[Importance of National Influenza Centers in the surveillance of highly pathogenic avian viruses. The time for One-Health is now]

Since 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype A(H5N1) has been causing almost uninterrupted outbreaks in wild and domestic birds, as well as cases in humans with a mortality rate close to 50%. However, the years of greatest circulation have been precisely the years following the COVID-19 pandemic, in which several cases have been recorded in humans in places where they had never appeared before, in addition to multiple cases in wild, domestic and peri-domestic mammals, which raise some concern about the risk that the virus may jump to humans through chains of transmission of greater or lesser extent. The current outbreak of A(H5N1) shows us that the One-Health concept should be more alive than ever to join efforts between professionals from different sectors of human, animal and environmental health to avoid or minimize these risks, so that reference laboratories such as the National Influenza Centers have the human and material resources to provide rapid and relevant information in the shortest possible time before emergencies of this type. The diagnostic and monitoring tools to be used in these cases must be available for any eventuality, and going beyond the basic data must be an indispensable premise to be able to carry out a detailed monitoring that serves to limit outbreaks, limit the spread of the disease, and help in the design of future pandemic vaccines against avian viruses.

Effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin in critically ill patients with COVID-19. An observational prospective, multicenter study

INTRODUCTION

COVID-19 induces coagulopathy associated with an increase of thromboembolic events. Due to the lack of agreement on recommendations for thromboprophylactic management, the aim of this study was to study the dosages of LMWH used in critically ill COVID-19 patients assessing the effect on their outcome.

METHODS

We evaluated data of the Reg-COVID19. According to LMWH dose two groups were analyzed: prophylaxis and treatment. Primary outcome was the relationship of LMWH dosage with mortality. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of thrombotic and bleeding events, length of ICU stay, invasive mechanical ventilation, and thrombotic and inflammatory parameters.

RESULTS

Data of 720 patients were analyzed, 258 in the prophylaxis group and 462 in the treatment group. C Reactive Protein, invasive mechanical ventilation, tocilizumab and corticosteroid treatments were related with the choice of LMWH dose. Hemorrhagic events (66/720, 9.2%) and thrombotic complications (69/720, 9.6%) were similar in both groups (p = .819 and p = .265), as was the time course of the thrombotic events, earlier than hemorrhagic ones (9 [3-18] and 12 [6-19] days respectively). Mortality was lower in prophylaxis group (25.2% versus 35.1%), but once an inverse probability weighting model was applied, we found no effect of LMWH dose.

CONCLUSION

We found no benefit or harm with the administration of therapeutic or prophylactic LMWH dose in COVID19 critically ill patients. With a similar rate of hemorrhagic or thrombotic events, the LMWH dose had no influence on mortality. More studies are needed to determine the optimal thromboprophylaxis protocol for critically ill patients.

[Effectiveness of thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin in critically ill patients with COVID-19. An observational prospective, multicenter study]

Introduction

COVID-19 induces coagulopathy associated with an increase of thromboembolic events. Due to the lack of agreement on recommendations for thromboprophylactic management, the aim of this study was to study the dosages of LMWH used in critically ill COVID-19 patients assessing the effect on their outcome.

Metohds

We evaluated data of the Reg-COVID19. According to LMWH dose two groups were analyzed: prophylaxis and treatment. Primary outcome was the relationship of LMWH dosage with mortality. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of thrombotic and bleeding events, length of ICU stay, invasive mechanical ventilation, and thrombotic and inflammatory parameters.

Results

Data of 720 patients were analyzed, 258 in the prophylaxis group and 462 in the treatment group. C Reactive Protein, invasive mechanical ventilation, tocilizumab and corticosteroid treatments were related with the choice of LMWH dose. Hemorrhagic events (66/720, 9.2%) and thrombotic complications (69/720, 9.6%) were similar in both groups (P=.819 and P=.265), as was the time course of the thrombotic events, earlier than hemorrhagic ones (9 [3-18] and 12 [6-19] days respectively). Mortality was lower in prophylaxis group (25.2% versus 35.1%), but once an inverse probability weighting model was applied, we found no effect of LMWH dose.

Conclusion

We found no benefit or harm with the administration of therapeutic or prophylactic LMWH dose in COVID19 critically ill patients. With a similar rate of hemorrhagic or thrombotic events, the LMWH dose had no influence on mortality. More studies are needed to determine the optimal thromboprophylaxis protocol for critically ill patients.

SlS5H silencing reveals specific pathogen-triggered salicylic acid metabolism in tomato

BACKGROUND

Salicylic acid (SA) is a major plant hormone that mediates the defence pathway against pathogens. SA accumulates in highly variable amounts depending on the plant-pathogen system, and several enzyme activities participate in the restoration of its levels. Gentisic acid (GA) is the product of the 5-hydroxylation of SA, which is catalysed by S5H, an enzyme activity regarded as a major player in SA homeostasis. GA accumulates at high levels in tomato plants infected by Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd), and to a lesser extend upon Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 pv. tomato (Pst) infection.

RESULTS

We have studied the induction of tomato SlS5H gene by different pathogens, and its expression correlates with the accumulation of GA. Transient over-expression of SlS5H in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that SA is processed by SlS5H in vivo. SlS5H-silenced tomato plants were generated, displaying a smaller size and early senescence, together with hypersusceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, these transgenic lines exhibited an increased defence response and resistance to both CEVd and Pst infections. Alternative SA processing appears to occur for each specific pathogenic interaction to cope with SA levels. In SlS5H-silenced plants infected with CEVd, glycosylated SA was the most discriminant metabolite found. Instead, in Pst-infected transgenic plants, SA appeared to be rerouted to other phenolics such as feruloyldopamine, feruloylquinic acid, feruloylgalactarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate.

CONCLUSION

Using SlS5H-silenced plants as a tool to unbalance SA levels, we have studied the re-routing of SA upon CEVd and Pst infections and found that, despite the common origin and role for SA in plant pathogenesis, there appear to be different pathogen-specific, alternate homeostasis pathways.

Gold nanoparticles: current and upcoming biomedical applications in sensing, drug, and gene delivery

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) present unique physicochemical characteristics, low cytotoxicity, chemical stability, size/morphology tunability, surface functionalization capability, and optical properties which can be exploited for detection applications (colorimetry, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and photoluminescence). The current challenge for AuNPs is incorporating these properties in developing more sensible and selective sensing methods and multifunctional platforms capable of controlled and precise drug or gene delivery. This review briefly highlights the recent progress of AuNPs in biomedicine as bio-sensors and targeted nano vehicles.

Evaluation of PCR primers to identify Porphyromonas endodontalis in apical periodontitis clinical samples

We aimed to evaluate whether two commonly used PCR primers are effective to identify P. endodontalis and discriminate from other prevalent black-pigmented bacteria in apical periodontitis (AP). Endodontic canal samples from patients with asymptomatic AP (n = 20) were collected and cultured in anaerobiosis. Two primer sets to detect P. endodontalis were selected from the literature and first analyzed for their specificity in silico; and then tested on clinical isolates in vitro and finally, in apical exudates ex vivo. The identity of P. endodontalis was verified by PCR and Sanger sequencing with universal primers for bacterial V3-V6 regions 16S rDNA. Only one primer set showed specificity only for P. endodontalis clones in silico and also was specific for P. endodontalis in vitro and ex vivo.

A frequency comb stabilized Ti:Sa laser as a self-reference for ion-trap experiments with a 40Ca+ ion

In this study, we report on the stabilization of a continuous-wave Ti:Sa laser to an optical frequency comb. The laser is emitting at 866 nm to address one of the transitions required for Doppler cooling of a single ⁴⁰Ca⁺ ion in a linear Paul trap (²D_3/2 ↔P1/22). The stabilized Ti:Sa laser is utilized to calibrate an ultra-accurate wavelength meter. We certify this self-reference laser source by comparing the results from monitoring the laser-cooled ⁴⁰Ca⁺ ion in the linear Paul trap, with those obtained when a HeNe laser is used for calibration. The use of this self-reference is compatible with the simultaneous use of the comb for precision spectroscopy in the same ion-trap experiment.

[What about the weekend effect? Impact of the day of admission on in-hospital mortality, length of stay and cost of hospitalization]

INTRODUCTION

There is no agreement on the existence of the weekend effect in healthcare or, if it exists, on its possible causes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the differences in healthcare outcomes between patients admitted on weekdays or weekends in a high-complexity hospital.

METHODS

Observational and retrospective study of patients admitted between 2016 and 2019 in a public hospital with more than 1300 beds. Hospitalization episodes were classified according to whether admission took place between Friday at 3:00 p.m. and the following Monday at 8:00 a.m. (weekend admission) or not (admission on weekdays). Mortality, length of stay and associated costs were compared, applying their respective risk-adjustment models.

RESULTS

Of the total 169,495 hospitalization episodes analyzed, 48,201 (28.44%) corresponded to the weekend, presenting an older age (54.9 years vs. 53.9; P<.001), a higher crude mortality rate (5.22% vs. 4.59%; P<0.001), and a longer average length of stay (7.42 days vs. 6.74; P<.001), than those admitted on weekdays. The median crude cost of stay was lower (€731.25 vs. €850.88; P<0.001). No significant differences were found when applying the adjustment models, with a risk-adjusted mortality ratio of 1.03 (0.99-1.08) vs. 0.98 (0.95-1.01), risk-adjusted length of stay of 1.002 (0.98-1.005) vs. 0.999 (0.997-1.002) and risk-adjusted cost of stay of 0.928 (0.865-0.994) vs. 0.901 (0.843-0.962).

CONCLUSION

The results of the study reveal that the assistance provided during the weekends does not imply worse health outcomes or increased costs. Comparing the impact between hospitals will require a future homogenization of temporal criteria and risk adjustment models.

Putative Secondary Structure at 5’UTR as a Potential Antiviral Target against SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA coronavirus that causes COVID-19, of which the current outbreak has resulted in a high number of cases and fatalities throughout the world, even vaccine doses are being administered. The aim of this work was to scan the SARS-CoV-2 genome in search for therapeutic targets. We found a sequence in the 5’UTR (NC\_045512:74-130), consisting of a typical heptamer next to a structured region that may cause ribosomal frameshifting. The potential biological value of this region is relevant through its low similarity with other viruses, including coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV, and its high sequence conservation within multiple SARSCoV-2 isolates. We have predicted the secondary structure of the region by means of different bioinformatic tools. We have suggested a most probable secondary structure to proceed with a 3D reconstruction of the structured segment. Finally, we carried out virtual docking on the 3D structure to look for a binding site and then for drug ligands from a database of lead compounds. Several molecules that could be probably administered as oral drugs show promising binding affinity within the structured region, and so it could be possible interfere its potential regulatory role.

Sc(iii)-Based metal–organic frameworks

In the universe of MOFs, their construction with Sc(iii) is rather limited. This highlight shows the exciting chronological development of Sc(iii)-MOFs which have afforded promising applications due to their exceptional chemical stability.

Genetics: Is LADA just late onset type 1 diabetes?

BACKGROUND

There is a controversy regarding Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) classification and whether it should be considered a slowly progressing form of type 1 (T1) diabetes (DM) or a distinct type of DM altogether.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study assessed major genes associated with T1DM (class II HLA, PTPN22 [rs2476601] and INS [rs689]) in patients with LADA, as compared with participants with T1DM (stratified according to age of diagnosis before or after 30) and T2DM. HLA genotyping of the DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 loci was performed by reverse PCR sequence-specific oligonucleotides. HLA haplotypes were assigned according to those most frequently described in the European population. INS and PTPN22 SNPs were genotyped by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

A total of 578 participants were included: 248 with T1DM (70 diagnosed after the age of 30), 256 with T2DM and 74 with LADA. High risk HLA alleles were significantly more frequent in LADA than in T2DM, whereas the opposite was true for protective alleles. We found a lower frequency of the high-risk DRB1*04-DQB1*03:02-DQA1*03:01 haplotype in LADA (21.1%) than in the overall T1DM (34.7%) (p<0.05), whereas no differences were found between these groups for DRB1*03-DQB1*02:01-DQA1*05:01 or for protective alleles. Only 12% the overall T1DM group had no risk alleles vs 30% of LADA (p<0.0005). However, HLA allele distribution was similar in LADA and T1DM diagnosed after the age of 30. A total of 506 individuals (195 with T1DM [21 diagnosed after age 30] 253 with T2DM and 58 with LADA) were genotyped for the PTPN22 and INS SNPs. The G/A genotype of the PTPN22 rs2476601 was more frequent and the T/T genotype of the INS SNP rs689 was less frequent in T1DM compared to LADA. We did not find any significant differences in the frequency of the mentioned SNPs between LADA and T2DM, or between LADA and T1DM diagnosed after the age of 30.

CONCLUSION

In this relatively small cross-sectional study, the genetic profile of subjects with LADA showed a similar T1DM-related risk allele distribution as in participants with T1DM diagnosed after the age of 30, but fewer risk alleles than those diagnosed before 30. Differences were present for HLA, as well as PTPN22 and INS genes.

Effect of antimony in soils of an Sb mine on the photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant system of Dittrichia viscosa leaves

Antimony is a toxic element whose concentration in soil and water has been rising due to anthropogenic activities. This study focuses on its accumulation in leaves of Dittrichia viscosa growing in soils of an abandoned Sb mine, and the effect on oxidant/antioxidant systems and photosynthetic efficiency. The results showed leaves to have a high Sb accumulation capacity. The amount of total chlorophyll decreased depending on Sb concentration and of carotenoids increased slightly, with a consequent increase in carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio. Photosynthetic efficiency was unaffected. The amount of O ₂ ^.- rose, although there was no increase in cell membrane damage, with lipid peroxidation levels being similar to normal. This response may be due to considerable increases that were observed in total phenolics, PPO activity, and enzymatic antioxidant system. SOD, POX, and DHAR activities increased in response to increased Sb amounts in leaves. The ascorbate/glutathione cycle was also affected, with strong increases observed in all of its components, and consequent increases in total contents of the ascorbate and glutathione pools. However, the ratio between reduced and oxidized forms declined, reflecting an imbalance between the two, especially that between GSH and GSSG. Efficient detoxification of Sb may take place either through increases in phenolics, carotenoids, and components of the glutathione-ascorbate cycle or through the enzymatic antioxidant system. Since Dittrichia viscosa accumulates large amounts of Sb without suffering oxidative damage, it could be used for phytoremediation.

Strategies to Produce Grapefruit-Like Citrus Varieties With a Low Furanocoumarin Content and Distinctive Flavonoid Profiles

Pummelos and hybrids, such as grapefruits, have high furanocoumarin and low flavonoid contents. Furanocoumarins interact negatively with certain drugs, while flavonoids are antioxidant compounds with health benefits. To obtain new grapefruit-like varieties with low furanocoumarin and high flavonoid contents, diploid and triploid hybrid populations from crosses between diploid and tetraploid "Clemenules" clementine and diploid "Pink" pummelo were recovered and analyzed. With regard to furanocoumarins, triploids produce less bergapten, bergamottin and 6,7-DHB than diploids. Regarding flavonoids, triploids yielded more eriocitrin, narirutin, hesperidin and neohesperidin than diploids, whereas no differences were observed in neoeriocitrin and naringin. These results indicate that, the strategy to recover triploid hybrids by 4x × 2x crosses is more appropriate than the recovery of diploid hybrids by 2x × 2x crosses for obtaining grapefruit-like varieties of citrus with lower furanocoumarin and higher flavonoid contents.

Recommendations for use of antigenic tests in the diagnosis of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in the second pandemic wave: attitude in different clinical settings

The high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 before and shortly after the onset of symptoms suggests that only diagnosing and isolating symptomatic patients may not be sufficient to interrupt the spread of infection; therefore, public health measures such as personal distancing are also necessary. Additionally, it will be important to detect the newly infected individuals who remain asymptomatic, which may account for 50% or more of the cases. Molecular techniques are the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the massive use of these techniques has generated some problems. On the one hand, the scarcity of resources (analyzers, fungibles and reagents), and on the other the delay in the notification of results. These two facts translate into a lag in the application of isolation measures among cases and contacts, which favors the spread of the infection. Antigen detection tests are also direct diagnostic methods, with the advantage of obtaining the result in a few minutes and at the very "pointof-care". Furthermore, the simplicity and low cost of these tests allow them to be repeated on successive days in certain clinical settings. The sensitivity of antigen tests is generally lower than that of nucleic acid tests, although their specificity is comparable. Antigenic tests have been shown to be more valid in the days around the onset of symptoms, when the viral load in the nasopharynx is higher. Having a rapid and real-time viral detection assay such as the antigen test has been shown to be more useful to control the spread of the infection than more sensitive tests, but with greater cost and response time, such as in case of molecular tests. The main health institutions such as the WHO, the CDC and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Spain propose the use of antigenic tests in a wide variety of strategies to respond to the pandemic. This document aims to support physicians involved in the care of patients with suspected SC2 infection, in the context of a growing incidence in Spain since September 2020, which already represents the second pandemic wave of COVID-19.

Inflammatory biomarkers in dentinal fluid as an approach to molecular diagnostics in pulpitis

AIM

To explore a set of inflammatory biomarkers obtained from dentinal fluid (DF) from patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (IP), reversible pulpitis (RP) and normal pulp (NP).

METHODOLOGY

A cross-sectional exploratory study was performed, recruiting 64 patients on the basis of their respective pulp condition. DF samples were obtained from all patients (23, from IP patients; 20, from RP patients; and 21, from NP patients). Quantification of biomarkers was performed using a Luminex® MAGPIX platform system and multiplex assay kits. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons with regard to pulp state. A simple logistic regression model and the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% level of confidence (P = 0.05) were used to evaluate associations between biomarker levels and pulpal diagnosis. The performance discrimination of the biomarkers was evaluated through the construction of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for IP versus RP after logistic regression modelling. Youden criteria were used to establish cut-off points for biomarkers alone with AUC > 70 and P-value < 0.05, or estimated probabilities from the multivariable logistic model.

RESULTS

The biomarkers that had significantly higher values in participants with IP versus RP were IL-1α, VEGF-α and FGF acid (P < 0.05). FGF acid (OR: 12.62; P = 0.0085; CI 95% 1.91-83.29) and VEGF-α (OR: 2.61; P = 0.0252; CI 95% 1.13-6.03) were associated with pulp diagnoses of IP versus RP. The AUC-ROC curve for FGF acid was 0.79. The model containing FGF acid, IL-1α, IL-6 and TIMP-1 had an AUC-ROC of 0.92 for IP versus RP with a significant difference from the FGF acid ROC curve (P = 0.0231).

CONCLUSIONS

Dentinal fluid could be used to assay pulpal mediators in the molecular diagnosis of pulpitis. Despite the limitation of the clinical diagnostics used in the present study, it was possible to detect a difference between irreversible symptomatic pulpitis and reversible pulpitis associated with the following combined biomarkers: FGF acid + IL-6 + IL-1α, +TIMP-1.

Epigenetic regulation of TLR2-mediated periapical inflammation

AIM

To determine the methylation pattern of TLR2 gene promoter and its association with the transcriptional regulation of periapical inflammatory and angiogenic responses in symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of apical periodontitis.

METHODOLOGY

In this cross-sectional study, apical lesions were obtained from volunteers with asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AAP) (n = 17) and symptomatic apical periodontitis (SAP) (n = 17) scheduled for tooth extraction, and both total RNA and DNA were extracted. DNA was bisulfite-treated, a region of CpG island within the TLR2 gene was amplified by qPCR and the products were sequenced. Additionally, the mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, IL-6, IL-12, TNFalpha, IL-23, IL-10, TGFbeta, VEGFA and CDH5 was analysed by qPCR. The data were analysed with chi-square tests, Mann-Whitney or unpaired t-tests, and Spearman´s correlation; variable adjustments were performed using multiple linear regression (P < 0.05).

RESULTS

TLR2 depicted a hypomethylated DNA profile at the CpG island in SAP when compared with AAP, along with upregulated expression of TLR2, with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-23, and the angiogenesis marker CDH5 (P < 0.05). TLR2 methylation percentage negatively correlated with mRNA levels of IL-23 and CDH5 in apical periodontitis. Lower methylation frequencies of single CpG dinucleotides -8 and -10 localized in close proximity to nuclear factor κB (NFκB) binding within the TLR2 promoter were identified in SAP versus AAP (P < 0.05). Finally, unmethylated -10 and -8 single sites demonstrated up-regulation of IL-23, IL-10 and CDH5 transcripts compared to their methylated counterparts (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

TLR2 gene promoter hypomethylation was linked to transcriptional activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic markers in exacerbated periapical inflammation. Moreover, unmethylated single sites in close proximity to NFκB binding were involved in active transcription of IL-23, IL-10 and CDH5.

Phenotypic spectrum of neonatal CHARGE syndrome

INTRODUCTION

CHARGE syndrome is a genetic disorder of wide phenotypic variability, of autosomal dominant in heritance, caused by pathogenic variants in the CHD7 gene.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the broad pheno typic spectrum of neonatal CHARGE syndrome, heterozygous for the CHD7 gene, and the usefulness of genome sequencing in diagnostic confirmation, considering differential diagnoses.

CLINICAL CASE

34-week preterm newborn, with severe prenatal history of polyhydramnios, increased nuchal trans- lucency, and hyperechogenic cardiac focus, with a TORCH study that ruled out congenital infection. Peripheral facial paralysis, choanal atresia, multiple dysmorphisms, congenital heart disease, and bilateral retinochoroidal coloboma were observed at birth. The neuroimaging study showed hypo plasia of the cochlea and bilateral semicircular canals, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. The auditory evoked potentials showed deep right-sided sensorineural hearing loss and left anacusis. The patient developed hypocalcemia and immunological alterations, confirming hypoparathyroidism and thy mus hypoplasia. The karyogram was normal and 22q11.2 microdeletion was excluded through mul tiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MPLA). A pathogenic variant in the CHD7 gene was detected that confirmed the clinical suspicion of CHARGE syndrome.

CONCLUSIONS

The overlap of clinical characteristics of CHARGE syndrome requires molecular genetic confirmation, considering differences in evolution, therapies, and recurrence risks with other genetic syndromes.

Inequalities in the participation and outcomes of breast cancer screening programs in Valencia, Spain

Background

Breast cancer remains the most frequent tumour and first cancer related cause of death in the Valencian Community. Despite most of the population being aware of the existence of breast cancer screening programs (BCSP), there are great differences in uptake that are likely attributed to social determinants. The objective of this study, alligning with SDGs 3 and 10, is to assess inequalities in breast cancer screening uptake, diagnosis and treatment delay in the city of Valencia.

Methods

The population of study included 128 123 women invited to participate in the BCSP in the city of Valencia between 2014 and 2016. Uptake, diagnosis and treatment delay were assessed as outcomes. Covariates included country of origin, education level, size of family unit, risk of vulnerability, age, presence of disability, assigned health department and a social deprivation index. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression models were performed for each independent variable.

Results

BCSP uptake was of 63,8% with a diagnostic rate of 5,36‰. 76,7% of patients were below the 75th percentile of delay between diagnosis and treatment (52 days). Statistically significant relationships were found between uptake of BCSP and all studied covariates both in the bivariate analysis and regression model. Presence of disability, family unit size, age and health department had a statistically significant relationship with diagnosis in the bivariate analysis, of which only one health department and the social deprivation index’s second quintile remained significant in the regression model. No significant relations were found between treatment delay and any of the covariates.

Conclusions

Strong inequalities in the BCSP have been identified. Influencing factors must be targeted so as to ensure an egalitarian access to BCSP. Given its multifactorial nature, simple analyses must be avoided in the study of inequalities in breast cancer diagnosis. Data on lifestyle may contribute to future models.

Key messages

Social determinants continue to have an impact in the uptake of breast cancer screening programs in the city of Valencia. The assessment of inequalities in breast cancer diagnosis cannot be approached uniquely through the analysis of social determinants and may Benefit from the inclusion of data on lifestyle choices.

Highly-polar layered double hydroxides are efficient adsorbents of low-concentrated trihalomethanes present in water

Abstract. Replacement of (Al(OH)6)3- blocks by (AlF6)3- was explored as a strategy to modify the dipolarity of layered double hydroxides materials (LDHs). The presence of fluorine augments the dipolarity/polarizability of LDHs. LDHs were tested as adsorbents of the trihalomethanes CHCl3 and CHBr3 that are present (low concentrated) in water. Fluorinated LDHs were significantly more efficient compared to that without fluorine. Thermal treated fluorinated LDHs are able to remove 95% and 90% of CHCl3 and CHBr3, respectively, present in low concentrated aqueous solutions. The effect of concentration of triahalomethanes, time of contact and structure of adsorbent were explored.  Linear isotherms were obtained when un-fluorinated adsorbents were used but the isotherm turns to match that of Freundlich-type when adsorbent contains fluorine. Resumen. La sustitución de iones  de (Al (OH)6) 3- por (AlF6)3- se investigó como una estrategia para modificar la dipolaridad de los hidróxidos dobles laminares (HDL). La presencia de flúor aumenta la dipolaridad / polarizabilidad de los HDL. Los HDL se probaron como adsorbentes de los trihalometanos CHCl3 y CHBr3 presentes a bajas concentraciones en agua. Los HDL fluorados fueron significativamente más eficientes en comparación con los que no contenían  flúor. Los HDL fluorados tratados térmicamente pueden eliminar 95% y 90% de CHCl3 y CHBr3, respectivamente, presentes en soluciones acuosas a baja concentración. Se examinó el efecto de la concentración de trihalometanos, el tiempo de contacto y la estructura del adsorbente. Se obtuvieron isotermas lineales cuando se usaron adsorbentes no fluorados; en contraste, cuando el adsorbente contiene flúor la isoterma coincide con la de tipo Freundlich.

New copolymers as hosts of ribosomal RNA

Functionalized copolymers were synthesized and are proposed as hosts of RNA. The copolymers are based on carboxymethyl cellulose and poly-(ethylene glycol)-OH. These copolymers were functionalized with two amino acids, either lysine or histidine, through amide bond formation. The functionalized copolymer was then used to adsorb ribosomal RNA. The RNA loading was based on the nature of the amino acid functionalization of the copolymer. The array of RNA-copolymers was observed to be soft sphere-like, where the density of spheres was a function of the molecular weight of the carboxymethyl cellulose and the nature of the amino acid. Such RNA-copolymer systems are very sensitive to changes in pH.

Diagnosis and treatment of male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms in Spain - The MERCURY Study. Do urologists follow the recommendations of the European guidelines?

OBJECTIVES

To explore the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men in Spain and assess the compliance with recommendations established in the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

MERCURY was an epidemiological and cross-sectional study which involved 227 Urology Units across Spain assessing adult male patients with mixed LUTS and persisting storage symptoms. Sociodemographic, clinical and resource use data for the 6 months prior to study inclusion were collected. Additionally, through a theoretical clinical case, clinicians described their attitude toward the diagnostic and therapeutic management of males with mixed LUTS and persisting storage symptoms during the first and second visits. Answer options given to clinicians about LUTS management were aligned with those recommended by EAU guidelines.

RESULT

610 patients included in the study were evaluated. 87.7% of them consumed some health resource mainly due to: urologist visits (79.7%), PSA determination (76.6%) and treatment with alpha-blockers (37.5%) and alpha-blockers plus antimuscarinics (37.2%). According to the theoretical clinical case, urologists preference toward diagnostic tools and pharmacological treatment in first visit were mainly PSA determination (97.7%), digital rectal examination (91.4%) and treatment with alphablockers as monotherapy (56.6%), whereas in the second visit uroflowmetry (48.9%), voiding diary (40.3%) and treatment with alpha-blockers plus antimuscarinics (70.6%) were mainly preferred.

CONCLUSIONS

Urologists attitude toward management of male patients with mixed LUTS and persisting storage symptoms is aligned with that recommended in the EAU guidelines.

No association of IL2, IL4, IL6, TNF, and IFNG gene polymorphisms was found with Taenia solium human infection or neurocysticercosis severity in a family-based study

Neurocysticercosis (NC) is caused by the establishment of the metacestode stage of Taenia solium in the human central nervous system. A great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the infection and to the disease has been reported. While the factors involved in this heterogeneity are not completely understood, clearly different immune-inflammatory profiles have been associated to each condition. This study evaluated the association of cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with susceptibility to infection and disease severity in NC patients. Blood samples from 92 NC cases and their parents (trios) were genotyped for SNPs in five cytokines relevant for the immune response: IL4 (-589C/T), IL6 (-174C/G), IFNG (+874T/A), TNF (-238G/A), and IL2 (-330G/T). Specific DNA fragments were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, using the 5'-nuclease Taqman assay on a 7500 platform, allowing the detection of the polymorphism genotypes. No association between the polymorphisms evaluated neither with susceptibility to infection nor with disease severity was found, although previous studies reported variations in the levels of these cytokines among different NC clinical pictures. These results, nevertheless, add new elements to our understanding of the complex pathogenic mechanisms involved in susceptibility to infection by T. solium cysticerci and the severity of the ensuing disease.

Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts synthesize C-reactive protein and Th-related cytokines in response to interleukin (IL)-6 trans-signalling

AIM

To characterize the potential of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF) to synthesize CRP and Th-related cytokines in response to IL-6 in periodontal health and apical inflammation.

METHODOLOGY

Primary HPLF stimulated with IL-6, soluble(s) IL-6 receptor (R) and controls were assayed for CRP, Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg-related cytokines by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. IL-6R mRNA expression and its soluble protein levels were screened in HPLF cultures, and ex vivo samples of healthy periodontal ligaments (n = 5) and apical lesions (n = 13). Data were analysed with ANOVA or unpaired t-test.

RESULTS

0.5 ng mL^-1 IL-6 plus 1 ng mL^-1 of its soluble receptor (sIL-6R) for 24 h was effective in inducing CRP production. IL-6 alone had a mild dose-dependent effect; co-stimulation with sIL-6R significantly enhanced this effect, whereas it was completely abolished by the addition of IL-6R blocking antibody (P < 0.05). Similarly, higher mRNA expression and protein levels of Th1, Th17 and partially Treg-related cytokines were found for IL-6 combined with its soluble receptor versus the nonstimulated group and IL-6R antibody (P < 0.05). IL-6R mRNA expression was slightly induced by IL-6 compared to THP-1 cells, but sILR-6 protein could not be detected in HPLF. High sIL-6R levels were detected in apical lesions and were immunolocalized to mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating epithelium.

CONCLUSION

IL-6 trans-signalling induced Th1 and Th17-related cytokines and represents an extra-hepatic mechanism for PCR synthesis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, contributing to explain the bone-destructive phenotype of apical lesions and eventually its systemic complications.

Inestabilidad lunopiramidal

Históricamente, la inestabilidad en el lado radial de la muñeca ha recibido mucha más atención que la inestabilidad en el lado ulnar, a pesar de ser una patología relativamente frecuente. Como consecuencia de ello, suele darse un retraso en el diagnóstico correcto y el tratamiento apropiado. Las lesiones del ligamento lunopiramidal pueden ser parciales o completas, y estas últimas pueden estar asociadas a lesión de los estabilizadores secundarios. Cuando se lesionan estos estabilizadores es cuando se produce una inestabilidad estática del carpo conocida como Volar Intercalated Segmentary Instability (VISI). Entre los test clínicos más utilizados para detectar una inestabilidad del ligamento lunopiramidal están el Ballottement test, descrito por Reagan, y el Shear test, descrito por Kleinman, aunque ambos poseen una sensibilidad y una especificidad bajas. Para el diagnóstico de estas lesiones se emplean técnicas como la radiografía simple (que suele ser normal si no hay una inestabilidad estática del carpo), la artrografía y la RMN, entre otras, aunque el gold standard lo constituye la artroscopia de muñeca. No existe un consenso en cuanto al tipo de tratamiento óptimo, ya que la mayoría de los estudios publicados son retrospectivos de nivel iv sin medidas objetivas estandarizadas mediante instrumentos validados. Además, en su mayoría describen los resultados del tratamiento tardío, ya que no se suelen diagnosticar en la fase aguda. Dentro de los tratamientos descritos se encuentran el tratamiento artroscópico (desbridamiento/termocoagulación asociados o no a estabilización con agujas de Kirscher), la reparación abierta, la reconstrucción del ligamento y la artrodesis del ligamento lunopiramidal.

Netrin-1 and multiple sclerosis: a new biomarker for neuroinflammation?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Netrin-1, an axon guidance protein, reduces serum levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and stabilizes the blood-brain barrier limiting the entrance of immune cells into the central nervous system. The aim was to investigate its presence in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without clinical activity.

METHODS

Netrin-1 levels were evaluated in EAE mouse tissues. Afterwards, serum netrin-1 was cross-sectionally quantified in 90 patients with different MS phenotypes and 30 control subjects. An additional group of 10 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients was longitudinally evaluated throughout a relapse (RRMSr) with an interval of 60 days. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), a reference inflammatory cytokine, and netrin-1 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice showed significantly lower netrin-1 levels and higher TNFα amounts in sera, spinal cord and cerebella than healthy control mice. MS patients showed significantly lower serum netrin-1 levels than controls (511.62 ± 209.30 and 748.32 ± 103.24 pg/ml, respectively; P ≤ 0.005). The lowest protein levels were found in RRMSr, remaining significantly lower throughout the relapse. TNFα serum concentrations were higher in MS patients compared to controls, and negatively correlated with netrin-1 levels (r = -0.3734, P ≤ 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Netrin-1 decreased in EAE and in MS patients, mainly during relapse, suggesting an anti-inflammatory role of netrin-1. Further research should be performed in a larger cohort of patients to validate netrin-1 as a biomarker of MS inflammatory activity.

Bone resorptive activity in symptomatic and asymptomatic apical lesions of endodontic origin

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to assess the levels and diagnostic accuracy of a set of bone resorption biomarkers, including TRAP-5, RANKL, and OPG in symptomatic and asymptomatic apical lesions and controls.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apical tissues from symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis patients and periodontal ligaments from healthy teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were processed for tissue homogenization and the levels of TRAP-5, RANKL, and OPG were determined by multiplex assay. Marker levels were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test, and diagnostic accuracy was analyzed with ROC curves.

RESULTS

Higher levels of RANKL, OPG, and RANKL/OPG ratio were determined in both types of apical lesions compared to healthy periodontal ligament, whereas higher TRAP-5 levels were found only in symptomatic apical lesions (p < 0.05). OPG, RANKL, and RANKL/OPG ratio showed diagnostic potential to identify apical lesions versus healthy controls (AUC = 0.69, p < 0.05); while TRAP-5 showed a potential to discriminate symptomatic versus asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AUC = 0.71, p < 0.05) and healthy controls (AUC = 0.83, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Apical lesions showed higher RANKL and OPG levels than healthy tissues. TRAP-5 levels were the highest in symptomatic apical lesions, suggesting that these represent a progressive state, and showed diagnostic potential.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Clinically symptomatic apical periodontitis might represent biologically progressive apical lesions based on TRAP5 levels. TRAP5 has diagnostic potential to identify these lesions, representing a candidate prognostic biomarker.