The Relationship Between Global Left Ventricular Function, as Indicated by the Tei Index, and Long-Term Survival in Patients With Non-Ischemic, Dilated Cardiomyopathy

AIM

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the leading causes of low ejection fraction (EF) heart failure (HF). The Tei index is a reliable marker that reflects both left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, and it has prognostic value in patients with DCM. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the Tei index and long-term survival in non-ischemic, DCM patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present study included 98 patients with non-ischemic DCM. The mean survival time of the patients was 59 mos.

RESULTS

The Tei index was prominently higher in patients who died (0.64±0.08 vs 0.71±0.12, respectively; p=0.01). LV end-systolic volume and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) were independent prognostic factors and predicted worse long-term survival. Additionally, the patients with LVEF ≥32.7 % and the Tei index ≤0.76 had significantly longer survival.

CONCLUSION

The present study showed that the Tei index was significantly associated with mortality and the patients with both low LVEF (≤32.7 %) and high Tei index (≥0.76) values had a shorter life expectancy. As a result, we suggest that the Tei index may be a useful echocardiographic marker to predict long-term survival in DCM patients.

THU0290 THE EARLIER IMMUNOSUPPRESIVE TREATMENT MAY PREVENT MAJOR ORGAN INVOLVEMENT IN BEHCET DISEASE

Background:

Immunosuppressive(IS) agents are used for the treatment and prevention of major organ involvement in Behçet’s disease.

Objectives:

We aimed to investigate the rate of new major organ involvement development in patients under IS treatment for any reason during follow-up,and to compare the rate with patients never receiving IS treatments.

Methods:

Data were collected retrospectively from files of patients who had a minimum follow-up duration of 6 months and were diagnosed with Behçet’s disease according to the ISG criteria.Major organ manifestations were defined as ocular, vascular, neurologic, and gastrointestinal involvement.ISs were defined as azathioprine,cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids,interferon alfa,TNF inhibitors and cyclosporine.

Results:

640 patients were included in the study,of which 354 (55%) were male.The median age at diagnosis was 28(IQR: 23-35); the median follow-up duration was 5.75 (IQR: 3-8.91) years.Erythema nodosum was more common in females, but uveitis and vascular involvement were more prevalent among male patients (Table 1).198 (31%) patients had uveitis, 163 (26%) patients had vascular involvement, 63 (10%) patients had neurological involvement and 11(2%) patients had gastrointestinal involvement.The distribution of these 241 vascular events is displayed in Figure 1. 324 (51%) patients were not receiving any immunosuppressives when they developed their first major organ involvement.On the other hand, a total number of 348 (53%) patients were started on immunosuppressives [324 (51%) for major organ involvement, 24 (3%) for mucocutaneous involvement].38 (11%) of these patients developed a different major organ involvement (Table 2) under ISs. 23 of these 38 patients were on Azathioprine; eight were on Cyclophosphamide and Azathioprine, three were on interferon-alfa.Among patients receiving IS for any reason, 91 (28%) experienced relapses in the same organ.

Conclusion:

During follow-up in our tertiary rheumatology center, about 40 % of patients receiving immunosuppressives, either experienced a new and different organ manifestation or had a relapse in the same organ.Our results suggest that earlier and more aggressive treatment may be necessary for the treatment of patients with BD to prevent both relapses and new major organ involvement in daily practice.

Table 1.

Organ involvement among genders*

Male(n= 354)Female(n = 286)pAll patients(n=640)Oral ulcer350 (99)277 (99)0.699632 (99)Genital ulcer268 (76)226 (81)0.091498 (78)Erythema Nodosum166 (47)173 (62)<0.001343 (54)Pathergy191 (64)145 (60)0.433341 (54)Arthritis59 (17)55 (20)0.308114 (18)Family history70 (20)74 (27)0.051144 (23)Uveitis130 (37)68 (25)0.001198 (31)Gastrointestinal7 (2)4 (1)0.76311 (2)Vascular124 (35)37 (13)<0.001163 (26)Neurologic36 (10)27 (10)0.85163 (10)Parenchyma14 (4)17 (6)0.22031 (5)Venous Sinus Thrombosis18 (5)10 (4)0.35628 (4)

* Values denote the number (%) of patients

Table 2.

Distribution of major organ involvement developed in patients under and without immunosuppressive treatments

No immunosuppressives(n= 302)While on immunosuppressives(n= 38)Vascular99 (31)16 (5)Uveitis150 (46)9 (3)Neurological28 (9)7 (2)Gastrointestinal4 (1)3 (1)Others†21 (6)3 (1)

* Values denote the number (%) of patients

†Simultaneous involvement of more than one organ

Figure 1.

Distribution of vascular events*

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

THU0308 COMPARISON OF CHILDHOOD-ONSET VERSUS ADULT-ONSET TAKAYASU ARTERITIS: A STUDY OF 141 PATIENTS FROM TURKEY

Background:

Childhood-onset Takayasu Arteritis (c-TAK) may differ from adult-onset Takayasu Arteritis (a-TAK) in clinical maaifestations and treatment.

Objectives:

To compare c-TAK with a-TAK patients for vascular involvement, disease activity, damage, and treatment.

Methods:

Patient charts from two tertiary-care centers of a pediatric and adult clinic were reviewed. Adult patients diagnosed before the age of 18 were included in the c-TAK group. The activity was assessed with the physician’s global assessment (PGA) and Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS). The damage was evaluated with Takayasu Arteritis Damage Score (TADS) and Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI).

Results:

Twenty four c-TAK and 121 a-TAK patients were compared. 21 (88%) of the c-TAK group and 104 (89%) of the a-TAK group were female. Age at symptom onset was 14 (IQR: 9-15) for c-TAK and 30 (IQR: 24-43) for a-TAK patients. Diagnostic delay in months was shorter for c-TAK patients [c-TAK: 3 (1-10) vs. a-TAK: 12 (5-58)]. Follow-up duration was similar [53 months (IQR: 16-131) vs. 68 (IQR: 30-102), p=0.763].

ITAS was comparable for c-TAK and a-TAK patients on the first visit [14 (SD: 7) vs. 13 (SD: 5), p=0.362, respectively]. However, the PGA score was higher in the c-TAK group compared to the a-TAK group [9 (IQR 7-10) vs. 7 (IQR 6-8), p<0.001].

14 (64%) of c-TAK patients and 10 (9%) of a-TAK patients received pulse glucocorticoids, p= 0.002. Cumulative glucocorticoid dose was 10 grams (IQR: 6-13) for c-TAK patients and 7 grams (IQR: 4-12) for a-TAK patients (p=0.128).

After diagnosis, children had more vascular interventions than the adults did [9 (38%) vs. 20 (18%), p=0.031, respectively].

Rates of achieving at least one remission were lower for c-TAK patients [c-TAK: 12 (50 %) vs. a-TAK: 94 (82%), p=0.001]. c-TAK patients had a PGA score of 6 (IQR 3-8), the PGA score in a-TAK patients was 1 (IQR 1-3), p<0.001. Still, ITAS was similar for both groups [c-TAK: 1 (IQR 0-3) vs. a-TAK: 0 (IQR 0-2), p= 0.579]. 9 (38%) of c-TAK patients had at least one relapse, and the 43 (38%) of a-TAK patients had at least one relapse (p=0.960).

TADS was similar [c-TAK: 8 (IQR 4-12), a-TAK: 8 (IQR 6-10), p=0.919]. However, VDI of the a-TAK patients was higher than the c-TAK patients [c-TAK: 4 (IQR 2-5), a-TAK: 5 (IQR 3-7), p=0.017]. Glucocorticoid related damage was higher in a-TAK patients (Diabetes: 8% vs. 4%, avascular necrosis: 6% vs. 0, and cataracts: 11% vs. 0)

Conclusion:

Aorta involvement, biologic agent use, and vascular interventions were more common in c-TAK patients. However, cumulative damage was not increased for c-TAK patients which may be partly explained by more common corticosteroid related side-effects in adults.

Table 1.

Baseline symptoms, physical examination findings*

c-TAK (n= 24)a-TAK (n= 117)pSYMPTOMSStroke1 (4)8 (7)1Carotidynia019 (16)0.044Upper Extremity Claudication5 (21)72 (62)<0.001Hypertension13 (54)22 (19)<0.001Pulse loss (Radial)8/23 (35)62 (58)0.043BRUITSubclavian8 (35)62 (57)0.054Renal9 (39)15 (14)0.014Abdominal Aorta11 (48)9 (8)<0.001

*Values denote the number (%) of patients

Figure 1.

Comparison of involved arteries* * Numbers in bars represent percentage of patients in each group

Figure 2.

Angiographic classification types according to Hata* * Numbers in bars represent percentage of patients in each group. Type 2a and Type 2b are combined. a-TAK group had no patient with Type 3 disease

Table 2.

Medical treatment*

First TreatmentTreated Everc-TAK (n=22)a-TAK (n=115)pc-TAK(n=24)a-TAK (n=114)pMethotrexate5 (23)69 (60)0.00112 (50)76 (67)0.123Azathioprine8 (36)38 (33)0.76321 (88)79 (69)0.070Leflunomide01 (1)13 (13)35 (31)0.070Cyclophosphamide†6 (27)6 (5)0.00412 (50)10 (9)<0.001Biologics10 (42)16 (14)0.004Anti-TNF---4 (17)18 (16)-Tocilizumab---7 (29)4 (4)-

*Values denote the number (%) of patients.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

The effects of colostrum on some biochemical parameters in the experimental intoxication of rats with paracetamol

In the current study, the possible prophylactic and therapeutic effects of colostrum (COL) on acute organ injury caused by paracetamol (PAR) in rats were evaluated. Within the scope of this study, a 2-month-old male (150-200 g) 70 Wistar Albino rat was used and a total of seven groups were designed. The first group (CNT) was maintained for control purposes. The second group (COL-1) was given COL for 1 day, at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals, and blood and tissue sampling was performed at 24 h. The third group (COL-7) received COL for 7 days, at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals on day 1 and at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg on the following days, and blood and tissue samples were taken at the end of seventh day. The fourth group (PAR-1) was administered with PAR at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw and was blood and tissue sampled at 24 h. The fifth group (PAR-7) received PAR at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw on day 1 and was blood and tissue was removed at the end of day 7. The sixth group (PAR+COL-1) was administered with a combination of PAR (1 g/kg bw) and COL (500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals), and blood and tissue samples were collected at 24 h. The seventh group (PAR+COL-7) received 1.0 g/kg bw of PAR on day 1 and was given COL throughout the 7-day study period (at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals on day 1 and at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg on the following days). In the seventh group, blood and tissue samples were taken at the end of seventh day. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, creatinine, triglyceride, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin levels/activities were analysed in the serum samples. The malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels/activities, known as oxidative stress parameters, were assayed for tissue homogenates and blood (erythrocytes/plasma); in addition, enzyme activities of GSH S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (CYTB5), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), NADPH-cytochrome P450 C reductase (CYTC) and glutathione (GSH) levels/activities defined as drug metabolising parameters were measured in liver homogenates. In result, it was determined that PAR caused significant alterations in some biochemical and lipid peroxidation parameters and the activities/levels of drug metabolising parameters in the liver and that COL normalised some of these parameters and reduced PAR-induced tissue damage.

Effect on oxidative stress, hepatic chemical metabolizing parameters, and genotoxic damage of mad honey intake in rats

A total of 66 male Wistar rats were used and six groups (control: 10 animals and experimental: 12 animals) were formed. While a separate control group was established for each study period, mad honey application to the animals in the experimental group was carried out with a single dose (12.5 g kg−1 body weight (b.w.); acute stage), at a dose of 7.5 g kg−1 b.w. for 21 days (subacute stage), and at a dose of 5 g kg−1 b.w. for 60 days (chronic stage). Tissue and blood oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), hepatic chemical metabolizing parameters in the liver (cytochrome P450 2E1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-cytochrome b5 reductase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome c reductase (CYTC), GSH S-transferase (GST), and GSH), and micronucleus and comet test in some samples were examined. Findings from the study showed that single and repeated doses given over the period increased MDA, NO, and HNE levels while decreasing/increasing tissue and blood antioxidant enzyme activities. From hepatic chemical metabolizing parameters, GST activity increased in the subacute and chronic stages and CYTC activity increased in the acute period, whereas GSH level decreased in the subacute stage. Changes in tail and head intensities were found in most of the comet results. Mad honey caused oxidative stresses for each exposure period and made some significant changes on the comet test in certain periods for some samples obtained. In other words, according to the available research results obtained, careless consumption of mad honey for different medical purposes is not appropriate.

The effects of diosmin on aflatoxin-induced liver and kidney damage

Aflatoxin is among the natural toxins that cause serious side effects on living things. Diosmin is also one of the compounds with broad pharmacological effects. In this study, the effects on the oxidant/antioxidant system of 50 mg/kg body weight/day dose of diosmin, aflatoxin (500 μg/kg body weight/day), and combined aflatoxin (500 μg/kg body weight/day) plus diosmin (50 mg/kg body weight/day) given to the stomach via catheter female adult Wistar Albino rats is examined. Forty rats were used in the experiment, and these animals were randomly allocated to four equal groups. The test phase lasted 21 days, and blood samples and tissue (liver and kidney) samples were taken after this period was over. Some biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin) and levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and 4-hydroxynonenal and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were analyzed in the samples. The aflatoxin administered over the period indicated a significant increase in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in all tissues and blood samples. Therewithal, the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed a change in the decreasing direction. Biochemical parameters of the group in which aflatoxin were administered alone changed unfavorably. Parallel effects were also observed in the histopathological findings of this group. The results showed that aflatoxin changed antioxidant/oxidant balance in favor of oxidant and eventually led to lipid peroxidation. Diosmin administration to aflatoxin-treated animals resulted in positive changes in antioxidant enzyme activities while the levels of MDA, NO, and 4-HNE were reduced in all tissues and blood samples examined. Diosmin alleviates the oxidative stress caused by aflatoxin. Similar improvement was observed in biochemical parameters of this group as well as in liver and kidney histopathology. No significant change was observed in the group treated with diosmin alone in terms of the parameters examined and histologic findings. As a result, diosmin may be included in compounds that can be used as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent in the event of the formation of aflatoxin exposure and poisoning in animals.

The acute and chronic toxic effect of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and their combinations in rats

This study was aimed at determining the acute and chronic toxic effects of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and combined cypermethrin and propetamphos. Four groups, each comprising 10 animals, were established for the acute (a) and chronic (b) toxicity trials, and in total, 80 male Wistar albino rats were used. In the acute toxicity trial, the first group was maintained for control purposes, and groups 2a, 3a, and 4a were administered only once with 80 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin, 25 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos and 80 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin combined with 25 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos, respectively, by gavage directly into the stomach. In the chronic toxicity trial, the first group was also maintained for control purposes, while groups 2b, 3b, and 4b were administered daily with 12 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin, 4 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos, and 12 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin combined with 4 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos respectively, by gavage directly into the stomach for 60 days. Blood and tissue (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, and testis) samples were taken 24 h after pesticide administration in the acute toxicity trial and at the end of day 60 in the chronic toxicity trial. Oxidative stress (MDA, NO, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and G6PD) parameters, serum biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP, protein, and albumin) and hepatic drug-metabolizing parameters (CYP2E1, CYPB5, CYTC, GST, and GSH) were investigated in the samples. When administered either alone or in combination, both pesticides inhibited the antioxidant enzymes and increased MDA and NO levels. For the drug-metabolizing parameters investigated, particularly in the chronic period, either increase (CYP2E1, CYPB5, and CYTC) or decrease (GST and GSH) was observed. Furthermore, some negative changes were detected in the serum biochemical parameters. In result, cypermethrin and propetamphos combinations and long-term exposure to these combinations produced a greater toxic effect than the administration of these insecticides alone. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1415-1429, 2016.

Conformational, electronic, and spectroscopic characterization of isophthalic acid (monomer and dimer structures) experimentally and by DFT

Isophthalic acid (C6H4(CO2H)2) is a noteworthy organic compound widely used in coating and synthesis of resins and the production of commercially important polymers such as drink plastic bottles. The effects of isophthalic acid (IPA) on human health, toxicology, and biodegradability are the main focus of many researchers. Because structural and spectroscopic investigation of molecules provides a deep understanding of interactional behaviors of compounds, this study stands for exploring those features. Therefore, the spectroscopic, structural, electronic, and thermodynamical properties of IPA were thoroughly studied in this work experimentally using UV-Vis, (1)H and (13)C NMR, FT-IR, FT-Raman and theoretically via DFT and TD-DFT calculations. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum in water was taken in the region 200-400nm. The NMR chemical shifts ((1)H and (13)C) were recorded in DMSO solution. The infrared and Raman spectra of the solid IPA were recorded in the range of 4000-400cm(-1) and 3500-50cm(-1), respectively. DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) in determination of geometrical structure, electronic structure analysis and normal mode. The (13)C and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were estimated by using the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method. The scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method was used to determine the total energy distribution (TED) to assign the vibrational modes accurately. Weak interactions such as hydrogen bonding and Van der Walls were analyzed via reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis in monomeric and dimeric forms. Furthermore, the excitation energies, density of state (DOS) diagram, thermodynamical properties, molecular electro-static potential (MEP), and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were obtained.

The toxic effect of cypermethrin, amitraz and combinations of cypermethrin-amitraz in rats

In this study, the effects of cypermethrin (CYP), amitraz (AMT) and combined cypermethrin-amitraz (CYP-AMT) on some serum biochemical, oxidative stress and drug-metabolising parameters were investigated in male Wistar albino rats. CYP, AMT and combined CYP-AMT were administered at doses of 80 mg kg(-1) bw(-1) of CYP and 170 mg kg(-1) bw(-1) of AMT for 1 day (single dose), and at doses of 12 mg kg(-1) bw(-1) of CYP and 25 mg kg(-1) bw(-1) of AMT for 40 days by oral gavage. Oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)), serum biochemical (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, asparatate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, albumin) in blood/tissues (liver, kidney, brain, spleen and testis) and hepatic drug-metabolising (cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (CYPb5), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase/NADPH cytocrome P450 reductase (CYTC), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH)) parameters were measured in liver samples taken on days 1 and 40. In result, it was determined that CYP, AMT and their combinations led to significant changes in the parameters investigated, and it was ascertained that long-term exposure to insecticides and the administration of insecticide combinations produced greater toxic effects in comparison with the administration of insecticides alone.

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization on 4-(2,5-di-2-thienyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) benzoic acid: A DFT approach

A complete structural and vibrational analysis of the 4-(2,5-di-2-thienyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) benzoic acid (TPBA), was carried out by ab initio calculations, at the density functional theory (DFT) method. Molecular geometry, vibrational wavenumbers and gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) (13)C NMR and (1)H NMR chemical shift values of (TPBA), in the ground state have been calculated by using ab initio density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311G(d,p) as basis set for the first time. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational modes of (TPBA) and calculated results by DFT/B3LYP method indicates that B3LYP level of theory giving yield good results for quantum chemical studies. Vibrational wavenumbers obtained by the DFT/B3LYP method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The study was complemented with a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, to evaluate the significance of hyperconjugative interactions and electrostatic effects on such molecular structure. By using TD-DFT method, electronic absorption spectra of the title compound have been predicted and a good agreement with the TD-DFT method and the experimental one is determined. In addition, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals analysis and thermodynamic properties of TPBA were investigated using theoretical calculations.

Effect of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) on performance, egg traits and blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant activity in laying Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of hempseed (HS) on performance, egg traits, serum lipid profile and antioxidant activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 2. A total of 120 eight-week-old laying quail were divided into 4 experimental groups with 10 replicates. The treatments were as follows: (1) control diet (C, no HS in the diet); (2) 5% HS in the diet (HS5); (3) 10% HS in the diet (HS10); and (4) 20% HS in the diet (HS20). The quail were fed the experimental diets from 8 to 14 weeks of age. 3. There was no significant difference in body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds overall in the experiment. The egg production was not influenced by the HS contents in the diet; however the HS10 diet increased egg weight and egg-specific gravity. The carcass traits were not affected by the HS contents. 4. The serum triglyceride, cholesterol and the high density lipoprotein were not significantly altered; however, low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration in HS-supplemented groups were lower than that of the C group. 5. The malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and nitrogen oxide concentrations were not significantly affected, but in the HS10 and HS20, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) concentration was higher than in the C and HS5 groups. 6. The omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs increased linearly with increasing dietary HS content in the diet. 7. In conclusion, HS could be a potential feed and health benefit as a natural antioxidant in relation to decreasing serum LDL and increasing GSH-Px concentration in the liver of laying quail.

Synthesis and investigation of the properties of novel azocalix[4]arenes

The azocalix[4]arenes molecules such as methylphenylazocalix[4]aren (MPcalix[4]) and methoxyphenylazocalix[4]aren (MOPcalix[4]) have been synthesized and characterized by experimental FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectral analyses. The fundamental vibrational transitions have been addressed by experimental FT-IR (4000-400 cm(-1)) technique and density functional theory (DFT) employing B3LYP level with the 6-31G(d) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The (1)H NMR spectra of the studied compounds have been recorded in chloroform, and compared with computed data obtained by using gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) method. Furthermore, thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, entropy, and enthalpy changes) and frontier molecular orbitals of the molecules in the ground state have been calculated by using the same method and basis sets. The non-linear optical properties such as the first order hyperpolarizability (β0), related properties (α0 and Δα) are also computed. Information about the charge density distribution of the molecules and its chemical reactivity has been studied by mapping molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPs). The scaled vibrational frequency values have been compared with experimental FT-IR spectroscopic data. The correlations between the observed and calculated frequencies are in good agreement with each other as well as the correlation of NMR data. The linear polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of the studied molecules indicate that the compounds are a good candidate of nonlinear optical materials.

FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR and UV-Vis spectra and DFT calculations of 5-bromo-2-ethoxyphenylboronic acid (monomer and dimer structures)

In this study, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Fourier Transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectra of 5-bromo-2-ethoxyphenylboronic acid (5Br2EPBA) are recorded in the solid phase in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-10 cm(-1), respectively. The (1)H, (13)C and DEPT nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra are recorded in DMSO solution. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of 5Br2EPBA is saved in the range of 200-400 nm in ethanol and water. The following theoretical calculations for monomeric and dimeric structures are supported by experimental results. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies in the ground state are calculated by using DFT methods with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. There are four conformers for the present molecule. The computational results diagnose the most stable conformer of 5Br2EPBA as Trans-Cis (TC) form. The complete assignments are performed on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method in parallel quantum solutions (PQS) program. The (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts of 5Br2EPBA molecule are calculated by using the Gauge Invariant Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method in DMSO and gas phase for monomer and dimer structures of the most stable conformer. Moreover, electronic properties, such as the HOMO and LUMO energies (by TD-DFT and CIS methods) and molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPs) are investigated. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interactions, charge delocalization is analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and thermodynamic features are presented. All calculated results are compared with the experimental data of the title molecule. The correlation of theoretical and experimental results provides a detailed description of the structural and physicochemical properties of the title molecule.

Synthesis and DFT calculation of a novel 5,17-di(2-antracenylazo)-25,27-di(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene

In this study, 5,17-di(2-antracenylazo)-25,27-di(ethoxycarbonylmethoxy)-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene has been synthesized from 2-aminoantracene and 25,27-dihydroxy-26,28-diethylacetate calix[4]arene. In order to identify the molecular structure and vibrational features of the prepared azocalix[4]arene, FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectral data have been used. FT-IR spectrum of the studied molecule is recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1). (1)H NMR spectrum is recorded for 0.1-0.2 M solutions in DMSO-d6 solution. The molecular geometry, infrared spectrum are calculated by the density functional method employing B3LYP level with different basis sets, including 6-31G(d) and LanL2DZ. The chemical shifts calculation for (1)H NMR of the title molecule is calculated by using by Gauge-Invariant Atomic Orbital method by utilizing the same basis sets. The total density of state, the partial density of state and the overlap population density of state diagram analysis are done via GaussSum 3.0 program. Frontier molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) and molecular electrostatic potential surface on the title molecule are carried out for various intramolecular interactions that are responsible for the stabilization of the molecule. The experimental results and theoretical calculations have been compared, and they are found to be in good agreement.

Spectral features, electric properties, NBO analysis and reactivity descriptors of 2-(2-Benzothiazolylthio)-Ethanol: Combined experimental and DFT studies

Quantum chemical calculations of ground state energy, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers, nuclear magnetic behaviors, electronic absorption spectra along with the nonlinear optical properties of 2-(2-benzothiazolylthio)-ethanol (BTZTE) were carried out using density functional (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311++G(d,p) as basis set. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were measured in the condensed state. The fundamental vibrational wavenumbers as well as their intensities were calculated, and a good correlation between experimental and scaled calculated wavenumbers was accomplished. The electric dipole moment, polarizability and the first hyperpolarizability values of the BTZTE were calculated at the same level of theory and basis set. The results show that the BTZTE molecule possesses nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior with non-zero values. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interactions and charge delocalization was analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. UV spectrum of the studied molecule was recorded in the region 200-500nm and the electronic properties were predicted by time-dependent DFT approach. The calculated transition energies are in good concurrency with the experimental data. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the title molecule were calculated by the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method and compared with experimental results. The thermodynamic properties of the studied compound at different temperatures were calculated. Global and local reactivity descriptors were computed to predict reactivity and reactive sites on the molecule.

Spectroscopic investigation, natural bond orbital analysis, HOMO-LUMO and thermodynamic functions of 2-tert-butyl-5-methyl anisole using DFT (B3LYP) calculations

The optimized molecular structure and corresponding vibrational assignments of 2-tert-butyl-5-methyl anisole (TBMA) have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets investigation of the relative orientation of the methoxy group has shown two conformers (O-cis) and (O-trans) exist. The vibrational analysis of the stable conformer of the title compound is performed by means of infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy in combination with theoretical simultaneously. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis is useful to understand the intra-molecular hyper conjugative interaction lone pair and π(∗)(C-C), σ(∗)(C-H) bond orbital. HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecule, therefore; HOMO, LUMO and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were calculated and analyzed. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra by using gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) method of studied compound were compared with experimental data. The thermodynamic functions of TBMA were calculated by B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) basis set.

DFT calculations and experimental FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR, UV-Vis spectral studies of 3-fluorophenylboronic acid

The spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, (1)H and (13)C NMR, UV-Vis), structural, electronic and thermodynamical properties of 3-fluorophenylboronic acid (C6H4FB(OH)2), 3FPBA) were submitted by using both experimental techniques and theoretical methods (quantum chemical calculations) in this work. The experimental infrared and Raman spectra were obtained in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-10 cm(-1), respectively. The equilibrium geometry and vibrational spectra were calculated by using DFT (B3LYP) with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The vibrational wavenumbers were also corrected with scale factor to take better results for the calculated data. The total energy distributions (TED) of the vibrational modes were performed for the assignments of the title molecule by using scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method. The NMR chemical shifts ((1)H and (13)C) were recorded in DMSO solution. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were computed by using the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method, showing a good agreement with the experimental ones. The last one UV-Vis absorption spectra were analyzed in two solvents (ethanol and water), saved in the range of 200-400 nm. In addition these, HOMO and LUMO energies, the excitation energies, density of states (DOS) diagrams, thermodynamical properties and molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPs) were presented. Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and thermodynamic features were performed. The experimental results are combined with the theoretical calculations using DFT calculations to fortification of the paper. At the end of this work, the results were proved our paper had been indispensable for the literature backing.

Experimental (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV and NMR) and quantum chemical studies on molecular structure, spectroscopic analysis, NLO, NBO and reactivity descriptors of 3,5-Difluoroaniline

Comprehensive investigation of geometrical and electronic structure in ground as well as the first excited state of 3,5-Difluoroaniline (C6H5NF2) was carried out. The experimentally observed spectral data (FT-TR and FT-Raman) of the title compound was compared with the spectral data obtained by DFT/B3LYP method using 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The molecular properties like dipole moment, polarizability, first static hyperpolarizability, molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPs), and contour map were calculated to get a better insight of the properties of the title molecule. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was applied to study stability of the molecule arising from charge delocalization. UV-Vis spectrum of the title compound was also recorded and the electronic properties, such as Frontier orbitals and band gap energies were measured by TD-DFT approach. Total and partial density of state (TDOS and PDOS) and also overlap population density of state (OPDOS) diagrams analysis were presented. Global and local reactivity descriptors were computed to predict reactivity and reactive sites on the molecule. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra by using gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) method of studied compound were compared with experimental data obtained. Moreover, the thermodynamic properties were evaluated.

FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV spectroscopic investigation, electronic properties, electric moments, and NBO analysis of anethole using quantum chemical calculations

FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of anethole (1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene), a flavoring agent of commercial value, have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 and 4000-100cm(-1) respectively. The structure of the title molecule has been optimized and the structural parameters have been calculated by DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The fundamental vibrational wavenumbers as well as their intensities were calculated and a good agreement between observed and scaled calculated wavenumbers has been achieved. UV-Vis spectrum of the title compound was recorded in the region 200-500nm and the electronic properties such as HOMO and LUMO energies and associated energy gap were calculated by Time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach. Nonlinear optical (NLO) study divulges the nonlinear properties of the molecule. Stability of the title molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interactions and charge delocalization has been investigated using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The theoretical results were found to be in coherence with the measured experimental data.

Genotoxic effects of some antituberculosis drugs and mixtures in rats

In this study*, it was aimed to observe, genotoxic effects of antituberculosis drugs and combinations on rats. Animals were treated with 31.5 mg/kg isoniazid (INH), 54 mg/kg rifampicin (RIF), 189 mg/kg pyrazinamide (PYR), 100 mg/kg etham-butol(ETA), INH+RIF+PYR (MIX1) and INH+RIF+PYR+ETA (MIX2) mixtures applied via gavage for 90 days. At the end of the study, blood, liver and kidney samples were taken and evaluated by Comet and Micronucleus techniques. Compared to control group, head intensity decreased, tail intensity and tail migration increased on experiment groups in blood samples. Head intensity of PYR and mixture groups decreased, tail intensity of PYR and mixture groups increased and tail migration of PYR, ETA and mixture groups increased in liver samples. Head intensity decreased and tail intensity increased of INH, RIF, ETA and MIX1 group; tail migration increased of MIX1 group in kidney samples. Compared to control group, micronucleus rate of ETA, RIF and MIX 2 groups increased in experiment groups. In conclusion antituberculosis drugs and their mixtures applied for 90 days causes to double strand break of DNA damage at different degrees in blood, kidney and liver cells in rats.

Synthesis, crystal structure and ab initio/DFT calculations of a derivative of dithiophosphonates

The compound 2 has been synthesized from the reaction of 2,4-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide and (R)-1-[3,5-Bis(trifloromethyl)phenyl]ethanol in toluene. The obtained crude dithiophosphonic acid 1 has been treated with the excess of N(C2H5)3 to give rise to 2, [(+HN(C2H5)3][O-CH3CH-C6H3(CF3)2)(CH3OC6H4)PS2(-)]. The compound 2 has been characterized by using the spectroscopic methods such as IR, (1)H, (13)C, (31)P NMR and structural analysing method such as X-ray crystallography. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, whose space group is P212121. It consists of a dithiophosphonate bridged methoxyphenyl and bis(triflorophenylethyl) groups and a triethylammonium moiety linked by N-H⋯S and C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds. In the crystal structure, the C17H14F6O2PS2 molecule is elongated along the b-axis and stacked along the a-axis. The triethylammonium, N(CH2CH3)3, molecule fill in the cavities between the C17H14F6O2PS2 molecule. Moreover, ab initio methods based on Hartree-Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations with the basis set of 6-31G(d) are also carried out to determine the molecular structural properties and to calculate FT-IR and NMR spectrum of the compound 2. The experimental results and theoretical calculations have been compared, and they are found to be in good agreement.

Vibrational and UV spectra, first order hyperpolarizability, NBO and HOMO-LUMO analysis of 4-chloro-N-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydroindol-1-yl)-3-sulfamoyl-benzamide

In this work, the vibrational spectral analysis was carried out by using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy in the range 4000-100 cm(-1) and 4000-400 cm(-1), respectively, for 4-chloro-N-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydroindol-1-yl)-3-sulfamoyl-benzamide (C16H16O3N3SCl) molecule. Theoretical calculations were performed by density functional theory (DFT) method using 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The complete vibrational assignments of wavenumbers were made on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED). The results of the calculations were applied to simulated spectra of the title compound, which show excellent agreement with observed spectra. The frontier orbital energy gap and dipole moment illustrates the high reactivity of the title molecule. The first order hyperpolarizability (β0) and related properties (μ, α, and Δα) of the molecule were also calculated. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The UV-vis spectrum of the compound was recorded in the region 200-400 nm in ethanol and electronic properties such as excitation energies, oscillator strength and wavelength were calculated by TD-DFT/B3LYP method. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and HOMO-LUMO energy levels are also constructed. The thermodynamic properties of the title compound were calculated at different temperatures.

The spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV and NMR) first order hyperpolarizability and HOMO-LUMO analysis of dansyl chloride

The solid phase FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of dansyl chloride (DC) have been recorded in the regions 400-4000 and 50-4000 cm(-1), respectively. The spectra have been interpreted in terms of fundamentals modes, combination and overtone bands. The structure of the molecule has been optimized and the structural characteristics have been determined by density functional theory (B3LYP) method with 6-311++G(d,p) as basis set. The vibrational frequencies were calculated for most stable conformer and were compared with the experimental frequencies, which yield good agreement between observed and calculated frequencies. The infrared and Raman spectra have also been predicted from the calculated intensities. (1)H and (13)CNMR spectra were recorded and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of the molecule were calculated using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method. UV-Visible spectrum of the compound was recorded in the region 200-600 nm and the electronic properties HOMO and LUMO energies were measured by time-dependent TD-DFT approach. Nonlinear optical and thermodynamic properties were interpreted. All the calculated results were compared with the available experimental data of the title molecule.

The infrared, Raman, NMR and UV spectra, ab initio calculations and spectral assignments of 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine

The 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine abbreviated as ACMP have been investigated by both the experimental and theoretical methods; through this work we provide the essential fact about the structural and vibrational insights. The optimized molecular structure, atomic charges, vibrational frequencies and ultraviolet spectral interpretation of ACMP have been studied by performing DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(df,pd) level of theory. The FT-IR, FT-Raman spectra were recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 4000-50 cm(-1) respectively. The UV absorption spectrum of the compound that dissolved in ethanol and water solution were recorded in the range of 200-400 nm. The scaled wavenumbers are compared with the experimental values. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. Based on the UV spectrum and TD-DFT calculations, the electronic structure and the assignments of the absorption bands were carried out. The (1)H, (13)C and DEPT 135 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the molecule were calculated using with the Gauge Including Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method and compared with experimental results. Besides, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis were investigated using theoretical calculations.

The antioxidant effects of pumpkin seed oil on subacute aflatoxin poisoning in mice

This study was aimed at the investigation of the antioxidant effect of pumpkin seed oil against the oxidative stress-inducing potential of aflatoxin. For this purpose, 48 male BALB/c mice were used. Four groups, each comprising 12 mice, were established. Group 1 was maintained as the control group. Group 2 was administered with pumpkin seed oil alone at a dose of 1.5 mL/kg.bw/day (∼1375mg/kg.bw/day). Group 3 received aflatoxin (82.45% AFB1 , 10.65% AFB2 , 4.13% AFG1, and 2.77% AFG2 ) alone at a dose of 625 μg/kg.bw/day. Finally, group 4 was given both 1.5 mL/kg.bw/day pumpkin seed oil and 625 μg/kg.bw/day aflatoxin. All administrations were oral, performed with the aid of a gastric tube and continued for a period of 21 days. At the end of day 21, the liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, heart, and spleen of the animals were excised, and the extirpated tissues were homogenized appropriately. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in tissue homogenates. In conclusion, it was determined that aflatoxin exhibited adverse effects on most of the oxidative stress markers. The administration of pumpkin seed oil diminished aflatoxin-induced adverse effects. In other words, the values of the group, which was administered with both aflatoxin and pumpkin seed oil, were observed to have drawn closer to the values of the control group.

FT-IR and FT-Raman, NMR and UV spectroscopic investigation and hybrid computational (HF and DFT) analysis on the molecular structure of mesitylene

The spectroscopic properties of mesitylene were investigated by FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV, (1)H and (13)C NMR techniques. The geometrical parameters and energies have been obtained from density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP method and Hartree-Fock (HF) method with 6-311++G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets calculations. The geometry of the molecule was fully optimized, vibrational spectra were calculated and fundamental vibrations were assigned on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method and PQS program. Total and partial density of state (TDOS and PDOS) and also overlap population density of state (OPDOS) diagrams analysis were presented. (13)C and (1)H NMR chemical shifts were calculated by using the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method. The electronic properties, such as excitation energies, oscillator strength, wavelengths, HOMO and LUMO energies, were performed by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) results complements with the experimental findings. The results of the calculations were applied to simulate spectra of the title compound, which show excellent agreement with observed spectra. Besides, frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and thermodynamic properties were performed. Reduced density gradient (RDG) of the mesitylene was also given to investigate interactions of the molecule.

Quantum-chemical (DFT, MP2) and spectroscopic studies (FT-IR and UV) of monomeric and dimeric structures of 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone

Molecular geometry and vibrational wavenumbers of 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone (C7H5NSO, HBT) was investigated using density functional (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The vibrational wavenumbers are found to be in good agreement with experimental FT-IR spectra. Hydrogen-bonded dimer of HBT, optimized by counterpoise correction, was studied by MP2 and DFT/B3LYP at the 6-311+G(d,p) level and the effects of molecular association through NH---O hydrogen bonding were discussed. A detailed analysis of the nature of the hydrogen bonding, using topological parameters, such as electronic charge density, Laplacian, kinetic and potential energy density evaluated at bond critical points (BCP) has also been presented. The UV absorption spectra of the compound dissolved in ethanol and chloroform solutions were recorded in the range of 200-600 nm. The UV-vis spectrum of the title molecule was also calculated using TD-DFT method. The calculated energy and oscillator strength almost exactly reproduce the experimental data. Total and partial density of state (TDOS, PDOS) of the HBT in terms of HOMOs and LUMOs and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were calculated and analyzed. The electric dipole moment, polarizability and the first static hyper-polarizability values for HBT were calculated at the DFT/B3LYP with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The results also show that the HBT molecule may have nonlinear optical (NLO) comportment with non-zero values. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper-conjugative interactions and charge delocalization was analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis.

Identification of structural and spectral features of synthesized cyano-stilbene dye derivatives: a comparative experimental and DFT study

The synthesized three dye derivatives of cyano-stilbene monomer were identified by experimental spectroscopic techniques and density functional approach. The optimized geometrical structure, vibrational and electronic transitions along with the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of those compounds were presented in this study. The vibrational spectra of investigated compounds were recorded in solid state with FT-IR and FT-Raman spectrometry in the range of 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3600-50 cm(-1), respectively. The theoretical ground state equilibrium conformations and vibrational wavenumbers were carried out by using density functional method with 6-311G(d,p) basis set. Assignments of the fundamental vibrational modes were examined on the basis of the measured data and total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) method. The UV absorption spectra of monomers were observed in the range of 200-600 nm in chloroform, acetonitrile and toluene, and time dependent DFT method was used to obtain the electronic properties. The linear polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of the studied molecules indicates that the title compounds can be used as a good nonlinear optical material. A detailed description of spectroscopic behaviors of compounds was given based on the comparison of experimental measurements and theoretical computations.

Determination of structural and vibrational spectroscopic features of neutral and anion forms of dinicotinic acid by using NMR, infrared and Raman experimental methods combined with DFT and HF

In this study; the experimental (NMR, infrared and Raman) and theoretical (HF and DFT) analysis of dinicotinic acid were presented. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded in DMSO solution and chemical shifts were calculated by using the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method. The vibrational spectra of dinicotinic acid were recorded by FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra in the range of 4000-10 cm(-1) and 4000-400 cm(-1), respectively. To determine the most stable neutral conformer of molecule, the selected torsion angle was changed every 10° and molecular energy profile was calculated from 0° to 360°. The geometrical parameters and energies were obtained for all conformers form from density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) and HF with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set calculations. However, the results of the most stable neutral and two anion forms (anion(-1) and anion(-2) forms) of dinicotinic acid are reported here. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational wavenumbers, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method and PQS program.

Experimental and theoretical FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopic analysis of 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid

The title molecule 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (1PCA) has been characterized by FTIR, FT-Raman, NMR and UV-Vis spectral analyses. The molecular geometry, harmonic vibrational modes, the corresponding wavenumbers and IR intensities of 1PCA were calculated by DFT method with 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The assignments of the fundamentals were proposed on the basis of total energy distribution (TED) calculations. The calculated (13)C and (1)H NMR chemical shifts using gauge including atomic orbitals (GIAOs) approach are in good agreement with the observed chemical shifts. The polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability of the title molecule were calculated and interpreted. Using TD-DFT method, the electronic transitions have been compared with the experimental wavelengths. The molecular electrostatic potential map was used for prediction of possible hydrogen and oxygen bonding sites 1PCA molecule.

Ultrafast optical nonlinearity, electronic absorption, vibrational spectra and solvent effect studies of ninhydrin

FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV-Vis spectra of the nonlinear optical molecule ninhydrin have been recorded and analyzed. The equilibrium geometry, bonding features, and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers have been investigated with the help of B3LYP density functional theory method. A detailed interpretation of the vibrational spectra is carried out with the aid of normal coordinate analysis following the scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology. Solvent effects have been calculated using time-dependent density functional theory in combination with the polarized continuum model. Natural bond orbital analysis confirms the occurrence of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the molecule. Employing the open-aperture z-scan technique, nonlinear optical absorption of the sample has been studied in the ultrafast and short-pulse excitation regimes, using 100 fs and 5 ns laser pulses respectively. It is found that ninhydrin exhibits optical limiting for both excitations, indicating potential photonic applications.

Multi-photon absorption effect and intra-molecular charge transfer of donor-π-acceptor chromophore ethyl p-amino benzoate

Fourier transform (FT)-Raman and infrared (IR) spectra of the nonlinear optical (NLO) material ethyl p-amino benzoate (EPAB) have been recorded and analyzed. The geometry and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers are calculated with the help of B3LYP density functional theory method. The detailed interpretation of the vibrational spectra has been carried out with the aid of normal coordinate analysis following the scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions leading to its NLO activity and charge delocalization have been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Employing the open-aperture z-scan technique, NLO absorption of the sample has been studied in two excitation regimes, using 100 fs and 5 ns laser pulses respectively. It is found that EPAB is a three-photon absorber for 100 fs pulses at the excitation wavelength of 800 nm. For ns pulses at 532 nm it exhibits strong optical limiting, indicating possible photonics applications.

Electronic absorption, vibrational spectra, nonlinear optical properties, NBO analysis and thermodynamic properties of N-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl) methanesulfonamide molecule by ab initio HF and density functional methods

In this work, the vibrational spectral analysis was carried out by using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy in the range 4000-100 cm(-1) and 4000-400 cm(-1), respectively, for N-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl) methanesulfonamide molecule. Theoretical calculations were performed by ab initio RHF and density functional theory (DFT) method using 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The complete vibrational assignments of wavenumbers were made on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED). The results of the calculations were applied to simulated spectra of the title compound, which show excellent agreement with observed spectra. The frontier orbital energy gap and dipole moment illustrates the high reactivity of the title molecule. The first order hyperpolarizability (β0) and related properties (μ, α and Δα) of the molecule were also calculated. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization were analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The results show that electron density (ED) in the σ(*) and π(*) anti-bonding orbitals and second order delocalization energies (E2) confirm the occurrence of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) within the molecule. UV-vis spectrum of the compound was recorded in the region 200-500 nm in ethanol and electronic properties such as excitation energies, oscillator strength and wavelength were calculated by TD-DFT/B3LYP, CIS and TD-HF methods using 6-31G(d,p) basis set. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and HOMO-LUMO energy levels are also constructed. The thermodynamic properties of the title compound were calculated at different temperatures and the results reveals the heat capacity (C), and entropy (S) increases with rise in temperature.

Spectroscopic (FT-IR/FT-Raman) and computational (HF/DFT) investigation and HOMO/LUMO/MEP analysis on 2-amino-4-chlorophenol

The spectra (FT-IR and FT-Raman) of the present compound; 2-amino-4-chlorophenol (2A4CP) were recorded in the range of 4000-100 cm(-1). All the computational calculations were made in the ground state using the HF and DFT (B3LYP and B3PW91) methods with 6-31++G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. From potential energy surface calculation, there are two conformers, Rot-1 and Rot-2 for this molecule. The computational results detected that Rot-1 form is the most stable conformer. Making use of the recorded data, the complete vibrational assignments were made and analysis of the observed fundamental bands of molecule is carried out. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQMs) method and PQS program. The shifting of the frequencies in the vibrational pattern of the title molecule due to the substitutions; NH(2) and Cl were deeply investigated by the vibrational analysis. Moreover, (13)C NMR and (1)H NMR chemical shifts were calculated by using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method with HF/B3LYP/B3PW91 methods with 6-311++G(d,p). A study on the electronic properties, such as HOMO and LUMO energies, were performed by time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approach. Besides frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) was performed. NLO properties and Mulliken charges of the 2A4CP were also calculated and interpreted. The thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, entropy, and enthalpy) of the title compound at different temperatures were calculated in gas phase.

FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV spectral investigation: computed frequency estimation analysis and electronic structure calculations on 1-bromo-2-methylnaphthalene

In this work, the vibrational spectral analysis was carried out by using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy in the range 100-4000 cm(-1) and 400-4000 cm(-1) respectively, for 1-bromo-2-methylnaphthalene (C11H9Br) molecule. The molecular structure, fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensity of the vibrational bands are interpreted with the aid of structure optimizations and normal coordinate force field calculations based density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio HF methods with different basis sets combinations. The complete vibrational assignments of wavenumbers were made on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED). The results of the calculations were applied to simulated vibrational spectra of the title compound, which show excellent agreement with observed spectra. The scaled B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) results show the best agreement with the experimental values over the other methods. The energy and oscillator strength calculated by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) complements with the experimental findings. In addition, molecular electrostatic potential and nonlinear optical and thermodynamic properties of the title compound were performed. Mulliken charges and NBOs of the title molecule were also calculated and interpreted.

Vibrational spectra, UV and NMR, first order hyperpolarizability and HOMO-LUMO analysis of 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine

The solid phase FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine (2A4Cl6MP) have been recorded in the regions 400-4000 and 50-4,000 cm(-1), respectively. The spectra have been interpreted interms of fundamentals modes, combination and overtone bands. The structure of the molecule has been optimized and the structural characteristics have been determined by density functional theory (B3LYP) method with 6-311++G(d,p) as basis set. The vibrational frequencies were calculated and were compared with the experimental frequencies, which yield good agreement between observed and calculated frequencies. The infrared and Raman spectra have also been predicted from the calculated intensities. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were recorded and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of the molecule were calculated using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method. UV-Vis spectrum of the compound was recorded in the region 200-400 nm and the electronic properties HOMO and LUMO energies were measured by time-dependent TD-DFT approach. Nonlinear optical and thermodynamic properties were interpreted. All the calculated results were compared with the available experimental data of the title molecule.