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Weller SA, Armstrong SR, Bailey S, Burnell HT, Burt EL, Cant NE, Cawthorne KR, Chester M, Choules JE, Coe NA, Coward L, Cox VL, Emery ER, Evans CP, Finn A, Halford CM, Hamblin KA, Harrison GV, Hartley MG, Hudson C, James B, Jones HE, Keyser E, Lonsdale CL, Marshall LE, Maule CE, Miles JA, Newstead SL, Nicholls M, Osborne C, Pearcy AS, Penny LD, Perrot R, Rachwal P, Robinson V, Rushton D, Stahl FM, Staplehurst SV, Stapleton HL, Steeds K, Stephenson K, Thompson IJ, Thwaite JE, Ulaeto DO, Waters N, Wills DJ, Wills ZS, Rees C, Hutley EJ. Development and operation of the defence COVID-19 lab as a SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic screening capability for UK military personnel. BMJ Mil Health 2022; 170:e002134. [PMID: 35878971 PMCID: PMC10958320 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) and Defence Pathology combined to form the Defence Clinical Lab (DCL), an accredited (ISO/IEC 17025:2017) high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 PCR screening capability for military personnel. LABORATORY STRUCTURE AND RESOURCE The DCL was modular in organisation, with laboratory modules and supporting functions combining to provide the accredited SARS-CoV-2 (envelope (E)-gene) PCR assay. The DCL was resourced by Dstl scientists and military clinicians and biomedical scientists. LABORATORY RESULTS Over 12 months of operation, the DCL was open on 289 days and tested over 72 000 samples. Six hundred military SARS-CoV-2-positive results were reported with a median E-gene quantitation cycle (Cq) value of 30.44. The lowest Cq value for a positive result observed was 11.20. Only 64 samples (0.09%) were voided due to assay inhibition after processing started. CONCLUSIONS Through a sustained effort and despite various operational issues, the collaboration between Dstl scientific expertise and Defence Pathology clinical expertise provided the UK military with an accredited high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 PCR test capability at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. The DCL helped facilitate military training and operational deployments contributing to the maintenance of UK military capability. In offering a bespoke capability, including features such as testing samples in unit batches and oversight by military consultant microbiologists, the DCL provided additional benefits to the UK Ministry of Defence that were potentially not available from other SARS-CoV-2 PCR laboratories. The links between Dstl and Defence Pathology have also been strengthened, benefitting future research activities and operational responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Weller
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - S R Armstrong
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - S Bailey
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - H T Burnell
- Operations Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - E L Burt
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - N E Cant
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - K R Cawthorne
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - M Chester
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - J E Choules
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - N A Coe
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - L Coward
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - V L Cox
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - E R Emery
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - C P Evans
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - A Finn
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - C M Halford
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - K A Hamblin
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - G V Harrison
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - M G Hartley
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - C Hudson
- Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - B James
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - H E Jones
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - E Keyser
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - C L Lonsdale
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - L E Marshall
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - C E Maule
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - J A Miles
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - S L Newstead
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - M Nicholls
- Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Osborne
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - A S Pearcy
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - L D Penny
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - R Perrot
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - P Rachwal
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - V Robinson
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - D Rushton
- Platform Systems Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - F M Stahl
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - S V Staplehurst
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - H L Stapleton
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - K Steeds
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - K Stephenson
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - I J Thompson
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - J E Thwaite
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - D O Ulaeto
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - N Waters
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - D J Wills
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Z S Wills
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - C Rees
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - E J Hutley
- Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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Mendenhall C, Roselle GA, Lybecker LA, Marshall LE, Grossman CJ, Myre SA, Weesner RE, Morgan DD. Hepatitis B vaccination. Response of alcoholic with and without liver injury. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33:263-9. [PMID: 2856849 DOI: 10.1007/bf01535747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholics are at risk to develop hepatitis B infections, chronic active hepatitis, and even hepatoma. Hence, immunization with hepatitis B vaccine is recommended. However, immune abnormalities may coexist which alter their responsiveness to vaccination. This study compares the immune response to this vaccine in controls (group I), alcoholics without overt liver disease (group II), and alcoholics with clinical liver disease (group III). By the seventh month after the initial vaccination, 89% in group I, 70% in group II, and 18% in group III had a response greater than 36 RIA units. The magnitude of the response was significantly different in groups I, II, and III (19,456 vs 8,326 vs 153 RIA units, respectively; P less than 0.05, group I vs III). In those who did not respond, a significant (P less than 0.02) lower helper/inducer (T4) class of lymphocytes was observed as compared to patients who exhibited an adequate response. These observations suggest: (1) that the response to hepatitis B vaccine is a T-cell-dependent event and (2) that in this population, using the existing vaccine, postvaccination evaluations of antibody concentrations are needed before protection against hepatitis B infection can be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mendenhall
- VA Medical Center, Hepatic Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220
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