doses tested (0.5 and 20 mg/kg) as measured by receptor occupancy, and DCLL9718A (at doses of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) showed strong PD activity as evidenced by notable reduction in monocytes and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Leipold
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isabel Figueroa
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shabkhaiz Masih
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Latifi
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor Yip
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Randall C. Dere
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - M. Violet Lee
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ola M. Saad
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luna Liu
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jintang He
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dian Su
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keyang Xu
- Bioanalytical Sciences Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven T. Laing
- Safety Assessment Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Schutten
- Safety Assessment Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bing Zheng
- Translational Oncology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G. Polson
- Translational Oncology Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amrita V. Kamath
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Pei Z, Chen C, Chen J, Cruz-Chuh JD, Delarosa R, Deng Y, Fourie-O’Donohue A, Figueroa I, Guo J, Jin W, Khojasteh SC, Kozak KR, Latifi B, Lee J, Li G, Lin E, Liu L, Lu J, Martin S, Ng C, Nguyen T, Ohri R, Lewis Phillips G, Pillow TH, Rowntree RK, Stagg NJ, Stokoe D, Ulufatu S, Verma VA, Wai J, Wang J, Xu K, Xu Z, Yao H, Yu SF, Zhang D, Dragovich PS. Exploration of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-Dimers Containing Disulfide-Based Prodrugs as Payloads for Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3979-3996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Pei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chunjiao Chen
- WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao
Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Reginald Delarosa
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuzhong Deng
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Isabel Figueroa
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Weiwei Jin
- WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao
Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brandon Latifi
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James Lee
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eva Lin
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liling Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jiawei Lu
- WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao
Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Scott Martin
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Trung Nguyen
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail Lewis Phillips
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicola J. Stagg
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Stokoe
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vishal A. Verma
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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19
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Figueroa I, Leipold D, Leong S, Zheng B, Triguero-Carrasco M, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Kozak KR, Xu K, Schutten M, Wang H, Polson AG, Kamath AV. Prediction of non-linear pharmacokinetics in humans of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) when evaluation of higher doses in animals is limited by tolerability: Case study with an anti-CD33 ADC. MAbs 2018; 10:738-750. [PMID: 29757698 PMCID: PMC6150628 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1465160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
For antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that carry a cytotoxic drug, doses that can be administered in preclinical studies are typically limited by tolerability, leading to a narrow dose range that can be tested. For molecules with non-linear pharmacokinetics (PK), this limited dose range may be insufficient to fully characterize the PK of the ADC and limits translation to humans. Mathematical PK models are frequently used for molecule selection during preclinical drug development and for translational predictions to guide clinical study design. Here, we present a practical approach that uses limited PK and receptor occupancy (RO) data of the corresponding unconjugated antibody to predict ADC PK when conjugation does not alter the non-specific clearance or the antibody-target interaction. We used a 2-compartment model incorporating non-specific and specific (target mediated) clearances, where the latter is a function of RO, to describe the PK of anti-CD33 ADC with dose-limiting neutropenia in cynomolgus monkeys. We tested our model by comparing PK predictions based on the unconjugated antibody to observed ADC PK data that was not utilized for model development. Prospective prediction of human PK was performed by incorporating in vitro binding affinity differences between species for varying levels of CD33 target expression. Additionally, this approach was used to predict human PK of other previously tested anti-CD33 molecules with published clinical data. The findings showed that, for a cytotoxic ADC with non-linear PK and limited preclinical PK data, incorporating RO in the PK model and using data from the corresponding unconjugated antibody at higher doses allowed the identification of parameters to characterize monkey PK and enabled human PK predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doug Leipold
- Preclinical Translational Pharmacokinetics Department
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Melissa Schutten
- Safety Assessment Department Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Safety Assessment Department Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Li KS, Chu PY, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Srikumar N, Kozak KR, Liu Y, Tran JC. Automated On-tip Affinity Capture Coupled with Mass Spectrometry to Characterize Intact Antibody-Drug Conjugates from Blood. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:1532-1537. [PMID: 29845559 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) present unique challenges for ligand-binding assays primarily due to the dynamic changes of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) distribution in vivo and in vitro. Here, an automated on-tip affinity capture platform with subsequent mass spectrometry analysis was developed to accurately characterize the DAR distribution of ADCs from biological matrices. A variety of elution buffers were tested to offer optimal recovery, with trastuzumab serving as a surrogate to the ADCs. High assay repeatability (CV 3%) was achieved for trastuzumab antibody when captured below the maximal binding capacity of 7.5 μg. Efficient on-tip deglycosylation was also demonstrated in 1 h followed by affinity capture. Moreover, this tip-based platform affords higher throughput for DAR characterization when compared with a well-characterized bead-based method. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sherry Li
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Phillip Y Chu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aimee Fourie-O'Donohue
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Neha Srikumar
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yichin Liu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - John C Tran
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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21
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Lee BC, Chalouni C, Doll S, Nalle SC, Darwish M, Tsai SP, Kozak KR, Del-Rosario G, Yu SF, Erickson H, Vandlen R. FRET Reagent Reveals the Intracellular Processing of Peptide-Linked Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2468-2477. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Chul Lee
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cecile Chalouni
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sophia Doll
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sam C. Nalle
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martine Darwish
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Siao Ping Tsai
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Geoffrey Del-Rosario
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Erickson
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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22
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Dragovich PS, Blake RA, Chen C, Chen J, Chuh J, den Besten W, Fan F, Fourie A, Hartman SJ, He C, He J, Ingalla ER, Kozak KR, Leong SR, Lu J, Ma Y, Meng L, Nannini M, Oeh J, Ohri R, Lewis Phillips G, Pillow TH, Rowntree RK, Sampath D, Vandlen R, Vollmar B, Wai J, Wertz IE, Xu K, Xu Z, Zhang D. Conjugation of Indoles to Antibodies through a Novel Self-Immolating Linker. Chemistry 2018; 24:4830-4834. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunjiao Chen
- WuXi Biologics; 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi Apptec; 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 P. R. China
| | - Josefa Chuh
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | - Fang Fan
- WuXi Apptec; 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 P. R. China
| | - Aimee Fourie
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | - Changrong He
- WuXi Apptec; 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 P. R. China
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | - Jiawei Lu
- WuXi Biologics; 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 P. R. China
| | - Yong Ma
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Lingyao Meng
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | - Jason Oeh
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | | | - Deepak Sampath
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | | | | | - John Wai
- WuXi Apptec; 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 P. R. China
| | | | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi Apptec; 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 P. R. China
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc.; 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
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23
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Su D, Kozak KR, Sadowsky J, Yu SF, Fourie-O’Donohue A, Nelson C, Vandlen R, Ohri R, Liu L, Ng C, He J, Davis H, Lau J, Del Rosario G, Cosino E, Cruz-Chuh JD, Ma Y, Zhang D, Darwish M, Cai W, Chen C, Zhou H, Lu J, Liu Y, Kaur S, Xu K, Pillow TH. Modulating Antibody–Drug Conjugate Payload Metabolism by Conjugation Site and Linker Modification. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1155-1167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack Sadowsky
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Christopher Nelson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helen Davis
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Lau
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Yong Ma
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martine Darwish
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenwen Cai
- Wuxi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Chunjiao Chen
- Wuxi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhou
- Wuxi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- Wuxi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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24
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Ohri R, Bhakta S, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Tsai SP, Cook R, Wei B, Ng C, Wong AW, Bos AB, Farahi F, Bhakta J, Pillow TH, Raab H, Vandlen R, Polakis P, Liu Y, Erickson H, Junutula JR, Kozak KR. High-Throughput Cysteine Scanning To Identify Stable Antibody Conjugation Sites for Maleimide- and Disulfide-Based Linkers. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:473-485. [PMID: 29425028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
THIOMAB antibody technology utilizes cysteine residues engineered onto an antibody to allow for site-specific conjugation. The technology has enabled the exploration of different attachment sites on the antibody in combination with small molecules, peptides, or proteins to yield antibody conjugates with unique properties. As reported previously ( Shen , B. Q. , et al. ( 2012 ) Nat. Biotechnol. 30 , 184 - 189 ; Pillow , T. H. , et al. ( 2017 ) Chem. Sci. 8 , 366 - 370 ), the specific location of the site of conjugation on an antibody can impact the stability of the linkage to the engineered cysteine for both thio-succinimide and disulfide bonds. High stability of the linkage is usually desired to maximize the delivery of the cargo to the intended target. In the current study, cysteines were individually substituted into every position of the anti-HER2 antibody (trastuzumab), and the stabilities of drug conjugations at those sites were evaluated. We screened a total of 648 THIOMAB antibody-drug conjugates, each generated from a trastuzamab prepared by sequentially mutating non-cysteine amino acids in the light and heavy chains to cysteine. Each THIOMAB antibody variant was conjugated to either maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl-monomethyl auristatin E (MC-vc-PAB-MMAE) or pyridyl disulfide monomethyl auristatin E (PDS-MMAE) using a high-throughput, on-bead conjugation and purification method. Greater than 50% of the THIOMAB antibody variants were successfully conjugated to both MMAE derivatives with a drug to antibody ratio (DAR) of >0.5 and <50% aggregation. The relative in vitro plasma stabilities for approximately 750 conjugates were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and stable sites were confirmed with affinity-capture LC/MS-based detection methods. Highly stable conjugation sites for the two types of MMAE derivatives were identified on both the heavy and light chains. Although the stabilities of maleimide conjugates were shown to be greater than those of the disulfide conjugates, many sites were identified that were stable for both. Furthermore, in vitro stabilities of selected stable sites translated across different cytotoxic payloads and different target antibodies as well as to in vivo stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Ohri
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sunil Bhakta
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Siao Ping Tsai
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ryan Cook
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Binqing Wei
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Athena W Wong
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron B Bos
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Farzam Farahi
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jiten Bhakta
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helga Raab
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Polakis
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Erickson
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jagath R Junutula
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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25
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Zhang D, Le H, Cruz-Chuh JD, Bobba S, Guo J, Staben L, Zhang C, Ma Y, Kozak KR, Lewis Phillips GD, Vollmar BS, Sadowsky JD, Vandlen R, Wei B, Su D, Fan P, Dragovich PS, Khojasteh SC, Hop CECA, Pillow TH. Immolation of p-Aminobenzyl Ether Linker and Payload Potency and Stability Determine the Cell-Killing Activity of Antibody–Drug Conjugates with Phenol-Containing Payloads. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:267-274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hoa Le
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Josefa dela Cruz-Chuh
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sudheer Bobba
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna Staben
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yong Ma
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail D. Lewis Phillips
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Breanna S. Vollmar
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D. Sadowsky
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - BinQing Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Fan
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cornelis E. C. A. Hop
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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26
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Zhang D, Yu SF, Khojasteh SC, Ma Y, Pillow TH, Sadowsky JD, Su D, Kozak KR, Xu K, Polson AG, Dragovich PS, Hop CE. Intratumoral Payload Concentration Correlates with the Activity of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:677-685. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Bhakta S, Crocker LM, Chen Y, Hazen M, Schutten MM, Li D, Kuijl C, Ohri R, Zhong F, Poon KA, Go MAT, Cheng E, Piskol R, Firestein R, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Kozak KR, Raab H, Hongo JA, Sampath D, Dennis MS, Scheller RH, Polakis P, Junutula JR. An Anti-GDNF Family Receptor Alpha 1 (GFRA1) Antibody-Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:638-649. [PMID: 29282299 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Luminal A (hormone receptor-positive) breast cancer constitutes 70% of total breast cancer patients. In an attempt to develop a targeted therapeutic for this cancer indication, we have identified and characterized Glial cell line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) Family Receptor Alpha 1 (GFRA1) antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) using a cleavable valine-citrulline-MMAE (vcMMAE) linker-payload. RNAseq and IHC analysis confirmed the abundant expression of GFRA1 in luminal A breast cancer tissues, whereas minimal or no expression was observed in most normal tissues. Anti-GFRA-vcMMAE ADC internalized to the lysosomes and exhibited target-dependent killing of GFRA1-expressing cells both in vitro and in vivo The ADCs using humanized anti-GFRA1 antibodies displayed robust therapeutic activity in clinically relevant cell line-derived (MCF7 and KPL-1) tumor xenograft models. The lead anti-GFRA1 ADC cross-reacts with rodent and cynomolgus monkey GFRA1 antigen and showed optimal pharmacokinetic properties in both species. These properties subsequently enabled a target-dependent toxicity study in rats. Anti-GFRA1 ADC is well tolerated in rats, as seen with other vcMMAE linker-payload based ADCs. Overall, these data suggest that anti-GFRA1-vcMMAE ADC may provide a targeted therapeutic opportunity for luminal A breast cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(3); 638-49. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bhakta
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California.
| | - Lisa M Crocker
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Yvonne Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Meredith Hazen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Dongwei Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Coenraad Kuijl
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kirsten A Poon
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Mary Ann T Go
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Cheng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Piskol
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ron Firestein
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Helga Raab
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jo-Anne Hongo
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Paul Polakis
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
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28
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Wei B, Gunzner-Toste J, Yao H, Wang T, Wang J, Xu Z, Chen J, Wai J, Nonomiya J, Tsai SP, Chuh J, Kozak KR, Liu Y, Yu SF, Lau J, Li G, Phillips GD, Leipold D, Kamath A, Su D, Xu K, Eigenbrot C, Steinbacher S, Ohri R, Raab H, Staben LR, Zhao G, Flygare JA, Pillow TH, Verma V, Masterson LA, Howard PW, Safina B. Discovery of Peptidomimetic Antibody-Drug Conjugate Linkers with Enhanced Protease Specificity. J Med Chem 2017; 61:989-1000. [PMID: 29227683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become an important therapeutic modality for oncology, with three approved by the FDA and over 60 others in clinical trials. Despite the progress, improvements in ADC therapeutic index are desired. Peptide-based ADC linkers that are cleaved by lysosomal proteases have shown sufficient stability in serum and effective payload-release in targeted cells. If the linker can be preferentially hydrolyzed by tumor-specific proteases, safety margin may improve. However, the use of peptide-based linkers limits our ability to modulate protease specificity. Here we report the structure-guided discovery of novel, nonpeptidic ADC linkers. We show that a cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxamide-containing linker is hydrolyzed predominantly by cathepsin B while the valine-citrulline dipeptide linker is not. ADCs bearing the nonpeptidic linker are as efficacious and stable in vivo as those with the dipeptide linker. Our results strongly support the application of the peptidomimetic linker and present new opportunities for improving the selectivity of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- BinQing Wei
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Janet Gunzner-Toste
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Wang
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jing Wang
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec , 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jim Nonomiya
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Siao Ping Tsai
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Josefa Chuh
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Lau
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail D Phillips
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Doug Leipold
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stefan Steinbacher
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH , Bunsenstrasse 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helga Raab
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna R Staben
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guiling Zhao
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John A Flygare
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luke A Masterson
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen, QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Safina
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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29
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Gregson SJ, Masterson LA, Wei B, Pillow TH, Spencer SD, Kang GD, Yu SF, Raab H, Lau J, Li G, Lewis Phillips GD, Gunzner-Toste J, Safina BS, Ohri R, Darwish M, Kozak KR, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Polson A, Flygare JA, Howard PW. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Synthesis and Evaluation of Noncleavable Drug-Linkers. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9490-9507. [PMID: 29112410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three rationally designed pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) drug-linkers have been synthesized via intermediate 19 for use in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). They lack a cleavable trigger in the linker and consist of a maleimide for cysteine antibody conjugation, a hydrophilic spacer, and either an alkyne (6), triazole (7), or piperazine (8) link to the PBD. In vitro IC50 values were 11-48 ng/mL in HER2 3+ SK-BR-3 and KPL-4 (7 inactive) for the anti-HER2 ADCs (HER2 0 MCF7, all inactive) and 0.10-1.73 μg/mL (7 inactive) in CD22 3+ BJAB and WSU-DLCL2 for anti-CD22 ADCs (CD22 0 Jurkat, all inactive at low doses). In vivo antitumor efficacy for the anti-HER2 ADCs in Founder 5 was observed with tumor stasis at 0.5-1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 3-6 mg/kg for 6, 8, and 7, respectively. Tumor stasis at 2 mg/kg was observed for anti-CD22 6 in WSU-DLCL2. In summary, noncleavable PBD-ADCs exhibit potent activity, particularly in HER2 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gregson
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Masterson
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Binqing Wei
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Susan D Spencer
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gyoung-Dong Kang
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helga Raab
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lau
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Janet Gunzner-Toste
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian S Safina
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martine Darwish
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Andrew Polson
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John A Flygare
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
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30
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Caculitan NG, dela Cruz Chuh J, Ma Y, Zhang D, Kozak KR, Liu Y, Pillow TH, Sadowsky J, Cheung TK, Phung Q, Haley B, Lee BC, Akita RW, Sliwkowski MX, Polson AG. Cathepsin B Is Dispensable for Cellular Processing of Cathepsin B-Cleavable Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Cancer Res 2017; 77:7027-7037. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Staben LR, Yu SF, Chen J, Yan G, Xu Z, Del Rosario G, Lau JT, Liu L, Guo J, Zheng B, dela Cruz-Chuh J, Lee BC, Ohri R, Cai W, Zhou H, Kozak KR, Xu K, Lewis Phillips GD, Lu J, Wai J, Polson AG, Pillow TH. Stabilizing a Tubulysin Antibody-Drug Conjugate To Enable Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Tumors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1037-1041. [PMID: 29057047 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tubulysins are promising anticancer cytotoxic agents due to the clinical validation of their mechanism of action (microtubule inhibition) and their particular activity against multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Yet their high potency and subsequent systemic toxicity make them prime candidates for targeted therapy, particularly in the form of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Here we report a strategy to prepare stable and bioreversible conjugates of tubulysins to antibodies without loss of activity. A peptide trigger along with a quaternary ammonium salt linker connection to the tertiary amine of tubulysin provided ADCs that were potent in vitro. However, we observed metabolism of a critical acetate ester of the drug in vivo, resulting in diminished conjugate activity. We were able to circumvent this metabolic liability with the judicious choice of a propyl ether replacement. This modified tubulysin ADC was stable and effective against multidrug-resistant lymphoma cell lines and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna R. Staben
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Gang Yan
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Lau
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bing Zheng
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Byoung-Chul Lee
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenwen Cai
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhou
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Jiawei Lu
- Wuxi Biologics
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec
, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Andrew G. Polson
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech, Inc.
, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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32
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Vollmar BS, Wei B, Ohri R, Zhou J, He J, Yu SF, Leipold D, Cosino E, Yee S, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Li G, Phillips GL, Kozak KR, Kamath A, Xu K, Lee G, Lazar GA, Erickson HK. Attachment Site Cysteine Thiol pK a Is a Key Driver for Site-Dependent Stability of THIOMAB Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2538-2548. [PMID: 28885827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of cysteines into antibodies by mutagenesis allows for the direct conjugation of small molecules to specific sites on the antibody via disulfide bonds. The stability of the disulfide bond linkage between the small molecule and the antibody is highly dependent on the location of the engineered cysteine in either the heavy chain (HC) or the light chain (LC) of the antibody. Here, we explore the basis for this site-dependent stability. We evaluated the in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics of five different cysteine mutants of trastuzumab conjugated to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) via disulfide bonds. A significant correlation was observed between disulfide stability and efficacy for the conjugates. We hypothesized that the observed site-dependent stability of the disulfide-linked conjugates could be due to differences in the attachment site cysteine thiol pKa. We measured the cysteine thiol pKa using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and found that the variants with the highest thiol pKa (LC K149C and HC A140C) were found to yield the conjugates with the greatest in vivo stability. Guided by homology modeling, we identified several mutations adjacent to LC K149C that reduced the cysteine thiol pKa and, thus, decreased the in vivo stability of the disulfide-linked PBD conjugated to LC K149C. We also present results suggesting that the high thiol pKa of LC K149C is responsible for the sustained circulation stability of LC K149C TDCs utilizing a maleimide-based linker. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the site-dependent stability of cys-engineered antibody-drug conjugates may be explained by interactions between the engineered cysteine and the local protein environment that serves to modulate the side-chain thiol pKa. The influence of cysteine thiol pKa on stability and efficacy offers a new parameter for the optimization of ADCs that utilize cysteine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Vollmar
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Binqing Wei
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas Leipold
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sharon Yee
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee Fourie-O'Donohue
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail L Phillips
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Genee Lee
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans K Erickson
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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33
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Sadowsky JD, Pillow TH, Chen J, Fan F, He C, Wang Y, Yan G, Yao H, Xu Z, Martin S, Zhang D, Chu P, dela Cruz-Chuh J, O’Donohue A, Li G, Del Rosario G, He J, Liu L, Ng C, Su D, Lewis Phillips GD, Kozak KR, Yu SF, Xu K, Leipold D, Wai J. Development of Efficient Chemistry to Generate Site-Specific Disulfide-Linked Protein– and Peptide–Payload Conjugates: Application to THIOMAB Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Sadowsky
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Fang Fan
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Changrong He
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Yanli Wang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Gang Yan
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
| | - Shanique Martin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Phillip Chu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Aimee O’Donohue
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas Leipold
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, PR China
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Pillow TH, Sadowsky JD, Zhang D, Yu SF, Del Rosario G, Xu K, He J, Bhakta S, Ohri R, Kozak KR, Ha E, Junutula JR, Flygare JA. Decoupling stability and release in disulfide bonds with antibody-small molecule conjugates. Chem Sci 2017; 8:366-370. [PMID: 28451181 PMCID: PMC5365059 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds provide a bioactivatable connection with applications in imaging and therapy. The circulation stability and intracellular release of disulfides are problematically coupled in that increasing stability causes a corresponding decrease in cleavage and payload release. However, an antibody offers the potential for a reversible stabilization. We examined this by attaching a small molecule directly to engineered cysteines in an antibody. At certain sites this unhindered disulfide was stable in circulation yet cellular internalization and antibody catabolism generated a disulfide catabolite that was rapidly reduced. We demonstrated that this stable connection and facile release is applicable to a variety of payloads. The ability to reversibly stabilize a labile functional group with an antibody may offer a way to improve targeted probes and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Pillow
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Keyang Xu
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Jintang He
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Sunil Bhakta
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Edward Ha
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - Jagath R Junutula
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
| | - John A Flygare
- Research & Early Development , Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA .
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35
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Zhang D, Pillow TH, Ma Y, Cruz-Chuh JD, Kozak KR, Sadowsky JD, Lewis Phillips GD, Guo J, Darwish M, Fan P, Chen J, He C, Wang T, Yao H, Xu Z, Chen J, Wai J, Pei Z, Hop CECA, Khojasteh SC, Dragovich PS. Linker Immolation Determines Cell Killing Activity of Disulfide-Linked Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:988-993. [PMID: 27882196 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds could be valuable linkers for a variety of therapeutic applications requiring tunable cleavage between two parts of a molecule (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates). The in vitro linker immolation of β-mercaptoethyl-carbamate disulfides and DNA alkylation properties of associated payloads were investigated to understand the determinant of cell killing potency of anti-CD22 linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD-dimer) conjugates. Efficient immolation and release of a PBD-dimer with strong DNA alkylation properties were observed following disulfide cleavage of methyl- and cyclobutyl-substituted disulfide linkers. However, the analogous cyclopropyl-containing linker did not immolate, and the associated thiol-containing product was a poor DNA alkylator. As predicted from these in vitro assessments, the related anti-CD22 ADCs showed different target-dependent cell killing activities in WSU-DLCL2 and BJAB cell lines. These results demonstrate how the in vitro immolation models can be used to help design efficacious ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingtian Chen
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Changrong He
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong
Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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36
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Sukumaran S, Gadkar K, Zhang C, Bhakta S, Liu L, Xu K, Raab H, Yu SF, Mai E, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Kozak KR, Ramanujan S, Junutula JR, Lin K. Mechanism-Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model for THIOMAB™ Drug Conjugates. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1884-93. [PMID: 25446772 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE THIOMAB™ drug conjugates (TDCs) with engineered cysteine residues allow site-specific drug conjugation and defined Drug-to-Antibody Ratios (DAR). In order to help elucidate the impact of drug-loading, conjugation site, and subsequent deconjugation on pharmacokinetics and efficacy, we have developed an integrated mathematical model to mechanistically characterize pharmacokinetic behavior and preclinical efficacy of MMAE conjugated TDCs with different DARs. General applicability of the model structure was evaluated with two different TDCs. METHOD Pharmacokinetics studies were conducted for unconjugated antibody and purified TDCs with DAR-1, 2 and 4 for trastuzumab TDC and Anti-STEAP1 TDC in mice. Total antibody concentrations and individual DAR fractions were measured. Efficacy studies were performed in tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS An integrated model consisting of distinct DAR species (DAR0-4), each described by a two-compartment model was able to capture the experimental data well. Time series measurements of each Individual DAR species allowed for the incorporation of site-specific drug loss through deconjugation and the results suggest a higher deconjugation rate from heavy chain site HC-A114C than the light chain site LC-V205C. Total antibody concentrations showed multi-exponential decline, with a higher clearance associated with higher DAR species. The experimentally observed effects of TDC on tumor growth kinetics were successfully described by linking pharmacokinetic profiles to DAR-dependent killing of tumor cells. CONCLUSION Results from the integrated model evaluated with two different TDCs highlight the impact of DAR and site of conjugation on pharmacokinetics and efficacy. The model can be used to guide future drug optimization and in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sukumaran
- Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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37
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Scales SJ, Gupta N, Pacheco G, Firestein R, French DM, Chuh J, Zhang Y, Berry L, Bostrom J, Luis E, O'Donohue AF, Kozak KR, Ross S, Dennis MS, Tibbitts J, Spencer SD. Abstract 4494: A clinical candidate anti-mesothelin-MMAE antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) for therapy of mesothelin-expressing cancers. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is a cell surface glycoprotein widely expressed in a variety of cancers, with prevalence levels by IHC of 85% in ovarian, 75% in pancreatic and 45% in mesothelioma, and normal expression limited to the mesothelia, suggesting it could be an ideal target for antibody-drug conjugate therapy of these cancers. We have generated a high affinity (subnanomolar), humanized antibody to MSLN and conjugated it to auristatin anti-mitotic drugs (monomethylauristatin E and F, Seattle Genetics) via an uncleavable linker (anti-MSLN-mc-MMAF) or a cathepsin-cleavable valine-citrulline linker (anti-MSLN-mc-vc-PAB-MMAE/F) for comparison. The in vivo efficacy obtained in an ovarian transplant model was superior with the anti-MSLN-MMAE ADC. Anti-MSLN-MMAE was specifically internalized by MSLN-expressing cells in vitro, resulting in cell death compared to control ADCs. Pancreatic, ovarian and mesothelioma tumor cell lines endogenously expressing physiological levels of MSLN were identified and established as xenografts in mice. A single dose of anti-MSLN ADC was sufficient to inhibit or shrink tumor growth in models of each of the three indications in vivo, as well as inducing complete regressions in primary human pancreatic models, even those expressing low levels of MSLN typical of most human pancreatic tumors. Additionally, anti-MSLN-MMAE (at suboptimal doses) appeared to synergize with gemcitabine at clinically relevant doses in an HPAC xenograft model. Furthermore, anti-MSLN-MMAE was well tolerated in non-clinical toxicity studies (see accompanying abstract by Gupta et al.). Our data suggest that anti-MSLN-vc-MMAE is a promising clinical candidate for the treatment of several types of mesothelin-positive cancers.
Citation Format: Suzie J. Scales, Nidhi Gupta, Glenn Pacheco, Ron Firestein, Dorothy M. French, Josefa Chuh, Yin Zhang, Leanne Berry, Jenny Bostrom, Elizabeth Luis, Aimee Fourie O'Donohue, Katherine R. Kozak, Sarajane Ross, Mark S. Dennis, Jay Tibbitts, Susan D. Spencer. A clinical candidate anti-mesothelin-MMAE antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) for therapy of mesothelin-expressing cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4494. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4494
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Gupta N, Solis WA, Fuji RN, Oldendorp A, Pacheco G, Luis E, Chuh J, French DM, Drake E, Dennis MS, Kozak KR, Ross S, Tibbitts J, Spencer SD, Scales SJ. Abstract 4502: Nonclinical characterization and tolerability of a surrogate anti-mesothelin-MMAE antibody-drug conjugate. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is a cell surface glycoprotein widely expressed in several cancers with normal expression limited to the serosal mesothelia, features of an ideal target for antibody-based therapy. SS1P, a (dsFv)-PE38 immunotoxin to MSLN that kills cells by inhibition of protein synthesis, exhibits minor clinical responses as monotherapy, but was dose-limited by pleuritis, likely an antigen-dependent toxicity (Hassan et al., (2007) Clin Cancer Res 13 p3144). As mesothelial cells divide infrequently, we evaluated whether an anti-mitotic antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) directed to MSLN would be better tolerated. Our humanized lead anti-MSLN-MMAE (mc-vc-PAB-monomethylauristatin E) conjugate shows excellent preclinical activity (see accompanying abstract by Scales et al), but is specific to human MSLN, so a surrogate ADC that cross-reacts with cynomolgus monkey and rat MSLN was generated for non-clinical toxicity studies.
While both the lead and the surrogate antibodies recognize human MSLN, they bound to different epitopes and the surrogate binding was sensitive to glycosylation, only recognizing a subset of cell lines expressing human MSLN with high affinity. The affinity of the surrogate antibody for cynomolgus monkey MSLN is 5 to 22-fold lower than that of the lead antibody for human MSLN, depending on its glycosylation pattern in the human parental cell line to which it was compared. Nonetheless, the surrogate antibody detects endogenous MSLN in monkey pleura and the surrogate ADC exhibits robust cytotoxic activity against monkey MSLN-expressing cells in vitro. Importantly, the surrogate ADC demonstrated comparable in vivo efficacy to the lead ADC against BJAB xenografts expressing monkey or human MSLN respectively, thus validating its use in safety studies. We thus conducted a repeat-dose monkey toxicity study with a clinically relevant (q3w x5) dosing schedule, which yielded similar results for both surrogate and lead ADCs (the primary finding being reversible myelotoxicity, an antigen-independent toxicity similar to those of other IgG1-MMAE ADCs (Li et al., (2013), Mol Can Thera 12 p1255)). Unlike SS1P, there was no evidence of target-dependent pleuritis, nor any other serositis. Our data suggest that anti-MSLN-MMAE ADCs may be safer than SS1P and helped define the Phase I starting dose.
Citation Format: Nidhi Gupta, Willy A. Solis, Reina N. Fuji, Amy Oldendorp, Glenn Pacheco, Elizabeth Luis, Josefa Chuh, Dorothy M. French, Elizabeth Drake, Mark S. Dennis, Katherine R. Kozak, Sarajane Ross, Jay Tibbitts, Susan D. Spencer, Suzie J. Scales. Nonclinical characterization and tolerability of a surrogate anti-mesothelin-MMAE antibody-drug conjugate. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4502. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4502
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Scales SJ, Gupta N, Pacheco G, Firestein R, French DM, Koeppen H, Rangell L, Barry-Hamilton V, Luis E, Chuh J, Zhang Y, Ingle GS, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Kozak KR, Ross S, Dennis MS, Spencer SD. An antimesothelin-monomethyl auristatin e conjugate with potent antitumor activity in ovarian, pancreatic, and mesothelioma models. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2630-40. [PMID: 25249555 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0487-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is an attractive target for antibody-drug conjugate therapy because it is highly expressed in various epithelial cancers, with normal expression limited to nondividing mesothelia. We generated novel antimesothelin antibodies and conjugated an internalizing one (7D9) to the microtubule-disrupting drugs monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and MMAF, finding the most effective to be MMAE with a lysosomal protease-cleavable valine-citrulline linker. The humanized (h7D9.v3) version, αMSLN-MMAE, specifically targeted mesothelin-expressing cells and inhibited their proliferation with an IC50 of 0.3 nmol/L. Because the antitumor activity of an antimesothelin immunotoxin (SS1P) in transfected mesothelin models did not translate to the clinic, we carefully selected in vivo efficacy models endogenously expressing clinically relevant levels of mesothelin, after scoring mesothelin levels in ovarian, pancreatic, and mesothelioma tumors by immunohistochemistry. We found that endogenous mesothelin in cancer cells is upregulated in vivo and identified two suitable xenograft models for each of these three indications. A single dose of αMSLN-MMAE profoundly inhibited or regressed tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner in all six models, including two patient-derived tumor xenografts. The robust and durable efficacy of αMSLN-MMAE in preclinical models of ovarian, mesothelioma, and pancreatic cancers justifies the ongoing phase I clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie J Scales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California.
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Glenn Pacheco
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ron Firestein
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Dorothy M French
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Linda Rangell
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Elizabeth Luis
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Josefa Chuh
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Gladys S Ingle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Aimee Fourie-O'Donohue
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sarajane Ross
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Susan D Spencer
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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Pillow TH, Tien J, Parsons-Reponte KL, Bhakta S, Li H, Staben LR, Li G, Chuh J, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Darwish M, Yip V, Liu L, Leipold DD, Su D, Wu E, Spencer SD, Shen BQ, Xu K, Kozak KR, Raab H, Vandlen R, Lewis Phillips GD, Scheller RH, Polakis P, Sliwkowski MX, Flygare JA, Junutula JR. Site-specific trastuzumab maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates with improved therapeutic activity through linker and antibody engineering. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7890-9. [PMID: 25191794 DOI: 10.1021/jm500552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have a significant impact toward the treatment of cancer, as evidenced by the clinical activity of the recently approved ADCs, brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (trastuzumab-MCC-DM1) for metastatic HER2+ breast cancer. DM1 is an analog of the natural product maytansine, a microtubule inhibitor that by itself has limited clinical activity and high systemic toxicity. However, by conjugation of DM1 to trastuzumab, the safety was improved and clinical activity was demonstrated. Here, we report that through chemical modification of the linker-drug and antibody engineering, the therapeutic activity of trastuzumab maytansinoid ADCs can be further improved. These improvements include eliminating DM1 release in the plasma and increasing the drug load by engineering four cysteine residues into the antibody. The chemical synthesis of highly stable linker-drugs and the modification of cysteine residues of engineered site-specific antibodies resulted in a homogeneous ADC with increased therapeutic activity compared to the clinically approved ADC, trastuzumab-MCC-DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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41
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Boswell CA, Mundo EE, Firestein R, Zhang C, Mao W, Gill H, Young C, Ljumanovic N, Stainton S, Ulufatu S, Fourie A, Kozak KR, Fuji R, Polakis P, Khawli LA, Lin K. An integrated approach to identify normal tissue expression of targets for antibody-drug conjugates: case study of TENB2. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:445-57. [PMID: 22889168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) depends on the therapeutic window rendered by the differential expression between normal and pathological tissues. The ability to identify and visualize target expression in normal tissues could reveal causes for target-mediated clearance observed in pharmacokinetic characterization. TENB2 is a prostate cancer target associated with the progression of poorly differentiated and androgen-independent tumour types, and ADCs specific for TENB2 are candidate therapeutics. The objective of this study was to locate antigen expression of TENB2 in normal tissues, thereby elucidating the underlying causes of target-mediated clearance. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A series of pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and mass balance studies were conducted in mice using a radiolabelled anti-TENB2 ADC. These data were complemented by non-invasive single photon emission computed tomography - X-ray computed tomography imaging and immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS The intestines were identified as a saturable and specific antigen sink that contributes, at least in part, to the rapid target-mediated clearance of the anti-TENB2 antibody and its drug conjugate in rodents. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrated the selective disposition of the ADC in a tumoural environment in vivo using the LuCaP 77 transplant mouse model. High tumour uptake was observed despite the presence of the antigen sink, and antigen specificity was confirmed by antigen blockade. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings provide the anatomical location and biological interpretation of target-mediated clearance of anti-TENB2 antibodies and corresponding drug conjugates. Further investigations may be beneficial in addressing the relative contributions to ADC disposition from antigen expression in both normal and pathological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andrew Boswell
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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42
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Li D, Poon KA, Yu SF, Dere R, Go M, Lau J, Zheng B, Elkins K, Danilenko D, Kozak KR, Chan P, Chuh J, Shi X, Nazzal D, Fuh F, McBride J, Ramakrishnan V, de Tute R, Rawstron A, Jack AS, Deng R, Chu YW, Dornan D, Williams M, Ho W, Ebens A, Prabhu S, Polson AG. DCDT2980S, an anti-CD22-monomethyl auristatin E antibody-drug conjugate, is a potential treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1255-65. [PMID: 23598530 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), potent cytotoxic drugs linked to antibodies via chemical linkers, allow specific targeting of drugs to neoplastic cells. We have used this technology to develop the ADC DCDT2980S that targets CD22, an antigen with expression limited to B cells and the vast majority of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). DCDT2980S consists of a humanized anti-CD22 monoclonal IgG1 antibody with a potent microtubule-disrupting agent, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), linked to the reduced cysteines of the antibody via a protease cleavable linker, maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzoyloxycarbonyl (MC-vc-PAB). We describe the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of DCDT2980S in animal models to assess its potential as a therapeutic for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. We did not find a strong correlation between in vitro or in vivo efficacy and CD22 surface expression, nor a correlation of sensitivity to free drug and in vitro potency. We show that DCDT2980S was capable of inducing complete tumor regression in xenograft mouse models of NHL and can be more effective than rituximab plus combination chemotherapy at drug exposures that were well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys. These results suggest that DCDT2980S has an efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics profile that support potential treatment of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Li
- Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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43
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Kozak KR, Tsai SP, Fourie-O'Donohue A, dela Cruz Chuh J, Roth L, Cook R, Chan E, Chan P, Darwish M, Ohri R, Raab H, Zhang C, Lin K, Wong WLT. Total antibody quantification for MMAE-conjugated antibody-drug conjugates: impact of assay format and reagents. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:772-9. [PMID: 23578050 DOI: 10.1021/bc300491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are target-specific anticancer agents consisting of cytotoxic drugs covalently linked to a monoclonal antibody. The number of ADCs in the clinic is growing, and therefore thorough characterization of the quantitative assays used to measure ADC concentrations in support of pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety studies is of increasing importance. Cytotoxic drugs such as the tubulin polymerization inhibiting auristatin, monomethyl auristatin E, have been conjugated to antibodies via cleavable linkers (MC-vc-PAB) through internal cysteines. This results in a heterogeneous mixture of antibody species with drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR) ranging from 0 to 8. In order to characterize the assays used to quantitate total MC-vc-PAB-MMAE ADCs (conjugated and unconjugated antibody), we used purified fractions with defined DARs from 6 therapeutic antibodies to evaluate different assay formats and reagents. Our investigations revealed that for quantitation of total antibody, including all unconjugated and conjugated antibody species, sandwich ELISA formats did not always allow for recovery of all purified DAR fractions (DAR 0-8) to within ±20% of the expected values at the reagent concentrations tested. In evaluating alternative approaches, we found that the recovery of DAR fractions with semihomogeneous assay (SHA) formats, in which sample, capture, and detection reagents are preincubated in solution, were less affected by the antibody's MMAE drug load as compared to traditional stepwise sandwich ELISAs. Thus, choosing the optimal assay format and reagents for total antibody assays is valuable for developing accurate quantitative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Kozak
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Kozak KR, Wang J, Lye M, Chuh JDC, Takkar R, Kim N, Lee H, Jeon NL, Lin K, Zhang C, Wong WLT, DeForge LE. Micro-volume wall-less immunoassays using patterned planar plates. Lab Chip 2013; 13:1342-1350. [PMID: 23380873 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc40973b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of immunoassays has numerous potential advantages over traditional ELISAs. Here we present a novel approach using patterned planar plates (PPPs). These 'wall-less' plates consist of a 16 × 24 array of 2 mm diameter hydrophilic regions surrounded by a hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coating. Assays are performed by adding 2 μL droplets to the hydrophilic areas. These droplets are overlaid with an immiscible mixture of perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) that essentially eliminates evaporation. During wash steps, a thin film of PFCL covers the hydrophobic coating and prevents its wetting by wash buffer; as a result, the hydrophilic wells remain intact and inter-well cross-contamination is prevented. We compared the performance of three immunoassays using PPPs versus traditional 384-well ELISA plates. These included assays for soluble FcRH5 in human serum, SDF-1 in mouse serum, and human IgG in mouse plasma. The results show that the PPP assays were closely comparable to the ELISAs in terms of sensitivity, linearity of dilution, and sample quantitation. Moreover, the PPP assays were rapid to perform, easily adapted from ELISA protocols, and used 10- to 50-fold less sample and reagent volume as compared to 384- or 96-well plate ELISAs. As an additional advantage, PPPs conform to established microplate dimensional standards making them compatible with pre-existing equipment and workflows. PPPs therefore represent an attractive and broadly applicable approach to flexible miniaturization of plate-based immunochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Kozak
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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45
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Boswell CA, Mundo EE, Zhang C, Stainton SL, Yu SF, Lacap JA, Mao W, Kozak KR, Fourie A, Polakis P, Khawli LA, Lin K. Differential effects of predosing on tumor and tissue uptake of an 111In-labeled anti-TENB2 antibody-drug conjugate. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1454-61. [PMID: 22872740 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED TENB2, also known as tomoregulin or transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor-like and 2 follistatin-like domains, is a transmembrane proteoglycan overexpressed in human prostate tumors. This protein is a promising target for antimitotic monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-based antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy. Nonlinear pharmacokinetics in normal mice suggested that antigen expression in normal tissues may contribute to targeted mediated disposition. We evaluated a predosing strategy with unconjugated antibody to block ADC uptake in target-expressing tissues in a mouse model while striving to preserve tumor uptake and efficacy. METHODS Unconjugated, unlabeled antibody was preadministered to mice bearing the TENB2-expressing human prostate explant model, LuCaP 77, followed by a single administration of (111)In-labeled anti-TENB2-MMAE for biodistribution and SPECT/CT studies. A tumor-growth-inhibition study was conducted to determine the pharmacodynamic consequences of predosing. RESULTS Preadministration of anti-TENB2 at 1 mg/kg significantly increased blood exposure of the radiolabeled ADC and reduced intestinal, hepatic, and splenic uptake while not affecting tumor accretion. Similar tumor-to-heart ratios were measured by SPECT/CT at 24 h with and without the predose. Consistent with this, the preadministration of 0.75 mg/kg did not interfere with efficacy in a tumor-growth study dosed at 0.75 mg or 2.5 mg of ADC per kilogram. CONCLUSION Overall, the potential to mask peripheral, nontumor antigen uptake while preserving tumor uptake and efficacy could ameliorate toxicity and may significantly affect future dosing strategies for ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andrew Boswell
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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46
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Pastuskovas CV, Mundo EE, Williams SP, Nayak TK, Ho J, Ulufatu S, Clark S, Ross S, Cheng E, Parsons-Reponte K, Cain G, Van Hoy M, Majidy N, Bheddah S, dela Cruz Chuh J, Kozak KR, Lewin-Koh N, Nauka P, Bumbaca D, Sliwkowski M, Tibbitts J, Theil FP, Fielder PJ, Khawli LA, Boswell CA. Effects of anti-VEGF on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and tumor penetration of trastuzumab in a preclinical breast cancer model. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:752-62. [PMID: 22222630 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0742-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) and VEGF overexpression correlate with aggressive phenotypes and decreased survival among breast cancer patients. Concordantly, the combination of trastuzumab (anti-HER2) with bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) has shown promising results in preclinical xenograft studies and in clinical trials. However, despite the known antiangiogenic mechanism of anti-VEGF antibodies, relatively little is known about their effects on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of other antibodies. This study aimed to measure the disposition properties, with a particular emphasis on tumor uptake, of trastuzumab in the presence or absence of anti-VEGF. Radiolabeled trastuzumab was administered alone or in combination with an anti-VEGF antibody to mice bearing HER2-expressing KPL-4 breast cancer xenografts. Biodistribution, autoradiography, and single-photon emission computed tomography-X-ray computed tomography imaging all showed that anti-VEGF administration reduced accumulation of trastuzumab in tumors despite comparable blood exposures and similar distributions in most other tissues. A similar trend was also observed for an isotype-matched IgG with no affinity for HER2, showing reduced vascular permeability to macromolecules. Reduced tumor blood flow (P < 0.05) was observed following anti-VEGF treatment, with no significant differences in the other physiologic parameters measured despite immunohistochemical evidence of reduced vascular density. In conclusion, anti-VEGF preadministration decreased tumor uptake of trastuzumab, and this phenomenon was mechanistically attributed to reduced vascular permeability and blood perfusion. These findings may ultimately help inform dosing strategies to achieve improved clinical outcomes.
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47
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Boswell CA, Mundo EE, Zhang C, Bumbaca D, Valle NR, Kozak KR, Fourie A, Chuh J, Koppada N, Saad O, Gill H, Shen BQ, Rubinfeld B, Tibbitts J, Kaur S, Theil FP, Fielder PJ, Khawli LA, Lin K. Impact of drug conjugation on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of anti-STEAP1 antibody-drug conjugates in rats. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1994-2004. [PMID: 21913715 DOI: 10.1021/bc200212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed to combine the exquisite specificity of antibodies to target tumor antigens with the cytotoxic potency of chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition to the general chemical stability of the linker, a thorough understanding of the relationship between ADC composition and biological disposition is necessary to ensure that the therapeutic window is not compromised by altered pharmacokinetics (PK), tissue distribution, and/or potential organ toxicity. The six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 1 (STEAP1) is being pursued as a tumor antigen target. To assess the role of ADC composition in PK, we evaluated plasma and tissue PK profiles in rats, following a single dose, of a humanized anti-STEAP1 IgG1 antibody, a thio-anti-STEAP1 (ThioMab) variant, and two corresponding thioether-linked monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) drug conjugates modified through interchain disulfide cysteine residues (ADC) and engineered cysteines (TDC), respectively. Plasma PK of total antibody measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed ∼45% faster clearance for the ADC relative to the parent antibody, but no apparent difference in clearance between the TDC and unconjugated parent ThioMab. Total antibody clearances of the two unconjugated antibodies were similar, suggesting minimal effects on PK from cysteine mutation. An ELISA specific for MMAE-conjugated antibody indicated that the ADC cleared more rapidly than the TDC, but total antibody ELISA showed comparable clearance for the two drug conjugates. Furthermore, consistent with relative drug load, the ADC had a greater magnitude of drug deconjugation than the TDC in terms of free plasma MMAE levels. Antibody conjugation had a noticeable, albeit minor, impact on tissue distribution with a general trend toward increased hepatic uptake and reduced levels in other highly vascularized organs. Liver uptakes of ADC and TDC at 5 days postinjection were 2-fold and 1.3-fold higher, respectively, relative to the unmodified antibodies. Taken together, these results indicate that the degree of overall structural modification in anti-STEAP1-MMAE conjugates has a corresponding level of impact on both PK and tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andrew Boswell
- Department of Pharmacokinetic & Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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48
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Zheng B, Fuji RN, Elkins K, Yu SF, Fuh FK, Chuh J, Tan C, Hongo JA, Raab H, Kozak KR, Williams M, McDorman E, Eaton D, Ebens A, Polson AG. In vivo effects of targeting CD79b with antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2937-46. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Su F, Kozak KR, Herschman H, Reddy ST, Farias-Eisner R. Characterization of the rat urokinase plasminogen activator receptor promoter in PC12 cells. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1952-8. [PMID: 17455298 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells treated with nerve growth factor (NGF) extend "neurites" and initiate a neuronal differentiation pathway. Although neurotrophins, growth factors [e.g., epidermal growth factor (EGF)], and other ligands induce many common primary response genes (PRGs) in PC12 cells, a unique PRG subset is induced preferentially by NGF. Expression of one NGF preferentially induced gene, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (UPAR), is required for NGF-induced neurite extension and neuronal differentiation. A 2.1-kb fragment of the rat UPAR 5' regulatory region confers differential expression by NGF versus EGF, following transfection of a luciferase reporter construct into PC12 cells. Deletion studies identified a region between -100 and -50 nucleotides from the transcription start site as the region conferring preferential NGF induction. Sequence comparisons among rat, human, and murine UPAR promoters identified two common potential regulatory regions. Site-directed mutation identified an activator protein-1 (AP-1) region between -66 and -72 bp, required for luciferase reporter activation by NGF. Electrophoretic mobility shift and antibody supershift assays demonstrated that specific Fos and Jun family members preferentially bind to this site following NGF treatment. We conclude that preferential activation of transcription factor binding at this AP-1 site mediates preferential NGF activation of the UPAR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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50
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Kozak KR, Su F, Whitelegge JP, Faull K, Reddy S, Farias-Eisner R. Characterization of serum biomarkers for detection of early stage ovarian cancer. Proteomics 2006; 5:4589-96. [PMID: 16237736 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the identification of three ovarian cancer biomarker panels comprised of SELDI-TOF-MS peaks representing 14 differentially expressed serum proteins for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Using micro-LC-MS/MS, we identified five m/z peaks as transthyretin (TTR 13.9 kDa, TTR fragment 12.9 kDa), beta-hemoglobin (Hb, 15.9 kDa), apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI, 28 kDa) and transferrin (TF, 79 kDa). Western and/or ELISA methods confirmed the differential expression of TTR, Hb, and TF, and multivariate analyses resulted in improving the detection of early stage ovarian tumors (low malignant potential and malignant; receiver operating characteristic, ROC 0.933) as compared to cancer antigen CA125 alone (ROC 0.833). Interestingly, when CA125 was included with our markers in the multivariate analysis, the ROC increased to 0.959. Furthermore, multivariate analysis with only the mucinous subtype of early stage ovarian tumors, showed our markers to greatly improve the detection of disease (ROC 0.959) as compared to CA125 alone (ROC 0.613). Interestingly, the combination of CA125 with our markers did not seem to further improve the detection of mucinous tumors (ROC 0.955). We conclude that TTR, Hb, ApoAI and TF, when combined with CA125 should significantly improve the detection of early stage ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Kozak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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