1
|
Chantrain VA, Foubert A, Meeus M, Lambert C, Lobet S, Maes P, Fransen E, Durnez L, Hermans C, Roussel NA. Joint status, pain and quality of life in elderly people with haemophilia: A case-control study. Haemophilia 2023; 29:1621-1632. [PMID: 37861076 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elderly people with haemophilia (PwH) develop haemophilic arthropathy, pain, and reduced health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). The condition of elderly mild haemophilia patients have rarely been evaluated. This study aimed to compare joint status, pain, and HR-QoL between elderly with mild, moderate/severe haemophilia and healthy elderlies. METHODS Knee/ankle abnormalities were assessed by ultrasound (HEAD-US) and physical examination (HJHS 2.1). Pain severity and pain interference were investigated using the Brief Pain Inventory. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were obtained at knees/ankles and forehead. Functional limitations were evaluated using the 2-Minute-Walking-Test, Timed-Up-and-Go and HAL. The EQ-5D-5L questionnaire evaluated HR-QoL. Healthy controls (HCs) and elderly individuals with moderate/severe and mild haemophilia were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS From the 46 elderly PwH approached, 40 individuals (≥60 years) with haemophilia A/B (17 moderate/severe; 23 mild) and 20 age-matched HCs were recruited. Moderate/severe PwH displayed worse joint status, lower PPTs, and poorer HR-QoL than mild PwH and HCs (p-value = .010-<.001). HEAD-US abnormalities were observed in 100% of knees and 94% of ankles in moderate/severe PwH, versus 50% of knees and 61% of ankles in mild PwH. Pain was reported by 80% and 57% of moderate/severe and mild PwH, respectively. Low PPTs, functional limitations, and poor HR-QoL scores were likewise observed in some mild PwH, yet without significantly differing from HCs. CONCLUSION This study highlights poor joint/functional status, pain, and HR-QoL outcomes in elderly with moderate/severe haemophilia. A few mild haemophilia subjects presented joint abnormalities, pain, functional limitations, and poor HR-QoL, without significantly differing from HCs. HIGHLIGHTS Elderly individuals with mild haemophilia have not yet been extensively studied, whereas moderate/severe haemophilia individuals have proven to suffer from haemophilic arthropathy, pain, and poor health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Using a case-control design, joint status, pain, and HR-QoL outcomes were examined in elderly haemophilia individuals and compared with those of healthy controls (HCs). Elderly moderate/severe haemophilia individuals exhibited worse joint status, increased joint pain sensitivity, and reduced HR-QoL compared with both mild haemophilia subjects and HCs. A subset of mild haemophilia subjects exhibited poor joint status, pain, and HR-QoL outcomes, without any differences noted when compared with HCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie-Anne Chantrain
- Faculty of Medicines and Health Sciences, Research Group (MOVANT), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Pain in Motion, International Research Group, Brussel, Belgium
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Haematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Neuromusculoskeletal Lab (NMSK), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anthe Foubert
- Faculty of Medicines and Health Sciences, Research Group (MOVANT), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Pain in Motion, International Research Group, Brussel, Belgium
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Haematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mira Meeus
- Faculty of Medicines and Health Sciences, Research Group (MOVANT), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Pain in Motion, International Research Group, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Catherine Lambert
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Haematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Lobet
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Haematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Neuromusculoskeletal Lab (NMSK), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Secteur de Kinésithérapie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip Maes
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Paediatric Haematology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- Centre of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Faculty of Medicines and Health Sciences, Research Group (MOVANT), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Cedric Hermans
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Haematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Anne Roussel
- Faculty of Medicines and Health Sciences, Research Group (MOVANT), Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Foubert A, Roussel NA, Chantrain VA, Maes P, Durnez L, Lobet S, Lambert C, Hermans C, Meeus M. The Classification of Suspected Predominant Nociplastic Pain in People with Moderate and Severe Haemophilia: A Secondary Exploratory Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2479. [PMID: 37760921 PMCID: PMC10525501 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In people with haemophilia (PwH), joint pain is a major comorbidity that is often overlooked and under-treated. It is believed that, to ensure the most successful outcome, pain management should be tailored to the predominant pain phenotype (i.e., nociceptive, neuropathic and nociplastic). The 2021 clinical criteria and grading system for nociplastic pain, established by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), emphasize the necessity of early-stage identification and predominant pain type classification. Consistent with findings in other chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions, studies suggest that a subgroup of PwH suffers from nociplastic pain, i.e., pain arising from altered nociception rather than structural damage, but this has not yet been explored in PwH. This study aimed to identify PwH with "unlikely", "possible" and "probable" nociplastic pain and investigate differences in anthropometric, demographic and clinical characteristics and psychological factors between subgroups of PwH and healthy individuals.: The IASP clinical criteria and grading system were used to classify pain types in adult men with moderate or severe haemophilia recruited from two Belgian haemophilia treatment centres. Statistical analyses were applied to study between-subgroup differences. Of 94 PwH, 80 PwH (85%) were classified with "unlikely" and 14 (15%) with "at least possible" nociplastic pain (including 5 PwH (5%) with "possible" and 9 PwH (10%) with "probable" nociplastic pain). PwH in both the "unlikely" and "at least possible" nociplastic pain groups showed significantly higher levels of unhelpful psychological factors compared to healthy individuals. Additionally, age may partially account for the observed differences in body height and psychological factors. Larger sample sizes may be needed to detect more subtle between-group differences. study confirmed the presence of nociplastic pain in haemophilia, categorising a notable subgroup as individuals who experience at least possible nociplastic pain. These exploratory insights may provide a starting point for future studies and the development of more effective and tailored pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthe Foubert
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.F.); (V.-A.C.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Pain in Motion International Research Group, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Anne Roussel
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.F.); (V.-A.C.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Valérie-Anne Chantrain
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.F.); (V.-A.C.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Pain in Motion International Research Group, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Neuromusculoskeletal Lab (NMSK), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Philip Maes
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.F.); (V.-A.C.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Sébastien Lobet
- Neuromusculoskeletal Lab (NMSK), Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Hematology, Clinique Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (C.L.); (C.H.)
- Secteur de Kinésithérapie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Lambert
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Hematology, Clinique Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (C.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Cédric Hermans
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Division of Hematology, Clinique Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (C.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Mira Meeus
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.F.); (V.-A.C.); (L.D.); (M.M.)
- Pain in Motion International Research Group, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Groef A, Hallemans A, Gebruers N, Meirte J, Saeys W, Truijen S, Haenen V, Johnson C, Meert L, Peeters L, Fransen E, Meeus M, Durnez L. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the general health status of people with chronic health conditions in Belgium: a cross-sectional survey study. Physiother Theory Pract 2022; 39:1189-1204. [DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2036278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Hallemans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Gebruers
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Multidisciplinary Edema Clinic, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jill Meirte
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Oscare, Organisation for Burns, Scar After-care and Research, Merksem Belgium
| | - Wim Saeys
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Rehabilitation Hospital Revarte, Edegem Belgium
| | - Steven Truijen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haenen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Johnson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lotte Meert
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Pain in Motion International Research Group (Pim)
| | - Lies Peeters
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp Belgium
| | - Mira Meeus
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Pain in Motion International Research Group (Pim)
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Movant, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bannister-Tyrrell M, Krit M, Sluydts V, Tho S, Sokny M, Mean V, Kim S, Menard D, Grietens KP, Abrams S, Hens N, Coosemans M, Bassat Q, van Hensbroek MB, Durnez L, Van Bortel W. Households or Hotspots? Defining Intervention Targets for Malaria Elimination in Ratanakiri Province, Eastern Cambodia. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1034-1043. [PMID: 31028393 PMCID: PMC6688056 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria "hotspots" have been proposed as potential intervention units for targeted malaria elimination. Little is known about hotspot formation and stability in settings outside sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Clustering of Plasmodium infections at the household and hotspot level was assessed over 2 years in 3 villages in eastern Cambodia. Social and spatial autocorrelation statistics were calculated to assess clustering of malaria risk, and logistic regression was used to assess the effect of living in a malaria hotspot compared to living in a malaria-positive household in the first year of the study on risk of malaria infection in the second year. RESULTS The crude prevalence of Plasmodium infection was 8.4% in 2016 and 3.6% in 2017. Living in a hotspot in 2016 did not predict Plasmodium risk at the individual or household level in 2017 overall, but living in a Plasmodium-positive household in 2016 strongly predicted living in a Plasmodium-positive household in 2017 (Risk Ratio, 5.00 [95% confidence interval, 2.09-11.96], P < .0001). There was no consistent evidence that malaria risk clustered in groups of socially connected individuals from different households. CONCLUSIONS Malaria risk clustered more clearly in households than in hotspots over 2 years. Household-based strategies should be prioritized in malaria elimination programs in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent Sluydts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp.,University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sochantha Tho
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh
| | - Mao Sokny
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh
| | - Vanna Mean
- Ratanakiri Provincial Health Department, Banlung
| | | | | | | | - Steven Abrams
- University of Antwerp, Belgium.,University of Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- University of Antwerp, Belgium.,University of Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp.,University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bannister-Tyrrell M, Srun S, Sluydts V, Gryseels C, Mean V, Kim S, Sokny M, Peeters Grietens K, Coosemans M, Menard D, Tho S, Van Bortel W, Durnez L. Importance of household-level risk factors in explaining micro-epidemiology of asymptomatic malaria infections in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11643. [PMID: 30076361 PMCID: PMC6076298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in malaria risk is considered a challenge for malaria elimination. A cross-sectional study was conducted to describe and explain micro-epidemiological variation in Plasmodium infection prevalence at household and village level in three villages in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. A two-level logistic regression model with a random intercept fitted for each household was used to model the odds of Plasmodium infection, with sequential adjustment for individual-level then household-level risk factors. Individual-level risk factors for Plasmodium infection included hammock net use and frequency of evening outdoor farm gatherings in adults, and older age in children. Household-level risk factors included house wall material, crop types, and satellite dish and farm machine ownership. Individual-level risk factors did not explain differences in odds of Plasmodium infection between households or between villages. In contrast, once household-level risk factors were taken into account, there was no significant difference in odds of Plasmodium infection between households and between villages. This study shows the importance of ongoing indoor and peridomestic transmission in a region where forest workers and mobile populations have previously been the focus of attention. Interventions targeting malaria risk at household level should be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Set Srun
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerpm, Belgium
| | | | - Vanna Mean
- Ratanakiri Provincial Health Department, Banlung, Cambodia
| | - Saorin Kim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mao Sokny
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Marc Coosemans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Sochantha Tho
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerpm, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Durnez L, Pareyn M, Mean V, Kim S, Khim N, Menard D, Coosemans M, Sochantha T, Sluydts V. Identification and characterization of areas of high and low risk for asymptomatic malaria infections at sub-village level in Ratanakiri, Cambodia. Malar J 2018; 17:27. [PMID: 29334956 PMCID: PMC5769347 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria elimination needs a concentration of activities towards identification of residual transmission foci and intensification of efforts to eliminate the last few infections, located in so-called 'malaria hotspots'. Previous work on characterizing malaria transmission hotspots has mainly focused on falciparum malaria and especially on symptomatic cases, while the malaria reservoir is expected to be mainly concentrated in the asymptomatic human population when transmission is low. For Plasmodium vivax, there has been less effort in identifying transmission hotspots. The main aim of this study was to uncover micro-epidemiological mechanisms of clustering of malaria infections at a sub-village level, based on geographical or behavioural features. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed in three villages within the highest malaria endemic province of Cambodia. The survey took place in the dry season, when the malaria reservoir is expected to be low and residing in the asymptomatic part of the population. Village and field locations of households were georeferenced, blood samples were taken from as many residents as possible and a short questionnaire probing for individual risk factors was taken. Asymptomatic malaria carriers were detected by PCR, and geographical clustering analysis (SaTScan) as well as risk factor analysis were performed. RESULTS A total of 1540 out of 1792 (86%) individuals were sampled. Plasmodial DNA was detected in 129 individuals (8.4%). P. vivax was most prevalent (5.5%) followed by Plasmodium malariae (2.1%) and Plasmodium falciparum (1.6%). Mixed infection occurred in 12 individuals. In two out of three villages geographical clustering of high and low malaria infection risk was clearly present. Cluster location and risk factors associated with the infection differed between the parasite species. Age was an important risk factor for the combined Plasmodium infections, while watching television at evenings was associated with increased odds of P. vivax infections [OR (CI): 1.86 (0.95-3.64)] and bed net use was associated with reduced odds of P. falciparum infections [OR (CI): 0.25 (0.077-0.80)]. CONCLUSIONS Clusters of malaria carriers were malaria species specific and often located remotely, outside village centres. As such, at micro-epidemiological level, malaria is not a single disease. Further unravelling the micro-epidemiology of malaria can enable programme managers to define the interventions likely to contribute to halt transmission in a particular hotspot location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Myrthe Pareyn
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vanna Mean
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saorin Kim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Nimol Khim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Marc Coosemans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heng S, Sluydts V, Durnez L, Mean V, Polo K, Tho S, Coosemans M, van Griensven J. Safety of a topical insect repellent (picaridin) during community mass use for malaria control in rural Cambodia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172566. [PMID: 28339462 PMCID: PMC5365103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While community distribution of topical repellents has been proposed as an additional malaria control intervention, the safety of this intervention at the population level remains poorly evaluated. We describe the safety of mass distribution of the picaridin repellent during a cluster-randomised trial in rural Cambodia in 2012-2013. METHODS The repellent was distributed among 57 intervention villages with around 25,000 inhabitants by a team of village distributors. Information on individual adverse events, reported by phone by the village distributors, was obtained through home visits. Information on perceived side effects, reported at the family level, was obtained during two-weekly bottle exchange. Adverse events were classified as adverse reactions (events likely linked to the repellent), cases of repellent abuse and events not related to the repellent use, and classified as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. FINDINGS Of the 41 adverse events notified by phone by the village distributors, there were 22 adverse reactions, 11 cases of repellent abuse (6 accidental, 5 suicide attempts) and 8 non-related events. All adverse reactions were mild, occurred in the first few months of use, and mainly manifested as skin conditions. Of the 11 cases of abuse, 2 were moderate and 2 life-threatening. All cases with adverse reactions and repellent abuse recovered completely. 20% of families reported perceived side effects, mainly itching, headache, dizziness and bad smell, but few discontinued repellent use. CONCLUSIONS Adverse reactions and abuse during mass use of picaridin were uncommon and generally mild, supporting the safety of the picaridin repellent for malaria control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somony Heng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vanna Mean
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Koh Polo
- Banlong Referral Hospital, Ban Lung City, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
| | - Sochantha Tho
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Heng S, Durnez L, Mao S, Siv S, Tho S, Mean V, Sluydts V, Coosemans M. Passive case detection of malaria in Ratanakiri Province (Cambodia) to detect villages at higher risk for malaria. Malar J 2017; 16:104. [PMID: 28264678 PMCID: PMC5340042 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cambodia reduced malaria incidence by more than 75% between 2000 and 2015, a target of the Millennium Development Goal 6. The Cambodian Government aims to eliminate all forms of malaria by 2025. The country's malaria incidence is highly variable at provincial level, but less is known at village level. This study used passive case detection (PCD) data at village level in Ratanakiri Province from 2010 to 2014 to describe incidence trends and identify high-risk areas of malaria to be primarily targeted towards malaria elimination. METHODS In 2010, the Cambodian malaria programme created a Malaria Information System (MIS) to capture malaria information at village level through PCD by village malaria workers and health facilities. The MIS data of Ratanakiri Province 2010-2014 were used to calculate annual incidence rates by Plasmodium species at province and commune levels. For estimating the trend at provincial level only villages reporting each year were selected. The communal incidences and the number of cases per village were visualized on a map per Plasmodium species and per year. Analysis of spatial clustering of village malaria cases by Plasmodium species was performed by year. RESULTS Overall, malaria annual incidence rates per 1000 inhabitants decreased from 86 (2010) to 30 (2014). Falciparum incidence decreased (by 79% in 2014 compared to 2010; CI 95% 76-82%) more rapidly than vivax incidence (by 19% in 2014 compared to 2010; CI 95% 5-32%). There were ten to 16 significant spatial clusters each year. Big clusters tended to extend along the Cambodian-Vietnamese border and along the Sesan River. Three clusters appeared throughout all years (2010-2014): one with 21 villages appeared each year, the second shrunk progressively from 2012 to 2014 and the third was split into two smaller clusters in 2013 and 2014. CONCLUSION The decline of malaria burden can be attributed to intensive malaria control activities implemented in the areas: distribution of a long-lasting insecticidal net per person and early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Dihydro-artemisinin piperaquine was the only first-line treatment for all malaria cases. No radical treatment with primaquine was provided for Plasmodium vivax cases, which could explain the slow decrease of P. vivax due to relapses. To achieve malaria elimination by 2025, priority should be given to the control of stable malaria clusters appearing over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somony Heng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sokny Mao
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovannaroth Siv
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sochantha Tho
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vanna Mean
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Afeke I, Addo P, Newman M, Durnez L, Eddyani M, Ammisah N, Abas M, Quartey M, Ablordey A. CULTIVATION OF TWO IS2404 POSITIVE MYCOBACTERIUM SPP.FROM THE ENVIRONMENT OF ASANTE AKIM DISTRICT OF GHANA. BMJ Glob Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000260.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
10
|
Kerkhof K, Sluydts V, Willen L, Kim S, Canier L, Heng S, Tsuboi T, Sochantha T, Sovannaroth S, Ménard D, Coosemans M, Durnez L. Serological markers to measure recent changes in malaria at population level in Cambodia. Malar J 2016; 15:529. [PMID: 27809852 PMCID: PMC5096337 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serological markers for exposure to different Plasmodium species have recently been used in multiplex immunoassays based on the Luminex technology. However, interpretation of the assay results requires consideration of the half-life of specific antibodies against these markers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to document the half-life of malaria specific serological makers, as well as assessing the sensitivity of these markers to pick up recent changes in malaria exposure. Methods A recently developed multiplex immunoassay was used to measure the intensity of antibody (Ab) responses against 19 different Plasmodium specific antigens, covering different human malaria parasites and two vector saliva antigens. Therefore, 8439 blood samples from five cross-sectional surveys in Ratanakiri, Cambodia, were analysed. These involve a random selection from two selected surveys, and an additional set of blood samples of individuals that were randomly re-sampled three, four or five times. A generalized estimating equation model and linear regression models were fitted on log transformed antibody intensity data. Results Results showed that most (17/21) Ab-responses are higher in PCR positive than PCR negative individuals. Furthermore, these antibody-responses follow the same upward trend within each age group. Estimation of the half-lives showed differences between serological markers that reflect short- (seasonal) and long-term (year round) transmission trends. Ab levels declined significantly together with a decrease of PCR prevalence in a group of malaria endemic villages. Conclusion For Plasmodium falciparum, antibodies against LSA3.RE, GLURP and Pf.GLURP.R2 are most likely to be a reflexion of recent (range from 6 to 8 months) exposure in the Mekong Subregion. PvEBP is the only Plasmodium vivax Ag responding reasonably well, in spite of an estimated Ab half-life of more than 1 year. The use of Ab intensity data rather dichotomizing the continuous Ab-titre data (positive vs negative) will lead to an improved approach for serological surveillance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1576-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kerkhof
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Willen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Saorin Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lydie Canier
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somony Heng
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Didier Ménard
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kerkhof K, Sluydts V, Heng S, Kim S, Pareyn M, Willen L, Canier L, Sovannaroth S, Ménard D, Sochantha T, Coosemans M, Durnez L. Geographical patterns of malaria transmission based on serological markers for falciparum and vivax malaria in Ratanakiri, Cambodia. Malar J 2016; 15:510. [PMID: 27756395 PMCID: PMC5069850 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria transmission is highly heterogeneous, especially in low endemic countries, such as Cambodia. This results in geographical clusters of residual transmission in the dry, low transmission season, which can fuel the transmission to wider areas or populations during the wet season. A better understanding of spatial clustering of malaria can lead to a more efficient, targeted strategy to reduce malaria transmission. This study aims to evaluate the potential of the use of serological markers to define spatial patterns in malaria exposure. Methods Blood samples collected in a community-based randomized trial performed in 98 high endemic communities in Ratanakiri province, north-eastern Cambodia, were screened with a multiplex serological assay for five serological markers (three Plasmodium falciparum and two Plasmodium vivax). The antibody half-lives range from approximately six months until more than two years. Geographical heterogeneity in malaria transmission was examined using a spatial scan statistic on serology, PCR prevalence and malaria incidence rate data. Furthermore, to identify behavioural patterns or intrinsic factors associated with malaria exposure (antibody levels), risk factor analyses were performed by using multivariable random effect logistic regression models. The serological outcomes were then compared to PCR prevalence and malaria incidence data. Results A total of 6502 samples from two surveys were screened in an area where the average parasite prevalence estimated by PCR among the selected villages is 3.4 %. High-risk malaria pockets were observed adjacent to the ‘Tonle San River’ and neighbouring Vietnam for all three sets of data (serology, PCR prevalence and malaria incidence rates). The main risk factors for all P. falciparum antigens and P. vivax MSP1.19 are age, ethnicity and staying overnight at the plot hut. Conclusion It is possible to identify similar malaria pockets of higher malaria transmission together with the potential risk factors by using serology instead of PCR prevalence or malaria incidence data. In north-eastern Cambodia, the serological markers show that malaria transmission occurs mainly in adults staying overnight in plot huts in the field. Pf.GLURP.R2 showed a shrinking pocket of malaria transmission over time, and Pf.MSP1.19, CSP, PvAMA1 were also informative for current infection to a lesser extent. Therefore, serology could contribute in future research. However, further in-depth research in selecting the best combination of antigens is required. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1558-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kerkhof
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Somony Heng
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saorin Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Myrthe Pareyn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Willen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lydie Canier
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Didier Ménard
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Caljon G, De Muylder G, Durnez L, Jennes W, Vanaerschot M, Dujardin JC. Alice in microbes' land: adaptations and counter-adaptations of vector-borne parasitic protozoa and their hosts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:664-85. [PMID: 27400870 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we aim to provide a general introduction to different facets of the arms race between pathogens and their hosts/environment, emphasizing its evolutionary aspects. We focus on vector-borne parasitic protozoa, which have to adapt to both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Using Leishmania, Trypanosoma and Plasmodium as main models, we review successively (i) the adaptations and counter-adaptations of parasites and their invertebrate host, (ii) the adaptations and counter-adaptations of parasites and their vertebrate host and (iii) the impact of human interventions (chemotherapy, vaccination, vector control and environmental changes) on these adaptations. We conclude by discussing the practical impact this knowledge can have on translational research and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Caljon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Health, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Géraldine De Muylder
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Jennes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fidock Lab, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Health, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sluydts V, Durnez L, Heng S, Gryseels C, Canier L, Kim S, Van Roey K, Kerkhof K, Khim N, Mao S, Uk S, Sovannaroth S, Grietens KP, Sochantha T, Menard D, Coosemans M. Efficacy of topical mosquito repellent (picaridin) plus long-lasting insecticidal nets versus long-lasting insecticidal nets alone for control of malaria: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16:1169-1177. [PMID: 27371977 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although effective topical repellents provide personal protection against malaria, whether mass use of topical repellents in addition to long-lasting insecticidal nets can contribute to a further decline of malaria is not known, particularly in areas where outdoor transmission occurs. We aimed to assess the epidemiological efficacy of a highly effective topical repellent in addition to long-lasting insecticidal nets in reducing malaria prevalence in this setting. METHODS A cluster randomised controlled trial was done in the 117 most endemic villages in Ratanakiri province, Cambodia, to assess the efficacy of topical repellents in addition to long-lasting insecticidal nets in controlling malaria in a low-endemic setting. We did a pre-trial assessment of village accessibility and excluded four villages because of their inaccessibility during the rainy season. Another 25 villages were grouped because of their proximity to each other, resulting in 98 study clusters (comprising either a single village or multiple neighbouring villages). Clusters were randomly assigned (1:1) to either a control (long-lasting insecticidal nets) or intervention (long-lasting insecticidal nets plus topical repellent) study group after a restricted randomisation. All clusters received one long-lasting insecticidal net per individual, whereas those in the intervention group also received safe and effective topical repellents (picaridin KBR3023, SC Johnson, Racine, WI, USA), along with instruction and promotion of its daily use. Cross-sectional surveys of 65 randomly selected individuals per cluster were done at the beginning and end of the malaria transmission season in 2012 and 2013. The primary outcome was Plasmodium species-specific prevalence in participants obtained by real-time PCR, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Complete safety analysis data will be published seperately; any ad-hoc adverse events are reported here. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01663831. FINDINGS Of the 98 clusters that villages were split into, 49 were assigned to the control group and 49 were assigned to the intervention group. Despite having a successful distribution system, the daily use of repellents was suboptimum. No post-intervention differences in PCR plasmodium prevalence were observed between study groups in 2012 (4·91% in the control group vs 4·86% in the intervention group; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·01 [95% CI 0·60-1·70]; p=0·975) or in 2013 (2·96% in the control group vs 3·85% in the intervention group; aOR 1·31 [0·81-2·11]; p=0·266). Similar results were obtained according to Plasmodium species (1·33% of participants in the intervention group vs 1·10% in the intervention group were infected with Plasmodium falciparum; aOR 0·83 [0·44-1·56]; p=0·561; and 1·85% in the control group vs 2·67% in the intervention group were infected with Plasmodium vivax; aOR 1·51 [0·88-2·57]; p=0·133). 41 adverse event notifications from nine villages were received, of which 33 were classified as adverse reactions (11 of these 33 were cases of repellent abuse through oral ingestion, either accidental or not). All participants with adverse reactions fully recovered and 17 were advised to permanently stop using the repellent. INTERPRETATION Mass distribution of highly effective topical repellents in resource-sufficient conditions did not contribute to a further decline in malaria endemicity in a pre-elimination setting in the Greater Mekong subregion. Daily compliance and appropriate use of the repellents remains the main obstacle. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Somony Heng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Charlotte Gryseels
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lydie Canier
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saorin Kim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Karel Van Roey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Kerkhof
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nimol Khim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokny Mao
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sambunny Uk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Koen Peeters Grietens
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Partners for Applied Social Sciences, PASS-international, Tessenderlo, Belgium
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mgode GF, Machang’u RS, Mhamphi GG, Katakweba A, Mulungu LS, Durnez L, Leirs H, Hartskeerl RA, Belmain SR. Leptospira Serovars for Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in Humans and Animals in Africa: Common Leptospira Isolates and Reservoir Hosts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004251. [PMID: 26624890 PMCID: PMC4666418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of leptospirosis in humans and animals in Africa is higher than that reported from other parts of the world. However, the disease is not routinely diagnosed in the continent. One of major factors limiting diagnosis is the poor availability of live isolates of locally circulating Leptospira serovars for inclusion in the antigen panel of the gold standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for detecting antibodies against leptospirosis. To gain insight in Leptospira serovars and their natural hosts occurring in Tanzania, concomitantly enabling the improvement of the MAT by inclusion of fresh local isolates, a total of 52 Leptospira isolates were obtained from fresh urine and kidney homogenates, collected between 1996 and 2006 from small mammals, cattle and pigs. Isolates were identified by serogrouping, cross agglutination absorption test (CAAT), and molecular typing. Common Leptospira serovars with their respective animal hosts were: Sokoine (cattle and rodents); Kenya (rodents and shrews); Mwogolo (rodents); Lora (rodents); Qunjian (rodent); serogroup Grippotyphosa (cattle); and an unknown serogroup from pigs. Inclusion of local serovars particularly serovar Sokoine in MAT revealed a 10-fold increase in leptospirosis prevalence in Tanzania from 1.9% to 16.9% in rodents and 0.26% to 10.75% in humans. This indicates that local serovars are useful for diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis in Tanzania and other African countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgies F. Mgode
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Robert S. Machang’u
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ginethon G. Mhamphi
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Abdul Katakweba
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Loth S. Mulungu
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Rudy A. Hartskeerl
- Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), KIT Biomedical Research, WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven R. Belmain
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peeters Grietens K, Gryseels C, Dierickx S, Bannister-Tyrrell M, Trienekens S, Uk S, Phoeuk P, Suon S, Set S, Gerrets R, Hoibak S, Muela Ribera J, Hausmann-Muela S, Tho S, Durnez L, Sluydts V, d'Alessandro U, Coosemans M, Erhart A. Characterizing Types of Human Mobility to Inform Differential and Targeted Malaria Elimination Strategies in Northeast Cambodia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16837. [PMID: 26593245 PMCID: PMC4655368 DOI: 10.1038/srep16837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human population movements currently challenge malaria elimination in low transmission foci in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Using a mixed-methods design, combining ethnography (n = 410 interviews), malariometric data (n = 4996) and population surveys (n = 824 indigenous populations; n = 704 Khmer migrants) malaria vulnerability among different types of mobile populations was researched in the remote province of Ratanakiri, Cambodia. Different structural types of human mobility were identified, showing differential risk and vulnerability. Among local indigenous populations, access to malaria testing and treatment through the VMW-system and LLIN coverage was high but control strategies failed to account for forest farmers’ prolonged stays at forest farms/fields (61% during rainy season), increasing their exposure (p = 0.002). The Khmer migrants, with low acquired immunity, active on plantations and mines, represented a fundamentally different group not reached by LLIN-distribution campaigns since they were largely unregistered (79%) and unaware of the local VMW-system (95%) due to poor social integration. Khmer migrants therefore require control strategies including active detection, registration and immediate access to malaria prevention and control tools from which they are currently excluded. In conclusion, different types of mobility require different malaria elimination strategies. Targeting mobility without an in-depth understanding of malaria risk in each group challenges further progress towards elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen Peeters Grietens
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Partners for Applied Social Sciences (PASS) International, Tessenderlo, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Gryseels
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Susan Dierickx
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Suzan Trienekens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sambunny Uk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Pisen Phoeuk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokha Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Srun Set
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - René Gerrets
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hoibak
- Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joan Muela Ribera
- Partners for Applied Social Sciences (PASS) International, Tessenderlo, Belgium
| | | | - Sochantha Tho
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Umberto d'Alessandro
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia.,London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, UK
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annette Erhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gryseels C, Uk S, Sluydts V, Durnez L, Phoeuk P, Suon S, Set S, Heng S, Siv S, Gerrets R, Tho S, Coosemans M, Peeters Grietens K. Factors influencing the use of topical repellents: implications for the effectiveness of malaria elimination strategies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16847. [PMID: 26574048 PMCID: PMC4647117 DOI: 10.1038/srep16847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Cambodia, despite an impressive decline in prevalence over the last 10 years, malaria is still a public health problem in some parts of the country. This is partly due to vectors that bite early and outdoors reducing the effectiveness of measures such as Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets. Repellents have been suggested as an additional control measure in such settings. As part of a cluster-randomized trial on the effectiveness of topical repellents in controlling malaria infections at community level, a mixed-methods study assessed user rates and determinants of use. Repellents were made widely available and Picaridin repellent reduced 97% of mosquito bites. However, despite high acceptability, daily use was observed to be low (8%) and did not correspond to the reported use in surveys (around 70%). The levels of use aimed for by the trial were never reached as the population used it variably across place (forest, farms and villages) and time (seasons), or in alternative applications (spraying on insects, on bed nets, etc.). These findings show the key role of human behavior in the effectiveness of malaria preventive measures, questioning whether malaria in low endemic settings can be reduced substantially by introducing measures without researching and optimizing community involvement strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gryseels
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sambunny Uk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pisen Phoeuk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokha Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Srun Set
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somony Heng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovannaroth Siv
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - René Gerrets
- Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sochantha Tho
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Peeters Grietens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Partners for Applied Social Sciences (PASS) International, Tessenderlo, Belgium
- School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kerkhof K, Canier L, Kim S, Heng S, Sochantha T, Sovannaroth S, Vigan-Womas I, Coosemans M, Sluydts V, Ménard D, Durnez L. Implementation and application of a multiplex assay to detect malaria-specific antibodies: a promising tool for assessing malaria transmission in Southeast Asian pre-elimination areas. Malar J 2015; 14:338. [PMID: 26337785 PMCID: PMC4558921 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological surveillance is a key activity in malaria control and elimination in low-transmission and pre-elimination settings. Hence, sensitive tools for estimating malaria force of infection are crucial. Serological markers might provide additional information in estimating force of infection in low-endemic areas along with classical parasite detection methods. Serological markers can be used to estimate recent, past or present malaria exposure, depending on the used markers and their half-life. Methods An assay based on 14 Plasmodium-specific peptides, one peptide specific for Anopheles gambiae saliva protein and five Plasmodium-specific recombinant proteins was developed for the MAGPIX system, assessed for its performance, and applied on blood spots from 2000 individuals collected in the Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Results A significant correlation for the use of 1000 and 2000 beads/antigen/well as well as for the monoplex versus multiplex assay was observed for all antigens (p < 0.05). For the majority of antigens, antigen-coupled beads were stable for at least 2 months. The assay was very reproducible with limited intercoupling, interplate and intraplate variability (mean RSD <15 %). Estimating seroconversion and seroreversion per antigen using reversible catalytic models and models allowing two seroconversion rates showed higher seroconversion rates in adults. Conclusion The multiplex bead-based immunoassay was successfully implemented and analysis of field blood samples shows that changes detected in force of malaria infection vary according to the serological markers used. Multivariate analysis of the antibody responses and insights into the half-life of antibodies are crucial for improving the interpretation of these results and for identifying the most useful serological markers of past and recent malaria infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0868-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kerkhof
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lydie Canier
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Saorin Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Somony Heng
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- Infectious Diseases Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Didier Ménard
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ostyn B, Uranw S, Bhattarai NR, Das ML, Rai K, Tersago K, Pokhrel Y, Durnez L, Marasini B, Van der Auwera G, Dujardin JC, Coosemans M, Argaw D, Boelaert M, Rijal S. Transmission of Leishmania donovani in the Hills of Eastern Nepal, an Outbreak Investigation in Okhaldhunga and Bhojpur Districts. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003966. [PMID: 26252494 PMCID: PMC4529159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the Indian subcontinent, Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in a geographical area coinciding with the Lower Gangetic Plain, at low altitude. VL occurring in residents of hill districts is therefore often considered the result of Leishmania donovani infection during travel. Early 2014 we conducted an outbreak investigation in Okhaldhunga and Bhojpur districts in the Nepal hills where increasing number of VL cases have been reported. Methodology/Principal Findings A house-to-house survey in six villages documented retrospectively 35 cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Anti-Leishmania antibodies were found in 22/23 past-VL cases, in 40/416 (9.6%) persons without VL and in 12/155 (7.7%) domestic animals. An age- and sex- matched case-control study showed that exposure to known VL-endemic regions was no risk factor for VL, but having a VL case in the neighbourhood was. SSU-rDNA PCR for Leishmania sp. was positive in 24 (5%) of the human, in 18 (12%) of the animal samples and in 16 (14%) bloodfed female Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. L. donovani was confirmed in two asymptomatic individuals and in one sand fly through hsp70-based sequencing. Conclusions/Significance This is epidemiological and entomological evidence for ongoing local transmission of L. donovani in villages at an altitude above 600 meters in Nepal, in districts considered hitherto non-endemic for VL. The VL Elimination Initiative in Nepal should therefore consider extending its surveillance and control activities in order to assure VL elimination, and the risk map for VL should be redesigned. Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected but deadly disease occurring in north-eastern India, the south-eastern lowland of Nepal, and the Ganges delta in Bangladesh; all part of the Lower Gangetic plains. Districts at higher altitude, such as those situated in the foothills of the Himalaya in Nepal, are considered non-endemic. Consequently, diagnostic, therapeutic and surveillance facilities are not available, and sporadic cases of VL occurring in residents of these districts are considered the result of Leishmania donovani infection during travel. This parasite is transmitted from man to man through the bite of a sand fly, Phlebotomus argentipes. To investigate the increasing number of cases reported from some villages in the Nepal hills, we interviewed former VL cases, as well as their healthy co-villagers, on their history of travel, we checked their blood for signs of infection, and we set traps to capture sand flies. We found that many residents had been infected, symptomatically as well as asymptomatically, regardless of travelling to endemic areas. Moreover, we managed to capture sand flies and found DNA of leishmania parasites inside. This proves that there is indeed ongoing local transmission in hill districts and that surveillance and control activities should be extended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Ostyn
- Department of Public Heath, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Surendra Uranw
- Department of Internal Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Narayan Raj Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Murari L. Das
- Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Keshav Rai
- Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Katrien Tersago
- Department of Public Heath, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yubraj Pokhrel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Baburam Marasini
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Gert Van der Auwera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Argaw
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Heath, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suman Rijal
- Department of Internal Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ablordey AS, Vandelannoote K, Frimpong IA, Ahortor EK, Amissah NA, Eddyani M, Durnez L, Portaels F, de Jong BC, Leirs H, Porter JL, Mangas KM, Lam MMC, Buultjens A, Seemann T, Tobias NJ, Stinear TP. Correction: Whole Genome Comparisons Suggest Random Distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans Genotypes in a Buruli Ulcer Endemic Region of Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003798. [PMID: 25970176 PMCID: PMC4430544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
|
20
|
Gryseels C, Durnez L, Gerrets R, Uk S, Suon S, Set S, Phoeuk P, Sluydts V, Heng S, Sochantha T, Coosemans M, Peeters Grietens K. Re-imagining malaria: heterogeneity of human and mosquito behaviour in relation to residual malaria transmission in Cambodia. Malar J 2015; 14:165. [PMID: 25908498 PMCID: PMC4408599 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In certain regions in Southeast Asia, where malaria is reduced to forested regions populated by ethnic minorities dependent on slash-and-burn agriculture, malaria vector populations have developed a propensity to feed early and outdoors, limiting the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). The interplay between heterogeneous human, as well as mosquito behaviour, radically challenges malaria control in such residual transmission contexts. This study examines human behavioural patterns in relation to the vector behaviour. Methods The anthropological research used a sequential mixed-methods study design in which quantitative survey research methods were used to complement findings from qualitative ethnographic research. The qualitative research existed of in-depth interviews and participant observation. For the entomological research, indoor and outdoor human landing collections were performed. All research was conducted in selected villages in Ratanakiri province, Cambodia. Results Variability in human behaviour resulted in variable exposure to outdoor and early biting vectors: (i) indigenous people were found to commute between farms in the forest, where malaria exposure is higher, and village homes; (ii) the indoor/outdoor biting distinction was less clear in forest housing often completely or partly open to the outside; (iii) reported sleeping times varied according to the context of economic activities, impacting on the proportion of infections that could be accounted for by early or nighttime biting; (iv) protection by LLINs may not be as high as self-reported survey data indicate, as observations showed around 40% (non-treated) market net use while (v) unprotected evening resting and deep forest activities impacted further on the suboptimal use of LLINs. Conclusions The heterogeneity of human behaviour and the variation of vector densities and biting behaviours may lead to a considerable proportion of exposure occurring during times that people are assumed to be protected by the distributed LLINs. Additional efforts in improving LLIN use during times when people are resting in the evening and during the night might still have an impact on further reducing malaria transmission in Cambodia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gryseels
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,AISSR, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - René Gerrets
- AISSR, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sambunny Uk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Sokha Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Srun Set
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Pisen Phoeuk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | | | - Somony Heng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Koen Peeters Grietens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Partners for Applied Social Sciences (PASS) International, Tessenderlo, Belgium. .,School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ablordey AS, Vandelannoote K, Frimpong IA, Ahortor EK, Amissah NA, Eddyani M, Durnez L, Portaels F, de Jong BC, Leirs H, Porter JL, Mangas KM, Lam MMC, Buultjens A, Seemann T, Tobias NJ, Stinear TP. Whole genome comparisons suggest random distribution of Mycobacterium ulcerans genotypes in a Buruli ulcer endemic region of Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003681. [PMID: 25826332 PMCID: PMC4380315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to control the spread of Buruli ulcer – an emerging ulcerative skin infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans - have been hampered by our poor understanding of reservoirs and transmission. To help address this issue, we compared whole genomes from 18 clinical M. ulcerans isolates from a 30km2 region within the Asante Akim North District, Ashanti region, Ghana, with 15 other M. ulcerans isolates from elsewhere in Ghana and the surrounding countries of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Contrary to our expectations of finding minor DNA sequence variations among isolates representing a single M. ulcerans circulating genotype, we found instead two distinct genotypes. One genotype was closely related to isolates from neighbouring regions of Amansie West and Densu, consistent with the predicted local endemic clone, but the second genotype (separated by 138 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] from other Ghanaian strains) most closely matched M. ulcerans from Nigeria, suggesting another introduction of M. ulcerans to Ghana, perhaps from that country. Both the exotic genotype and the local Ghanaian genotype displayed highly restricted intra-strain genetic variation, with less than 50 SNP differences across a 5.2Mbp core genome within each genotype. Interestingly, there was no discernible spatial clustering of genotypes at the local village scale. Interviews revealed no obvious epidemiological links among BU patients who had been infected with identical M. ulcerans genotypes but lived in geographically separate villages. We conclude that M. ulcerans is spread widely across the region, with multiple genotypes present in any one area. These data give us new perspectives on the behaviour of possible reservoirs and subsequent transmission mechanisms of M. ulcerans. These observations also show for the first time that M. ulcerans can be mobilized, introduced to a new area and then spread within a population. Potential reservoirs of M. ulcerans thus might include humans, or perhaps M. ulcerans-infected animals such as livestock that move regularly between countries. In this study we use the power of whole genome sequence comparisons to track the spread of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, through several villages in the Ashanti region of Ghana, providing new insights on the behaviour of this enigmatic and emerging pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: (ASA); (TPS)
| | - Koen Vandelannoote
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isaac A. Frimpong
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evans K. Ahortor
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nana Ama Amissah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Miriam Eddyani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Françoise Portaels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bouke C. de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jessica L. Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kirstie M. Mangas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Margaret M. C. Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew Buultjens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Tobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail: (ASA); (TPS)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sluydts V, Heng S, Coosemans M, Van Roey K, Gryseels C, Canier L, Kim S, Khim N, Siv S, Mean V, Uk S, Grietens KP, Tho S, Menard D, Durnez L. Spatial clustering and risk factors of malaria infections in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Malar J 2014; 13:387. [PMID: 25269827 PMCID: PMC4190307 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria incidence worldwide has steadily declined over the past decades. Consequently, increasingly more countries will proceed from control to elimination. The malaria distribution in low incidence settings appears patchy, and local transmission hotspots are a continuous source of infection. In this study, species-specific clusters and associated risk factors were identified based on malaria prevalence data collected in the north-east of Cambodia. In addition, Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity, population structure and gene flows were studied. Method In 2012, blood samples from 5793 randomly selected individuals living in 117 villages were collected from Ratanakiri province, Cambodia. Malariometric data of each participant were simultaneously accumulated using a standard questionnaire. A two-step PCR allowed for species-specific detection of malaria parasites, and SNP-genotyping of P. falciparum was performed. SaTScan was used to determine species-specific areas of elevated risk to infection, and univariate and multivariate risk analyses were carried out. Result PCR diagnosis found 368 positive individuals (6.4%) for malaria parasites, of which 22% contained mixed species infections. The occurrence of these co-infections was more frequent than expected. Specific areas with elevated risk of infection were detected for all Plasmodium species. The clusters for Falciparum, Vivax and Ovale malaria appeared in the north of the province along the main river, while the cluster for Malariae malaria was situated elsewhere. The relative risk to be a malaria parasite carrier within clusters along the river was twice that outside the area. The main risk factor associated with three out of four malaria species was overnight stay in the plot hut, a human behaviour associated with indigenous farming. Haplotypes did not show clear geographical population structure, but pairwise Fst value comparison indicated higher parasite flow along the river. Discussion Spatial aggregation of malaria parasite carriers, and the identification of malaria species-specific risk factors provide key insights in malaria epidemiology in low transmission settings, which can guide targeted supplementary interventions. Consequently, future malaria programmes in the province should implement additional specific policies targeting households staying overnight at their farms outside the village, in addition to migrants and forest workers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-387) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
23
|
Amissah NA, Gryseels S, Tobias NJ, Ravadgar B, Suzuki M, Vandelannoote K, Durnez L, Leirs H, Stinear TP, Portaels F, Ablordey A, Eddyani M. Investigating the role of free-living amoebae as a reservoir for Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3148. [PMID: 25188535 PMCID: PMC4154674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reservoir and mode of transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, still remain a mystery. It has been suggested that M. ulcerans persists with difficulty as a free-living organism due to its natural fragility and inability to withstand exposure to direct sunlight, and thus probably persists within a protective host environment. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the role of free-living amoebae as a reservoir of M. ulcerans by screening the bacterium in free-living amoebae (FLA) cultures isolated from environmental specimens using real-time PCR. We also followed the survival of M. ulcerans expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) in Acanthameoba castellanii by flow cytometry and observed the infected cells using confocal and transmission electron microscopy for four weeks in vitro. IS2404 was detected by quantitative PCR in 4.64% of FLA cultures isolated from water, biofilms, detritus and aerosols. While we could not isolate M. ulcerans, 23 other species of mycobacteria were cultivated from inside FLA and/or other phagocytic microorganisms. Laboratory experiments with GFP-expressing M. ulcerans in A. castellani trophozoites for 28 days indicated the bacteria did not replicate inside amoebae, but they could remain viable at low levels in cysts. Transmission electron microscopy of infected A. castellani confirmed the presence of bacteria within both trophozoite vacuoles and cysts. There was no correlation of BU notification rate with detection of the IS2404 in FLA (r = 0.07, n = 539, p = 0.127). Conclusion/Significance This study shows that FLA in the environment are positive for the M. ulcerans insertion sequence IS2404. However, the detection frequency and signal strength of IS2404 positive amoabae was low and no link with the occurrence of BU was observed. We conclude that FLA may host M. ulcerans at low levels in the environment without being directly involved in the transmission to humans. Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU) is an environmental pathogen known to reside in aquatic habitat. However, the reservoir and modes of transmission to humans still remain unknown. M. ulcerans can probably not live freely due to its natural fragility and inability to withstand exposure to direct sunlight. This study investigated the hypothesis that free-living amoebae (FLA) can serve as a reservoir of M. ulcerans by testing for its presence in amoebae isolated from water bodies in BU endemic and non-endemic communities and whether the pathogen can remain viable when experimentally infected in amoebae in the laboratory. We detected only one (IS2404) of the three (IS2606 and KRB) targets for the presence of M. ulcerans in amoebae cultures and found no correlation between its presence in the environment and BU notification rate. M. ulcerans remained viable at low levels in amoebae for 28 days in vitro. We therefore conclude that FLA may host M. ulcerans at low levels in the environment without being directly involved in the transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ama Amissah
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicholas J. Tobias
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bahram Ravadgar
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitsuko Suzuki
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Koen Vandelannoote
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Françoise Portaels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anthony Ablordey
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Miriam Eddyani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Van Roey K, Sovannaroth S, Sochantha T, Touch MS, Pigeon O, Sluydts V, Durnez L, Coosemans M. A phase III trial to evaluate the efficacy, fabric integrity and community acceptance of Netprotect using a recommended long-lasting insecticidal net as positive control. Malar J 2014; 13:256. [PMID: 24998677 PMCID: PMC4105388 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evaluation of new long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) is coordinated by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). In 2007, Netprotect® was granted WHOPES interim recommendation after Phase I and II evaluations. Present study evaluates Netprotect in a Phase III trial in rural Cambodia. METHODS A randomized, prospective longitudinal study design was used to assess the performance of Netprotect over a period of three years, using conventionally-treated nets and a WHOPES recommended LLIN (PermaNet 2.0) as positive controls. The primary outcomes were the physical integrity, insecticide content and cone bioassay performance using. RESULTS The baseline deltamethrin concentration of 43% of Netprotect nets were below the tolerance limit while 27% of PermaNet 2.0 nets were above the target dose limits. By 36 months Netprotect retained 35% while PermaNet 2.0 retained 49% of baseline insecticide dose. Moreover the proportion of the inactive deltamethrin R-alpha isomer in the Netprotect nets was 33% at the baseline and increased to 69% after three years while it was low and almost constant for PermaNet® 2.0 (3-7%). Only 71% of Netprotect met the WHO criteria for bio-efficacy after three years while at least 80% is required. Moreover Netprotect nets failed for the WHOPES criteria after 12 and 24 months. The reference LLIN met the WHOPES criteria throughout the study. Over the entire three years the reference LLIN did obtain significant higher mosquito mortality than Netprotect. The physical integrity was based on the proportionate hole index and after three years, 25% of Netprotect and 30% of PermaNet 2.0 were in a mediocre or poor state. CONCLUSION Netprotect did not meet the minimum WHO criteria for bio-efficacy after 12, 24 and 36 months. The use of a reference LLIN as positive control was helpful for data interpretation. However, for future three-year studies, it is essential that before initiating any study nets should be checked for their specifications and this for both the candidate LLIN as well as for the reference LLIN. Moreover, to improve the accuracy of the success rate of the candidate LLIN more nets should be tested for their bio-efficacy at the end of the trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Van Roey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Center for Malaria Control, Parasitology and Entomology, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Malaria Control, Parasitology and Entomology, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mao Srey Touch
- National Center for Malaria Control, Parasitology and Entomology, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Olivier Pigeon
- Agriculture and Natural Environment Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gryseels C, Uk S, Erhart A, Gerrets R, Sluydts V, Durnez L, Muela Ribera J, Hausmann Muela S, Menard D, Heng S, Sochantha T, D’Alessandro U, Coosemans M, Peeters Grietens K. Injections, cocktails and diviners: therapeutic flexibility in the context of malaria elimination and drug resistance in Northeast Cambodia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80343. [PMID: 24244678 PMCID: PMC3823656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adherence to effective malaria medication is extremely important in the context of Cambodia’s elimination targets and drug resistance containment. Although the public sector health facilities are accessible to the local ethnic minorities of Ratanakiri province (Northeast Cambodia), their illness itineraries often lead them to private pharmacies selling “cocktails” and artemether injections, or to local diviners prescribing animal sacrifices to appease the spirits. Methods The research design consisted of a mixed methods study, combining qualitative (in-depth interviews and participant observation) and quantitative methods (household and cross-sectional survey). Results Three broad options for malaria treatment were identified: i) the public sector; ii) the private sector; iii) traditional treatment based on divination and ceremonial sacrifice. Treatment choice was influenced by the availability of treatment and provider, perceived side effects and efficacy of treatments, perceived etiology of symptoms, and patient-health provider encounters. Moreover, treatment paths proved to be highly flexible, changing mostly in relation to the perceived efficacy of a chosen treatment. Conclusions Despite good availability of anti-malarial treatment in the public health sector, attendance remained low due to both structural and human behavioral factors. The common use and under-dosage of anti-malaria monotherapy in the private sector (single-dose injections, single-day drug cocktails) represents a threat not only for individual case management, but also for the regional plan of drug resistance containment and malaria elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sambunny Uk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - René Gerrets
- The Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joan Muela Ribera
- Partners for Applied Social Sciences (PASS) International, Tessenderlo, Belgium
| | | | | | - Somony Heng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Marc Coosemans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Peeters Grietens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Partners for Applied Social Sciences (PASS) International, Tessenderlo, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Canier L, Khim N, Kim S, Sluydts V, Heng S, Dourng D, Eam R, Chy S, Khean C, Loch K, Ken M, Lim H, Siv S, Tho S, Masse-Navette P, Gryseels C, Uk S, Van Roey K, Grietens KP, Sokny M, Thavrin B, Chuor CM, Deubel V, Durnez L, Coosemans M, Ménard D. An innovative tool for moving malaria PCR detection of parasite reservoir into the field. Malar J 2013; 12:405. [PMID: 24206649 PMCID: PMC3829804 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To achieve the goal of malaria elimination in low transmission areas such as in Cambodia, new, inexpensive, high-throughput diagnostic tools for identifying very low parasite densities in asymptomatic carriers are required. This will enable a switch from passive to active malaria case detection in the field. METHODS DNA extraction and real-time PCR assays were implemented in an "in-house" designed mobile laboratory allowing implementation of a robust, sensitive and rapid malaria diagnostic strategy in the field. This tool was employed in a survey organized in the context of the MalaResT project (NCT01663831). RESULTS The real-time PCR screening and species identification assays were performed in the mobile laboratory between October and November 2012, in Rattanakiri Province, to screen approximately 5,000 individuals in less than four weeks and treat parasite carriers within 24-48 hours after sample collection. An average of 240 clinical samples (and 40 quality control samples) was tested every day, six/seven days per week. Some 97.7% of the results were available <24 hours after the collection. A total of 4.9% were positive for malaria. Plasmodium vivax was present in 61.1% of the positive samples, Plasmodium falciparum in 45.9%, Plasmodium malariae in 7.0% and Plasmodium ovale in 2.0%. CONCLUSIONS The operational success of this diagnostic set-up proved that molecular testing and subsequent treatment is logistically achievable in field settings. This will allow the detection of clusters of asymptomatic carriers and to provide useful epidemiological information. Fast results will be of great help for staff in the field to track and treat asymptomatic parasitaemic cases. The concept of the mobile laboratory could be extended to other countries for the molecular detection of malaria or other pathogens, or to culture vivax parasites, which does not support long-time delay between sample collection and culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Canier
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Nimol Khim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saorin Kim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Somony Heng
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dany Dourng
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rotha Eam
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophy Chy
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanra Khean
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kaknika Loch
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Malen Ken
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hokkean Lim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovannaroath Siv
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sochantha Tho
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Sambunny Uk
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Mao Sokny
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Boukheng Thavrin
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Char Meng Chuor
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Lies Durnez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Coosemans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Durnez L, Mao S, Denis L, Roelants P, Sochantha T, Coosemans M. Outdoor malaria transmission in forested villages of Cambodia. Malar J 2013; 12:329. [PMID: 24044424 PMCID: PMC3848552 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite progress in malaria control, malaria remains an important public health concern in Cambodia, mostly linked to forested areas. Large-scale vector control interventions in Cambodia are based on the free distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), targeting indoor- and late-biting malaria vectors only. The present study evaluated the vector density, early biting activity and malaria transmission of outdoor-biting malaria vectors in two forested regions in Cambodia. Methods In 2005 two entomological surveys were conducted in 12 villages and their related forest plots in the east and west of Cambodia. Mosquitoes were collected outdoors by human landing collections and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Plasmodium sporozoites after morphological identification. Blood samples were collected in the same villages for serological analyses. Collected data were analysed by the classification and regression tree (CART) method and linear regression analysis. Results A total of 11,826 anophelines were recorded landing in 787 man-night collections. The majority (82.9%) were the known primary and secondary vectors. Most of the variability in vector densities and early biting rates was explained by geographical factors, mainly at village level. Vector densities were similar between forest and village sites. Based on ELISA results, 29% out of 17 Plasmodium-positive bites occurred before sleeping time, and 65% in the forest plots. The entomological inoculation rates of survey 1 were important predictors of the respective seroconversion rates in survey 2, whereas the mosquito densities were not. Discussion In Cambodia, outdoor malaria transmission in villages and forest plots is important. In this context, deforestation might result in lower densities of the primary vectors, but also in higher densities of secondary vectors invading deforested areas. Moreover, higher accessibility of the forest could result in a higher man-vector contact. Therefore, additional vector control measures should be developed to target outdoor- and early-biting vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lies Durnez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerpen B-2000, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gryseels S, Amissah D, Durnez L, Vandelannoote K, Leirs H, De Jonckheere J, Silva MT, Portaels F, Ablordey A, Eddyani M. Amoebae as potential environmental hosts for Mycobacterium ulcerans and other mycobacteria, but doubtful actors in Buruli ulcer epidemiology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1764. [PMID: 22880141 PMCID: PMC3413716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reservoir and mode of transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, remain unknown. Ecological, genetic and epidemiological information nonetheless suggests that M. ulcerans may reside in aquatic protozoa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We experimentally infected Acanthamoeba polyphaga with M. ulcerans and found that the bacilli were phagocytised, not digested and remained viable for the duration of the experiment. Furthermore, we collected 13 water, 90 biofilm and 45 detritus samples in both Buruli ulcer endemic and non-endemic communities in Ghana, from which we cultivated amoeboid protozoa and mycobacteria. M. ulcerans was not isolated, but other mycobacteria were as frequently isolated from intracellular as from extracellular sources, suggesting that they commonly infect amoebae in nature. We screened the samples as well as the amoeba cultures for the M. ulcerans markers IS2404, IS2606 and KR-B. IS2404 was detected in 2% of the environmental samples and in 4% of the amoeba cultures. The IS2404 positive amoeba cultures included up to 5 different protozoan species, and originated both from Buruli ulcer endemic and non-endemic communities. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of experimental infection of amoebae with M. ulcerans and of the detection of the marker IS2404 in amoeba cultures isolated from the environment. We conclude that amoeba are potential natural hosts for M. ulcerans, yet remain sceptical about their implication in the transmission of M. ulcerans to humans and their importance in the epidemiology of Buruli ulcer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Durnez L, Van Bortel W, Denis L, Roelants P, Veracx A, Trung HD, Sochantha T, Coosemans M. False positive circumsporozoite protein ELISA: a challenge for the estimation of the entomological inoculation rate of malaria and for vector incrimination. Malar J 2011; 10:195. [PMID: 21767376 PMCID: PMC3160429 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) is an important indicator in estimating malaria transmission and the impact of vector control. To assess the EIR, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is increasingly used. However, several studies have reported false positive results in this ELISA. The false positive results could lead to an overestimation of the EIR. The aim of present study was to estimate the level of false positivity among different anopheline species in Cambodia and Vietnam and to check for the presence of other parasites that might interact with the anti-CSP monoclonal antibodies. Methods Mosquitoes collected in Cambodia and Vietnam were identified and tested for the presence of sporozoites in head and thorax by using CSP-ELISA. ELISA positive samples were confirmed by a Plasmodium specific PCR. False positive mosquitoes were checked by PCR for the presence of parasites belonging to the Haemosporidia, Trypanosomatidae, Piroplasmida, and Haemogregarines. The heat-stability and the presence of the cross-reacting antigen in the abdomen of the mosquitoes were also checked. Results Specimens (N = 16,160) of seven anopheline species were tested by CSP-ELISA for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax (Pv210 and Pv247). Two new vector species were identified for the region: Anopheles pampanai (P. vivax) and Anopheles barbirostris (Plasmodium malariae). In 88% (155/176) of the mosquitoes found positive with the P. falciparum CSP-ELISA, the presence of Plasmodium sporozoites could not be confirmed by PCR. This percentage was much lower (28% or 5/18) for P. vivax CSP-ELISAs. False positive CSP-ELISA results were associated with zoophilic mosquito species. None of the targeted parasites could be detected in these CSP-ELISA false positive mosquitoes. The ELISA reacting antigen of P. falciparum was heat-stable in CSP-ELISA true positive specimens, but not in the false positives. The heat-unstable cross-reacting antigen is mainly present in head and thorax and almost absent in the abdomens (4 out of 147) of the false positive specimens. Conclusion The CSP-ELISA can considerably overestimate the EIR, particularly for P. falciparum and for zoophilic species. The heat-unstable cross-reacting antigen in false positives remains unknown. Therefore it is highly recommended to confirm all positive CSP-ELISA results, either by re-analysing the heated ELISA lysate (100°C, 10 min), or by performing Plasmodium specific PCR followed if possible by sequencing of the amplicons for Plasmodium species determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lies Durnez
- Insitute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Durnez L, Katakweba A, Sadiki H, Katholi CR, Kazwala RR, Machang'u RR, Portaels F, Leirs H. Mycobacteria in terrestrial small mammals on cattle farms in Tanzania. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:495074. [PMID: 21785686 PMCID: PMC3139188 DOI: 10.4061/2011/495074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of bovine tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterioses in cattle in developing countries is important but difficult because of the existence of wildlife reservoirs. In cattle farms in Tanzania, mycobacteria were detected in 7.3% of 645 small mammals and in cow's milk. The cattle farms were divided into “reacting” and “nonreacting” farms, based on tuberculin tests, and more mycobacteria were present in insectivores collected in reacting farms as compared to nonreacting farms. More mycobacteria were also present in insectivores as compared to rodents. All mycobacteria detected by culture and PCR in the small mammals were atypical mycobacteria. Analysis of the presence of mycobacteria in relation to the reactor status of the cattle farms does not exclude transmission between small mammals and cattle but indicates that transmission to cattle from another source of infection is more likely. However, because of the high prevalence of mycobacteria in some small mammal species, these infected animals can pose a risk to humans, especially in areas with a high HIV-prevalence as is the case in Tanzania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lies Durnez
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vandelannoote K, Durnez L, Amissah D, Gryseels S, Dodoo A, Yeboah S, Addo P, Eddyani M, Leirs H, Ablordey A, Portaels F. Application of real-time PCR in Ghana, a Buruli ulcer-endemic country, confirms the presence ofMycobacterium ulceransin the environment. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 304:191-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
32
|
Durnez L, Stragier P, Roebben K, Ablordey A, Leirs H, Portaels F. A comparison of DNA extraction procedures for the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, in clinical and environmental specimens. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 76:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Stragier P, Ablordey A, Durnez L, Portaels F. VNTR analysis differentiates Mycobacterium ulcerans and IS2404 positive mycobacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol 2007; 30:525-30. [PMID: 17629651 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous IS2404 positive mycobacteria have been identified, compromising the detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans. In this study, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis was successfully applied on cultures and tissue specimens to differentiate all currently known IS2404 positive mycobacteria from M. ulcerans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Stragier
- Department of Microbiology, Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|