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Difranco I, Cockburn E, Dimitriou L, Paice K, Sinclair S, Faki T, Hills FA, Gondek MB, Wood A, Wilson LJ. A combination of cherry juice and cold water immersion does not enhance marathon recovery compared to either treatment in isolation: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:957950. [PMID: 36060624 PMCID: PMC9437358 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.957950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cherry juice (CJ) and cold water immersion (CWI) are both effective recovery strategies following strenuous endurance exercise. However, athletes routinely combine recovery interventions and less is known about the impact of a combined CJ and CWI protocol. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of combining CWI and CJ (a “cocktail” (CT)) on inflammation and muscle damage following a marathon. Methods A total 39 endurance trained males were randomly assigned to a placebo (PL), CWI, CJ, or CT group before completing a trail marathon run. Muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK)), muscle function (maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)), and inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6); C-reactive protein (CRP)) were measured at baseline, immediately after marathon (only IL-6), 24 h, and 48 h after marathon. Results There were no statistically significant differences between groups and no group × time interaction effects for any of the dependent variables. Confidence intervals (CI) illustrated that CT had unclear effects on inflammation (IL-6; CRP) and MVIC, but may have increased CK to a greater extent than PL and CJ conditions. Conclusion There is no evidence of an additive effect of CJ and CWI when the treatments are used in conjunction with each other. On the contrary, combining CJ and CWI may result in slightly increased circulating CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Difranco
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Cockburn
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lygeri Dimitriou
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Paice
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Sinclair
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Dance, Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanwir Faki
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank A. Hills
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela B. Gondek
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa Wood
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Wilson
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Laura J. Wilson
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Wilson LJ, Dimitriou L, Hills FA, Gondek MB, van Wyk A, Turek V, Rivkin T, Villiere A, Jarvis P, Miller S, Turner A, Cockburn E. Cold Water Immersion Offers No Functional or Perceptual Benefit Compared to a Sham Intervention During a Resistance Training Program. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2720-2727. [PMID: 34324460 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wilson, LJ, Dimitriou, L, Hills, FA, Gondek, MB, van Wyk, A, Turek, V, Rivkin, T, Villiere, A, Jarvis, P, Miller, S, Turner, A, and Cockburn, E. Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2720-2727, 2021-Cold water immersion (CWI) is regularly used by athletes as a postexercise recovery strategy, but relatively little is understood about potential training adaptations associated with habitual use. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of repeated CWI or a sham intervention on adaptations to a lower body resistance training program. Thirteen men (26 ± 6 years; 83.6 ± 15.7 kg) familiar with resistance training were allocated into a CWI (10 minutes at 10° C) or sham group and completed 2 × 4-week blocks of lower body resistance training. Subjects completed a total of 16 training sessions (2 × session·week-1), with each session immediately followed by their allocated recovery intervention. Measures of perceptual markers, muscle function, and muscle architecture were recorded at baseline, midpoint, and post-training. Data were analyzed using factorial analysis of variances. The training program resulted in significant increases in muscle fibre pennation angle (p = 0.009), isometric peak force (p = 0.018), and 1/4 squat (p < 0.001) with no differences between groups (all p > 0.05). There were no differences in perceptual responses between groups. Despite the popularity of CWI as a postexercise recovery intervention, the findings from the present study demonstrated no functional or perceptual benefit compared with a sham intervention during progressive strength and power training. Furthermore, there was no detrimental impact of CWI on morphological adaptations after 16 exposures. These findings are important for athletes and practitioners wishing to use CWI as an acute recovery strategy after training, without blunting potential training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Wilson
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lygeri Dimitriou
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank A Hills
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela B Gondek
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aléchia van Wyk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vlad Turek
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taylor Rivkin
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Villiere
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jarvis
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Miller
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Cockburn
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Norum M, Risvang LC, Bjørnsen T, Dimitriou L, Rønning PO, Bjørgen M, Raastad T. Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2116-2129. [PMID: 32681596 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine ingestion on strength and power were investigated for the first time, in resistance-trained females during the early follicular phase utilizing a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Fifteen females (29.8 ± 4.0 years, 63.8 ± 5.5 kg [mean ± SD]) ingested caffeine or placebo 60 minutes before completing a test battery separated by 72 hours. One-repetition maximum (1RM), repetitions to failure (RTF) at 60% of 1RM, was assessed in the squat and bench press. Maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) were measured during isometric knee extensions, while utilizing interpolated twitch technique to measure voluntary muscle activation. Maximal power and jump height were assessed during countermovement jumps (CMJ). Caffeine metabolites were measured in plasma. Adverse effects were registered after each trial. Caffeine significantly improved squat (4.5 ± 1.9%, effect size [ES]: 0.25) and bench press 1RM (3.3 ± 1.4%, ES: 0.20), and squat (15.9 ± 17.9%, ES: 0.31) and bench press RTF (9.8 ± 13.6%, ES: 0.31), compared to placebo. MVC torque (4.6 ± 7.3%, ES: 0.26), CMJ height (7.6 ± 4.0%, ES: 0.50), and power (3.8 ± 2.2%, ES: 0.24) were also significantly increased with caffeine. There were no differences in RFD or muscle activation. Plasma [caffeine] was significantly increased throughout the protocol, and mild side effects of caffeine were experienced by only 3 participants. This study demonstrated that 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine ingestion enhanced maximal strength, power, and muscular endurance in resistance-trained and caffeine-habituated females during the early follicular phase, with few adverse effects. Female strength and power athletes may consider using this dose pre-competition and -training as an effective ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Norum
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Linn Christin Risvang
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.,Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lygeri Dimitriou
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.,Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Per Ola Rønning
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Bjørgen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Premelč J, Vučković G, James N, Dimitriou L. A Retrospective Investigation on Age and Gender Differences of Injuries in DanceSport. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16214164. [PMID: 31671715 PMCID: PMC6862276 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the extensive research on incidence site and type of injury in ballet and modern dancers, limited studies on injury in DanceSport have been reported. Therefore, this study determined retrospectively (within last 12 months) incidence, severity, site and type of injury, between gender and age-class in DanceSport. Participants were 97 international sport-dancers (female, 41; male, 56). Sixty-six (69%) dancers reported 96 injuries (1.00 (range = 4)) injuries per dancer) and an injury incidence of 1.7 (range = 14) per 1000 h. Females revealed significantly higher median injury incidence (females, 2.6 (range = 14); males, 1.9 (range = 9), p < 0.05) than males. A total of 61.5% of all injuries recorded were traumatic with a significant gender difference (Wald chi-square = 11.616, df = 1, p < 0.01). Injury severity was 3 (range 240) days with an interaction effect between gender and age-class (Wald chi-square = 251.374, df = 3, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, 72.3% of the dancers reported not including sport specific exercises besides dancing. These findings show gender and age-class differences in injury incidence, type and severity. Therefore, to reduce the likelihood of injuries, the implementation of supplemental DanceSport specific exercises that also considers the gender and age-class anatomical, functional, and choreographic demand differences in the training program should be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Premelč
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Goran Vučković
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nic James
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK.
| | - Lygeri Dimitriou
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK.
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Allen H, Hull JH, Backhouse SH, De Carné T, Dimitriou L, Price OJ. The Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes provides value in ruling-out exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Allergy 2019; 74:1794-1796. [PMID: 30887521 DOI: 10.1111/all.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Allen
- Carnegie School of Sport Leeds Beckett University Leeds UK
| | - James H. Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Royal Brompton Hospital London UK
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Wilson LJ, Cockburn E, Paice K, Sinclair S, Faki T, Hills FA, Gondek MB, Wood A, Dimitriou L. Recovery following a marathon: a comparison of cold water immersion, whole body cryotherapy and a placebo control. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:153-163. [PMID: 29127510 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cryotherapy is an increasingly popular recovery strategy used in an attempt to attenuate the negative impact of strenuous physical activity on subsequent exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of whole body cryotherapy (WBC) and cold water immersion (CWI) on markers of recovery following a marathon. METHODS Thirty-one endurance trained males completed a marathon. Participants were randomly assigned to a CWI, WBC or placebo group. Perceptions of muscle soreness, training stress and markers of muscle function were recorded before the marathon and at 24 and 48 h post exercise. Blood samples were taken at baseline, post intervention and 24 and 48 h post intervention to assess inflammation and muscle damage. RESULTS WBC had a harmful effect on muscle function compared to CWI post marathon. WBC positively influenced perceptions of training stress compared to CWI. With the exception of C-reactive protein (CRP) at 24 and 48 h, neither cryotherapy intervention positively influenced blood borne markers of inflammation or structural damage compared to placebo. CONCLUSION The findings show WBC has a negative impact on muscle function, perceptions of soreness and a number of blood parameters compared to CWI, contradicting the suggestion that WBC may be a superior recovery strategy. Further, cryotherapy is no more effective than a placebo intervention at improving functional recovery or perceptions of training stress following a marathon. These findings lend further evidence to suggest that treatment belief and the placebo effect may be largely responsible for the beneficial effects of cryotherapy on recovery following a marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Wilson
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, NW4 1RL, UK.
| | - Emma Cockburn
- School of Biomedical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Katherine Paice
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, NW4 1RL, UK
| | - Scott Sinclair
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, NW4 1RL, UK
| | - Tanwir Faki
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, NW4 1RL, UK
| | - Frank A Hills
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Marcela B Gondek
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Alyssa Wood
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, NW4 1RL, UK
| | - Lygeri Dimitriou
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, NW4 1RL, UK
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7
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Turner AN, Kilduff LP, Marshall GJ, Phillips J, Noto A, Buttigieg C, Gondek M, Hills FA, Dimitriou L. Competition Intensity and Fatigue in Elite Fencing. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:3128-3136. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Amorim T, Koutedakis Y, Nevill A, Wyon M, Maia J, Machado JC, Marques F, Metsios GS, Flouris AD, Adubeiro N, Nogueira L, Dimitriou L. Bone mineral density in vocational and professional ballet dancers. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:2903-2912. [PMID: 28656365 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED According to existing literature, bone health in ballet dancers is controversial. We have verified that, compared to controls, young female and male vocational ballet dancers have lower bone mineral density (BMD) at both impact and non-impact sites, whereas female professional ballet dancers have lower BMD only at non-impact sites. INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to (a) assess bone mineral density (BMD) in vocational (VBD) and professional (PBD) ballet dancers and (b) investigate its association with body mass (BM), fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), maturation and menarche. METHODS The total of 152 VBD (13 ± 2.3 years; 112 girls, 40 boys) and 96 controls (14 ± 2.1 years; 56 girls, 40 boys) and 184 PBD (28 ± 8.5 years; 129 females, 55 males) and 160 controls (27 ± 9.5 years; 110 female, 50 males) were assessed at the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), forearm and total body by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maturation and menarche were assessed via questionnaires. RESULTS VBD revealed lower unadjusted BMD at all anatomical sites compared to controls (p < 0.001); following adjustments for Tanner stage and gynaecological age, female VBD showed similar BMD values at impact sites. However, no factors were found to explain the lower adjusted BMD values in VBD (female and male) at the forearm (non-impact site), nor for the lower adjusted BMD values in male VBD at the FN. Compared to controls, female PBD showed higher unadjusted and adjusted BMD for potential associated factors at the FN (impact site) (p < 0.001) and lower adjusted at the forearm (p < 0.001). Male PBD did not reveal lower BMD than controls at any site. CONCLUSIONS Both females and males VBD have lower BMD at impact and non-impact sites compared to control, whereas this is only the case at non-impact site in female PBD. Maturation seems to explain the lower BMD at impact sites in female VBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Amorim
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK.
| | - Y Koutedakis
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - A Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
| | - M Wyon
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
- National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, London, UK
| | - J Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
| | - J C Machado
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Marques
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - G S Metsios
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - A D Flouris
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - N Adubeiro
- School of Health Technology of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Nogueira
- School of Health Technology of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Dimitriou
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
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Turner AN, Marshall G, Phillips J, Noto A, Buttigieg C, Chavda S, Downing W, Atlay N, Dimitriou L, Kilduff L. Physical Characteristics Underpinning Repetitive Lunging in Fencing. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3134-3139. [PMID: 26950343 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Turner, AN, Marshall, G, Phillips, J, Noto, A, Buttigieg, C, Chavda, S, Downing, W, Atlay, N, Dimitriou, L, and Kilduff, L. Physical characteristics underpinning repetitive lunging in fencing. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3134-3139, 2016-Given the repetitive demand to execute lunging and changes in direction within fencing, the ability to sustain these at maximal capacity is fundamental to performance. The aim of this study was threefold. First, to provide normative values for this variable referred to as repeat lunge ability (RLA) and second to identify the physical characteristics that underpin it. Third, was to establish if a cause and effect relationship existed by training the associated characteristics. Assessment of lower-body power, reactive strength, speed, change of direction speed (CODS), and a sport-specific RLA were conducted on senior and junior elite male fencers (n = 36). Fencers were on average (±SD) 18.9 ± 3.2 years of age, 174.35 ± 10.42 cm tall, 70.67 ± 7.35 kg in mass, and 8.5 ± 4.2 years fencing experience. The RLA test had average work times of 16.03 ± 1.40 seconds and demonstrated "large" to "very large" associations with all tested variables, but in particular CODS (r = 0.70) and standing broad jump (SBJ; r = -0.68). Through linear regression analysis, these also provided a 2-predictor model accounting for 61% of the common variance associated with RLA. A cause and effect relationship with SBJ and CODS was confirmed by the training group, where RLA performance in these fencers improved from 15.80 ± 1.07 to 14.90 ± 0.86 seconds, with the magnitude of change reported as "moderate" (effect size (ES) = 0.93). Concurrent improvements were also noted in both SBJ (216.86 ± 17.15 vs. 221.71 ± 17.59 cm) and CODS (4.44 ± 0.29 vs. 4.31 ± 0.09 seconds) and while differences were only significant in SBJ, magnitudes of change were classed as "small" (ES = 0.28) and "moderate" (ES = 0.61), respectively. In conclusion, to improve RLA strength and conditioning coaches should focus on improving lower-body power and reactive strength, noting that jump training and plyometrics designed to enhance horizontal propulsion may be most effective, and translate to improvement in CODS also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Turner
- 1London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, United Kingdom; and 2Health and Sport Portfolio, School of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
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Dimitriou L, Lockey J, Castell L. Is baseline aerobic fitness associated with illness and attrition rate in military training? J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2016; 163:39-47. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2015-000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dimitriou L, Hill JA, Jehnali A, Dunbar J, Brouner J, McHugh MP, Howatson G. Influence of a montmorency cherry juice blend on indices of exercise-induced stress and upper respiratory tract symptoms following marathon running--a pilot investigation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:22. [PMID: 25983669 PMCID: PMC4432790 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged exercise, such as marathon running, has been associated with an increase in respiratory mucosal inflammation. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the effects of Montmorency cherry juice on markers of stress, immunity and inflammation following a Marathon. Methods Twenty recreational Marathon runners consumed either cherry juice (CJ) or placebo (PL) before and after a Marathon race. Markers of mucosal immunity secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), salivary cortisol, inflammation (CRP) and self-reported incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS) were measured before and following the race. Results All variables except secretory IgA and IgG concentrations in saliva showed a significant time effect (P <0.01). Serum CRP showed a significant interaction and treatment effect (P < 0.01). The CRP increase at 24 and 48 h post-Marathon was lower (P < 0.01) in the CJ group compared to PL group. Mucosal immunity and salivary cortisol showed no interaction effect or treatment effect. The incidence and severity of URTS was significantly greater than baseline at 24 h and 48 h following the race in the PL group and was also greater than the CJ group (P < 0.05). No URTS were reported in the CJ group whereas 50 % of runners in the PL group reported URTS at 24 h and 48 h post-Marathon. Conclusions This is the first study that provides encouraging evidence of the potential role of Montmorency cherries in reducing the development of URTS post-Marathon possibly caused by exercise-induced hyperventilation trauma, and/or other infectious and non-infectious factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygeri Dimitriou
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenland Way, NW4 1RLE London, UK
| | - Jessica A Hill
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University College, Twickenham, UK
| | | | | | - James Brouner
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK ; Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Turner A, James N, Dimitriou L, Greenhalgh A, Moody J, Fulcher D, Mias E, Kilduff L. Determinants of Olympic Fencing Performance and Implications for Strength and Conditioning Training. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:3001-11. [PMID: 24714533 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Turner
- 1Middlesex University, London Sport Institute, London, United Kingdom; 2Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff School of Sport, Wales, United Kingdom; 3English Institute of Sport, Lee Valley Athletics Centre, London, United Kingdom; and 4Applied Science Technology Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine bone mineral density (BMD) and the associations among BMD, menstrual history, disordered eating (DE), training history, intentional weight loss (IWL) and rib pain for the first time in female lightweight rowers. SETTING 9 lightweight rowing clubs, UK. PARTICIPANTS 29 Caucasian female lightweight rowers volunteered. 21 (12 active, 9 retired) completed the study. INCLUSION CRITERIA female lightweight rowers aged over 18 years. EXCLUSION CRITERIA participants with a history of bone disease, used medications known to influence BMD or if they were pregnant, lactating or postmenopausal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured total body (TB) composition and BMD at the spine, femoral neck (FN), radius and TB. DE, oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea years; rib pain and training history. RESULTS DE was reported in six of the rowers. The active with DE started rowing younger (p<0.05) than those without, and their amount of IWL was associated with Eating Attitudes Test-26 score (p<0.05). Some participants reported a history of oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea 17 (76%) and/or rib pain 7 (32%) with those with rib pain having lower spine and TB Z-scores (p<0.05) than those without. Those with oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea had lower spine Z-scores (p<0.01) than those without. Twelve participants had low BMD; three at spine; one at FN; and eight at radius. Thirteen per cent of mean total training hours (18.6±9.1 h/week) were spent strength training (2.4±2.2 h/week). CONCLUSIONS Upper body exercises incorporating multidimensional high peak bone strain were not reported and may need to be considered in their strength training to improve radial BMD. Results suggest IWL and high-level training at a young age increases the likelihood of DE and there may be a lack of quality nutritional support for these athletes. Thus, multidisciplinary sport science support should be offered at a young age and perhaps also to consider changing the weight rules to prevent the development of the Triad.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Weiler
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Antony Turner
- Middlesex University, London Sport Institute, London, UK
| | - Luke Heath
- Middlesex University, London Sport Institute, London, UK
| | - Nic James
- Middlesex University, London Sport Institute, London, UK
| | - Anna Reid
- University College London, London, UK
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Pollock N, Grogan C, Perry M, Pedlar C, Cooke K, Morrissey D, Dimitriou L. Bone Mineral Density And Aspects Of The Female Athlete Triad In Elite Endurance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000384485.06456.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dimitriou L, Chong C, Dhunnokchand R, Ranney J, Jehanli A, Speedy T, Ranney M. Team Everest: The Immune Response To High Altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000354858.82646.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reid A, Lloyd-Smith R, Dimitriou L. Menstrual Irregularity, Bone Mineral Density and Rib Injuries in Current and Retired Female Lightweight Rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000323205.95542.7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dimitriou L, Sharp C, Whyte G, Castell L. Are Fitness Levels a Crucial Factor in Military Training? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000273756.79486.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cooke K, Dimitriou L, McCormack M. Low Radial BMD is Associated with Reduced Femoral Cross Sectional Area in Female Ballet Dancers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000273156.09179.ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cooke K, Dimitriou L, Smith N, McCormack M. Bone Mineral Density And Body Composition In Female Professional Ballet Dancers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200505001-00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sharp NCC, Dimitriou L, Doherty M. Applying elite research to the general population. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37:372; discussion 372. [PMID: 12893733 PMCID: PMC1724661 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.37.4.372-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether time of day significantly affects salivary cortisol and IgA levels before and after submaximal swimming. METHODS Fourteen male competitive swimmers (mean (SD) age 18 (3.2) years) volunteered to participate in the study. In a fully randomised, cross over design, each subject performed 5 x 400 m front crawl at 85 (1.2)% of their seasonal best time (277 (16) seconds), with one minute rest between each 400 m, at 0600 and 1800 hours on two separate days. Timed, unstimulated saliva samples were collected before and after exercise. Saliva samples were analysed for cortisol and IgA by radioimmunoassay and single radial immunodiffusion respectively. RESULTS Significant time of day effects (am and pm respectively) were observed in IgA concentration (0.396 (0.179) v 0.322 (0.105) mg/ml, p<0.05), IgA secretory rate (0.109 (0.081) v 0.144 (0.083) mg/min, p<0.01), and saliva flow rate (0.31 (0.23) v 0.46 (0.22) ml/min, p<0.001) before exercise (all values mean (SD)). Differences in cortisol levels before exercise (1.09 (0.56) v 0.67 (0.94) microg/dl) approached significance (p = 0.059). The exercise protocol did not significantly affect IgA concentration and secretory rate (p>0.05) but, in comparison with values before exercise, caused significant alterations in cortisol (p<0.01) and saliva flow rate (p<0.01). There was no significant interaction effect of time of day by exercise on any salivary variables measured (p>0.05). However, most of the values of the salivary variables before exercise were significantly inversely related to their exercise induced response (p<0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest a significant circadian variation in the variables measured before exercise, without showing a significant effect on their acute responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dimitriou
- Department of Sport Sciences, Brunel University, Osterley Campus, Borough Road Isleworth, Middlesex TW7 5DU, UK.
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Maltezou HC, Nikolaidis P, Lebesii E, Dimitriou L, Androulakakis E, Kafetzis DA. Piperacillin/Tazobactam versus cefotaxime plus metronidazole for treatment of children with intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20:643-6. [PMID: 11714046 DOI: 10.1007/s100960100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of piperacillin/tazobactam at 100/12.5 mg/kg every 8 h (35 patients) was compared to cefotaxime plus metronidazole at 50/7.5 mg/kg every 8 h (35 patients) in 70 children with intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery. Diagnoses were gangrenous or perforated appendicitis (n =56), peritonitis (n =12), and abscess (n =2). Clinical cure was observed in 35 of 35 evaluable patients treated with piperacilin/tazobactam and in 34 of 34 evaluable patients treated with cefotaxime plus metronidazole. Presumed bacteriological eradication was noted in 29 of 30 evaluable patients in the piperacillin/tazobactam group and in 31 of 31 evaluable patients in the cefotaxime plus metronidazole group. In this study, piperacillin/tazobactam was as effective as cefotaxime plus metronidazole for treating children with intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Maltezou
- University of Athens Second Department of Pediatrics, P. & A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare lung volumes in a large cross sectional sample of Greek swimmers, land based athletes, and sedentary controls by means of allometric scaling. METHODS Four hundred and fifty nine asymptomatic Greek children and young adults (age 10-21 years), including 159 swimmers, 130 land based athletes, and 170 sedentary controls, performed forced expiratory manoeuvres into a portable spirometer. Measurements included forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0), and peak expiratory flow. Body mass and stature were also measured using standardised anthropometric techniques. RESULTS Logarithmic transformations showed that in FEV1.0 was highly related to in stature in males and females (r = 0.93 and 0.86 respectively, P < 0.001) and were used to determine the exponent in an allometric equation which also included age and age. Resulting power functions, FEV1.0/stature, were 0.64 (0.18) litres/m2.69 and 0.33 (0.24) litres/m2.32 for males and females respectively (mean (SE)). The male and female swimming groups had larger FEV1.0 than both land based athletes and sedentary controls (one way analysis of variance, P < 0.001). In addition, male national standard swimmers (n = 38) had superior FEV1.0 in comparison with male non-national standard swimmers (n = 24; t test, P < 0.05). However, when years of swimming training was controlled for by analysis of covariance, the difference in FEV1.0 between the two groups was no longer evident. CONCLUSIONS Swimmers have superior FEV1.0 independent of stature and age in comparison with both land based athletes and sedentary controls. In addition, male national standard swimmers have superior FEV1.0 independent of stature and age in comparison with male non-national standard swimmers. When years of training is controlled for, the difference in FEV1.0 between the two groups is no longer evident. This suggests that the years of swimming training and/or the earlier age at which training begins may have a significant influence on subsequent FEV1.0 and swimming performance. However, because of the cross sectional nature of this study, the results do not exclude genetic endowment as a major determinant of the superior lung volume observed in swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Doherty
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Luton, United Kingdom
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