1
|
Bernstein M, Rudzinski M, Schneider V, Messina M, Gos ML, Helman E, Dellarupe A, Unzaga JM, Venturini MC, Moré G, Pardini L. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from human and chicken isolates from Argentina. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:129. [PMID: 38332310 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the nPCR-RFLP genotypes of newly obtained T. gondii isolates from human congenital toxoplasmosis cases in Argentina and to determine their allelic profiles for virulence genes ROP18/ROP5. In addition, the ROP18/ROP5 profiles were also determined for previously characterized T. gondii samples. Isolation from congenital toxoplasmosis cases was carried out in mouse bioassay from two placentas (P1 and P2). Genotyping for the new human isolates was performed by nPCR-RFLP using 10 markers. The samples analyzed for ROP18/ROP5 included the two newly obtained isolates (from the congenital toxoplasmosis cases) and nine previously genotyped T. gondii DNA samples from humans and chickens. The results for P1 and P2 named as TgHm18-02Arg and TgHm19-01Arg showed ToxoDB genotypes #14 (non-archetypal) and #2 (clonal type III), respectively. Non-archetypal #14 has been isolated from human cases before in Argentina. However, this is the first report of T. gondii clonal type III in a human case in the country. The ROP18/ROP5 combination was detected in nine samples: 3/3 (n = 1), 4/3 (n = 4), 4/4 (n = 3), and 3-4/4 (n = 1). Notably, the 4/4 profile was identified for the first time and exclusively in T. gondii samples from Misiones province (which borders southern Brazil). Further studies are required to corroborate the regionalization of the ROP18/ROP5 profiles in Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bernstein
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Rudzinski
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad Católica de Las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Schneider
- Centro de Toxoplasmosis y Otras Zoonosis, Hospital Alemán, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Messina
- Centro de Toxoplasmosis y Otras Zoonosis, Hospital Alemán, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Gos
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa Helman
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Dellarupe
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Unzaga
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Venturini
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Moré
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 122 (3012), Berne, Switzerland
| | - Lais Pardini
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calle 60 y 118 (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rudzinski M, Pardini L, Bernstein M, Moré G, Khoury M, Duarte SC, Argüelles C, Reina S, Oubiña JR. Interferon-γ and IL-10 Release Assay for Patients with Ocular Toxoplasmosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2239-2243. [PMID: 32901605 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis were challenged with total antigens from Toxoplasma gondii lysate (TATL) in a cytokine release assay (CRA), run during the inactive period of the disease. Increased interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels were detected after PBMC stimulation with either ME49 reference strain (P = 0.0015) or local TgCkAr-11-9 isolate (P = 0.0012), as compared with those recorded under basal conditions. TATL from TgCkAr11-9 isolate induced a higher release of IFN-γ than ME49 strain in CRA from all tested patients (P = 0.02). The median value of IFN-γ release on TgCkAr-11-9 stimulation (26.03 pg/mL) allowed the classification of patients into high- or low-/non-IFN-γ releasers. Clinical correlations were established with both groups. The results obtained in this study suggest the need to include local strains when performing CRA with TATL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rudzinski
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigación, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Cátedra de Oftalmología, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Argentina
| | - Lais Pardini
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Mariana Bernstein
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Gastón Moré
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marina Khoury
- Dirección de Docencia e Investigación, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas "Alfredo Lanari", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Carolina Duarte
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigación, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Argentina
| | - Carina Argüelles
- Cátedra de Biología Molecular, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Argentina
| | - Silvia Reina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigación, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Argentina
| | - José Raúl Oubiña
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rudzinski M, Argüelles C, Couto C, Oubiña JR, Reina S. Immune Mediators against Toxoplasma Gondii during Reactivation of Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 27:949-957. [PMID: 30081671 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1499940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to analyze possible associations between systemic and ocular cytokine levels and specific clinical ophthalmologic signs from patients with a reactivation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (RTR). Methods: A total of 18 patients with an active RTR episode, 8 patients with inactive scars, and 14 control patients were included in the study. Serum samples and aqueous humor (AH) samples were analyzed for IFN (interferon)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-6 levels by ELISA. Inflammation grade, location, and size of the retinochoroidal active lesion, sampling time, and time to resolution were recorded. Results: A significantly negative correlation between AH and serum levels of IFN-γ was detected (p < 0.05). Patients with an AH IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio lower than 1 were associated with the longest time to resolution and/or severe complications. Conclusion: Serum IFN-γ levels may be used as a prognostic marker for both time to resolution and the development of possible severe complications during a given RTR episode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rudzinski
- Centro de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de las Misiones , Posadas , Argentina.,Cátedra de Oftalmología, Universidad Católica de las Misiones , Posadas , Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Posadas , Argentina
| | - Carina Argüelles
- Cátedra de Biología Molecular, Universidad Católica de las Misiones , Posadas , Argentina
| | - Cristóbal Couto
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - José R Oubiña
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET) , Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Silvia Reina
- Centro de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de las Misiones , Posadas , Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Posadas , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schlaen A, Colombero D, Ormaechea S, Ladeveze E, Rudzinski C, Ingolotti M, Couto C, Rudzinski M. Regional Differences in the Clinical Manifestation of Ocular Toxoplasmosis Between the Center and Northeast of Argentina. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 27:722-730. [PMID: 29953310 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1484494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the clinical characteristics of patients with active episodes of ocular toxoplasmosis from three provinces, Misiones, Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis from three databases of four tertiary referral uveitis centers were reviewed. Collected data included presentation of the retinochoroiditis, location of the active lesions, associated inflammatory ocular signs and complications. Results: Three hundred thirty-four patients were included in this study. Bilateral involvement of the ocular disease occurred in 26 patients in Misiones (35.14%), 21 patients (12.8%) in Santa Fe, and 9 patients in Buenos Aires (9.4%) (p < 0.001). Extensive retinitis was observed in 49 patients (66.2%) in Misiones, 39 patients (23.8%) in Santa Fe, and 12 patients (12.5%) in Buenos Aires (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results indicate that there are differences in the clinical characteristics of ocular toxoplasmosis in patients from Misiones, Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Schlaen
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires City , Argentina.,b Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Austral , Buenos Aires , Derqui-Pilar , Argentina
| | - Daniel Colombero
- c Oftalmología Global , Rosario , Province of Santa Fe , Argentina.,d Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad Nacional de Rosario , Rosario , Province of Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Soledad Ormaechea
- b Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Austral , Buenos Aires , Derqui-Pilar , Argentina
| | - Emilio Ladeveze
- c Oftalmología Global , Rosario , Province of Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Cesar Rudzinski
- e Rudzinski Oftalmología , Oberá , Province of Misiones , Argentina
| | - Mariana Ingolotti
- b Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Austral , Buenos Aires , Derqui-Pilar , Argentina
| | - Cristóbal Couto
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires City , Argentina
| | - Marcelo Rudzinski
- f Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI) , Posadas , Province of Misiones , Argentina.,g Consultorio de uveítis y glaucoma , Oberá , Misiones , Argentina.,h CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación de Ciencias de la Salud - Universidad Católica de las Misiones , Posadas , Province of Misiones , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Pardini L, Moré G, Rudzinski M, Gos ML, Campero LM, Meyer A, Bernstein M, Unzaga JM, Venturini MC. Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens in an area with human toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
7
|
Rudzinski M, Meyer A, Khoury M, Couto C. Is reactivation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis associated to increased annual rainfall? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:44. [PMID: 24225023 PMCID: PMC3826532 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactivation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is the most frequent form of uveitis in Misiones, Argentina. Fluctuations in the number of patients consulting with this type of uveitis were detected during the last decade. Since the province was consecutively exposed to rainy and dry periods over the last years, we decided to explore whether a relationship between reactivation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and rain might be established according to the data registered during the 2004-2010 period. RESULTS The frequency of toxoplasmic reactivation episodes increases when precipitation increases (mostly in second and fourth trimesters of each year). Analysis of the independent variables demonstrates that precipitation is a significant predictor of the frequency of reactivation episodes. Although registered toxoplasmic reactivations were more frequent during the third trimester of the year, the association between the third trimester and the reactivation episodes did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Prolonged and intense rainfall periods were significantly associated with the reactivation of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Changes promoted by this climatic condition on both the parasite survival in the soil as well as a putative effect on the host immune response due to other comorbidities are discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi Z, Rudzinski M, Meerovitch K, Lebrun-Julien F, Birman E, Di Polo A, Saragovi HU. Alpha2-macroglobulin is a mediator of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:29156-65. [PMID: 18701465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802365200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is defined as a chronic and progressive optic nerve neuropathy, characterized by apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) that leads to irreversible blindness. Ocular hypertension is a major risk factor, but in glaucoma RGC death can persist after ocular hypertension is normalized. To understand the mechanism underlying chronic RGC death we identified and characterized a gene product, alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M), whose expression is up-regulated early in ocular hypertension and remains up-regulated long after ocular hypertension is normalized. In ocular hypertension retinal glia up-regulate alpha2M, which binds to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 receptors in RGCs, and is neurotoxic in a paracrine fashion. Neutralization of alpha2M delayed RGC loss during ocular hypertension; whereas delivery of alpha2M to normal eyes caused progressive apoptosis of RGC mimicking glaucoma without ocular hypertension. This work adds to our understanding of the pathology and molecular mechanisms of glaucoma, and illustrates emerging paradigms for studying chronic neurodegeneration in glaucoma and perhaps other disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZhiHua Shi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan C, Mirnics ZK, Portugal CF, Liang Y, Nylander KD, Rudzinski M, Zaccaro C, Saragovi HU, Schor NF. Cholesterol biosynthesis and the pro-apoptotic effects of the p75 nerve growth factor receptor in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 139:225-34. [PMID: 15967538 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neocarzinostatin (NCS), an enediyne antimitotic agent, induces cell death in both p75NTR neurotrophin receptor (NTR)-positive and p75NTR-negative PC12 cells in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, p75NTR-positive cells demonstrate a higher susceptibility to NCS-induced cell damage. Furthermore, treatment of p75NTR-positive cells with the p75NTR-specific ligand, MC192, resulted in apoptosis, while treatment of these cells with the TrkA-specific ligand, NGF-mAbNGF30, protected them from NCS-induced death, implying that both the naked and liganded p75NTR receptors have a pro-apoptotic effect on PC12 cells. Microarray studies aimed at examining differential gene expression between p75NTR-positive and p75NTR-negative cells suggested that enzymes of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway are differentially expressed. We therefore tested the hypothesis that altered cholesterol biosynthesis contributes directly to the pro-apoptotic effects of p75NTR in this PC12 cell-NCS model. Subsequent Northern blotting studies confirmed that the expression of p75NTR is associated with the upregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG CoA reductase), farnesyl-diphosphate synthase, and 7-dehydro-cholesterol reductase. Mevastatin, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, converts the apoptosis susceptibility of p75NTR-positive cells to that of p75NTR-negative cells. It does so at concentrations that do not themselves alter cell survival. These studies provide evidence that the pro-apoptotic effects of p75NTR in PC12 cells are related to the upregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes and consequent increased cholesterol biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Yan
- Division of Child Neurology, The Pediatric Center for Neuroscience, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rudzinski M, Saragovi H. Glaucoma: Validated and Facile In Vivo Experimental Models of a Chronic Neurodegenerative Disease for Drug Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2174/1568015053202796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Rudzinski M, Wong TP, Saragovi HU. Changes in retinal expression of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors induced by ocular hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 58:341-54. [PMID: 14750147 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Open angle glaucoma is defined as a progressive and time-dependent death of retinal ganglion cells concomitant with high intraocular pressure, leading to loss of visual field. Because neurotrophins are a family of growth factors that support neuronal survival, we hypothesized that quantitative and qualitative changes in neurotrophins or their receptors may take place early in ocular hypertension, preceding extensive cell death and clinical features of glaucoma. We present molecular, biochemical, and phenotypic evidence that significant neurotrophic changes occur in retina, which correlate temporally with retinal ganglion cell death. After 7 days of ocular hypertension there is a transient up-regulation of retinal NGF, while its receptor TrkA is up-regulated in a sustained fashion in retinal neurons. After 28 days of ocular hypertension there is sustained up-regulation of retinal BDNF, but its receptor TrkB remains unchanged. Throughout, NT-3 levels remain unchanged but there is an early and sustained increase of its receptor TrkC in Müller cells but not in retinal ganglion cells. These newly synthesized glial TrkC receptors are truncated, kinase-dead isoforms. Expression of retinal p75 also increases late at day 28. Asymmetric up-regulation of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors may preclude efficient neurotrophic rescue of RGCs from apoptosis. A possible rationale for therapeutic intervention with Trk receptor agonists and p75 receptor antagonists is proposed.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/metabolism
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/pathology
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/physiopathology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Nerve Degeneration/physiopathology
- Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Neurotrophin 3/genetics
- Neurotrophin 3/metabolism
- Ocular Hypertension/metabolism
- Ocular Hypertension/pathology
- Ocular Hypertension/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor
- Receptor, trkA
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Receptor, trkB/metabolism
- Receptor, trkC/genetics
- Receptor, trkC/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology
- Up-Regulation/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rudzinski
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- J Deschênes
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The role of parents in relation to their children's stuttering has been of great interest to speech-language pathologists for more than 50 years. As part of treatment, speech-language pathologists frequently advise parents to modify their speech behaviors when talking with their children. For example, parents are often told to speak more slowly and to refrain from interrupting or questioning the child excessively. Given the commonness of this advice, it is important to examine the research upon which it is based. This article contains a critical review of the literature concerning the role of parents' speech behaviors (e.g., rate, interruptions, question-asking) in relation to their children's stuttering. Published studies are reported and analyzed in order to determine the extent to which parents may affect their children's stuttering through their own speech behaviors. The review indicates that there is little convincing evidence to support the view that parents of children who stutter differ from parents of children who do not stutter in the way they talk with their children. Similarly, there is little objective support for the argument that parents' speech behaviors contribute to children's stuttering or that modifying parents' speech behaviors facilitates children's fluency. Implications for treatment and for future research are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Thirty-three Argentinian patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) were studied for viral genotyping. The patients included 10 hemophiliac and 4 polytransfused children and 19 adults: 3 polytransfused, 7 dialyzed and 9 sporadic cases. Core-based genotyping permitted the classification of 31 samples. Genotypes II, I and V were the most frequent: 21 (63.6%), 16 (48.4%) and 10 (30.3%) of the 33 patients, respectively. Only one polytransfused patient carried genotype IV. Genotype II was detected in 7 out of 9 sporadic cases. Thirteen patients (39.3%) were coinfected with two genotypes, and 2 others were coinfected with three genotypes. The remaining 2 samples which could not be typed were characterized following the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method, and were classified as type 1. One of these had two consecutive transitional mutations in the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Oubiña
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nippold MA, Rudzinski M. Familiarity and transparency in idiom explanation: a developmental study of children and adolescents. J Speech Hear Res 1993; 36:728-737. [PMID: 8377485 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3604.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Idioms differ widely in their degree of difficulty for children and adolescents. Two factors that might account for these differences, familiarity and transparency, were examined. Children and adolescents ages 11, 14, and 17 years (N = 150) were asked to explain in writing the meanings of 24 different idiomatic expressions, each presented in a brief story context. Results showed that performance on the task gradually improved as subject age increased and that high-familiarity idioms were generally easier to explain than moderate- or low-familiarity expressions. Easier idioms also tended to be more transparent. The results are consistent with the "language experience" view of figurative development and question the hypothesis that idioms are learned as giant lexical units.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rudzinski M, Stankaitis JA. Recognizing the alcoholic patient. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:125-6. [PMID: 2911290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|