[The medical post-mortem examination - step by step]

The physician has to make numerous and legally far-reaching determinations in the course of the post-mortem examination. These can have considerable consequences for relatives and, moreover, for society. Therefore, the correct performance of post-mortem examinations and the correct evaluation of the findings is an extremely responsible task that every physician should master.

[Vital animal predation of the genital region caused by a mongrel dog]

A 79-year-old man, who was in a helpless situation due to cardiac decompensation, suffered dog bite injuries on the left thigh and in the genital region while still alive. Two extensive soft-tissue defects with contused and bruised wound edges were surrounded by multiple slit-like skin lesions. The outer genitals were almost completely missing. Because of surgical emergency treatment, molecular biological investigations were no longer possible. Therefore, the cause of the bite injuries had to be determined solely on the basis of the documented morphology of the wounds.

Ballistic parameters of cal. 9 mm x 17 mm industrial blank cartridges (cattle cartridges)

INTRODUCTION

Cal. 9 mm x 17 mm industrial blank cartridges deserve special interest in the field of forensic ballistic. This calibre is most often used in Kerner-type livestock stunners, but also in different power tools. The legal framework of these industrial blank cartridges is provided by the C.I.P. and DIN 7260 regulations. The aim of this investigation is to describe and compare two experimental test procedures for measurement of maximum gas pressure and kinetic energy of cal. 9 mm x 17 mm industrial blank cartridges according to standardized C.I.P. and DIN 7260 protocols and to provide these ballistic data.

METHODS

Using two different pressure measurement barrels and standardized test projectiles, the maximum gas pressure and the kinetic energy of the test projectiles are investigated. While the pressure take-off point in C.I.P. protocol is at the cartridge mouth, the DIN 7260 protocol is modified using a pressure take-off point in the cartridge chamber. For each test protocol (C.I.P. and DIN), maximum gas pressure, velocity, impulse and energy of the test projectiles are measured. Each ten cartridges from the same ammunition lot of four different energy levels (red, blue, yellow, green) are investigated.

RESULTS

While the cartridge energy values are comparable between the two different test protocols, maximum gas pressure measured in the DIN set-up (3907 bar) far surpasses the gas pressure in the C.I.P. protocol (1586 bar). Both test protocols observed higher energy values of the green and yellow cartridges than regulated in DIN 7260.

CONCLUSION

Enormous gas pressure values of more than 3900 bar emphasize the power of industrial blank cartridges. Once again, the harmlessness of these blank cartridges and the weapons/tools that are operated with these propellants is refuted.

[Lethal intoxication while driving a car]

This report concerns a passenger car crash, which at first looked like a case of multiple trauma resulting in the death of the pinned-in driver. Conspicuous was a cuff that had been applied to the left forearm. No significant injuries could be determined during the autopsy of the corpse. The forensic toxicology results showed lethal toxic concentrations of the painkiller pethidine, which suggests that the driver had applied a lethal dose of the medication immediately before the collision as part of a complex suicide.

Dynamic pressure measurement of cartridge operated vole captive bolt devices

INTRODUCTION

Vole captive bolt devices are powder actuated spring guns that are used as a pest control mean. After having triggered the explosion of the blank cartridge by touching a metal ring around the muzzle, the vole is killed by the massive propulsion of the gas jet. Improper use and recklessness while handling these devices may cause severe injuries with the hand of the operator at particular risk. Currently, there are no experimental investigations on the ballistic background of these devices.

METHODS

An experimental test set-up was designed for measurement of the firing pressure and the dynamic force of the gas jet of a vole captive bolt device. Therefore, a vole captive bolt device was prepared with a pressure take-off channel and a piezoelectric transducer for measurement of the firing pressure. For measurement of the dynamic impact force of the gas jet an annular quartz force sensor was installed on a test bench. Each three simultaneous measurements of the cartridges' firing pressure and the dynamic force of the blast wave were taken at various distances between muzzle and load washer.

RESULTS

The maximum gas pressure in the explosion chamber was up to 1100 bar. The shot development over time showed a typical gas pressure curve. Flow velocity of the gas jet was up to 2000 m/s. The maximum impact force of the gas jet at the target showed a strong inverse ratio to the muzzle's distance and was up to 11,500 N for the contact shot distance. Energy density of the gas jet for the close contact shot was far beyond the energy density required for skin penetration.

CONCLUSION

The unique design features (short tube between cartridge mouth and muzzle and narrow diameter of the muzzle) of these gadgets are responsible for the high firing pressure, velocity and force of the gas jet. These findings explain the trauma mechanics of the extensive tissue damage observed in accidental shots of these devices.

[Individual identification of fallow deer using microsatellite polymorphism in a case of poaching]]

The paper reports on molecular biological investigations in a case of poaching which resulted in considerable damage for property. Blood traces from poaching sites have been analysed and compared with blood from two knives and a pair of trousers of the suspects. In two of three poaching sites, genomic DNA could be amplified by PCR and assigned to fallow deer. The authors could demonstrate identical allelic combinations between one of the poaching sites and a part of the traces. Problems of the legal appreciation in this case are described.

[Morphology and phenomenology of death by kicking (II)]

In the years from 1982 to 1995, 20,504 autopsy cases were examined at the Departments of Forensic Medicine in Hamburg and Greifswald. In 103 cases death was caused by kicking. In the Greifswald area, the occurrence of kicking as the cause of death could be demonstrated in 68 cases (30% of all homicides), which is in contrast to the observations in Hamburg, were kicking amounted to only 2.5% of the homicides. Most of the victims (average age 44 years) were under the influence of alcohol (mean blood alcohol concentration 1.75/1000), and most were on social support. The victims often showed other signs of blunt trauma such as blows with the fist and strangulation. In a few cases, cutting and stabbing wounds were also found. In the majority of cases death was due to severe haemorrhages and aspiration of blood in addition to the direct effects of the head injuries. The crimes were committed by one person in 46 cases, two in 20 and three in 4 cases. The perpetrators (average age 27.6 years) were always younger than the victims. Case reports show that fatal kicking was mostly triggered by relatively trivial arguments. None of the incidents were preplanned by the perpetrators. In contrast to an expected higher incidence of kicking deaths in the urban area of Hamburg, these crimes occurred ten times more frequently in the rural area of Greifswald.

[Homicide or suicide? A contribution to the topic of insufficient investigation]

Two deaths by stab wounds are reported, which were first mistaken for suicide and discovered only on autopsy. The hypothesis "suicide", which was based only on the statements made by the women ascertained as the offenders later, was not questioned by the doctors doing the postmortem examination and was accepted without further investigation by the police officers first handling the cases. Moreover, in the second case the signs of the repeated impact of blunt force were overlooked in addition.