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Binda KH, Lillethorup TP, Real CC, Bærentzen SL, Nielsen MN, Orlowski D, Brooks DJ, Chacur M, Landau AM. Exercise protects synaptic density in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113741. [PMID: 33965411 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by Lewy body and neurite pathology associated with dopamine terminal dysfunction. Clinically, it is associated with motor slowing, rigidity, and tremor. Postural instability and pain are also features. Physical exercise benefits PD patients - possibly by promoting neuroplasticity including synaptic regeneration. OBJECTIVES In a parkinsonian rat model, we test the hypotheses that exercise: (a) increases synaptic density and reduces neuroinflammation and (b) lowers the nociceptive threshold by increasing μ-opioid receptor expression. METHODS Brain autoradiography was performed on rats unilaterally injected with either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or saline and subjected to treadmill exercise over 5 weeks. [3H]UCB-J was used to measure synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) density. Dopamine D2/3 receptor and μ-opioid receptor availability were assessed with [3H]Raclopride and [3H]DAMGO, respectively, while neuroinflammation was detected with the 18kDA translocator protein (TSPO) marker [3H]PK11195. The nociceptive threshold was determined prior to and throughout the exercise protocol. RESULTS We confirmed a dopaminegic deficit with increased striatal [3H]Raclopride D2/3 receptor availability and reduced nigral tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral hemisphere of all 6-OHDA-injected rats. Sedentary rats lesioned with 6-OHDA showed significant reduction of ipsilateral striatal and substantia nigra [3H]UCB-J binding while [3H]PK11195 showed increased ipsilateral striatal neuroinflammation. Lesioned rats who exercised had higher levels of ipsilateral striatal [3H]UCB-J binding and lower levels of neuroinflammation compared to sedentary lesioned rats. Striatal 6-OHDA injections reduced thalamic μ-opioid receptor availability but subsequent exercise restored binding. Exercise also raised thalamic and hippocampal SV2A synaptic density in 6-OHDA lesioned rats, accompanied by a rise in nociceptive threshold. CONCLUSION These data suggest that treadmill exercise protects nigral and striatal synaptic integrity in a rat lesion model of PD - possibly by promoting compensatory mechanisms. Exercise was also associated with reduced neuroinflammation post lesioning and altered opioid transmission resulting in an increased nociceptive threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Binda
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, Building 2b, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University and Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J109, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - T P Lillethorup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University and Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J109, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
| | - C C Real
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, Building 2b, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University and Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J109, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM 43), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - S L Bærentzen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, Building 2b, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University and Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J109, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
| | - M N Nielsen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, Building 2b, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
| | - D Orlowski
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (CENSE), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
| | - D J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University and Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J109, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
| | - M Chacur
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - A M Landau
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, Building 2b, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University and Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J109, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
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Martins DO, Marques DP, Venega RAG, Chacur M. Photobiomodulation and B vitamins administration produces antinociception in an orofacial pain model through the modulation of glial cells and cytokines expression. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 2:100040. [PMID: 34589831 PMCID: PMC8474295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of infraorbital nerve (IoN) results in whisker pad mechanical allodynia in rats and activation glial cells contributing to the development of orofacial pain. Whisker pad mechanical allodynia (von Frey stimuli) was tested pre and postoperatively and conducted during the treatment time. Photobiomodulation (PBM) and vitamins B complex (VBC) has been demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in ameliorate neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of PBM, VBC or the combined treatment VBC + PBM on orofacial pain due to CCI-IoN. Behavioral and molecular approaches were used to analyses nociception, cellular and neurochemical alterations. CCI-IoN caused mechanical allodynia and cellular alterations including increased expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), administration of VBC (B1/B6/B12 at 180/180/1.8 mg/kg, s.c., 5 times all long 10 sessions) and PBM therapy (904 nm, power of 75Wpico, average power of 0.0434 W, pulse frequency of 9500 Hz, area of the beam 0.13 cm2, 18 s duration, energy density 6 J/cm2, with an energy per point of 0.78 J for 10 sessions) or their combination presented improvement of the nociceptive behavior and decreased expression of GFAP and Iba-1. Additionally, CCI-IoN rats exhibited an upregulation of IL1β, IL6 and TNF-α expression and all treatments prevented this upregulation and also increased IL10 expression. Overall, the present results highlight the pain reliever effect of VBC or PBM alone or in combination, through the modulation of glial cells and cytokines expression in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Martins
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, SP, Brazil
| | - D P Marques
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, SP, Brazil
| | - R A G Venega
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, SP, Brazil
| | - M Chacur
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, SP, Brazil
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Binda K, Real C, Ferreira A, Britto L, Chacur M. Antinociceptive effects of treadmill exercise in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: The role of cannabinoid and opioid receptors. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Oliveira ME, Santos FM, Bonifácio RP, Freitas MF, Martins DO, Chacur M. Low level laser therapy alters satellite glial cell expression and reverses nociceptive behavior in rats with neuropathic pain. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:547-554. [PMID: 28125108 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve injury often results in persistent or chronic neuropathic pain characterized by spontaneous burning pain accompanied by allodynia and hyperalgesia. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a noninvasive method that has proved to be clinically effective in reducing pain sensitivity and consequently in improving the quality of life. Here we examined the effects of LLLT on pain sensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. CCI was performed on adult male rats, subjected thereafter to 10 sessions of LLLT, every other day, and starting 14 days after CCI. Over the treatment period, the animals were evaluated for nociception using behavioral tests, such as allodynia, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. Following the sessions, we observed the involvement of satellite glial cells in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence approaches. In addition we analyzed the expression levels of interleukin 1 (IL-1β) and fractalkine (FKN) after the same stimulus. RESULTS LLLT induced an early reduction (starting at the second session; p ≤ 0.001) of the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia in CCI rats, which persisted until the last session. Regarding cellular changes, we observed a decrease of GFAP (50%; p ≤ 0.001) expression after LLLT in the ipsilateral DRG when compared with the naive group. We also observed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines after CCI, whereas LLLT dramatically inhibited the overexpression of these proteins. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that LLLT reverses CCI-induced behavioral hypersensitivity, reduces glial cell activation in the DRG and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines; we suggest that this involvement of glial cells can be one potential mechanism in such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, SP, Brazil.
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Da Silva JT, Evangelista BG, Venega RAG, Oliveira ME, Chacur M. Early and late behavioral changes in sciatic nerve injury may be modulated by nerve growth factor and substance P in rats: a chronic constriction injury long-term evaluation. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2017; 31:309-319. [PMID: 28685530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic constriction injury (CCI) simulates the symptoms of chronic nerve compression, which is characterized by allodynia and hyperalgesia. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is released after nerve injury by immune and Schwann cells and transported in retrograde fashion to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), resulting in increased synthesis of Substance P (SP) and the triggering of neuropathic pain. Here we performed long-term evaluation of allodynia and hyperalgesia in a CCI model, and evaluated the effects of NGF and SP on the peripheral and central nervous systems. Most previous studies have shown deficits and molecular changes 14 days after surgery, however, the long-term effects have not been evaluated. We performed Randall-Selitto, Von Frey, Hargreaves and acetone tests for the entire 56 days post-surgery. Several of these deficits increased 14 to 56 days after CCI and we measured a constant increase in NGF levels in the DRG and spinal cord over the course of the experiment. In contrast, SP optical density maintained enhanced expression in DRG tissue from 14 to 56 days after CCI, whereas it was significantly increased only 56 days post-surgery in spinal cord. We perform long-term evaluation of symptoms associated with CCI and measure associated molecular changes. Moreover, by characterizing the behavioral signatures of this model, our work supports future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Da Silva
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science-III, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - B G Evangelista
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science-III, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A G Venega
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science-III, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M E Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science-III, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Chacur
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science-III, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Rosa A, Freitas M, Rocha I, Chacur M. Gabapentin decreases microglial cells and reverses bilateral hyperalgesia and allodynia in rats with chronic myositis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Martins DO, Santos FM, Britto LRG, Lemos JBD, Chacur M. Neurochemical effects of photobiostimulation in the trigeminal ganglion after inferior alveolar nerve injury. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2017; 31:147-152. [PMID: 28337884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial pain is associated with peripheral and central sensitization of trigeminal nociceptive neurons. Nerve injury results in release of chemical mediators that contribute to persistent pain conditions. The activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), promotes release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) from trigeminal nerve terminals. CGRP and SP contribute to the development of peripheral hyperalgesia. The expression of SP and CGRP by primary afferent neurons is rapidly increased in response to peripheral inflammation. CGRP receptor activation promotes activation of AMPA receptors, leading to increased firing of neurons which is reflected as central sensitization. In this study we investigated whether inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury influences AMPA receptors, CGRP, SP and TRPV1 expression in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). The relative expression of the protein of interest from naive rats was compared to those from injured rats and animals that received low level laser therapy (LLLT). IAN-injury did not change expression of GluA1, GluA2 and CGRP, but increased the expression of TRPV1 and SP. LLLT increases GluA1 and GluA2 expression and decreases TVPV1, SP and CGRP. These results, together with previous behavioral data, suggest that IAN-injury induced changes in the proteins analyzed, which could impact on nociceptive threshold. These data may help to understand the molecular mechanisms of pain sensitization in the TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Martins
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paula, SP, Brazil
| | - F M Santos
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paula, SP, Brazil
- University Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L R G Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J B D Lemos
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Chacur
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paula, SP, Brazil
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Chacur M, Matos R, Alves A, Rodrigues A, Gutierrez V, Cury Y, Britto L. Participation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in experimental neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve transection. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:367-76. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Chacur
- Universidade de São Paulo; Universidade de São Paulo
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Freitas MF, Britto LR, Chacur M. 236 THE INVOLVEMENT OF GLIAL CELLS IN ACUTE MUSCLE PAIN INDUCED BY CARRAGEENAN IN RATS. Eur J Pain 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1090-3801(09)60239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fernandes Freitas
- University of São Paulo — Department of Anatomy, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of São Paulo — Department of Physiology and Biophysics, São Paulo, Brazil
- Teaching and Research Institute, Hospital Sírio‐Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - LR.G. Britto
- University of São Paulo — Department of Physiology and Biophysics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Chacur
- University of São Paulo — Department of Anatomy, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of São Paulo — Department of Physiology and Biophysics, São Paulo, Brazil
- Teaching and Research Institute, Hospital Sírio‐Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
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Milligan E, Zapata V, Schoeniger D, Chacur M, Green P, Poole S, Martin D, Maier SF, Watkins LR. An initial investigation of spinal mechanisms underlying pain enhancement induced by fractalkine, a neuronally released chemokine. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:2775-82. [PMID: 16324111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine is a chemokine that is tethered to the extracellular surface of neurons. Fractalkine can be released, forming a diffusible signal. Spinal fractalkine (CX3CL1) is expressed by sensory afferents and intrinsic neurons, whereas its receptor (CX3CR1) is predominantly expressed by microglia. Pain enhancement occurs in response both to intrathecally administered fractalkine and to spinal fractalkine endogenously released by peripheral neuropathy. The present experiments examine whether fractalkine-induced pain enhancement is altered by a microglial inhibitor (minocycline) and/or by antagonists/inhibitors of three putative glial products implicated in pain enhancement: interleukin-1 (IL1), interleukin-6 (IL6) and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, it extends a prior study that demonstrated that intrathecal fractalkine-induced mechanical allodynia is blocked by a neutralizing antibody to the rat fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1. Here, intrathecal anti-CX3CR1 also blocked fractalkine-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Furthermore, blockade of microglial activation with minocycline prevented both fractalkine-induced mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test). Microglial activation appears to lead to the release of IL1, given that pretreatment with IL1 receptor antagonist blocked both fractalkine-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. IL1 is not the only proinflammatory cytokine implicated, as a neutralizing antibody to rat IL6 also blocked fractalkine-induced pain facilitation. Lastly, NO appears to be importantly involved, as l-NAME, a broad-spectrum NO synthase inhibitor, also blocked fractalkine-induced effects. Taken together, these data support that neuronally released fractalkine enhances pain via activation of spinal cord glia. Thus, fractalkine may be a neuron-to-glia signal triggering pain facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Milligan
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
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Milligan ED, Zapata V, Chacur M, Schoeniger D, Biedenkapp J, O'Connor KA, Verge GM, Chapman G, Green P, Foster AC, Naeve GS, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Evidence that exogenous and endogenous fractalkine can induce spinal nociceptive facilitation in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:2294-302. [PMID: 15525271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that spinal cord glia can contribute to enhanced nociceptive responses. However, the signals that cause glial activation are unknown. Fractalkine (CX3C ligand-1; CX3CL1) is a unique chemokine expressed on the extracellular surface of spinal neurons and spinal sensory afferents. In the dorsal spinal cord, fractalkine receptors are primarily expressed by microglia. As fractalkine can be released from neurons upon strong activation, it has previously been suggested to be a neuron-to-glial signal that induces glial activation. The present series of experiments provide an initial investigation of the spinal pain modulatory effects of fractalkine. Intrathecal fractalkine produced dose-dependent mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. In addition, a single injection of fractalkine receptor antagonist (neutralizing antibody against rat CX3C receptor-1; CX3CR1) delayed the development of mechanical allodynia and/or thermal hyperalgesia in two neuropathic pain models: chronic constriction injury (CCI) and sciatic inflammatory neuropathy. Intriguingly, anti-CX3CR1 reduced nociceptive responses when administered 5-7 days after CCI, suggesting that prolonged release of fractalkine may contribute to the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Taken together, these initial investigations of spinal fractalkine effects suggest that exogenous and endogenous fractalkine are involved in spinal sensitization, including that induced by peripheral neuropathy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Chemokine CX3CL1
- Chemokines, CX3C/administration & dosage
- Chemokines, CX3C/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Injections, Spinal
- Ligation
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Pain/chemically induced
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/metabolism
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/chemically induced
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/physiopathology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Milligan
- Department of Psychology & the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
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Abstract
Snake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2) show a remarkable functional diversity. Among their toxic activities, some display the ability to cause rapid necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers, thus being myotoxic PLA2s. Besides myotoxicity, these enzymes evoke conspicuous inflammatory and nociceptive events in experimental models. Local inflammation and pain are important characteristics of snakebite envenomations inflicted by viperid and crotalid species, whose venoms are rich sources of myotoxic PLA2s. Since the discovery that mammalian PLA2 is a key enzyme in the release of arachidonic acid, the substrate for the synthesis of several lipid inflammatory mediators, much interest has been focused on this enzyme in the context of inflammation. The mechanisms involved in the proinflammatory action of secretory PLA2s are being actively investigated, and part of the knowledge on secretory PLA2 effects has been gained by using snake venom PLA2s as tools, due to their high structural homology with human secretory PLA2s. The inflammatory events evoked by PLA2s are primarily associated with enzymatic activity and to the release of arachidonic acid metabolites. However, catalytically inactive Lys49 PLA2s trigger inflammatory and nociceptive responses comparable to those of their catalytically active counterparts, thereby evidencing that these proteins promote inflammation and pain by mechanisms not related to phospholipid hydrolysis nor to mobilization of arachidonic acid. These studies have provided a boost to the research in this field and various approaches have been used to identify the amino acid residues and the specific sites of interaction of myotoxic PLA2s with cell membranes potentially involved in the PLA2-induced inflammatory and nociceptive effects. This work reviews the proinflammatory and nociceptive effects evoked by myotoxic PLA2s and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F P Teixeira
- Laboratories of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Chacur M, Longo I, Picolo G, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Guerra JL, Teixeira CFP, Cury Y. Hyperalgesia induced by Asp49 and Lys49 phospholipases A2 from Bothrops asper snake venom: pharmacological mediation and molecular determinants. Toxicon 2003; 41:667-78. [PMID: 12727271 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Lys49 and Asp49 phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)), from Bothrops asper snake venom, to cause hyperalgesia was investigated in rats, using the paw pressure test. Intraplantar injection of both toxins (5-20 micro g/paw) caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1h after injections. Incubation of both proteins with heparin, prior to their injection, partially reduced this response. Chemical modification of Asp49 PLA(2) with p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), which abrogates its PLA(2) activity, also abolished hyperalgesia. Intraplantar injection of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence 115-129 of Lys49 PLA(2), caused hyperalgesia of similar time course, but varying magnitude, than that induced by the native protein. In contrast, a homologous peptide derived from the Asp49 PLA(2) did not show any nociceptive effect. Hyperalgesia induced by both PLA(2)s was blocked by the histamine and serotonin receptor antagonists promethazine and methysergide, respectively, by the bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist HOE 140 and by antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNFalpha) and interleukin 1 (IL-1). Pretreatment with guanethidine, atenolol, prazosin and yohimbine, inhibitors of sympathomimetic amines, or with indomethacin, inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, reduced Lys49 PLA(2)-induced hyperalgesia without interfering with the nociceptive activity of Asp49 PLA(2). The hyperalgesic response to both myotoxins was not modified by pretreatment with celecoxib, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase type II, by zileuton, an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway or by N(g)-methyl-L-arginine (LNMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. These results suggest that Asp49 and Lys49 PLA(2)s are important hyperalgesic components of B. asper venom, and that Lys49 and Asp49 PLA(2)s exert their algogenic actions through different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chacur
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Picolo G, Chacur M, Gutiérrez JM, Teixeira CFP, Cury Y. Evaluation of antivenoms in the neutralization of hyperalgesia and edema induced by Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops asper snake venoms. Braz J Med Biol Res 2002; 35:1221-8. [PMID: 12424496 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2002001000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralization of hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops jararaca and B. asper venoms was studied in rats using bothropic antivenom produced at Instituto Butantan (AVIB, 1 ml neutralizes 5 mg B. jararaca venom) and polyvalent antivenom produced at Instituto Clodomiro Picado (AVCP, 1 ml neutralizes 2.5 mg B. aspar venom). The intraplantar injection of B. jararaca and B. asper venoms caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1 and 2 h after injection, respectively. Both venoms also induced edema with a similar time course. When neutralization assays involving the independent injection of venom and antivenom were performed, the hyperalgesia induced by B. jararaca venom was neutralized only when bothropic antivenom was administered iv 15 min before venom injection, whereas edema was neutralized when antivenom was injected 15 min or immediately before venom injection. On the other hand, polyvalent antivenom did not interfere with hyperalgesia or edema induced by B. asper venom, even when administered prior to envenomation. The lack of neutralization of hyperalgesia and edema induced by B. asper venom is not attributable to the absence of neutralizing antibodies in the antivenom, since neutralization was achieved in assays involving preincubation of venom and antivenom. Cross-neutralization of AVCP or AVIB against B. jararaca and B. asper venoms, respectively, was also evaluated. Only bothropic antivenom partially neutralized hyperalgesia induced by B. asper venom in preincubation experiments. The present data suggest that hyperalgesia and edema induced by Bothrops venoms are poorly neutralized by commercial antivenoms even when antibodies are administered immediately after envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Picolo
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
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Abstract
Bradykinin is involved in hyperalgesia (pain hypersensitivity) induced by Bothrops jararaca venom-intraplantar injection of B. jararaca venom (5microg/paw) in rats caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1h after venom injection. This phenomenon was not modified by promethazine (H(1) receptor antagonist), methysergide (5-HT receptor antagonist), guanethidine (sympathetic function inhibitor), anti-TNF-alpha or anti-interleukin-1 antibodies or by the chelating agent CaNa(2)EDTA. Venom-induced hyperalgesia was blocked by the bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist HOE 140. On the other hand, des-Arg(9), [Leu(8)]-bradykinin, a bradykinin B(1) receptor antagonist, did not modify the hyperalgesic response. These results suggest that bradykinin, acting on B(2) receptor, is a mediator of hyperalgesia induced by B. jararaca venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chacur
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Gazda LS, Milligan ED, Hansen MK, Twining CM, Poulos NM, Chacur M, O'Connor KA, Armstrong C, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Myers RR. Sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN): behavioral allodynia is paralleled by peri-sciatic proinflammatory cytokine and superoxide production. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2001; 6:111-29. [PMID: 11817330 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2001.006001111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed a model of sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN) to assess how immune activation near peripheral nerves influences somatosensory processing. Administration of zymosan (yeast cell walls) around a single sciatic nerve produces dose-dependent low-threshold mechanical allodynia without thermal hyperalgesia. Low (4 microg) doses produce both territorial and extraterritorial allodynia restricted to the injected hindleg. In contrast, higher (40 microg) doses produce territorial and extraterritorial allodynias of both hindlegs, an effect not accounted for by systemic spread of the zymosan. The aim of these experiments was to determine whether these behavioral allodynias were correlated with immunological and/or anatomical changes in or around the sciatic nerve. These experiments reveal that zymosan-induced bilateral allodynia was associated with the following: (a) increased release of both interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from peri-sciatic immune cells; (b) increased release of reactive oxygen species from perisciatic immune cells; (c) no change in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokine; (d) no apparent zymosan-induced influx of immune cells into the sciatic nerve from the endoneurial blood vessels; (e) mild edema of the sciatic, which was predominantly restricted to superficial regions closest to the peri-sciatic immune cells; and (f) no anatomic evidence of changes in either the ipsilateral saphenous nerve or contralateral sciatic nerve that could account for the appearance of extraterritorial or contralateral ("mirror") allodynia, respectively. No reliable differences were found when the low-dose zymosan was compared with vehicle controls. Taken together, these data suggest that substances released by peri-sciatic immune cells may induce changes in the sciatic nerve, leading to the appearance of bilateral allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Gazda
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Neurosciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, 80309-0345, USA
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Abstract
The ability of Bothrops asper snake venom to cause hyperalgesia was investigated in rats, using the paw pressure test. Intraplantar injection of the venom (5-15 microg/paw) caused a dose and time-related hyperalgesia, which peaked 2h after venom injection. Bothrops asper venom-induced hyperalgesia was blocked by the bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist HOE 140 and attenuated by dexamethasone, an inhibitor of phospholipase A(2). Inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway by NDGA abrogated the algogenic phenomenon. The hyperalgesic response was not modified by pretreatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, by meloxicam, an inhibitor of the type 2 cyclo-oxygenase pathway, by the PAF receptor antagonist BN52021 or by anti-TNF-alpha or anti-interleukin 1 antibodies. Intraplantar injection of the venom also caused an oedematogenic response which was not modified by any of these pharmacological treatments. These results suggest that hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops asper venom is, at least partially, mediated by bradykinin, phospholipase A(2) activity and leukotrienes. Distinct mechanisms are involved in the development of hyperalgesia and oedema induced by the venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chacur
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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