1
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Baustert KN, Bombile JH, Rahman MT, Yusuf AO, Li R, Huckaba AJ, Risko C, Graham KR. Combination of Counterion Size and Doping Concentration Determines the Electronic and Thermoelectric Properties of Semiconducting Polymers. Adv Mater 2024:e2313863. [PMID: 38687901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In both chemical and electrochemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs), a counterion, either from the electrolyte or ionized dopant, balances the charge introduced to the OSC. Despite the large influence of this counterion on OSC optical and electronic response, there remains substantial debate on how a fundamental parameter, ion size, impacts these properties. This work resolves much of this debate by accounting for two doping regimes. In the low-doping regime, the Coulomb binding energies between charge carriers on the OSC and the counterions are significant, and larger counterions lead to decreased Coulomb interactions, more delocalized charge carriers, and higher electrical conductivities. In the high-doping regime, the Coulomb binding energies become negligible due to the increased dielectric constant of the films and a smoothing of the energy landscape; thereby, the electrical conductivities depend primarily on the extent of morphological disorder in the OSC. Moreover, in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), rr-P3HT, smaller counterions lead to greater bipolaron concentrations in the low-doping regime due to the increased Coulomb interactions. Emphasizing the impact of the counterion size, it is shown that larger counterions can lead to increased thermoelectric power factors for rr-P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N Baustert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Joel H Bombile
- Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Md Tawabur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Augustine O Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11937, USA
| | - Aron J Huckaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, and Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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2
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Joy S, Hossain T, Tichy A, Johnson S, Graham KR. Defect Modulation via SnX 2 Additives in FASnI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3851-3858. [PMID: 38557111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Tin halide perovskites suffer from high defect densities compared with their lead counterparts. To decrease defect densities, SnF2 is commonly used as an additive in tin halide perovskites. Herein, we investigate how SnF2 compares to other SnX2 additives (X = F, Cl, Br) in terms of electronic and ionic defect properties in FASnI3. We find that FASnI3 films with SnF2 show the lowest Urbach energies (EU) of 19 meV and a decreased p-type character, as probed with ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The activation energy of ion migration, as probed with thermal admittance spectroscopy, for FASnI3 with SnF2 is 1.33 eV, which is higher than with SnCl2 and SnBr2, which are 1.22 and 0.79 eV, respectively, resulting in less ion migration. Because of improved defect passivation, the champion power conversion efficiency of FASnI3 with SnF2 is 7.47% and only 1.84% and 1.20% with SnCl2 and SnBr2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Tareq Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Adam Tichy
- Department of Physics, Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Stephen Johnson
- Department of Physics, Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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3
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Nguyen-Dang T, Bao AST, Kaiyasuan C, Li K, Chae S, Yi A, Joy S, Harrison K, Kim JY, Pallini F, Beverina L, Graham KR, Nuckolls C, Nguyen TQ. Air-stable Perylene Diimide Trimer Material for n-type Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Adv Mater 2024:e2312254. [PMID: 38521992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
We report a new method to make air-stable n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor (OMIEC) films for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) using a solution-processable small molecule helical perylene diimide trimer, hPDI[3]-C11. Alkyl side chains were attached to the conjugated core for processability and film making, which were then cleaved via thermal annealing. After the sidechains were removed, the hPDI[3] film becomes less hydrophobic, more ordered, and has a deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). These features provide improved ionic transport, greater electronic mobility, and increased stability in air and in aqueous solution. Subsequently, we use hPDI[3]-H as the active material in OECTs and demonstrate a device with a transconductance of 44 mS, volumetric capacitance of ∼250 F/cm3, µC* value of 1 F/cmVs, and excellent stability (> 5 weeks). As proof of their practical applications, we utilize a hPDI[3]-H-based OECTs as a glucose sensor and electrochemical inverter. The approach of side chain removal after film formation charts a path to a wide range of molecular semiconductors to be used as stable, mixed ionic-electronic conductors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA-93117, USA
- Center for Environmental Intelligence, College of Engineering and Computer Science (CECS), VinUniversity, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ally Si Tong Bao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY-10027, USA
| | - Chokchai Kaiyasuan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA-93117, USA
| | - Kunyu Li
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA-93117, USA
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA-93117, USA
| | - Ahra Yi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA-93117, USA
| | - Syed Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kelsey Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY-10027, USA
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA-93117, USA
| | - Francesca Pallini
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA-93117, USA
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, Milano, I-20126, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, Milano, I-20126, Italy
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, University of Columbia, New York, NY-10027, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA-93117, USA
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4
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Park SM, Wei M, Lempesis N, Yu W, Hossain T, Agosta L, Carnevali V, Atapattu HR, Serles P, Eickemeyer FT, Shin H, Vafaie M, Choi D, Darabi K, Jung ED, Yang Y, Kim DB, Zakeeruddin SM, Chen B, Amassian A, Filleter T, Kanatzidis MG, Graham KR, Xiao L, Rothlisberger U, Grätzel M, Sargent EH. Low-loss contacts on textured substrates for inverted perovskite solar cells. Nature 2023; 624:289-294. [PMID: 37871614 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) promise enhanced operating stability compared to their normal-structure counterparts1-3. To improve efficiency further, it is crucial to combine effective light management with low interfacial losses4,5. Here we develop a conformal self-assembled monolayer (SAM) as the hole-selective contact on light-managing textured substrates. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that cluster formation during phosphonic acid adsorption leads to incomplete SAM coverage. We devise a co-adsorbent strategy that disassembles high-order clusters, thus homogenizing the distribution of phosphonic acid molecules, and thereby minimizing interfacial recombination and improving electronic structures. We report a laboratory-measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.3% and a certified quasi-steady-state PCE of 24.8% for inverted PSCs, with a photocurrent approaching 95% of the Shockley-Queisser maximum. An encapsulated device having a PCE of 24.6% at room temperature retains 95% of its peak performance when stressed at 65 °C and 50% relative humidity following more than 1,000 h of maximum power point tracking under 1 sun illumination. This represents one of the most stable PSCs subjected to accelerated ageing: achieved with a PCE surpassing 24%. The engineering of phosphonic acid adsorption on textured substrates offers a promising avenue for efficient and stable PSCs. It is also anticipated to benefit other optoelectronic devices that require light management.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Lempesis
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wenjin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tareq Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Agosta
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Carnevali
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix T Eickemeyer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heejong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Maral Vafaie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deokjae Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kasra Darabi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Eui Dae Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Da Bin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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5
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Le VN, Bombile JH, Rupasinghe GS, Baustert KN, Li R, Maria IP, Shahi M, Alarcon Espejo P, McCulloch I, Graham KR, Risko C, Paterson AF. New Chemical Dopant and Counterion Mechanism for Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2207694. [PMID: 37466175 PMCID: PMC10520668 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have varied performance requirements across a diverse application space. Chemically doping the OMIEC can be a simple, low-cost approach for adapting performance metrics. However, complex challenges, such as identifying new dopant materials and elucidating design rules, inhibit its realization. Here, these challenges are approached by introducing a new n-dopant, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBA-OH), and identifying a new design consideration underpinning its success. TBA-OH behaves as both a chemical n-dopant and morphology additive in donor acceptor co-polymer naphthodithiophene diimide-based polymer, which serves as an electron transporting material in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The combined effects enhance OECT transconductance, charge carrier mobility, and volumetric capacitance, representative of the key metrics underpinning all OMIEC applications. Additionally, when the TBA+ counterion adopts an "edge-on" location relative to the polymer backbone, Coulombic interaction between the counterion and polaron is reduced, and polaron delocalization increases. This is the first time such mechanisms are identified in doped-OECTs and doped-OMIECs. The work herein therefore takes the first steps toward developing the design guidelines needed to realize chemical doping as a generic strategy for tailoring performance metrics in OECTs and OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianna N. Le
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Joel H. Bombile
- Department of Chemistryand Centre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Gehan S. Rupasinghe
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Kyle N. Baustert
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | | | - Iuliana P. Maria
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Maryam Shahi
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Paula Alarcon Espejo
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyKAUST Solar CentreThuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistryand Centre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
| | - Alexandra F. Paterson
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringDepartment of Electrical EngineeringCentre for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40506USA
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6
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Park SM, Wei M, Xu J, Atapattu HR, Eickemeyer FT, Darabi K, Grater L, Yang Y, Liu C, Teale S, Chen B, Chen H, Wang T, Zeng L, Maxwell A, Wang Z, Rao KR, Cai Z, Zakeeruddin SM, Pham JT, Risko CM, Amassian A, Kanatzidis MG, Graham KR, Grätzel M, Sargent EH. Engineering ligand reactivity enables high-temperature operation of stable perovskite solar cells. Science 2023; 381:209-215. [PMID: 37440655 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) consisting of interfacial two- and three-dimensional heterostructures that incorporate ammonium ligand intercalation have enabled rapid progress toward the goal of uniting performance with stability. However, as the field continues to seek ever-higher durability, additional tools that avoid progressive ligand intercalation are needed to minimize degradation at high temperatures. We used ammonium ligands that are nonreactive with the bulk of perovskites and investigated a library that varies ligand molecular structure systematically. We found that fluorinated aniliniums offer interfacial passivation and simultaneously minimize reactivity with perovskites. Using this approach, we report a certified quasi-steady-state power-conversion efficiency of 24.09% for inverted-structure PSCs. In an encapsulated device operating at 85°C and 50% relative humidity, we document a 1560-hour T85 at maximum power point under 1-sun illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Min Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Harindi R Atapattu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Felix T Eickemeyer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kasra Darabi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Luke Grater
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sam Teale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Tonghui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lewei Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Aidan Maxwell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Zaiwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Keerthan R Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Zhuoyun Cai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan T Pham
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chad M Risko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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7
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Ma K, Sun J, Atapattu HR, Larson BW, Yang H, Sun D, Chen K, Wang K, Lee Y, Tang Y, Bhoopalam A, Huang L, Graham KR, Mei J, Dou L. Holistic energy landscape management in 2D/3D heterojunction via molecular engineering for efficient perovskite solar cells. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg0032. [PMID: 37285424 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Constructing two-dimensional (2D) perovskite atop of 3D with energy landscape management is still a challenge in perovskite photovoltaics. Here, we report a strategy through designing a series of π-conjugated organic cations to construct stable 2D perovskites and to realize delicate energy level tunability at 2D/3D heterojunctions. As a result, the hole transfer energy barriers can be reduced both at heterojunctions and within 2D structures, and the preferable work function shift reduces charge accumulation at interface. Leveraging these insights and also benefitted from the superior interface contact between conjugated cations and poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) hole transporting layer, a solar cell with power conversion efficiency of 24.6% has been achieved, which is the highest among PTAA-based n-i-p devices to the best of our knowledge. The devices exhibit greatly enhanced stability and reproducibility. This approach is generic to several hole transporting materials, offering opportunities to realize high efficiency without using the unstable Spiro-OMeTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiaonan Sun
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Harindi R Atapattu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Bryon W Larson
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Hanjun Yang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dewei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kang Wang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yoonho Lee
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yuanhao Tang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Anika Bhoopalam
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Sun J, Ma K, Lin ZY, Tang Y, Varadharajan D, Chen AX, Atapattu HR, Lee YH, Chen K, Boudouris BW, Graham KR, Lipomi DJ, Mei J, Savoie BM, Dou L. Tailoring Molecular-Scale Contact at the Perovskite/Polymeric Hole-Transporting Material Interface for Efficient Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2023:e2300647. [PMID: 36942854 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have delivered a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of more than 25% and incorporating polymers as hole-transporting layers (HTLs) can further enhance the stability of devices toward the goal of commercialization. Among the various polymeric hole-transporting materials, poly(triaryl amine) (PTAA) is one of the promising HTL candidates with good stability; however, the hydrophobicity of PTAA causes problematic interfacial contact with the perovskite, limiting the device performance. Using molecular side-chain engineering, a uniform 2D perovskite interlayer with conjugated ligands, between 3D perovskites and PTAA is successfully constructed. Further, employing conjugated ligands as cohesive elements, perovskite/PTAA interfacial adhesion is significantly improved. As a result, the thin and lateral extended 2D/3D heterostructure enables as-fabricated PTAA-based PSCs to achieve a PCE of 23.7%, improved from the 18% of reference devices. Owing to the increased ion-migration energy barrier and conformal 2D coating, unencapsulated devices with the new ligands exhibit both superior thermal stability under 60 °C heating and moisture stability in ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaonan Sun
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ke Ma
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zih-Yu Lin
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yuanhao Tang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dharini Varadharajan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alexander X Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Harindi R Atapattu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Yoon Ho Lee
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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9
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Ke Z, Abtahi A, Hwang J, Chen K, Chaudhary J, Song I, Perera K, You L, Baustert KN, Graham KR, Mei J. Highly Conductive and Solution-Processable n-Doped Transparent Organic Conductor. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3706-3715. [PMID: 36746755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transparent conductors (TCs) play a vital role in displays, solar cells, and emerging printed electronics. Here, we report a solution-processable n-doped organic conductor from copper-catalyzed cascade reactions in the air, which involves oxidative polymerization and reductive doping in one pot. The formed polymer ink is shelf-stable over 20 days and can endure storage temperatures from -20 to 65 °C. The optimized n-doped thin-film TC exhibits a low sheet resistance of 45 Ω/sq and a high transmittance (T550 > 80%), which can rival indium tin oxide. The transparent organic conductor exhibits excellent durability under accelerated weathering tests (85 °C/85% RH). Furthermore, the n-doped polymer film can also function as an electrode material with a high volumetric capacity. When it is paired with p-doped PEDOT:PSS, a record-high coloration efficiency is obtained in a dual-polymer electrochromic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifan Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashkan Abtahi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jinhyo Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jagrity Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Inho Song
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kuluni Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Liyan You
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kyle N Baustert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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10
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Hautzinger MP, Raulerson EK, Harvey SP, Liu T, Duke D, Qin X, Scheidt RA, Wieliczka BM, Phillips AJ, Graham KR, Blum V, Luther JM, Beard MC, Blackburn JL. Metal Halide Perovskite Heterostructures: Blocking Anion Diffusion with Single-Layer Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2052-2057. [PMID: 36649211 PMCID: PMC9896553 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of metal halide perovskite/perovskite heterostructures is hindered by rapid interfacial halide diffusion leading to mixed alloys rather than sharp interfaces. To circumvent this outcome, we developed an ion-blocking layer consisting of single-layer graphene (SLG) deposited between the metal halide perovskite layers and demonstrated that it effectively blocks anion diffusion in a CsPbBr3/SLG/CsPbI3 heterostructure. Spatially resolved elemental analysis and spectroscopic measurements demonstrate the halides do not diffuse across the interface, whereas control samples without the SLG show rapid homogenization of the halides and loss of the sharp interface. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, DFT calculations, and transient absorbance spectroscopy indicate the SLG has little electronic impact on the individual semiconductors. In the CsPbBr3/SLG/CsPbI3, we find a type I band alignment that supports transfer of photogenerated carriers across the heterointerface. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) show electroluminescence from both the CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3 layers with no evidence of ion diffusion during operation. Our approach provides opportunities to design novel all-perovskite heterostructures to facilitate the control of charge and light in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily K Raulerson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
| | - Steven P Harvey
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
| | - Daniel Duke
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Xixi Qin
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Rebecca A Scheidt
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
| | - Brian M Wieliczka
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
| | - Alan J Phillips
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky40506, United States
| | - Volker Blum
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Joseph M Luther
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
| | - Matthew C Beard
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado80401, United States
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11
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Wang K, Lin ZY, Zhang Z, Jin L, Ma K, Coffey AH, Atapattu HR, Gao Y, Park JY, Wei Z, Finkenauer BP, Zhu C, Meng X, Chowdhury SN, Chen Z, Terlier T, Do TH, Yao Y, Graham KR, Boltasseva A, Guo TF, Huang L, Gao H, Savoie BM, Dou L. Suppressing phase disproportionation in quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:397. [PMID: 36693860 PMCID: PMC9873927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroluminescence efficiencies and stabilities of quasi-two-dimensional halide perovskites are restricted by the formation of multiple-quantum-well structures with broad and uncontrollable phase distributions. Here, we report a ligand design strategy to substantially suppress diffusion-limited phase disproportionation, thereby enabling better phase control. We demonstrate that extending the π-conjugation length and increasing the cross-sectional area of the ligand enables perovskite thin films with dramatically suppressed ion transport, narrowed phase distributions, reduced defect densities, and enhanced radiative recombination efficiencies. Consequently, we achieved efficient and stable deep-red light-emitting diodes with a peak external quantum efficiency of 26.3% (average 22.9% among 70 devices and cross-checked) and a half-life of ~220 and 2.8 h under a constant current density of 0.1 and 12 mA/cm2, respectively. Our devices also exhibit wide wavelength tunability and improved spectral and phase stability compared with existing perovskite light-emitting diodes. These discoveries provide critical insights into the molecular design and crystallization kinetics of low-dimensional perovskite semiconductors for light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Zih-Yu Lin
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Zihan Zhang
- grid.255986.50000 0004 0472 0419Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
| | - Linrui Jin
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Ke Ma
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Aidan H. Coffey
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Harindi R. Atapattu
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Yao Gao
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Jee Yung Park
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Zitang Wei
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Blake P. Finkenauer
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Xiangeng Meng
- grid.443420.50000 0000 9755 8940School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Sarah N. Chowdhury
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- grid.266436.30000 0004 1569 9707Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278SIMS laboratory, Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
| | - Thi-Hoai Do
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yan Yao
- grid.266436.30000 0004 1569 9707Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Tzung-Fang Guo
- grid.64523.360000 0004 0532 3255Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Libai Huang
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Hanwei Gao
- grid.255986.50000 0004 0472 0419Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Letian Dou
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA ,grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
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12
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Baustert KN, Abtahi A, Ayyash AN, Graham KR. Impact of the anion on electrochemically doped regioregular and regiorandom poly(3‐hexylthiophene). Journal of Polymer Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N. Baustert
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Ashkan Abtahi
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Ahmed N. Ayyash
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
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13
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Lansing JL, Zhao L, Siboonruang T, Attanayake NH, Leo AB, Fatouros P, Park SM, Graham KR, Keith JA, Tang M.
Gd‐Ni‐Sb‐SnO
2
electrocatalysts for active and selective ozone production. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Lansing
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lingyan Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Tana Siboonruang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Nuwan H. Attanayake
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Angela B. Leo
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Peter Fatouros
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - So Min Park
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - John A. Keith
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Maureen Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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14
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Ma K, Atapattu HR, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Finkenauer BP, Wang K, Chen K, Park SM, Coffey AH, Zhu C, Huang L, Graham KR, Mei J, Dou L. Multifunctional Conjugated Ligand Engineering for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2100791. [PMID: 34219297 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface passivation is an effective way to boost the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, a key challenge faced by most of the passivation strategies is reducing the interface charge recombination without imposing energy barriers to charge extraction. Here, a novel multifunctional semiconducting organic ammonium cationic interface modifier inserted between the light-harvesting perovskite film and the hole-transporting layer is reported. It is shown that the conjugated cations can directly extract holes from perovskite efficiently, and simultaneously reduce interface non-radiative recombination. Together with improved energy level alignment and the stabilized interface in the device, a triple-cation mixed-halide medium-bandgap PSC with an excellent power conversion efficiency of 22.06% (improved from 19.94%) and suppressed ion migration and halide phase segregation, which lead to a long-term operational stability, is demonstrated. This strategy provides a new practical method of interface engineering in PSCs toward improved efficiency and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Harindi R Atapattu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yao Gao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Blake P Finkenauer
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kang Wang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - So Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Aidan H Coffey
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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15
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Liang Z, Choi HH, Luo X, Liu T, Abtahi A, Ramasamy US, Hitron JA, Baustert KN, Hempel JL, Boehm AM, Ansary A, Strachan DR, Mei J, Risko C, Podzorov V, Graham KR. n-type charge transport in heavily p-doped polymers. Nat Mater 2021; 20:518-524. [PMID: 33398117 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that charge-carrier transport in doped π-conjugated polymers is dominated by one type of charge carrier, either holes or electrons, as determined by the chemistry of the dopant. Here, through Seebeck coefficient and Hall effect measurements, we show that mobile electrons contribute substantially to charge-carrier transport in π-conjugated polymers that are heavily p-doped with strong electron acceptors. Specifically, the Seebeck coefficient of several p-doped polymers changes sign from positive to negative as the concentration of the oxidizing agents FeCl3 or NOBF4 increase, and Hall effect measurements for the same p-doped polymers reveal that electrons become the dominant delocalized charge carriers. Ultraviolet and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that doping with oxidizing agents results in elimination of the transport gap at high doping concentrations. This approach of heavy p-type doping is demonstrated to provide a promising route to high-performance n-type organic thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hyun Ho Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashkan Abtahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Uma Shantini Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Kyle N Baustert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jacob L Hempel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alex M Boehm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Armin Ansary
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Douglas R Strachan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Vitaly Podzorov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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16
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Xia P, Davies DW, Patel BB, Qin M, Liang Z, Graham KR, Diao Y, Tang ML. Spin-coated fluorinated PbS QD superlattice thin film with high hole mobility. Nanoscale 2020; 12:11174-11181. [PMID: 32406467 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02299c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the oleophobic and electron-withdrawing nature of perfluorocarbons, we explore the effect of a trifluoromethyl coating on lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) in thin film transistor (TFT) geometry. The low surface energy conferred by the oleophobic perfluorocarbons creates QDs packed in a primitive cubic lattice with long range order, as confirmed by grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hole mobilities as high as 0.085 cm2 V-1 s-1 were measured in the TFTs. No electron transport was observed. This suggests that the electron-withdrawing nature of the trifluoromethyl ligand is eclipsed by the excess holes present in the PbS QDs that likely stem from cation vacancies induced by the thiol group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xia
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Daniel W Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Bijal B Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Maotong Qin
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, NO. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026 P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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17
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Al Masud A, Martin WE, Moonschi FH, Park SM, Srijanto BR, Graham KR, Collier CP, Richards CI. Mixed metal zero-mode guides (ZMWs) for tunable fluorescence enhancement. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:1894-1903. [PMID: 36132495 PMCID: PMC9419232 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) are capable of modifying fluorescence emission through interactions with surface plasmon modes leading to either plasmon-enhanced fluorescence or quenching. Enhancement requires spectral overlap of the plasmon modes with the absorption or emission of the fluorophore. Thus, enhancement is limited to fluorophores in resonance with metals (e.g. Al, Au, Ag) used for ZMWs. The ability to tune interactions to match a wider range of fluorophores across the visible spectra would significantly extend the utility of ZMWs. We fabricated ZMWs composed of aluminum and gold individually and also in mixtures of three different ratios, (Al : Au; 75 : 25, 50 : 50, 25 : 75). We characterized the effect of mixed-metal ZMWs on single-molecule emission for a range fluorophores across the visible spectrum. Mixed metal ZMWs exhibited a shift in the spectral range where they exhibited the maximum fluorescence enhancement allowing us to match the emission of fluorophores that were nonresonant with single metal ZMWs. We also compared the effect of mixed-metal ZMWs on the photophysical properties of fluorescent molecules due to metal-molecule interactions. We quantified changes in fluorescence lifetimes and photostability that were dependent on the ratio of Au and Al. Tuning the enhancement properties of ZMWs by changing the ratio of Au and Al allowed us to match the fluorescence of fluorophores that emit in different regions of the visible spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - W Elliott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Faruk H Moonschi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kentucky KY 40506 USA
| | - So Min Park
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Univ. of Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Bernadeta R Srijanto
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oakridge National Lab Oakridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - C Patrick Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oakridge National Lab Oakridge TN 37831 USA
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18
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Boehm AM, Liu T, Park SM, Abtahi A, Graham KR. Influence of Surface Ligands on Energetics at FASnI 3/C 60 Interfaces and Their Impact on Photovoltaic Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:5209-5218. [PMID: 31887000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial chemistry and energetics significantly impact the performance of photovoltaic devices. In the case of Pb-containing organic metal halide perovskites, photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to determine the energetic alignment of frontier electronic energy levels at various interfaces present in the photovoltaic device. For the Sn-containing analogues, which are less toxic, no such measurements have been made. Through a combination of ultraviolet, inverse, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS, IPES, and XPS, respectively) measurements taken at varying thickness increments during stepwise deposition of C60 on FASnI3, we present the first direct measurements of the frontier electronic energy levels across the FASnI3/C60 interface. The results show band bending in both materials and transport gap widening in FASnI3 at the interface with C60. The XPS results show that iodide diffuses into C60 and results in n-doping of C60. This iodide diffusion out of FASnI3 impacts the valence and conduction band energies of FASnI3 more than the core levels, with the core level shifts displaying a different trend than the valence and conduction bands. Surface treatment of FASnI3 with carboxylic acids and bulky ammonium substituted surface ligands results in slight alterations in the interfacial energetics, and all surface ligands result in similar or improved PV performance relative to the untreated devices. The greatest PV stability results from treatment with a fluorinated carboxylic acid derivative; however, iodide diffusion is still observed to occur with this surface ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Boehm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - So Min Park
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Ashkan Abtahi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
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19
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Petty AJ, Ai Q, Sorli JC, Haneef HF, Purdum GE, Boehm A, Granger DB, Gu K, Rubinger CPL, Parkin SR, Graham KR, Jurchescu OD, Loo YL, Risko C, Anthony JE. Computationally aided design of a high-performance organic semiconductor: the development of a universal crystal engineering core. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10543-10549. [PMID: 32055377 PMCID: PMC6988752 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02930c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a suite of molecules based on a benzodithiophene "universal crystal engineering core". After computationally screening derivatives, a trialkylsilylethyne-based crystal engineering strategy was employed to tailor the crystal packing for use as the active material in an organic field-effect transistor. Electronic structure calculations were undertaken to reveal derivatives that exhibit exceptional potential for high-efficiency hole transport. The promising theoretical properties are reflected in the preliminary device results, with the computationally optimized material showing simple solution processing, enhanced stability, and a maximum hole mobility of 1.6 cm2 V-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Petty
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Qianxiang Ai
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Jeni C Sorli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | - Hamna F Haneef
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials , Wake Forest University , USA
| | - Geoffrey E Purdum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | - Alex Boehm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Devin B Granger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Kaichen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | | | - Sean R Parkin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
| | - Oana D Jurchescu
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials , Wake Forest University , USA
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
- Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40511 , USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , USA .
- Center for Applied Energy Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40511 , USA
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20
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Yurash B, Cao DX, Brus VV, Leifert D, Wang M, Dixon A, Seifrid M, Mansour AE, Lungwitz D, Liu T, Santiago PJ, Graham KR, Koch N, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Towards understanding the doping mechanism of organic semiconductors by Lewis acids. Nat Mater 2019; 18:1327-1334. [PMID: 31527809 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Precise doping of organic semiconductors allows control over the conductivity of these materials, an essential parameter in electronic applications. Although Lewis acids have recently shown promise as dopants for solution-processed polymers, their doping mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that B(C6F5)3 is a superior dopant to the other Lewis acids investigated (BF3, BBr3 and AlCl3). Experiments indicate that Lewis acid-base adduct formation with polymers inhibits the doping process. Electron-nuclear double-resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, together with density functional theory, show that p-type doping occurs by generation of a water-Lewis acid complex with substantial Brønsted acidity, followed by protonation of the polymer backbone and electron transfer from a neutral chain segment to a positively charged, protonated one. This study provides insight into a potential path for protonic acid doping and shows how trace levels of water can transform Lewis acids into powerful Brønsted acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David Xi Cao
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alana Dixon
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Santiago
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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21
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Huang Z, Xu Z, Mahboub M, Liang Z, Jaimes P, Xia P, Graham KR, Tang ML, Lian T. Enhanced Near-Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion by Synthetic Control of PbS Nanocrystal Triplet Photosensitizers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9769-9772. [PMID: 31180212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photon upconversion employing semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) makes use of their large and tunable absorption to harvest light in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths as well as their small gap between singlet and triplet excited states to reduce energy losses. Here, we report the highest QY (11.8%) thus far for the conversion of NIR to yellow photons by improving the quality of the PbS NC. This high QY was achieved by using highly purified lead and thiourea precursors. This QY is 2.6 times higher than from NCs prepared with commercially available lead and sulfide precursors. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals two reasons for the enhanced QY: longer intrinsic exciton lifetimes of PbS NCs and the ability to support a longer triplet lifetime for the surface-bound transmitter molecule. Overall, this results in a higher efficiency of triplet exciton transfer from the PbS NC light absorber to the emitter and thus a higher photon upconversion QY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Melika Mahboub
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Zhiming Liang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Paulina Jaimes
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Pan Xia
- Materials Science & Engineering Program , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Ming L Tang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
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22
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Uddin MA, Calabro RL, Kim DY, Graham KR. Halide exchange and surface modification of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals with alkyltrichlorosilanes. Nanoscale 2018; 10:16919-16927. [PMID: 30178805 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals have recently emerged as promising materials for light emitting displays and lasing applications due to their narrow emission wavelengths, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and readily adjustable emission wavelengths. For these metal halide perovskite nanocrystals to be useful in commercial applications, their stability must be increased and the photoluminescence quantum yields of the iodide (red emitting) and chloride (blue emitting) containing derivatives must also be increased. The photoluminescence quantum yields of blue emitting CsPbCl3 nanoparticles lag behind those of green emitting CsPbBr3 nanoparticles, with maximum photoluminescence quantum yields of 1-10% previously reported for CsPbCl3 as compared to 80-100% for CsPbBr3. Herein, we show that alkyltrichlorosilanes (R-SiCl3) can be used as Cl-sources for rapid anion exchange with host CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. This anion exchange reaction is advantageous in that it can be performed at room temperature and results in highly dispersible nanoparticles coated with siloxane shells. CsPbCl3 nanoparticles produced through Cl-exchange with R-SiCl3 show significantly improved long-term stability and high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 12%. These siloxane coated nanocrystals are even stable in the presence of water, whereas CsPbCl3 nanoparticles synthesized through other routes rapidly degrade in the presence of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Aslam Uddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.
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23
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Park SM, Mazza SM, Liang Z, Abtahi A, Boehm AM, Parkin SR, Anthony JE, Graham KR. Processing Dependent Influence of the Hole Transport Layer Ionization Energy on Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photovoltaics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:15548-15557. [PMID: 29672012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometal halide perovskite photovoltaics typically contain both electron and hole transport layers, both of which influence charge extraction and recombination. The ionization energy (IE) of the hole transport layer (HTL) is one important material property that will influence the open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and short-circuit current. Herein, we introduce a new series of triarylaminoethynylsilanes with adjustable IEs as efficient HTL materials for methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite based photovoltaics. The three triarylaminoethynylsilanes investigated can all be used as HTLs to yield PV performance on par with the commonly used HTLs PEDOT:PSS and Spiro-OMeTAD in inverted architectures (i.e., HTL deposited prior to the perovskite layer). We further investigate the influence of the HTL IE on the photovoltaic performance of MAPbI3 based inverted devices using two different MAPbI3 processing methods with a series of 11 different HTL materials, with IEs ranging from 4.74 to 5.84 eV. The requirements for the HTL IE change based on whether MAPbI3 is formed from lead acetate, Pb(OAc)2, or PbI2 as the Pb source. The ideal HTL IE range is between 4.8 and 5.3 eV for MAPbI3 processed from Pb(OAc)2, while with PbI2 the PV performance is relatively insensitive to variations in the HTL IE between 4.8 and 5.8 eV. Our results suggest that contradictory findings in the literature on the effect of the HTL IE in perovskite photovoltaics stem partly from the different processing methods employed.
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24
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Fursule IA, Abtahi A, Watkins CB, Graham KR, Berron BJ. In situ crosslinking of surface-initiated ring opening metathesis polymerization of polynorbornene for improved stability. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 510:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Zhao X, Xue G, Qu G, Singhania V, Zhao Y, Butrouna K, Gumyusenge A, Diao Y, Graham KR, Li H, Mei J. Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends: Influence of Side Chains of Matrix Polymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guobiao Xue
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State
Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ge Qu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | | - Kamal Butrouna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State
Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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26
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Zhao X, Zhao Y, Ge Q, Butrouna K, Diao Y, Graham KR, Mei J. Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends: The Influence of Conjugation-Break Spacer Length in Matrix Polymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qu Ge
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kamal Butrouna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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27
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Liang Z, Graham KR. Surface Modification of Silver Nanowires for Morphology and Processing Control in Composite Transparent Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:21652-21656. [PMID: 26389535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires are attractive components for a number of materials and applications, including silver nanowire (AgNW)-polymer composites, electrically conductive coatings, and transparent electrodes. In this manuscript, the ability of thiols with hydrophobic to ionic end groups to bind to AgNW surfaces is investigated, followed by how the polarity of the surface modifying thiol influences the morphological and electrical properties of both AgNW/PEDOT:PSS blend films and pure AgNW networks. Utilizing surface modification of AgNWs with sodium 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate (MPS), morphologically homogeneous AgNW/PEDOT:PSS thin films with an order of magnitude lower sheet resistance at similar transmittance values than unmodified AgNWs are obtained with a one-step processing method. Brief optimization of MPS-AgNW/PEDOT:PSS blends yields a sheet resistance of 22.6 Ω/□ at 81.4% transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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28
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Sweetnam S, Graham KR, Ngongang Ndjawa GO, Heumüller T, Bartelt JA, Burke TM, Li W, You W, Amassian A, McGehee MD. Characterization of the Polymer Energy Landscape in Polymer:Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions with Pure and Mixed Phases. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14078-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505463r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Sweetnam
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, 23955−6900
| | - Guy O. Ngongang Ndjawa
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, 23955−6900
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Bartelt
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
| | - Timothy M. Burke
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
| | - Wentao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, 23955−6900
| | - Michael D. McGehee
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4034, United States
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29
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Graham KR, Cabanetos C, Jahnke JP, Idso MN, El Labban A, Ngongang Ndjawa GO, Heumueller T, Vandewal K, Salleo A, Chmelka BF, Amassian A, Beaujuge PM, McGehee MD. Importance of the Donor:Fullerene Intermolecular Arrangement for High-Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9608-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502985g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Graham
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clement Cabanetos
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Justin P. Jahnke
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew N. Idso
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Abdulrahman El Labban
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guy O. Ngongang Ndjawa
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Heumueller
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bradley F. Chmelka
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre M. Beaujuge
- Division of Physical Sciences & Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael D. McGehee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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30
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Vandewal K, Albrecht S, Hoke ET, Graham KR, Widmer J, Douglas JD, Schubert M, Mateker WR, Bloking JT, Burkhard GF, Sellinger A, Fréchet JMJ, Amassian A, Riede MK, McGehee MD, Neher D, Salleo A. Efficient charge generation by relaxed charge-transfer states at organic interfaces. Nat Mater 2014; 13:63-8. [PMID: 24240240 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces between organic electron-donating (D) and electron-accepting (A) materials have the ability to generate charge carriers on illumination. Efficient organic solar cells require a high yield for this process, combined with a minimum of energy losses. Here, we investigate the role of the lowest energy emissive interfacial charge-transfer state (CT1) in the charge generation process. We measure the quantum yield and the electric field dependence of charge generation on excitation of the charge-transfer (CT) state manifold via weakly allowed, low-energy optical transitions. For a wide range of photovoltaic devices based on polymer:fullerene, small-molecule:C60 and polymer:polymer blends, our study reveals that the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is essentially independent of whether or not D, A or CT states with an energy higher than that of CT1 are excited. The best materials systems show an IQE higher than 90% without the need for excess electronic or vibrational energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Vandewal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eric T Hoke
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes Widmer
- Institut für Angewandte Photophysik TU Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jessica D Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 727 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marcel Schubert
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - William R Mateker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jason T Bloking
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - George F Burkhard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alan Sellinger
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2]
| | - Jean M J Fréchet
- 1] King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia [2] Department of Chemistry, University of California, 727 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moritz K Riede
- 1] Institut für Angewandte Photophysik TU Dresden, George-Bähr-Strasse 1, 01062, Dresden, Germany [2]
| | - Michael D McGehee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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31
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Graham KR, Erwin P, Nordlund D, Vandewal K, Li R, Ngongang Ndjawa GO, Hoke ET, Salleo A, Thompson ME, McGehee MD, Amassian A. Re-evaluating the role of sterics and electronic coupling in determining the open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells. Adv Mater 2013; 25:6076-6082. [PMID: 23897581 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of sterics and molecular orientation on the open-circuit voltage and absorbance properties of charge-transfer states are explored in model bilayer organic photovoltaics. It is shown that the open-circuit voltage correlates linearly with the charge-transfer state energy and is not significantly influenced by electronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Graham
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, 23955-6900; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
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32
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Aitken BS, Wieruszewski PM, Graham KR, Reynolds JR, Wagener KB. Control of Charge-Carrier Mobility via In-Chain Spacer Length Variation in Sequenced Triarylamine Functionalized Polyolefins. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:324-327. [PMID: 35578532 DOI: 10.1021/mz2001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A set of six perfectly regioregular pendant 2,7-bis(phenyl-m-toluylamino)fluorene (TPF) functionalized polyolefins for use as charge transporting materials in polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) were prepared and characterized. Synthesis of these materials is straightforward, requiring only three or four steps, depending on the polymer, and final isolated yields over all steps combined were greater than 40% in all but one case. Most notably, these materials exhibit charge-carrier mobilities that can be controlled over 3 orders of magnitude by variation of the number of intermediary carbons (spacer length) between the pendant TPF groups. The range of hole mobilities encompasses the electron mobilities of common electron transport materials/emitters such as Alq3 and PBD, thus, affording the opportunity to fabricate electroactive polyolefin based PLEDs with well matched charge-carrier mobilities and improved performance. We believe this approach to charge-carrier mobility control in electroactive materials could be easily extended to other aryl systems with different HOMO-LUMO levels for energy level and mobility matching with various emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Aitken
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Patrick M. Wieruszewski
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science
and Engineering, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Aitken BS, Wieruszewski PM, Graham KR, Reynolds JR, Wagener KB. Perfectly Regioregular Electroactive Polyolefins: Impact of Inter-Chromophore Distance on PLED EQE. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202409k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Aitken
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200,
United States
| | - Patrick M. Wieruszewski
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200,
United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200,
United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200,
United States
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine
Butler Polymer Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200,
United States
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Patel DG(D, Graham KR, Reynolds JR. A Diels–Alder crosslinkable host polymer for improved PLED performance: the impact on solution processed doped device and multilayer device performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14591j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Amb CM, Chen S, Graham KR, Subbiah J, Small CE, So F, Reynolds JR. Dithienogermole As a Fused Electron Donor in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10062-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204056m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Amb
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jegadesan Subbiah
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Cephas E. Small
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Franky So
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Graham KR, Mei J, Stalder R, Shim JW, Cheun H, Steffy F, So F, Kippelen B, Reynolds JR. Polydimethylsiloxane as a macromolecular additive for enhanced performance of molecular bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2011; 3:1210-1215. [PMID: 21405105 DOI: 10.1021/am2000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the macromolecular additive, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), on the performance of solution processed molecular bulk heterojunction solar cells is investigated, and the addition of PDMS is shown to improve device power conversion efficiency by ∼70% and significantly reduce cell-to-cell variation, from a power conversion efficiency of 1.25 ± 0.37% with no PDMS to 2.16 ± 0.09% upon the addition of 0.1 mg/mL PDMS to the casting solution. The cells are based on a thiophene and isoindigo containing oligomer as the electron donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC(61)BM) as the electron acceptor. PDMS is shown to have a strong influence on film morphology, with a significant decrease in film roughness and feature size observed. The morphology change leads to improved performance parameters, most notably an increase in the short circuit current density from 4.3 to 6.8 mA/cm(2) upon addition of 0.1 mg/mL PDMS. The use of PDMS is of particular interest, as this additive appears frequently as a lubricant in plastic syringes commonly used in device fabrication; therefore, PDMS may unintentionally be incorporated into device active layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Graham
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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Patel DG“D, Ohnishi YY, Yang Y, Eom SH, Farley RT, Graham KR, Xue J, Hirata S, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR. Conjugated polymers for pure UV light emission: Poly(meta
-phenylenes). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Koldemir U, Graham KR, Salazar DH, McCarley TD, Reynolds JR. Electron rich APFO polymer with dual electrochromism and electroluminescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10345h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mei J, Aitken BS, Graham KR, Wagener KB, Reynolds JR. Regioregular Electroactive Polyolefins with Precisely Sequenced π-Conjugated Chromophores. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100863h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Mei
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Brian S. Aitken
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Kenneth B. Wagener
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
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Abstract
Isoindigo, as a new electron acceptor unit for organic electronic materials, was integrated into two low-energy gap oligothiophenes. Optical and electrochemical studies of the newly synthesized oligomers demonstrate broad absorption through the visible spectrum, along with appropriate energy levels, as desired for light harvesting donors for organic solar cells when blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(60)BM). Molecular heterojunction solar cells were fabricated using these oligomers and exhibit a power conversion efficiency up to 1.76% with a V(oc) of 0.74 V, I(sc) of 6.3 mA/cm(2) and fill factor of 0.38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Mei
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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Mortimer RJ, Graham KR, Grenier CRG, Reynolds JR. Influence of the film thickness and morphology on the colorimetric properties of spray-coated electrochromic disubstituted 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene polymers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2009; 1:2269-2276. [PMID: 20355862 DOI: 10.1021/am900431z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Variation of the colorimetric properties as a function of the film thickness and morphology has been investigated for two spray-coated electrochromic disubstituted 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene polymers. Changes in the luminance, hue, and saturation have been tracked using CIE 1931 Lxy chromaticity coordinates, with CIELAB 1976 color space coordinates, L*, a*, and b*, being used to quantify the colors. For (precycled) neutral PProDOT-(Hx)(2) films, with an increase in the thickness, L* is seen to decrease, with a* and b* coordinates moving in positive and negative directions, respectively, with quantification of the pink/purple (magenta) color as the summation of red and blue. For all thicknesses, L* is comparable, pre- and postcycling, with a* decreasing (less red) and b* becoming more negative (more blue) and the film now appearing as purple in the neutral state. Color coordinates for the reverse (reduction) direction exhibited hysteresis in comparison with the initial oxidation, with the specific choice of perceived color values depending not only on the film thickness but also on both the potential applied and from which direction the potential is changed. Neutral PProDOT-(2-MeBu)(2) films appear blue/purple to the eye both as-deposited and after potential cycling to the transparent oxidized state. For the neutral, colored state, with an increase in the thickness, L* is seen to decrease, with a* and b* coordinates moving in positive and negative directions, respectively. For PProDOT-(2-MeBu)(2) films, the a* coordinates are lower positive values and the b* coordinates are higher negative values, thus quantifying the high dominance of the blue color in the blue/purple films compared to the pink/purple PProDOT-(Hx)(2) films. As for the PProDOT-(Hx)(2) films, the tracks of the color coordinates show that the specific choice of perceived color values depends on the film thickness. Unlike the PProDOT-(Hx)(2) films, hysteresis is absent in the oxidation/reduction track of the x-y coordinates for the PProDOT-(2-MeBu)(2) films, although slight hysteresis is present in the luminance. Characterization of the film morphologies through atomic force microscopy reveals a much rougher, higher surface area morphology for the PProDOT-(2-MeBu)(2) films versus the PProDOT-(Hx)(2) films. The branched repeat unit in the PProDOT-(2-MeBu)(2) films provides a structure that allows ions to ingress/egress more effectively, thus removing hysteresis from the optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Mortimer
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA.
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Sommer JR, Farley RT, Graham KR, Yang Y, Reynolds JR, Xue J, Schanze KS. Efficient near-infrared polymer and organic light-emitting diodes based on electrophosphorescence from (tetraphenyltetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin)platinum(II). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2009; 1:274-278. [PMID: 20353214 DOI: 10.1021/am800236x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The new metalloporphyrin Pt(tptnp), where tptnp = tetraphenyltetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrin, has been prepared and subjected to photophysical and electrooptical device studies. In degassed toluene solution at room temperature Pt(tptnp) features efficient phosphorescence emission with lambda(max) 883 nm with a quantum efficiency of 0.22. The complex has been used as the active phosphor in polymer and organic light-emitting diodes. Polymer light-emitting diodes based on a spin-coated emissive layer consisting of a blend of Pt(tptnp) doped in poly(9-vinylcarbazole) and 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole exhibit near-IR emission with lambda(max) 896 nm, with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.4% and a maximum radiant emittance of 100 muW/cm(2). Organic light-emitting diodes prepared via vapor deposition of all layers and that feature an optimized multilayer hole injection and electron blocking layer heterostructure with an emissive layer consisting of 4,4'-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP) doped with Pt(tptnp) exhibit a maximum EQE of 3.8% and a maximum radiant emittance of 1.8 mW/cm(2). The polymer and organic light-emitting diodes characterized in this study exhibit record high efficiency for devices that emit in the near-IR at lambda >800 nm.
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Abstract
Over a 28-year period, 724 men and 1148 women completed the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. Overall, women scored higher than men. This effect was most prominent on 6 of the 12 items, most (though not all) challenge items (identified by a principal-components analysis). The overall effect size was quite small. Results are discussed in terms of differences in item difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Rudski
- Department of Psychology, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104, USA.
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Graham KR, Marra LC, Rudski JM. Hypnotic susceptibility as a predictor of participation in student activities. Am J Clin Hypn 2003; 46:139-45. [PMID: 14609299 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2003.10403584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A scores for 458 college students were compared with college yearbook records of their participation in student activities. Students who scored low in susceptibility showed significantly less participation in activities than others who were either moderate or high in susceptibility. Overall, females showed higher levels of participation than males, but there was no significant interaction between gender and hypnotic susceptibility. Spectral analysis showed participation scores to be somewhat more strongly related to easier HGSHS:A items than to more difficult items in the manner predicted by two-factor theory. Closer examination of the results revealed that this effect was primarily due to the fact that low susceptible subjects participated significantly less in student activities than subjects who were either moderate or high in hypnotic susceptibility. The results suggest that future research should further examine the unique contribution of low susceptibility subjects to hypnosis theory and research.
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Graham KR. Neisser, U. (Ed.)Memory observed.San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1982. Norman, D. A.Learning and memory.San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1982. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1984. [DOI: 10.1080/00029157.1984.10402579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Graham KR. Sheehan, P. W. & McConkey, K. M.Hypnosis and Experience: The Exploration of Phenomena and Process. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1982. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1982. [DOI: 10.1080/00029157.1982.10404100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Graham KR, Harris M. Response to referrals for hypnotherapy. American Psychologist 1981. [DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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