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Lo Faro AF, Malaca S, Berardinelli D, Huestis MA, Farre M, Papaseit E, Perez-Maña C, Poyatos L, Busardò FP. Human methylone, MDMA and metabolites’ plasma concentrations by a new LC-MS/MS method after controlled administration of methylone and MDMA. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vlacho B, Mata-Cases M, Mundet-Tudurí X, Vallès-Callol JA, Real J, Farre M, Cos X, Khunti K, Mauricio D, Franch-Nadal J. Analysis of the Adherence and Safety of Second Oral Glucose-Lowering Therapy in Routine Practice From the Mediterranean Area: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:708372. [PMID: 34335477 PMCID: PMC8318034 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.708372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of our study was compare adherence measured by the medical possession ratio (MPR), time until discontinuation and describe adverse events after adding a DPP-4i, SGLT-2i, or sulfonylureas (SU) to metformin in a primary care population with insufficient glycemic control. We used routinely-collected health data from the SIDIAP database. The included subjects were matched by propensity score. The follow-up period was up to 24 months or premature discontinuation. The primary outcomes were the percentage of subjects with good adherence, treatment discontinuation and adverse events among treatment groups. The proportion of patients with good adherence (MPR> 0.8) after the addition of DPP-4i, SGLT-2i or SU was 53.6%, 68.7%, and 43.0%, respectively. SGLT-2i users were 1.7 times more likely to achieve good adherence compared with DPP-4i users (odds ratio [OR]:1.72, 98% confidence interval [CI]:1.51, 1.96), and 2.8 times more likely compared with SU users (OR: 0.35, 98% CI: 0.07, 0.29). The discontinuation hazard ratios were 1.43 (98%CI: 1.26; 1.62) and 1.60 (98%CI: 1.42; 1.81) times higher among SGLT-2i and SU users than DPP-4i users during the follow-up period. No differences were observed for adverse events among the treatment groups. In conclusion, in our real-world setting, the combination of SGLT-2i with metformin was associated with better adherence. The mean time until discontinuation was longer in the SGLT-2i group in comparison with the DPP-4i or SU groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Vlacho
- Grup de Recerca Epidemiològica en Diabetis des de l'Atenció Primària (DAP-CAT) Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Trials Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Pharmacology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Manel Mata-Cases
- Grup de Recerca Epidemiològica en Diabetis des de l'Atenció Primària (DAP-CAT) Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Mundet-Tudurí
- Grup de Recerca Epidemiològica en Diabetis des de l'Atenció Primària (DAP-CAT) Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan-Antoni Vallès-Callol
- Grup de Recerca Epidemiològica en Diabetis des de l'Atenció Primària (DAP-CAT) Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Real
- Grup de Recerca Epidemiològica en Diabetis des de l'Atenció Primària (DAP-CAT) Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magi Farre
- Pharmacology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Xavier Cos
- Grup de Recerca Epidemiològica en Diabetis des de l'Atenció Primària (DAP-CAT) Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Primary and Hospital Innovation Department, Innovation Office at Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- Grup de Recerca Epidemiològica en Diabetis des de l'Atenció Primària (DAP-CAT) Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Josep Franch-Nadal
- Grup de Recerca Epidemiològica en Diabetis des de l'Atenció Primària (DAP-CAT) Group, Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Gonzalez D, Cantillo J, Perez I, Carvalho M, Aronovich A, Farre M, Feilding A, Obiols JE, Bouso JC. The Shipibo Ceremonial Use of Ayahuasca to Promote Well-Being: An Observational Study. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:623923. [PMID: 34025402 PMCID: PMC8131827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.623923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting well-being is one of the main goals to improve health in the world. We examined the well-being and quality of life over the course of one year in a sample that participated in an Indigenous Shipibo healing program where traditional healers work in a series of ayahuasca ceremonies. We also explored the role of decentering as a mediator of psychological well-being. Participants who attended the program responded to an online survey that included a Psychological Well-Being Scale; Oxford Happiness Questionnaire; The World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiousness, and Personal Beliefs scale; the WHO Quality of Life-BREF scale; and Decentering scale. Baseline (T0) and postassessment (T1) were completed by 200 individuals. Of these, 101 completed the follow-up assessment at three months (T2), 91 at 6 months (T3), and 94 at 12 months follow-up (T4) after leaving the center. ANOVA test was performed in a representative subsample to control the passing of time two months before attending the program (T-1). Pearson’s test was performed to examine the relationship between psychological well-being and decentering during the period of T0 and T1. A significant increase was observed in all the scales at all time points (p ≤ 0.01). The subgroup analysis performed in a representative subsample allowed us to infer that the significant differences in outcomes are due to the effect of their stay at the center and not the passing of time. We found a relationship between decentering and the improvement of psychological well-being (r = 0.57; p < 0.01). Our results suggest that the Indigenous Shipibo healing work with ayahuasca has value to improve long-term well-being and quality of life for Westerners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Gonzalez
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services (ICEERS), Barcelona, Spain.,PHI Association, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundación BeckleyMed, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Cantillo
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services (ICEERS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Perez
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services (ICEERS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Adam Aronovich
- Medical Anthropology Research Center, Department of Anthropology, Philosophy and Social Work, University of Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Magi Farre
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicoloy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Feilding
- Fundación BeckleyMed, Barcelona, Spain.,The Beckley Foundation, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi E Obiols
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Bouso
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services (ICEERS), Barcelona, Spain.,Medical Anthropology Research Center, Department of Anthropology, Philosophy and Social Work, University of Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Martin M, Gutiérrez-Martos M, Cabrera R, Langohr K, Maldonado R, Farre M, de la Torre R. Daidzein modulates cocaine-reinforcing effects and cue-induced cocaine reinstatement in CD-1 male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1923-1936. [PMID: 33839903 PMCID: PMC8233246 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder that lacks of an effective treatment. Isoflavones are a family of compounds present in different plants and vegetables like soybeans that share a common chemical structure. Previous studies have described that synthetic derivatives from the natural isoflavone daidzin can modulate cocaine addiction, by a mechanism suggested to involve aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities. OBJECTIVES Based on these previous studies, we investigated the effects of three natural isoflavones, daidzin, daidzein, and genistein, on the modulation of the cocaine reinforcing effects and on cue-induced reinstatement in an operant mouse model of cocaine self-administration. RESULTS Chronic treatment with daidzein or genistein decreased operant responding to obtain cocaine intravenous infusions. On the other hand, daidzein and daidzin, but not genistein, were effective in decreasing cue-induced cocaine reinstatement. Complementary studies revealed that daidzein effects on cocaine reinforcement were mediated through a mechanism that involved dopamine type-2/3 receptors (DA-D2/3) activities. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that these natural compounds alone or in combination can be a potential therapeutic approach for cocaine addiction. Further clinical studies are required in order to ascertain their potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Martin
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Gutiérrez-Martos
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Cabrera
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus Langohr
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ,Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Cataluña (UPC)/BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magi Farre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UDIMAS-UAB), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Carretera de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Recerca Biomedica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Choupana s, /n 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Kirkeby C, Toft N, Schwarz D, Farre M, Nielsen SS, Zervens L, Hechinger S, Halasa T. Differential somatic cell count as an additional indicator for intramammary infections in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1759-1775. [PMID: 31759594 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis, often caused by intramammary infection (IMI), is a significant problem in dairy farming globally. Somatic cell count (SCC) is widely used as a parameter for screening IMI in cows that are then treated or culled. We investigated the potential of a new parameter, differential SCC (DSCC), to detect IMI at cow level when SCC is already known. We achieved this using bacterial culture (BC) and PCR to detect 4 categories of pathogens (major, minor, other, and any) in 2 Danish dairy herds. Quarter milk samples were collected from monthly dairy herd improvement samplings over 1 yr and analyzed with BC, whereas cow-level dairy herd improvement samples were analyzed using PCR. Days in milk, parity, and IMI status had a significant effect on DSCC. Using DSCC in addition to SCC significantly improved the indication of IMI compared with using only SCC in the any pathogen category in both herds as well as the minor pathogens category in herd 2 when BC was used for detection. When PCR was used to detect IMI, the use of DSCC in addition to SCC was significant for the other pathogens category in herd 1 and the minor pathogens category in herd 2. Thus, our data revealed that DSCC can add significant information describing IMI status even when SCC is already known; however, this depends on the causative pathogen. Future studies may address how to use DSCC in practice as well as consider the availability of temporal data to potentially gain insight into the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - N Toft
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - D Schwarz
- Foss Analytical A/S, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - M Farre
- SEGES Livestock Innovation, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S S Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - L Zervens
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Hechinger
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - T Halasa
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Papaseit E, Olesti E, de la Torre R, Torrens M, Farre M. Mephedrone Concentrations in Cases of Clinical Intoxication. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 23:5511-5522. [PMID: 28677506 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170704130213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC), a ring-substituted synthetic cathinone derivative has become established as a permanent illicit drug in the dynamic new psychoactive substances (NPS) scene. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes current knowledge on mephedrone concentrations in biological samples from cases of acute intoxications (fatal and non-fatal), pharmacokinetics studies, wastewater and anonymous pooled urine analysis in order to provide an overview of the reliable scientific knowledge on toxicokinetics of mephedrone in humans. METHOD The PubMed® database complemented with Google Scholar® was systematically searched to find published cases of mephedrone intoxications. The searches were done using the keyword "mephedrone OR 4- methylmethcathinone" in association to each of the following strategies: i) "intoxication OR poisoning"; ii) "(blood OR serum OR plasma") OR "urine" OR ("saliva OR oral fluid") OR "hair"; iii) "forensic toxicology samples"; iv) "wastewater OR sewage OR pooled urine" and v) "toxicity OR death OR fatal". RESULTS Since 2010, a total of 97 fatal cases and 57 non-fatal intoxication cases were identified that presented mephedrone concentrations in human biological matrices attributed directly or indirectly to mephedrone. Typical subjects involved were young male with concomitant use of other drugs (psychostimulants, cannabis, alcohol and other depressants). Mephedrone mean blood concentration from fatal cases was 2,663 ng/mL (range 51-22,000 ng/mL), from non-fatal cases was 166 ng/mL (range, 13-412 ng/mL), that resulted in a similar range from data found in controlled studies with no acute toxicity associated (135 ng/mL, range 52-218 ng/mL). Forensic epidemiology studies based on wastewater and anonymous pooled urine analysis point towards similar variations in use (nightclub scene) to those self-reported in surveys and questioners. CONCLUSION Mephedrone blood concentrations in cases of fatal intoxications were higher than in non-fatal cases. In both cases, great variability in mephedrone concentration potentially attributable to interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics and poly-drug use complicates the interpretation of the forensic toxicological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Papaseit
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulalia Olesti
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions (INAD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magi Farre
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Kirkeby C, Zervens L, Toft N, Schwarz D, Farre M, Hechinger S, Halasa T. Transmission dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus within two Danish dairy cattle herds. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1428-1442. [PMID: 30594383 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen causing intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cattle herds worldwide. Simulation models can be used to investigate the epidemiologic and economic outcomes of different control strategies against IMI. The transmission rate parameter is one of the most influential parameters on the outcomes of these simulation models. Very few studies have estimated the transmission rate parameter and investigated the transmission dynamics of Staph. aureus IMI in dairy cattle herds. The objective of our study was therefore to analyze the transmission dynamics of Staph. aureus in 2 Danish dairy herds participating in a longitudinal study. The 2 herds had 180 and 360 milking cows, and animals were tested at quarter level once per month over a period of 1 yr. We estimated the quarter-level prevalence to be 34% for herd 1 and 2.57% for herd 2. The daily quarter-level transmission rate was estimated to be 0.0132 and 0.0077 cases/quarter-day for herds 1 and 2, respectively, and the median duration of infection was estimated to be 91 and 64 d for herds 1 and 2, respectively. We also estimated the reproductive ratio at 1.21 for herd 1 and 0.52 for herd 2. The results can provide valuable information for simulation models to aid decision-making in terms of the prevention and control of Staph. aureus IMI in dairy cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kirkeby
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - L Zervens
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Toft
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - D Schwarz
- Foss Analytical A/S, Foss Allé 1, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - M Farre
- SEGES Livestock Innovation, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Hechinger
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), Schubertstraße 60, Haus 13 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - T Halasa
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Haijen E, Farre M, de la Torre R, Pastor A, Olesti E, Pizarro N, Ramaekers JG, Kuypers KPC. Peripheral endocannabinoid concentrations are not associated with verbal memory impairment during MDMA intoxication. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:709-717. [PMID: 29143869 PMCID: PMC5847074 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical data have suggested involvement of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in MDMA-induced memory impairment. Clinical research has shown that blockade of the 5-HT2 receptor nulls memory impairment during MDMA intoxication. Interestingly, studies have demonstrated that the eCB and the 5-HT system interact. It was hypothesized that MDMA would cause an increase in eCB concentrations together with a decrease in memory performance, and that combining MDMA with a 5-HT2 receptor blocker ketanserin would lead to a counteraction of the MDMA effects on eCB concentrations and memory. METHODS Twenty healthy recreational polydrug users entered a double-blind placebo-controlled within-subject study. Participants received a pre-treatment (ketanserin 40 mg, placebo) followed 30 min later by a treatment (MDMA 75 mg, placebo). Verbal memory was tested by means of a 30-word learning test. Endocannabinoid concentrations (anandamide (2-AG); N-arachidonylethanolamine (AEA)) were assessed in blood at baseline, before (90 min post-treatment) and after cognitive tests (150 min post-treatment). RESULTS Findings showed that MDMA impaired memory 90 min post-treatment in the word learning task. This effect was a replication of previous studies using the same dose of MDMA (75 mg) and the same learning paradigm. Contrary to our hypothesis, MDMA did not affect eCB concentrations, nor did ketanserin block MDMA-induced memory impairment. Ketanserin caused an increase in AEA concentrations, 180 min after administration. CONCLUSION Current findings suggest that peripherally measured endocannabinoids are not associated with the verbal memory deficit during MDMA intoxication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NTR3691.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Haijen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Farre
- Integrative Pharmacology & Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - R de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology & Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CEXS-UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pastor
- Integrative Pharmacology & Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Olesti
- Integrative Pharmacology & Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CEXS-UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Pizarro
- Integrative Pharmacology & Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Kuypers KPC, de la Torre R, Farre M, Pizarro N, Xicota L, Ramaekers JG. Erratum to: MDMA-induced indifference to negative sounds is mediated by the 5-HT 2A receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:605. [PMID: 28766260 PMCID: PMC6828455 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. P. C. Kuypers
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R. de la Torre
- 0000 0004 1767 9005grid.20522.37Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.484042.eSpanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Santiago de Compostela, Spain ,0000 0001 2172 2676grid.5612.0CEXS-UPF, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Farre
- 0000 0004 1767 9005grid.20522.37Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.7080.fUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,0000 0004 1767 6330grid.411438.bClinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - N. Pizarro
- 0000 0004 1767 9005grid.20522.37Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.7080.fUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Xicota
- 0000 0004 1767 9005grid.20522.37Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. G. Ramaekers
- 0000 0001 0481 6099grid.5012.6Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Berlana D, Santulario L, Farre M, Betriu L, Puiggros C, Burgos R. SUN-P024: Early Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Adult Patients: an Observational Study. Clin Nutr 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(17)30602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Grifell M, Ventura M, Carbón X, Quintana P, Galindo L, Palma Á, Fornis I, Gil C, Farre M, Torrens M. Patterns of use and toxicity of new para-halogenated substituted cathinones: 4-CMC (clephedrone), 4-CEC (4-chloroethcatinone) and 4-BMC (brephedrone). Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28657185 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper aims to present results of the analysis of clephedrone (4-CMC), 4-chloroethcathinone (4-CEC), and brephedrone (4-BMC) on recreational drug markets and a systematic review of all the available information concerning these substances. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples collected by the drug checking service of the Spanish harm reduction NGO-Energy Control were analyzed and systematic research was conducted. Between June 2014 and October 2016, 1,471 samples with at least one NPS were analyzed, 397 of which contained cathinones. RESULTS Clephedrone was found in 29 samples, brephedrone in 8, and both were present in 2 samples. 4-Chloroethcathinone was detected in 5 samples. Eleven out of the 47 purchased samples (23.4%) were tested to contain the substance the user expected. Samples received were mainly sold as 3-MMC, MDMA, ketamine, and other cathinones. No literature on the effects or toxicity of these substances was found; the only information available was on internet fora. On many posts, users exhibit concerns about potential toxicity and side effects of using these substances. CONCLUSION Since the emergence of these substances could prove to be the next step to the cat-and-mouse game existing between drug producers and legislation, further clinical and epidemiological research should be carried out in order to build evidence to support policy for public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Grifell
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat de Recerca en Neurociencia Cognitiva, Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xoán Carbón
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Quintana
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liliana Galindo
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Palma
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Fornis
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gil
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magi Farre
- Pharmacology, Consorci Mar Parc de salut de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Farmacologia Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Ringgold Standard Institution, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain.,Servei de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Ringgold Standard Institution, Badalona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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de Sola S, de la Torre R, Sánchez-Benavides G, Benejam B, Cuenca-Royo A, del Hoyo L, Rodríguez J, Catuara-Solarz S, Sanchez-Gutierrez J, Dueñas-Espin I, Hernandez G, Peña-Casanova J, Langohr K, Videla S, Blehaut H, Farre M, Dierssen M. A new cognitive evaluation battery for Down syndrome and its relevance for clinical trials. Front Psychol 2015; 6:708. [PMID: 26089807 PMCID: PMC4455308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent prospect of pharmaceutical interventions for cognitive impairment of Down syndrome (DS) has boosted a number of clinical trials in this population. However, running the trials has raised some methodological challenges and questioned the prevailing methodology used to evaluate cognitive functioning of DS individuals. This is usually achieved by comparing DS individuals to matched healthy controls of the same mental age. We propose a new tool, the TESDAD Battery that uses comparison with age-matched typically developed adults. This is an advantageous method for probing the clinical efficacy of DS therapies, allowing the interpretation and prediction of functional outcomes in clinical trials. In our DS population the TESDAD battery permitted a quantitative assessment of cognitive defects, which indicated language dysfunction and deficits in executive function, as the most important contributors to other cognitive and adaptive behavior outcomes as predictors of functional change in DS. Concretely, auditory comprehension and functional academics showed the highest potential as end-point measures of therapeutic intervention for clinical trials: the former as a cognitive key target for therapeutic intervention, and the latter as a primary functional outcome measure of clinical efficacy. Our results also emphasize the need to explore the modulating effects of IQ, gender and age on cognitive enhancing treatments. Noticeably, women performed significantly better than men of the same age and IQ in most cognitive tests, with the most consistent differences occurring in memory and executive functioning and negative trends rarely emerged on quality of life linked to the effect of age after adjusting for IQ and gender. In sum, the TESDAD battery is a useful neurocognitive tool for probing the clinical efficacy of experimental therapies in interventional studies in the DS population suggesting that age-matched controls are advantageous for determining normalization of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana de Sola
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Research Group, Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic RegulationBarcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- Neurofunctionality of Brain and Language Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- Drug Abuse Epidemiology Research Group-Epidemiology and Public Health Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Laura del Hoyo
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Rodríguez
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Silvina Catuara-Solarz
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Research Group, Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic RegulationBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ivan Dueñas-Espin
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- CEXS, Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelona, Spain
| | - Gimena Hernandez
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autónoma de BarcelonaUDIMAS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Peña-Casanova
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- Neurofunctionality of Brain and Language Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus Langohr
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de CatalunyaBarcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Magi Farre
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group-Neurosciences Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, i Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Research Group, Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic RegulationBarcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)Valencia, Barcelona, Spain
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de Sousa Fernandes Perna E, Theunissen E, Kuypers K, Heckman P, de la Torre R, Farre M, Ramaekers J. Memory and mood during MDMA intoxication, with and without memantine pretreatment. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Torrens MM, Martinez-Sanvisens D, Rodriguez-Minguela R, Papasseit EE, Martinez-Riera R, Perez-Mana C, Fonseca MF, Farre M. P-55 * TRYPTOPHAN ACUTE DEPLECTION TEST IN COCAINE DEPRESSED PATIENTS. Alcohol Alcohol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu054.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kuypers KPC, de la Torre R, Farre M, Yubero-Lahoz S, Dziobek I, Van den Bos W, Ramaekers JG. No evidence that MDMA-induced enhancement of emotional empathy is related to peripheral oxytocin levels or 5-HT1a receptor activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100719. [PMID: 24972084 PMCID: PMC4074089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effect of MDMA on measures of empathy and social interaction, and the roles of oxytocin and the 5-HT1A receptor in these effects. The design was placebo-controlled within-subject with 4 treatment conditions: MDMA (75 mg), with or without pindolol (20 mg), oxytocin nasal spray (40 IU+16 IU) or placebo. Participants were 20 healthy poly-drug MDMA users, aged between 18–26 years. Cognitive and emotional empathy were assessed by means of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and the Multifaceted Empathy Test. Social interaction, defined as trust and reciprocity, was assessed by means of a Trust Game and a Social Ball Tossing Game. Results showed that MDMA selectively affected emotional empathy and left cognitive empathy, trust and reciprocity unaffected. When combined with pindolol, these effects remained unchanged. Oxytocin did not affect measures of empathy and social interaction. Changes in emotional empathy were not related to oxytocin plasma levels. It was concluded that MDMA (75 mg) selectively enhances emotional empathy in humans. While the underlying neurobiological mechanism is still unknown, it is suggested that peripheral oxytocin does not seem to be the main actor in this; potential candidates are the serotonin 2A and the vasopressin 1A receptors. Trial Registration MDMA & PSB NTR 2636
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim P. C. Kuypers
- Dept. of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Fac. of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- IMIM- Hospital del Mar- Research institute, Human Pharmacology & Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magi Farre
- IMIM- Hospital del Mar- Research institute, Human Pharmacology & Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samanta Yubero-Lahoz
- IMIM- Hospital del Mar- Research institute, Human Pharmacology & Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Cluster of Excellence Languages of Emotion, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wouter Van den Bos
- Center for Adaptive Rationality (ARC), Max-Planck-Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes G. Ramaekers
- Dept. of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Fac. of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Amphetamine dependence is a public health problem with medical, psychiatric, cognitive, legal and socioeconomic consequences. To date, no pharmacological treatment has been approved for this disorder, and psychotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment. In recent years, psychostimulants have been investigated as a possible replacement therapy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of psychostimulant medications for amphetamine abuse or dependence. The influences of type of drug, type of dependence, comorbid disorders, clinical trial risk of bias and publication of data were also studied. SEARCH METHODS Relevant trials were searched in the following sources: PubMed (January 1966 to 6 June 2012), EMBASE (January 1988 to 6 June 2012), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library, Issue 5 of 12, May 2012), PsycINFO (January 1985 to 6 June 2012) and the Specialised Register of the Cochrane Drug and Alcohol Group (June 2012). We also searched the reference lists of retrieved trials, the list of studies citing the included trials and the main electronic registers of ongoing trials (ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and EU Clinical Trials Register). Finally, we contacted investigators to request information about unpublished trials. Searches included non-English language literature. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trials investigating the efficacy or safety of psychostimulants for amphetamine dependence or abuse conducted in an outpatient setting. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. MAIN RESULTS Eleven studies were included in the review (791 participants). Studied psychostimulants included dexamphetamine, bupropion, methylphenidate and modafinil. No significant differences were found between psychostimulants and placebo for any of the studied efficacy outcomes. Overall retention in studies was low (50.4%). Psychostimulants did not reduce amphetamine use (mean difference (MD) -0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.85 to 0.33) or amphetamine craving (MD 0.07, 95% CI -0.44 to 0.59) and did not increase sustained abstinence (relative risk (RR) 1.12, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.49). The proportion of adverse events inducing dropout was similar for psychostimulants and placebo (risk difference (RD) 0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.04). The main findings did not change in any subgroup analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Results of this review do not support the use of psychostimulant medications at the tested doses as a replacement therapy for amphetamine abuse or dependence. Future research could change this conclusion, as the numbers of included studies and participants are limited and information on relevant outcomes, such as efficacy according to the severity of dependence or craving, is still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute-IMIM, Parc de Salut Mar, and Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 08003
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Kuypers KPC, de la Torre R, Farre M, Pujadas M, Ramaekers JG. Inhibition of MDMA-induced increase in cortisol does not prevent acute impairment of verbal memory. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:607-17. [PMID: 22946487 PMCID: PMC3579237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ecstasy use is commonly linked with memory deficits in abstinent ecstasy users. Similar impairments are being found during ecstasy intoxication after single doses of ± 3,4 metylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The concordance of memory impairments during intoxication and abstinence suggests a similar neuropharmacological mechanism underlying acute and chronic memory impairments. The mechanism underlying this impairment is to date not known. We hypothesized that cortisol might play an important role in this mechanism as cortisol, implicated in the regulation of memory performance, can be brought out of balance by stressors like MDMA. Methods In the present study, we aimed to block the MDMA-induced acute memory defect by giving participants a cortisol synthesis inhibitor (metyrapone) together with a single dose of MDMA. Seventeen polydrug MDMA users entered this placebo-controlled within subject study with four treatment conditions. The treatments consisted of MDMA (75 mg) and metyrapone (750 mg), alone and in combination, and double placebo. Pre-treatment with metyrapone or Placebo occurred 1 h prior to MDMA or Placebo administration. Memory performance was tested at peak drug concentrations by means of several memory tests. Cortisol levels were determined in blood and oral fluid; this served as a control measure to see whether manipulations were effective. Results Main findings indicated that whereas treatment with metyrapone blocked the expected MDMA-induced increase in cortisol levels in blood, it did not prevent the MDMA-induced memory deficit from happening. Conclusion We therefore conclude that MDMA-induced increments in cortisol concentrations are not related to MDMA-induced memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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González D, Ventura M, Caudevilla F, Torrens M, Farre M. Consumption of new psychoactive substances in a Spanish sample of research chemical users. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:332-40. [PMID: 23881881 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To know the pattern of use of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in a Spanish sample of research chemical (RC) users and to deepen the RC user profile and risk reduction strategies employed. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional survey by means of a specific questionnaire. Recruitment was carried out at music festivals, at non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and through announcements on an online forum. Two RC user profiles were defined, according to whether they search information through online forums. RESULTS A total of 230 users participated. The most frequent RCs were hallucinogenic phenethylamines (2C-B 80.0%, 2C-I 39.6%) and cathinones (methylone 40.1%, mephedrone 35.2%). The most frequent combination of RC with other illegal drugs was with cannabis (68.6%) and 2C-B with MDMA (28.3%). Subjects who are consulting drug forums (group 1) use more RC, obtain RC by Internet, and use more frequently risk prevention strategies. Regarding the risk-reduction strategies in this group, users sought information concerning RC before consuming them (100%), used precision scales to calculate dosage (72.3%), and analyzed the contents before consumption (68.8%). CONCLUSIONS There is a specific RC user profile with extensive knowledge and consumption of substances, using different strategies to reduce risks associated to its consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora González
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Unit and Drug Addiction Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, INAD-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut MAR, Barcelona, Spain
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Roger A, Quilez E, Depreux N, Farre M. DIRAE study: seasonal allergic rhinitis distribution in Spain. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2013; 41:151-7. [PMID: 23141749 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND National epidemiological study to observe if among patients with pollinic seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), there are differences between those visited by primary care physicians (GPs) or allergists (ALs). METHODS 758 and 739 adults were recruited respectively by GPs and ALs. The physicians filled in a questionnaire: ARIA classification, prescribed treatment, and asthma incidence. The patient completed a visual analogical scale (VAS) to evaluate the severity of the rhinitis. Rhinitis control (controlled, partially controlled, and not controlled) was assessed by physician and patient. RESULTS No significant differences were found among patients visited by GPs or ALs concerning the ARIA classification and rhinitis severity. Treatment with oral antihistamines was 92.3% and 89.3% for GPs and ALs, respectively. The use of nasal corticosteroids was 76.7% and 60.4% for GP and AL patients, respectively. 31.9% of the patients visited by the ALs were treated with immunotherapy. The use of alternative medicine was 10.9% and 7.6% in GP and AL patients, respectively. The perception of "controlled" rhinitis was similar among patients (40.0%) and doctors (40.1%), although patients referred differences depending if they were visited by GP (44.8%) or AL (34.9%). Asthma prevalence was higher in those who suffered persistent as compared to intermittent rhinitis (OR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.39-2.36, p<0.001), and moderate/severe vs. mild rhinitis (OR=1.68, 95% CI: 1.05-2.68, p=0.029). CONCLUSION The patients with pollinic SAR visited by GPs or ALs show no differences in severity. Less than half of the patients can be considered as "controlled".
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Yubero-Lahoz S, Robledo P, Farre M, Torre R. Platelet SERT as a Peripheral Biomarker of Serotonergic Neurotransmission in the Central Nervous System. Curr Med Chem 2013; 20:1382-96. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867311320110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Deluca P, Davey Z, Corazza O, Di Furia L, Farre M, Flesland LH, Mannonen M, Majava A, Peltoniemi T, Pasinetti M, Pezzolesi C, Scherbaum N, Siemann H, Skutle A, Torrens M, van der Kreeft P, Iversen E, Schifano F. Identifying emerging trends in recreational drug use; outcomes from the Psychonaut Web Mapping Project. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:221-6. [PMID: 22841965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper presents the outcomes of the 2-year European Union funded Psychonaut Web Mapping Project which aimed at developing and implementing an integrated web mapping system to promptly identify and learn about novel psychoactive substances (NPS; "legal highs") through the regular monitoring of the Internet. METHODS More than 200 discussion forums, social media, online shops, websites and other Internet resources (e.g. YouTube, eBay, Google, Google Insight) have been extensively and regularly monitored in 7 European countries (UK, Finland, Norway, Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain) for emerging trends of NPS throughout the period of the study. RESULTS Key online resources have been identified as "leading edge" which have provided accurate and timely information on novel emerging compounds. In total more than 400 substances/products have been recorded. NPS have been noted online before reaching wider audiences. DISCUSSION Although a high number of novel psychoactive substances have been identified in the 2-year duration of the project, not all have become trends that needed public health response. Conversely, new recreational drug phenomena such as "spice drugs," mephedrone and naphyrone were all identified as emerging trends in forums and websites. In addition, it has been possible for the first time to collate detailed information on these and several more compounds even though no or limited scientific publications were available. It is therefore recommended that these monitoring activities are to be continued, that more countries, researchers and health professionals are involved, and that the findings are widely shared with all the relevant agencies, health professionals and future research projects. Implications, advantages and limitations of using the Internet as primary source for identifying emerging trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Deluca
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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Corazza O, Schifano F, Simonato P, Fergus S, Assi S, Stair J, Corkery J, Trincas G, Deluca P, Davey Z, Blaszko U, Demetrovics Z, Moskalewicz J, Enea A, di Melchiorre G, Mervo B, di Furia L, Farre M, Flesland L, Pasinetti M, Pezzolesi C, Pisarska A, Shapiro H, Siemann H, Skutle A, Enea A, di Melchiorre G, Sferrazza E, Torrens M, van der Kreeft P, Zummo D, Scherbaum N. Phenomenon of new drugs on the Internet: the case of ketamine derivative methoxetamine. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:145-9. [PMID: 22389078 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the material available both in the scientific literature and on the web, this paper aims to provide a pharmacological, chemical and behavioural overview of the novel compound methoxetamine. This is a dissociative drug related to ketamine, with a much longer duration of action and intensity of effects. A critical discussion of the availability of information on the web of methoxetamine as a new recreational trend is here provided. Those methodological limitations, which are intrinsically associated with the analysis of online, non-peer reviewed, material, are here discussed as well. It is concluded that the online availability of information on novel psychoactive drugs, such as methoxethanine, may constitute a pressing public health challenge. Better international collaboration levels and novel forms of intervention are necessary to tackle this fast-growing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Corazza
- School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
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Gunn RN, Murthy V, Catafau AM, Searle G, Bullich S, Slifstein M, Ouellet D, Zamuner S, Herance R, Salinas C, Pardo-Lozano R, Rabiner EA, Farre M, Laruelle M. Translational characterization of [11C]GSK931145, a PET ligand for the glycine transporter type 1. Synapse 2011; 65:1319-32. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Corazza O, Schifano F, Farre M, Deluca P, Davey Z, Drummond C, Torrens M, Demetrovics Z, Di Furia L, Flesland L, Mervo B, Moskalewicz J, Pisarska A, Shapiro H, Siemann H, Skutle A, Pezzolesi C, Van Der Kreeft P, Scherbaum N. Designer Drugs on the Internet: A Phenomenon Out-of-Control? The Emergence of Hallucinogenic Drug Bromo-Dragonfly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:125-9. [DOI: 10.2174/157488411796151129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Searle GE, Salinas C, Bullich S, Radua J, Herance R, Lopez-Vilanova N, Pardo R, Farre M, Ouellet D, Rabiner EA, Catafau AM, Murthy V, Laruelle M, Gunn RN. A pseudo-reference region method applied to measurement of GlyT1 occupancy in human brain using [11C]GSK931145 and PET. Neuroimage 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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26
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Ortuño J, Covas MI, Farre M, Pujadas M, Fito M, Khymenets O, Andres-Lacueva C, Roset P, Joglar J, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Torre RDL. Matrix effects on the bioavailability of resveratrol in humans. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Heath E, Kosjek T, Farre M, Quintana JB, de Alencastro LF, Castiglioni S, Gans O, Langford K, Loos R, Radjenović J, Rocca LM, Budzinski H, Tsipi D, Petrovic M, Barcelo D. Second interlaboratory exercise on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug analysis in environmental aqueous samples. Talanta 2010; 81:1189-96. [PMID: 20441883 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several interlaboratory exercises were organised within the framework of European FP6 project NORMAN. Among others, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were investigated in different aqueous samples in two sequential ring studies. The aim of both studies was to evaluate the state-of-art in Europe and to determine possible sources of variation, while also attempting to diminish them. In the present paper we discuss the results of the 2nd Interlaboratory study, while the results of 1st round were presented before. The main scope of the 1st exercise organised within NORMAN project was to assess the laboratory proficiency regardless of the analytical method applied, to evaluate the stability of the target compounds during sample storage, and to define possible sources of variation during sample shipment, storage and analysis. In the 2nd round we primarily aimed to diminish these sources of variation by applying two predetermined analytical protocols based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The two analytical protocols were compared in terms of their ability to determine individual analytes in matrices of different complexity, i.e. tap water, river water and wastewater. Furthermore, the 2nd exercise addressed also the filtration and compared the influence of different filter material categories on the analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Results presented herein evaluate laboratory performance using z-score, bias, proximity and Youden plots. Overall, the laboratory performances were found to be satisfactory for determining NSAIDs in aqueous samples. The two analytical protocols, LC-MS and GC-MS, are assessed according to their sensitivity and measurement uncertainty, where the GC-MS proved superior for the analysis of Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen and Naproxen in matrices with higher complexity. Finally, neither the filtration itself, nor the filter materials were shown to significantly affect the determination of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Heath
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Murthy NV, Passchier J, Gunn R, Searle G, Bullich S, Suarez M, Herance R, Farre M, Herdon H, Porter R, Sutherland S, Fagg R, Neve M, Slifstein M, Laruelle M, Catafau A. [11C]GSK931145: A new pet ligand for glycine transporter 1. Neuroimage 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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29
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Catafau AM, Danus M, Bullich S, Nucci G, Llop J, Abanades S, Cunningham VJ, Eersels JLH, Pavia J, Farre M. Characterization of the SPECT 5-HT2A receptor ligand 123I-R91150 in healthy volunteers: part 2--ketanserin displacement. J Nucl Med 2006; 47:929-37. [PMID: 16741301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED As part of the radioiodinated 4-amino-N-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-4-methyl-4-piperidinyl]5-iodo-2-methoxybenzamide ((123)I-R91150) characterization study, ketanserin challenges were performed on healthy volunteers with the aim of assessing the specificity of (123)I-R91150 binding to subtype 2A of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HT(2A)), the sensitivity of (123)I-R91150 SPECT in measuring ligand displacement, the relationship between ketanserin plasma concentrations and (123)I-R91150 displacement, and the suitability of the cerebellum as a reference region for quantification. METHODS Dynamic SPECT was performed on 6 healthy men (mean age +/- SD, 21 +/- 0.89 y) from the time of (123)I-R91150 injection until 470 min afterward. Ketanserin was administered intravenously at 210 min after injection at 3 doses: 0.1 mg/kg (n = 2), 0.05 mg/kg (n = 2), and 0.015 mg/kg (n = 2). Blood samples for measurement of ketanserin plasma concentrations were drawn. MRI was performed on all subjects and coregistered to the SPECT data for region-of-interest drawing on cortical regions and cerebellum. The simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) was considered the gold standard for quantification, and results were compared with those obtained with the tissue ratio method (TR). The percentage (123)I-R91150 displacement was calculated with both methods as the percentage difference between baseline and postketanserin scans. RESULTS Depending on the cerebral regions with the maximum ketanserin dose studied, SRTM and TR mean displacements were 57.1%-95.4% and 71.9%-101.2%, respectively, for the 0.1 mg/kg dose; 51.7%-91.4% and 56.7%-102.8%, respectively, for the 0.05 mg/kg dose; and 7.7%-54.5% and 13.8%-47.0%, respectively, for the lowest dose, 0.015 mg/kg. A good correlation was found between the 2 methods. No ketanserin-induced displacement was observed in the cerebellum time-activity curves, supporting the use of the cerebellum as a reference region. The relationship between displacement and ketanserin plasma concentration fit with a rectangular hyperbola, with a 5.6 ng/mL concentration associated with 50% of the maximum displacement (EC(50)). EC(50) values calculated using occupancies derived both with SRTM and with TR were in good agreement. CONCLUSION (123)I-R91150 SPECT is sensitive enough to measure ketanserin dose-dependent displacement in cerebral regions rich in 5-HT(2A) receptors. These results support the selectivity of (123)I-R91150 for 5-HT(2A) receptors and its use as a SPECT ligand for measurements of drug-induced 5-HT(2A) receptor occupancy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Catafau
- Experimental Medical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Discovery Medicine, Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Barcelona, Spain
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Schifano F, Deluca P, Baldacchino A, Peltoniemi T, Scherbaum N, Torrens M, Farre M, Flores I, Rossi M, Eastwood D, Guionnet C, Rawaf S, Agosti L, Di Furia L, Brigada R, Majava A, Siemann H, Leoni M, Tomasin A, Rovetto F, Ghodse AH. Drugs on the web; the Psychonaut 2002 EU project. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:640-6. [PMID: 16458404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Only a few formal assessments of websites with drug-related contents have been carried out. We aimed here at fostering collection and analysis of data from web pages related to information on consumption, manufacture and sales of psychoactive substances. GENERAL METHODS An 8-language, two-engine, assessment of the information available in a purposeful sample of 1633 unique websites was carried out. FINDINGS A pro-drug and a harm reduction approach were evident, respectively, in 18% and 10% of websites accessed. About 1 in 10 websites offered either psychoactive compounds for sale or detailed data on drugs' synthesis/extraction procedures. Information on a number of psychoactive substances and on unusual drugs' combinations not found in the Medline was elicited. CONCLUSIONS This represents the first review which is both comprehensive and multilingual of the online available information on psychoactive compounds. Health professionals may need to be aware of the web being a new drug resource for information and possibly purchase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Schifano
- Division of Mental Health-Addictive Behaviour, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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31
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Escobedo I, O'Shea E, Orio L, Sanchez V, Segura M, de la Torre R, Farre M, Green AR, Colado MI. A comparative study on the acute and long-term effects of MDMA and 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) on brain monoamine levels after i.p. or striatal administration in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:231-41. [PMID: 15665862 PMCID: PMC1575997 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. This study investigated whether the immediate and long-term effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on monoamines in mouse brain are due to the parent compound and the possible contribution of a major reactive metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA), to these changes. The acute effect of each compound on rectal temperature was also determined. 2. MDMA given i.p. (30 mg kg(-1), three times at 3-h intervals), but not into the striatum (1, 10 and 100 microg, three times at 3-h intervals), produced a reduction in striatal dopamine content and modest 5-HT reduction 1 h after the last dose. MDMA does not therefore appear to be responsible for the acute monoamine release that follows its peripheral injection. 3. HHMA does not contribute to the acute MDMA-induced dopamine depletion as the acute central effects of MDMA and HHMA differed following i.p. injection. Both compounds induced hyperthermia, confirming that the acute dopamine depletion is not responsible for the temperature changes. 4. Peripheral administration of MDMA produced dopamine depletion 7 days later. Intrastriatal MDMA administration only produced a long-term loss of dopamine at much higher concentrations than those reached after the i.p. dose and therefore bears little relevance to the neurotoxicity. This indicates that the long-term effect is not attributable to the parent compound. HHMA also appeared not to be responsible as i.p. administration failed to alter the striatal dopamine concentration 7 days later. 5. HHMA was detected in plasma, but not in brain, following MDMA (i.p.), but it can cross the blood-brain barrier as it was detected in the brain following its peripheral injection. 6. The fact that the acute changes induced by i.p. or intrastriatal HHMA administration differed indicates that HHMA is metabolised to other compounds which are responsible for changes observed after i.p. administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Escobedo
- Departamento Farmacologia, Facultad Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther O'Shea
- Departamento Farmacologia, Facultad Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Departamento Farmacologia, Facultad Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Departamento Farmacologia, Facultad Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Segura
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magi Farre
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfred Richard Green
- Pharmacology Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH
| | - Maria Isabel Colado
- Departamento Farmacologia, Facultad Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and in vitro studies suggest that phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil are effective antioxidants. In animal and in vitro studies, hydroxytyrosol and its metabolites have been shown to be strong antioxidants. One of the prerequisites to assess their in vivo physiologic significance is to determine their presence in human plasma. METHODS We developed an analytical method for both hydroxytyrosol and 3-O-methyl-hydroxytyrosol in plasma. The administered dose of phenolic compounds was estimated from methanolic extracts of virgin olive oil after subjecting them to different hydrolytic treatments. Plasma and urine samples were collected from 0 to 12 h before and after 25 mL of virgin olive oil intake, a dose close to that used as daily intake in Mediterranean countries. Samples were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry before and after being subjected to acidic and enzymatic hydrolytic treatments. RESULTS Calibration curves were linear (r >0.99). Analytical recoveries were 42-60%. Limits of quantification were <1.5 mg/L. Plasma hydroxytyrosol and 3-O-methyl-hydroxytyrosol increased as a response to virgin olive oil administration, reaching maximum concentrations at 32 and 53 min, respectively (P <0.001 for quadratic trend). The estimated hydroxytyrosol elimination half-life was 2.43 h. Free forms of these phenolic compounds were not detected in plasma samples. CONCLUSIONS The proposed analytical method permits quantification of hydroxytyrosol and 3-O-methyl-hydroxytyrosol in plasma after real-life doses of virgin olive oil. From our results, approximately 98% of hydroxytyrosol appears to be present in plasma and urine in conjugated forms, mainly glucuronoconjugates, suggesting extensive first-pass intestinal/hepatic metabolism of the ingested hydroxytyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Miro-Casas
- Unitat de Farmacologia de l'Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (URAF-IMIM), Doctor Aiguader No. 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Farre M, Richfield E. Genetic risk factors: session V summary and research needs. Neurotoxicology 2001; 22:845-8. [PMID: 11829419 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(01)00087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Farre
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic at Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Lamas X, Farre M, Cami J. Acute effects of pentazocine, naloxone and morphine in opioid-dependent volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 268:1485-92. [PMID: 8138958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the agonist and antagonist properties of pentazocine, an opioid mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic, in relation to prototypic opioid agonist and antagonist drugs in opioid-dependent human subjects. Pentazocine (45 and 60 mg), naloxone (0.1 and 0.2 mg), morphine (20, 40 and 60 mg) and saline placebo were administered intramuscularly to six male volunteers maintained on methadone (30 mg/24 hr p.o.), following a double-blind, randomized block order design. Drugs were administered 20 hr after the last dose of methadone. Subject-reported effects and physiological measures were collected before drug administration and during 4 hr postadministration. Morphine produced significant dose-related increases in subjective measures characteristic of mu agonist effects, decreased pupil diameter and was classified as an opioid agonist. Naloxone precipitated a dose-related opioid withdrawal syndrome which was measurable on several subject-rated measures, and significantly increased pupil diameter. Subjects consistently identified naloxone as an antagonist. Pentazocine precipitated a withdrawal syndrome, but the effects were not dose-dependent, and produced symptoms of confusion and dysphoric changes that were not observed after naloxone administration. Pentazocine was classified as an antagonist by some individuals, and as alcohol or hallucinogen by others. The results of the present study indicate that pentazocine acts in humans as a partial mu agonist with a non-mu component of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lamas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of concurrent naloxone on the opioid agonist effects of buprenorphine, a mixed agonist-antagonist marketed as an analgesic and under development as a treatment for drug abuse. In a residential laboratory seven non-physically-dependent opioid abuser volunteers received intramuscular buprenorphine (0.4 mg or 0.8 mg/70 kg) alone and in combination with naloxone (0.4 mg or 0.8 mg/70 kg) versus placebo. Buprenorphine produced dose-related opioid agonist effects on physiological and subjective measures. Concurrent naloxone attenuated the opioid agonist effects of buprenorphine. Thus, a combination product of buprenorphine and naloxone may have lower abuse liability than buprenorphine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Weinhold
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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