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Wilhelm LP, Ganley IG. Eating your mitochondria-when too much of a good thing turns bad. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114542. [PMID: 37272260 PMCID: PMC10308347 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How mitophagy is turned on to remove damaged or excess mitochondria from cells has been well-studied, but less is known about how the pathway is turned off to avoid "over-eating" of mitochondria under basal conditions. Three new studies now reveal the disease-associated FBXL4 protein as an important negative regulator of constitutive mitophagy, controlling the stability of mitophagy receptors BNIP3 and NIX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa P Wilhelm
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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2
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Lambourne OA, Bell S, Wilhelm LP, Yarbrough EB, Holly GG, Russell OM, Alghamdi AM, Fdel AM, Varricchio C, Lane EL, Ganley IG, Jones AT, Goldberg MS, Mehellou Y. PINK1-Dependent Mitophagy Inhibits Elevated Ubiquitin Phosphorylation Caused by Mitochondrial Damage. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37248632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin phosphorylation by the mitochondrial protein kinase PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), upon mitochondrial depolarization, is an important intermediate step in the recycling of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. As mutations in PINK1 can cause early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD), there has been a growing interest in small-molecule activators of PINK1-mediated mitophagy as potential PD treatments. Herein, we show that N6-substituted adenosines, such as N6-(2-furanylmethyl)adenosine (known as kinetin riboside) and N6-benzyladenosine, activate PINK1 in HeLa cells and induce PINK1-dependent mitophagy in primary mouse fibroblasts. Interestingly, pre-treatment of HeLa cells and astrocytes with these compounds inhibited elevated ubiquitin phosphorylation that is induced by established mitochondrial depolarizing agents, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazine and niclosamide. Together, this highlights N6-substituted adenosines as progenitor PINK1 activators that could potentially be developed, in the future, as treatments for aged and sporadic PD patients who have elevated phosphorylated ubiquitin levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Lambourne
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Shane Bell
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Léa P Wilhelm
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, U.K
| | - Erika B Yarbrough
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Gabriel G Holly
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Oliver M Russell
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Arwa M Alghamdi
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Azeza M Fdel
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Carmine Varricchio
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Emma L Lane
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, U.K
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
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3
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Wilhelm LP, Ganley IG. Mitochondria and peroxisomes: partners in autophagy. Autophagy 2022:1-2. [PMID: 36572844 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2155368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, often called "the powerhouse" of the cell due to their role as the main energy supplier, regulate numerous complex processes including intracellular calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, regulation of immune responses, and apoptosis. So, mitochondria are a fundamental metabolic hub that also control cell survival and cell death. However, they are not unique in all these functions. Indeed, peroxisomes are small cytoplasmic organelles that also ensure metabolic functions such as fatty acid oxidation and ROS production. This common relationship also extends beyond function as peroxisomes themselves can form from mitochondrial-derived precursors. Given this interconnection between mitochondria and peroxisomes involving biogenesis and function, in our recent work we determined if their turnover was also linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa P Wilhelm
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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4
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Wilhelm LP, Zapata-Muñoz J, Villarejo-Zori B, Pellegrin S, Freire CM, Toye AM, Boya P, Ganley IG. BNIP3L/NIX regulates both mitophagy and pexophagy. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111115. [PMID: 36215693 PMCID: PMC9753467 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are closely related metabolic organelles, both in terms of origin and in terms of function. Mitochondria and peroxisomes can also be turned over by autophagy, in processes termed mitophagy and pexophagy, respectively. However, despite their close relationship, it is not known if both organelles are turned over under similar conditions, and if so, how this might be coordinated molecularly. Here, we find that multiple selective autophagy pathways are activated upon iron chelation and show that mitophagy and pexophagy occur in a BNIP3L/NIX-dependent manner. We reveal that the outer mitochondrial membrane-anchored NIX protein, previously described as a mitophagy receptor, also independently localises to peroxisomes and drives pexophagy. We show this process happens in vivo, with mouse tissue that lacks NIX having a higher peroxisomal content. We further show that pexophagy is stimulated under the same physiological conditions that activate mitophagy, including cardiomyocyte and erythrocyte differentiation. Taken together, our work uncovers a dual role for NIX, not only in mitophagy but also in pexophagy, thus illustrating the interconnection between selective autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa P Wilhelm
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Pellegrin
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Red Blood Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Red Blood Cell Products, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Wilhelm LP, Voilquin L, Kobayashi T, Tomasetto C, Alpy F. Intracellular and Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Labeling and Quantification Using Filipin and GFP-D4. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1949:137-152. [PMID: 30790254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9136-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol, a major component of biological membranes, is rapidly trafficked and unevenly distributed between organelles. Anomalies of intracellular cholesterol distribution are the hallmark of a number of lysosomal lipid storage disorders. A major methodological obstacle for studying cholesterol trafficking is tracing this molecule in situ. The use of fluorescent probes that specifically bind cholesterol allows the visualization and imaging of cellular cholesterol. Here, we describe a series of assays optimized for quantifying free cholesterol in cell populations and at the single cell level, both at the plasma membrane and inside cells. These methods use two fluorescent probes: the D4 fragment of perfringolysin O fused to GFP (GFP-D4) and the polyene macrolide filipin. First, we report a robust method for quantifying plasma membrane cholesterol by flow cytometry using the GFP-D4 probe. Second, to optically distinguish and quantify intracellular cholesterol accumulation, we have adapted the classical filipin cholesterol staining protocol. Indeed, we observed that treatment of living cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, a chemical known to extract cholesterol from the plasma membrane, improves the visualization of the intracellular cholesterol pool with filipin. To complement these staining procedures, we developed an image analysis protocol based on image segmentation to quantify, in a robust manner, intracellular cholesterol stained with filipin. Thus, this chapter is a guideline for cellular cholesterol staining and signal quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa P Wilhelm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laetitia Voilquin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Université de Strasbourg and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7021, Illkirch, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Fabien Alpy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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Di Mattia T, Wilhelm LP, Ikhlef S, Wendling C, Spehner D, Nominé Y, Giordano F, Mathelin C, Drin G, Tomasetto C, Alpy F. Identification of MOSPD2, a novel scaffold for endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45453. [PMID: 29858488 PMCID: PMC6030701 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites are cellular structures that mediate interorganelle exchange and communication. The two major tether proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), VAP-A and VAP-B, interact with proteins from other organelles that possess a small VAP-interacting motif, named FFAT [two phenylalanines (FF) in an acidic track (AT)]. In this study, using an unbiased proteomic approach, we identify a novel ER tether named motile sperm domain-containing protein 2 (MOSPD2). We show that MOSPD2 possesses a Major Sperm Protein (MSP) domain which binds FFAT motifs and consequently allows membrane tethering in vitro MOSPD2 is an ER-anchored protein, and it interacts with several FFAT-containing tether proteins from endosomes, mitochondria, or Golgi. Consequently, MOSPD2 and these organelle-bound proteins mediate the formation of contact sites between the ER and endosomes, mitochondria, or Golgi. Thus, we characterized here MOSPD2, a novel tethering component related to VAP proteins, bridging the ER with a variety of distinct organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Di Mattia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Léa P Wilhelm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Souade Ikhlef
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Corinne Wendling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Danièle Spehner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Nominé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CEA, CNRS, Paris-Sud University Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France
| | - Carole Mathelin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Senology Unit, Strasbourg University Hospital (CHRU), Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Drin
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Fabien Alpy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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7
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Wilhelm LP, Wendling C, Védie B, Kobayashi T, Chenard MP, Tomasetto C, Drin G, Alpy F. STARD3 mediates endoplasmic reticulum-to-endosome cholesterol transport at membrane contact sites. EMBO J 2017; 36:1412-1433. [PMID: 28377464 PMCID: PMC5430228 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
StAR‐related lipid transfer domain‐3 (STARD3) is a sterol‐binding protein that creates endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–endosome contact sites. How this protein, at the crossroad between sterol uptake and synthesis pathways, impacts the intracellular distribution of this lipid was ill‐defined. Here, by using in situ cholesterol labeling and quantification, we demonstrated that STARD3 induces cholesterol accumulation in endosomes at the expense of the plasma membrane. STARD3‐mediated cholesterol routing depends both on its lipid transfer activity and its ability to create ER–endosome contacts. Corroborating this, in vitro reconstitution assays indicated that STARD3 and its ER‐anchored partner, Vesicle‐associated membrane protein‐associated protein (VAP), assemble into a machine that allows a highly efficient transport of cholesterol within membrane contacts. Thus, STARD3 is a cholesterol transporter scaffolding ER–endosome contacts and modulating cellular cholesterol repartition by delivering cholesterol to endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa P Wilhelm
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Corinne Wendling
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Benoît Védie
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, Paris, France
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Laboratory of Biophotonics and Pharmacology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7213, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chenard
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Générale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Drin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Fabien Alpy
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Rousseau A, Wilhelm LP, Tomasetto C, Alpy F. The phosphoinositide-binding protein TRAF4 modulates tight junction stability and migration of cancer cells. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e975597. [PMID: 25610759 PMCID: PMC4292048 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.975597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4), a protein localized in TJs in normal epithelial cells, is frequently overexpressed in carcinomas. We recently found that TRAF4 impedes TJ formation/stability and favors cell migration, 2 hallmarks of cancer progression. In addition TRAF4 contributes to the TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and p53 destabilization. TRAF4 recruitment to TJs is a prerequisite for its biological function on TJ formation/stability and on cell migration. Interestingly, TRAF4 is targeted to TJs through lipid-binding. The trimeric TRAF domain of TRAF4 binds 3 phosphoinositide (PIP) molecules. These findings shed new light on the role of TRAF4 in cancer progression; they provide a novel link between lipid metabolism and cancer progression and support the notion that TRAF4 could be a relevant target for cancer therapies. TRAF4 belongs to a family of 7 human proteins involved in different biological processes, such as inflammation, immunity and embryonic development. While the lipid-binding ability of the TRAF domain is conserved among the whole TRAF protein family, its functional role remains to be established for the remaining TRAF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Rousseau
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Functional Genomics and Cancer Department ; Illkirch, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Illkirch, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Illkirch, France ; Université de Strasbourg ; Illkirch, France ; Present address: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology ; Cambridge, UK
| | - Léa P Wilhelm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Functional Genomics and Cancer Department ; Illkirch, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Illkirch, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Illkirch, France ; Université de Strasbourg ; Illkirch, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Functional Genomics and Cancer Department ; Illkirch, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Illkirch, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Illkirch, France ; Université de Strasbourg ; Illkirch, France
| | - Fabien Alpy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Functional Genomics and Cancer Department ; Illkirch, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Illkirch, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Illkirch, France ; Université de Strasbourg ; Illkirch, France
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