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The management of dental waste in dental offices and clinics in Shiraz, Southern Iran. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2014; 5:18-23. [PMID: 24463797 PMCID: PMC7767594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental waste can be hazardous to humans and the environment. OBJECTIVE To determine the current status of dental waste management in private and public dental clinics and private dental offices in Shiraz, southern Iran. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from February through June 2013. A stratified random sampling method was used to study 86 private offices, 14 private clinics and 10 public clinics. Types of waste studied included mercury and amalgam, lead foil packets, sharps, infectious tissues and fluids, pharmaceuticals and domestic waste materials. Compliance with established standards by the monitored dental offices and clinics and public clinics were compared. RESULTS 89.1% of dental offices and clinics disposed their infectious waste with domestic waste. Only 60% of centers used standard method for sharps disposal. None of the dental centers disposed their pharmaceutical waste and x-ray fixer waste by standard methods. Less than 10% of centers recycled the amalgam and lead foil pockets waste to the manufacture. CONCLUSION Government agencies should establish monitoring programs for all dental offices and clinics to identify noncompliant activity and enforce recommended regulations.
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How do nurses manage their occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs? A descriptive survey in chemotherapy settings, Shiraz, Iran. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2013; 4:102-106. [PMID: 23567536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs is a global concern. We conducted this cross-sectional study in 2012 to describe the adverse effects experienced by nurses working in one of chemotherapy facilities affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, southern Iran, and their proper use of personal protective equipment and educational programs. The frequency of side effects reported by participants was noticeably high. Approximately, 60% of the nurses used all personal protective equipment. There were air conditioner ventilation systems in all facilities, but they were not standard. Clinics did not have any dedicated room. Lack of adequate training was noticeable among all participants. We concluded that establishment of safety regulations, health care workers safety surveillance systems as well as continuous training for nurses are of paramount importance.
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Abstract
Thanks to improved health standards in Iran over the past three decades, we have witnessed a shift in the causes of death in Iran from infectious causes to non-communicable diseases-mainly cardiovascular disorders, cancers, and road traffic injuries. The incidence and prevalence of many infectious diseases, such as many parasitic infections, have fallen significantly; there have been no reported cases of dracunculiasis in Iran since the mid-1970s. Great strides have also been made towards the elimination of schistosomiasis in Iran. However, we still have some problems with cutaneous leishmaniasis, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, infections among immunocompromised hosts, hospital-acquired infections, and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. We need to emphasize improvements in sanitation, good clinical practice, and education about the rational administration of antibiotics.
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Vancomycin-Resistant Entrococci colonization in chronic hemodialysis patients and its risk factors in southern Iran (2005-2006). IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 14:686-91. [PMID: 23285424 PMCID: PMC3518989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) recently have emerged as a nosocomial pathogen among dialysis patients. This study aims to appraise the prevalence, incidence density and risk factors for VRE colonization among these patients. METHODS In this prospective study, 782 stool or rectal swab specimens were collected from 250 chronic hemodialysis patients with an interval of at least one month. To identify the risk factors of VRE colonization, demographic and health data of VRE+ and VRE- patients were compared. RESULTS VRE colonization was detected in 55 (22%) patients during study. Incidence density of one case per 79.6 patient-month of follow up was estimated.The only significant difference between the data collected from VRE+ and VRE- patients was observed in antibiotic consumption (P<0.001). CONCLUSION VRE colonization is relatively high and rapidly spreading among chronic dialysis patients. It is strongly associated with recently antibiotic consumption.
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Second Generation of HIV Surveillance System: A Pattern for Iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 14:309-12. [PMID: 22829992 PMCID: PMC3398640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the purpose of minimizing the HIV/AIDS epidemic effects, one of the programs is the promotion of scientific methods and setting of the suitable surveillance systems. The present research was conducted to design the HIV/AIDS surveillance system in Iran applying WHO recommendations and the experience of some countries. METHODS In 2009, based on the country's requirements, the HIV/AIDS surveillance system was proposed and designed for Iran. The Delphi technique was utilized to find the views of experts. Data analysis was conducted based on a comparison of the attributes of the HIV/AIDS surveillance systems in the countries under consideration using a descriptive and theoretical analysis. RESULTS The model was approved obtaining the final score of 36.3 out of 44, viz 82.5%. CONCLUSION Designing and performing of the HIV/AIDS surveillance pattern in the direction of "second generation of HIV/AIDS surveillance" can be considered as an important step in the improvement of the patient's control and precaution of HIV/AIDS.
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Irrational antibiotic use among teachers and academic staff, Shiraz, Iran. BMC Proc 2011. [PMCID: PMC3239570 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s6-p153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Iranian surgeons’ compliance with the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists guideline: antibiotic prophylaxis in private versus teaching hospitals of Shiraz, Iran. BMC Proc 2011. [PMCID: PMC3239567 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s6-p150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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First report of Iranian National nosocomial infectionsurveillance system software. BMC Proc 2011. [PMCID: PMC3239657 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s6-p231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Point prevalence and risk ractors of hospital acquired infections in a cluster of university affiliated hospitals in Shirz, Iran. BMC Proc 2011. [PMCID: PMC3239663 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s6-p237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Precautions for health care workers to avoid hepatitis B and C virus infection. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2011; 2:191-198. [PMID: 23022838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The burden of exposure to blood-borne pathogens (such as hepatitis B and C viruses) is considerable for health care workers. Hepatitis virus transmission requires a non-immune host, an infectious source, and skin or mucous membrane injury. These three aspects are the main fields for preventional interventions. We reviewed major recent studies on this topic to identify precautions health care workers should take to avoid hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV) infections. Accordingly, this review looks at aspects of epidemiology, risk factors, economy, knowledge, attitudes, practice, and ethics of HBV and HCV that affect health care workers. The risk of transmission depends on the load of pathogen, infectious characteristics and exposure frequency. Health care workers skill levels and the specific hospital department involved appear to be the most important factors in the exposure of health care workers to blood-borne pathogens. However, many health care workers surveyed, believed that educational programs about standard precautions in their setting were not adequate. Obviously, more detailed studies will be needed to clarify risks and opportunities for health care workers precautions aimed at avoiding HBV and HCV infection, especially in emerging health research communities.
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Study of antibiotic prescribing among dental practitioners in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.26719/2011.17.10.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Study of antibiotic prescribing among dental practitioners in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.26719/2011.17.10.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Study of antibiotic prescribing among dental practitioners in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL = LA REVUE DE SANTE DE LA MEDITERRANEE ORIENTALE = AL-MAJALLAH AL-SIHHIYAH LI-SHARQ AL-MUTAWASSIT 2011; 17:763-769. [PMID: 22256411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics by health care professionals is a worldwide concern. This study evaluated the knowledge and practices of dental practitioners in the city of Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran regarding their therapeutic use of antibiotics for patients with dentoalveolar infections. Of 219 (48.6%) dentists responding to the questionnaire more than 40% would prescribe antibiotics for localized fluctuant swelling and for problems for which antibiotics are not required according to good practice guidelines (acute pulpitis, chronic apical infection, periodontal abscess, chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, pericoronitis and dry socket). A majority correctly prescribed antibiotics for acute periapical infection (77.2%), cellulitis (75.3%) and acute ulcerated gingivitis (63.0%). Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic for all clinical conditions but there was a wide variation in dosage, frequency and duration for all antibiotics used. Guidelines on rational antibiotic use are needed for dental practitioners in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Economic burden of inappropriate antibiotic use for prophylactic purpose in shiraz, iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 13:234-8. [PMID: 22737471 PMCID: PMC3371955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because economic data on the prophylactic usage of antibiotic in Iran are scant, we have conducted a cross-sectional study with provider perspective to measure costs and appropriate use of antibiotics in surgical wards of 6 training hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), Iran. METHODS Over a six-month period 1,000 consecutive patients undergoing surgical operation were enrolled and information on prophylactic antibiotic administration was collected. The information included basic patient's demographic data, types of surgery, category of antibiotic, dosage, dosage intervals, route of administration, number of doses, initiation times and duration of administration. In order to determine the agreement between prescribed antibiotics and medical indication, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) guidelines were applied. RESULTS Nine hundred and ninety three out of 1,000 patients (99.3%) had received at least one antibiotic and 908 patients (91.4 %) received antibiotics because of a medical indication. Five out of 913 patients who had indications for antibiotic prophylaxis did not receive any antibiotic. Antibiotics were prescribed for 85 out of 87 (98%) procedures in which an antibiotic was not indicated. The average cost of antibiotic prescription per surgical procedure was 786,936 Iranian Rials (corresponding to 99.60 USD or €82.90). The most frequent prescribed antibiotic was cefazoline adding 53.3% of the total cost of antibiotics. In total, 36,516,190 Iranian Rials (corresponding to 4,622.95 USD or €3,845.20) were spent for cefazoline alone. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that all surgical patients received at least one antibiotic as prophylaxis for any infection in the surgical site. Our results indicate over- and misuse of antibiotics in Iran leading to a great amount of economic burden, since in 98% of all procedures, antibiotics were used inappropriately.
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Quality of life and toxicity in breast cancer patients using adjuvant TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide), in comparison with FAC (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil). Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 284:215-20. [PMID: 20740365 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare two regimens of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer, including FAC (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil) and TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide); and analyze the toxicity of these treatments and observe patient's health-related quality of life. METHODS Health-related quality of life was assessed for up to 4 months (from the beginning to the end of chemotherapy cycles), using European organization and cancer treatment quality of life questionnaire (EORTC) QLQ-C30. A group of 100 patients, with node-positive breast cancer were studied in order to compare the toxicity of adjuvant therapy TAC with FAC and the subsequent effects on the patient's quality of life. RESULTS After a 4-month follow-up of patients, our findings showed that despite having the same mean score of QOL at the start of adjuvant chemotherapy, the QOL in TAC arm was decreased more as a result of the higher range of toxicity in TAC regimen. CONCLUSION In spite of increase in disease-free patients who received TAC regimen and increase their survival rate, there is significant toxicity and decrease in QOL in TAC protocol compare to FAC protocol. Using prophylactic granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) along with increased education aimed at improving patient's knowledge and also the provision of a supportive group involving psychiatrics and patients that have successfully experienced the same treatment may be helpful.
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Vancomycin use in a large teaching hospital in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran, 2003. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL 2007; 13:1195-201. [DOI: 10.26719/2007.13.5.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Epidemiology of hospitalized female burns patients in a burn centre in Shiraz. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL = LA REVUE DE SANTE DE LA MEDITERRANEE ORIENTALE = AL-MAJALLAH AL-SIHHIYAH LI-SHARQ AL-MUTAWASSIT 2007; 13:113-8. [PMID: 17546913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
During 2000 to 2001, all 170 female burn patients admitted to the Ghotbeddin Burn Centre in Shiraz were studied to determine the epidemiological characteristics and outcome of burn for these patients. The overall mortality rate was 64%. The highest frequency of burns (53.5%) occurred among 16-25-year-olds. The commonest cause of burn was flame (98.2%). The mean (SD) length of hospital stay was 13 (14.3) days. Mean (SD) of total body surface area (TBSA) burned among all patients was 56% (28.5%); among those who survived it was 29% (13.4%) and among those who died it was 72% (21.7%). The relation between TBSA and mortality was statistically significant.
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Personal hygiene and safety of governmental hospital staff in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL = LA REVUE DE SANTE DE LA MEDITERRANEE ORIENTALE = AL-MAJALLAH AL-SIHHIYAH LI-SHARQ AL-MUTAWASSIT 2006; 12:768-74. [PMID: 17333821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Complying with infection control standards is essential to prevent nosocomial infections. We aimed to determine health workers' hygiene practices and compliance with recommended instructions for personal hygiene among staff in all 30 hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The results showed that physicians and nurses were less compliant with personal hygiene practices than cleaners. Availability of protective measures was better in teaching hospitals than nonteaching hospitals as were vaccination rates among staff (hepatitis B and tetanus/diphtheria) with physicians scoring highest. Measures are needed to improve health workers' compliance.
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MESH Headings
- Attitude of Health Personnel
- Cross Infection/prevention & control
- Guideline Adherence/standards
- Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data
- Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
- Health Services Needs and Demand
- Hospitals, Public
- Hospitals, Teaching
- Housekeeping, Hospital/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Hygiene
- Infection Control/standards
- Infection Control/statistics & numerical data
- Iran
- Medical Staff, Hospital/education
- Medical Staff, Hospital/psychology
- Medical Staff, Hospital/standards
- Medical Staff, Hospital/statistics & numerical data
- Nursing Staff, Hospital/education
- Nursing Staff, Hospital/psychology
- Nursing Staff, Hospital/statistics & numerical data
- Occupational Health/statistics & numerical data
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Safety Management/standards
- Safety Management/statistics & numerical data
- Vaccination/statistics & numerical data
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P17.29 Risk Factors for Rectal Colonization of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci in Shiraz, Iran. J Hosp Infect 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0195-6701(06)60300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Knowledge, practice and attitude towards standard isolation precautions in Iranian medical students. J Hosp Infect 2005; 58:292-6. [PMID: 15564005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2003] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Medical students are at high risk of being exposed to blood-borne pathogens. The aim of this study was to identify the levels of knowledge, attitude and practice of medical students regarding standard isolation precautions in Iran. A questionnaire was filled out by 468 medical students in their fifth to seventh year of study. Their mean knowledge, attitude and practice levels of standard isolation precautions were 6.1+/-1.5 (maximum possible score 9), 32.3+/-3.5 (out of 45), and 2.3+/-1.6 (out of 9), respectively. Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, and practice and attitude. Ninety percent of medical students in Shiraz had received no education of standard isolation precautions, and 75% of respondents wanted more education on standard isolation precautions. Education on infection control issues should not only be focused on healthcare workers, but should also include medical students.
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Survey on adoption of measures to prevent nosocomial infection by anaesthesia personnel. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL 2002. [DOI: 10.26719/2002.8.2-3.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of anaesthesia personnel regarding infection control in hospitals, a questionnaire was distributed to anaesthesiology personnel of different educational levels in the hospitals of southern Islamic Republic of Iran. Chi-squared significance, Fisher exact and Spearman rho correlation coefficient tests were used to analyse the responses. The results suggest that measures to prevent infection transmission during anaesthesia are inadequate in our hospitals. The implementation of adequate measures to control infection was significantly associated with respondents’ beliefs as to whether anaesthesia can cause infection in anaesthesia personnel and/or patients. Increasing the knowledge base of anaesthesia personnel and raising their awareness as to the risk of infection are necessary to improve infection control procedures by anaesthesia personnel.
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Survey on adoption of measures to prevent nosocomial infection by anaesthesia personnel. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL = LA REVUE DE SANTE DE LA MEDITERRANEE ORIENTALE = AL-MAJALLAH AL-SIHHIYAH LI-SHARQ AL-MUTAWASSIT 2002; 8:416-21. [PMID: 15339132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of anaesthesia personnel regarding infection control in hospitals, a questionnaire was distributed to anaesthesiology personnel of different educational levels in the hospitals of southern Islamic Republic of Iran. Chi-squared significance, Fisher exact and Spearman rho correlation coefficient tests were used to analyse the responses. The results suggest that measures to prevent infection transmission during anaesthesia are inadequate in our hospitals. The implementation of adequate measures to control infection was significantly associated with respondents' beliefs as to whether anaesthesia can cause infection in anaesthesia personnel and/or patients. Increasing the knowledge base of anaesthesia personnel and raising their awareness as to the risk of infection are necessary to improve infection control procedures by anaesthesia personnel.
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Abstract
The best way to control tuberculosis in a community is active case-finding and treatment among high-risk groups. Upon admission to a correctional centre in 1997, 319 never-jailed drug addicts were enrolled in the present study. Statistically significant differences in skin-test positivity were found among males over 40 years old, those unemployed and injecting drug abusers. Among the sample, 8 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were found. This is approximately 170 times the rate in the general population. Because of cost and time, we recommend the screening of drug addicts by mini-radiography instead of tuberculin skin test at admission.
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Tuberculosis among never-jailed drug abusers. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL 2001; 7:461-4. [PMID: 12690767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The best way to control tuberculosis in a community is active case-finding and treatment among high-risk groups. Upon admission to a correctional centre in 1997, 319 never-jailed drug addicts were enrolled in the present study. Statistically significant differences in skin-test positivity were found among males over 40 years old, those unemployed and injecting drug abusers. Among the sample, 8 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were found. This is approximately 170 times the rate in the general population. Because of cost and time, we recommend the screening of drug addicts by mini-radiography instead of tuberculin skin test at admission.
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