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Colombo E, Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Rudd TR, Yates EA, Ballabio D, Guerrini M. NMR spectroscopy and chemometric models to detect a specific non-porcine ruminant contaminant in pharmaceutical heparin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114724. [PMID: 35303646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has been used successfully as a clinical antithrombotic for almost one century. Its isolation from animal sources (mostly porcine intestinal mucosa) involves multistep purification processes starting from the slaughterhouse (as mucosa) to the pharmaceutical plant (as the API). This complex supply chain increases the risk of contamination and adulteration, mainly with non-porcine ruminant material. The structural similarity of heparins from different origins, the natural variability of the heparin within samples from each source as well as the structural changes induced by manufacturing processes, require increasingly sophisticated methods capable of detecting low levels of contamination. The application of suitable multivariate classification approaches on API 1H NMRspectra serve as rapid and reliable tools for product authentication and the detection of contaminants. Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogies (SIMCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and local classification methods (kNN, BNN and N3) were tested on about one hundred certified heparin samples produced by 14 different manufacturers revealing that Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) provided the best discrimination of contaminated batches, with a balanced accuracy of 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Colombo
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Mauri
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Marinozzi
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB United Kingdom
| | - Davide Ballabio
- Milano Chemometrics and QSAR Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Rudd TR, Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Stancanelli E, Yates EA, Naggi A, Guerrini M. Multivariate analysis applied to complex biological medicines. Faraday Discuss 2019; 218:303-316. [PMID: 31123736 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biological medicine (or biologicals) is a term for a medicinal compound that is derived from a living organism. By their very nature, they are complex and often heterogeneous in structure, composition and biological activity. Some of the oldest pharmaceutical products are biologicals, for example insulin and heparin. The former is now produced recombinantly, with technology being at a point where this can be considered a defined chemical entity. This is not the case for the latter, however. Heparin is a heterogeneous polysaccharide that is extracted from the intestinal mucosa of animals, primarily porcine, although there is also a significant market for non-porcine heparin due to social and economical reasons. In 2008 heparin was adulterated with another sulfated polysaccharide. Unfortunately this event was disastrous and resulted in a global public health emergency. This was the impetuous to apply modern analytical techniques, principally NMR spectroscopy, and multivariate analyses to monitor heparin. Initially, traditional unsupervised multivariate analysis (principal component analysis (PCA)) was applied to the problem. This was able to distinguish animal heparins from each other, and could also separate adulterated heparin from what was considered bona fide heparin. Taught multivariate analysis functions by training the analysis to look for specific patterns within the dataset of interest. If this approach was to be applied to heparin, or any other biological medicine, it would have to be taught to find every possible alien signal. The opposite approach would be more efficient; defining the complex heterogeneous material by a library of bona fide spectra and then filtering test samples with these spectra to reveal alien features that are not consistent with the reference library. This is the basis of an approach termed spectral filtering, which has been applied to 1D and 2D-NMR spectra, and has been very successful in extracting the spectral features of adulterants in heparin, as well as being able to differentiate supposedly biosimilar products. In essence, the filtered spectrum is determined by subtracting the covariance matrix of the library spectra from the covariance matrix of the library spectra plus the test spectrum. These approaches are universal and could be applied to biological medicines such as vaccine polysaccharides and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Mauri L, Marinozzi M, Phatak N, Karfunkle M, St. Ange K, Guerrini M, Keire DA, Linhardt RJ. 1D and 2D-HSQC NMR: Two Methods to Distinguish and Characterize Heparin From Different Animal and Tissue Sources. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:142. [PMID: 31316989 PMCID: PMC6610300 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration has encouraged the reintroduction of bovine heparin drug product to the US market to mitigate the risks of heparin shortages and potential adulteration or contamination of the primary source which is porcine heparin. Here, a 1D-NMR method was applied to compare heparin sodium of bovine intestinal origin with that of bovine lung, porcine, or ovine intestinal origin. The results showed that a simple 1D test using NMR signal intensity ratios among diagnostic signals of the proton spectra uniquely identified the origin of heparin and concomitantly could be used to assure the correct sample labeling. However, a limitation of the use of only mono-dimensional spectra is that these spectra may not provide sufficiently detailed information on the composition of heparin batches to adequately determine the quality of this complex product. As an alternative, a higher resolution quantitative 2D-HSQC method was used to calculate the percentage of mono- and disaccharides, distinguish the origin of heparin and, simultaneously, assess the heparin composition. The 2D-HSQC method is proposed to provide sufficient information to evaluate the quality of industrial production process used to make the drug substance. Together, the 1D and 2D data produced by these measurements can be used to assure the identity and purity of this widely used drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Mauri
- NMR Center, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni,”Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Marinozzi
- NMR Center, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni,”Milan, Italy
| | - Nisarga Phatak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael Karfunkle
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kalib St. Ange
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Marco Guerrini
- NMR Center, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni,”Milan, Italy
| | - David A. Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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Spelta F, Liverani L, Peluso A, Marinozzi M, Urso E, Guerrini M, Naggi A. SAX-HPLC and HSQC NMR Spectroscopy: Orthogonal Methods for Characterizing Heparin Batches Composition. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:78. [PMID: 31058155 PMCID: PMC6482219 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a complex mixture of heterogeneous sulfated polysaccharidic chains. Its physico-chemical characterization is based on the contribution of several methods, but advantages of the use of complementary techniques have not been fully investigated yet. Strong-Anion-Exchange HPLC after enzymatic digestion and quantitative bidimensional 1H-13C NMR (HSQC) are the most used methods for the determination of heparin structure, providing the composition of its building blocks. The SAX-HPLC method is based on a complete enzymatic digestion of the sample with a mixture of heparinases I, II and III, followed by the separation of the resulting di- and oligo-saccharides by liquid chromatography. The NMR-HSQC analysis is performed on the intact sample and provides the percentage of mono- and di-saccharides by integration of diagnostic peaks. Since, for both methods, accuracy cannot be proved with the standard procedures, it is interesting to compare these techniques, highlighting their capabilities and drawbacks. In the present work, more than 30 batches of porcine mucosa heparin, from 8 manufacturers, have been analyzed with the two methods, and the corresponding results are discussed, based on similarities and differences of the outcomes. The critical comparison of both common and complementary information from the two methods can be used to identify which structural features are best evaluated by each method, and to verify from the concordance of the results the accuracy of the two methods, providing a powerful tool for the regular characterization of single, commercial preparations of Heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Marinozzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Urso
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", Milan, Italy
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Sardella R, Ianni F, Pucciarini L, Marinozzi M, Zlotskii SS, Natalini B. Cyclopropyl-containing sulfonyl amino acids: Exploring the enantioseparation through chiral ligand-exchange chromatography. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chauvet S, Roumenina L, Dragon-Durey M, Marinozzi M, Bridoux F, Frémeaux-Bacchi V. Mécanismes d’activation de la voie alterne au cours des glomérulopathies à dépôts de C3 associées aux gammapathies monoclonales : rôle des Ig polyclonales et du composant monoclonal. Nephrol Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2016.07.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pagliariccio A, Marinozzi M. WITHDRAWN: Erratum to "Increasing regular donors through a psychological approach which reduces the onset of vasovagal reactions" [Transfus. Apheresis Sci. 47 (3) (2012) 301-304]. Transfus Apher Sci 2014:S1473-0502(13)00373-X. [PMID: 25219634 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pagliariccio
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti Via Conca, 71 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maria Marinozzi
- Independent Practitioner in Psychotherapy, Via Levi, 1 60100 Ancona, Italy.
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Vavic N, Pagliariccio A, Bulajic M, Dinić R, Marinozzi M. Giving blood donors something to drink before donation can prevent fainting symptoms: is there a physiological or psychological reason? Transfus Apher Sci 2014; 51:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Marinozzi M, Coppola L, Monaci E, Karpouzas DG, Papadopoulou E, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U, Vischetti C. The dissipation of three fungicides in a biobed organic substrate and their impact on the structure and activity of the microbial community. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013; 20:2546-2555. [PMID: 22965543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biopurification systems (BPS) have been introduced to minimise the risk for point source contamination of natural water resources by pesticides. Their depuration efficiency relies mostly on the high biodegradation of their packing substrate (biomixture). Despite that, little is known regarding the interactions between biomixture microflora and pesticides, especially fungicides which are expected to have a higher impact on the microbial community. This study reports the dissipation of the fungicides azoxystrobin (AZX), fludioxonil (FL) and penconazole (PC), commonly used in vineyards, in a biomixture composed of pruning residues and straw used in vineyard BPS. The impact of fungicides on the microbial community was also studied via microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and phospholipid fatty acid analysis. AZX dissipated faster (t1/2 = 30.1 days) than PC (t1/2 = 99.0 days) and FL (t1/2 = 115.5 days). Fungicides differently affected the microbial community. PC showed the highest adverse effect on both the size and the activity of the biomixture microflora. A significant change in the structure of the microbial community was noted for PC and FL, and it was attributed to a rapid inhibition of the fungal fraction while bacteria showed a delayed response which was attributed to indirect effects by the late proliferation of fungi. All effects observed were transitory and a full recovery of microbial indices was observed 60 days post-application. Overall, no clear link between pesticide persistence and microbial responses was observed stressing the complex nature of interactions between pesticides in microflora in BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinozzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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11
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Pagliariccio A, Marinozzi M. Increasing regular donors through a psychological approach which reduces the onset of vasovagal reactions. Transfus Apher Sci 2012; 47:301-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Vavic N, Pagliariccio A, Bulajic M, Marinozzi M. O-01 EMOTIONAL SUPPORT TO APHERESIS DONORS: EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS. Transfus Apher Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-0502(12)00231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vavić N, Pagliariccio A, Bulajić M, Marinozzi M, Miletić G, Vlatković A. Blood donor satisfaction and the weak link in the chain of donation process. Transfus Apher Sci 2012; 47:171-7. [PMID: 22854325 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recruiting and retaining enough donors is a problem. Six hundred and thirty nine blood donors were interviewed to identify the elements that can influence their satisfaction and the decision to become regulars. The majority of them were satisfied with staff skill and communication, they declared they were calm before donating and felt well after donation. First-time donors (FTDs) were more frightened, showed anticipatory anxiety, were less sure they would donate again (p<0.01) and the youngest were also less satisfied with the staff's behavior after donation. Identifying the more scared FTDs and diminishing their anxiety before donating could positively influence their decision to become regulars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Vavić
- Department of Blood Collection, Blood Transfusion Institute, Sv.Save 39, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Amori L, Wu HQ, Marinozzi M, Pellicciari R, Guidetti P, Schwarcz R. Specific inhibition of kynurenate synthesis enhances extracellular dopamine levels in the rodent striatum. Neuroscience 2008; 159:196-203. [PMID: 19138730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in the endogenous levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a potent alpha7 nicotinic and NMDA receptor antagonist, affect extracellular dopamine (DA) concentrations in the rat brain. Moreover, reductions in KYNA levels increase the vulnerability of striatal neurons to NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic insults. We now assessed the role of a key KYNA-synthesizing enzyme, kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II), in these processes in the rodent striatum, using KAT II KO mice-which have reduced KYNA levels-and the selective KAT II inhibitor (S)-4-(ethylsulfonyl)benzoylalanine (S-ESBA) as tools. S-ESBA (applied by reverse dialysis) raised extracellular DA levels in the striatum of KYNA-deficient mice threefold and caused a much larger, 15-fold increase in wild-type mice. In the rat striatum, S-ESBA produced a 35% reduction in extracellular KYNA, which was accompanied by a 270% increase in extracellular DA. The latter effect was abolished by co-infusion of 100 nM KYNA. Intrastriatal S-ESBA pre-treatment augmented the size of a striatal quinolinate lesion by 370%, and this potentiation was prevented by co-infusion of KYNA. In separate animals, acute inhibition of KAT II reduced the de novo synthesis of KYNA during an early excitotoxic insult without enhancing the formation of the related neurotoxic metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinate. Taken together, these results provide further support for the concept that KAT II is a critical determinant of functionally relevant KYNA fluctuations in the rodent striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amori
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
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16
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Abstract
We created a questionnaire in order to understand why donors generally did not want to give plasma and platelets the first time they were asked to donate. The hypothesis is that donors have a negative perception of hemapheresis due to insufficient information about procedures and emocomponent use. We collected 745 Questionnaires in the Marche and Abruzzo regions from February to April 2001. Results show that donors have an unfavourable perception of the hemapheresis compared to blood donation. We found differences in donors' perception between all kinds of donations regarding these aspects: (1) information about donation procedures, (2) awareness of emocomponent use, (3) importance of different kinds of donation, (4) availability of donors in relation to length of donations, (5) level of safety (regarding the possibility to contracting some viruses and also regarding possible immediate side-effects), (6) level of importance for saving lives. A key factor in determining an unfavourable perception of hemapheresis is the information level; in fact we found by linear regression that the information level affects the perception of safety and donation importance. These differences of perception show that there are prejudices about hemapheresis which are caused by a lack of Information. So we are convinced, also by statistical analysis, that better information is the most effective way to increase hemapheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pagliariccio
- Immunohematology and Trasfusional Center, Regional Hospital, Via Conca no. 1, Ancona, Italy.
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Pellicciari R, Costantino G, Marinozzi M, Macchiarulo A, Amori L, Josef Flor P, Gasparini F, Kuhn R, Urwyler S. Design, synthesis and preliminary evaluation of novel 3'-substituted carboxycyclopropylglycines as antagonists at group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3179-82. [PMID: 11720869 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two novel 3'-substituted carboxycylopropylglycines, (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(3'-xanthenylmethyl-2'-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (8a) and (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(3'-xanthenylethyl-2'-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (8b), were synthesized and evaluated as mGluR ligands. Compound 8b showed to be a potent group II antagonist with submicromolar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06127, Perugia, Italy.
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18
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Pellicciari R, Costantino G, Marinozzi M, Macchiarulo A, Camaioni E, Natalini B. Metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure and new subtype-selective ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 56:91-4. [PMID: 11347974 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) constitute an attractive target for the development of potential neuroprotective agents. Recent advances in the elucidation of the peculiar molecular architecture of mGluRs and in the design and synthesis of subtype selective ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Perugia, Italy.
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19
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Terán Moldes MC, Costantino G, Marinozzi M, Pellicciari R. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation at the glycineB site of (+)- and (-)-3-oxetanylglycine, novel non-proteinogenic amino acids. Farmaco 2001; 56:609-13. [PMID: 11601647 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two novel non-proteinogenic amino acids, (+)- and (-)-3-oxetanylglycine were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to diplace [3H]-glycine from the glycine site of the NMDA receptor complex. The lack of activity of these compounds at concentrations up to 100 microM may help in understanding the topological requirements of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Terán Moldes
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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20
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Costantino G, Maltoni K, Marinozzi M, Camaioni E, Prezeau L, Pin JP, Pellicciari R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(3'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) bicyclo[1.1.1]pent-1-yl)glycine (S-TBPG), a novel mGlu1 receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:221-7. [PMID: 11249114 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of 2-(3'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)bicyclo[1.1.1]pent-1-yl)glycine (S-TBPG), a novel mGluR1 antagonist is reported. S-TBPG is characterized by the bioisosteric replacement of the distal carboxy group of 2-(3'-carboxybicyclo [1.1.1]pent-1-yl)glycine (S-CBPG) by a tetrazolyl moiety. Despite a moderate reduction in potency, S-TBPG is a selective mGluR1 antagonist (69 microM), with no activity at other mGluR subtypes. The interesting biological profile of S-TBPG, coupled with its peculiar chemical structure, is discussed in terms of the structure activity relationship (SAR) of mGluR1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Costantino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Italy
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21
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Amori L, Costantino G, Marinozzi M, Pellicciari R, Gasparini F, Flor PJ, Kuhn R, Vranesic I. Synthesis, molecular modeling and preliminary biological evaluation of 1-amino-3-phosphono-3-cyclopentene-1-carboxylic acid and 1-amino-3-phosphono-2-cyclopentene-1-carboxylic acid, two novel agonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors of group III. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1447-50. [PMID: 10888329 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a pharmacophore definition of mGlu4 agonists, the two novel semi-rigid derivatives 12 and 13 were designed and synthesized. The preliminary biological evaluation demonstrated that both compounds interact with hmGlu4a, while ineffective at group II receptor subtypes. In particular, derivative 13 is a full hmGlu4a agonist with an EC50 = 17 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amori
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Italy
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22
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Pellicciari R, Marinozzi M, Costantino G, Natalini B, Moroni F, Pellegrini-Giampietro D. (2R,1'S,2'R,3'S)-2-(2'-Carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine (PCCG-13), the first potent and selective competitive antagonist of phospholipase D-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors: asymmetric synthesis and preliminary biological properties. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2716-20. [PMID: 10411492 DOI: 10.1021/jm990128v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of (2R,1'S,2'R, 3'S)-2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine (PCCG-13), a trisubstituted carboxycyclopropylglycine endowed with unusual stereochemical features, is described. Preliminary biological evaluation demonstrates PCCG-13 as a very potent and selective competitive antagonist for the novel class of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors coupled to the activity of phospholipase D (PLD). PCCG-13 is therefore a useful tool for the exploration of the physiopathological role of this novel class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1-06123 Perugia, Italy.
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23
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Natalini B, Capodiferro V, Mattoli L, Marinozzi M, Costantino G, Pellicciari R. Chromatographic separation and evaluation of the lipophilicity by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of fullerene-C60 derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Albani-Torregrossa S, Attucci S, Marinozzi M, Pellicciari R, Moroni F, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE. Antagonist pharmacology of metabotropic glutamate receptors coupled to phospholipase D activation in adult rat hippocampus: focus on (2R,1'S,2'R,3'S)-2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine versus 3, 5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 55:699-707. [PMID: 10101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors coupled to phospholipase D (PLD) appear to be distinct from any known mGlu receptor subtype linked to phospholipase C or adenylyl cyclase. The availability of antagonists is necessary for understanding the role of these receptors in the central nervous system, but selective ligands have not yet been identified. In a previous report, we observed that 3, 5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (3,5-DHPG) inhibits the PLD response induced by (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate in adult rat hippocampal slices. We now show that the antagonist action of 3, 5-DHPG (IC50 = 70 microM) was noncompetitive in nature and nonselective, because the drug was also able to reduce PLD activation elicited by 100 microM norepinephrine and 1 mM histamine. In the search for a selective and more potent antagonist, we examined the effects of sixteen stereoisomers of 2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine (PCCG) on the PLD-specific transphosphatidylation reaction resulting in the formation of [3H]phosphatidylethanol. The (2R,1'S,2'R,3'S)-PCCG stereoisomer (PCCG-13) antagonized the formation of [3H]phosphatidylethanol induced by 100 microM (1S, 3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate in a dose-dependent manner and with a much lower IC50 value (25 nM) compared with 3,5-DHPG. In addition, increasing concentrations of PCCG-13 were able to shift to the right the agonist dose-response curve but had no effect when tested on other receptors coupled to PLD. The potent, selective, and competitive antagonist PCCG-13 may represent an important tool for elucidating the role of PLD-coupled mGlu receptors in adult hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Albani-Torregrossa
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica "Mario Aiazzi Mancini," Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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25
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Pellicciari R, Costantino G, Marinozzi M, Natalini B. Modulation of glutamate receptor pathways in the search for new neuroprotective agents. Farmaco 1998; 53:255-61. [PMID: 9658582 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive stimulation of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors is responsible for a wide variety of acute and chronic neurological impairments. A separate line of investigation has focused on oxidative stress as one of the main reasons for several of these degenerative disorders. Current evidence has confirmed that activation of both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors can also result in either neuroprotection or neurodegeneration according to the role played by oxidative stress mechanisms. An outline of this research, together with our recent results aimed at the discovery of new subtype selective modulators of the central nervous system pathways as well as new classes of free radical scavengers, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Italy
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26
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Cozzi A, Attucci S, Peruginelli F, Marinozzi M, Luneia R, Pellicciari R, Moroni F. Type 2 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors tonically inhibit transmitter release in rat caudate nucleus: in vivo studies with (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine, a new potent and selective antagonist. Eur J Neurosci 1997; 9:1350-5. [PMID: 9240392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical, biochemical and electrophysiological studies have previously shown that cortico-striatal terminals contain abundant presynaptic group 2 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. Using brain slices we have previously shown that these receptors inhibit depolarization-induced transmitter release. Using microdialysis in freely moving rats, we now report the effects of group 2 mGlu receptor agonists and antagonists on glutamate concentration in the caudate extracellular fluid. A mild decrease (20-30%) in glutamate concentration in caudate dialysates was observed when 1S,3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid or (2S,3S,4S)-alpha-carboxycyclopropyl-glycine (L-CCG-1), mGlu receptor agonists, was locally administered. On the contrary, alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine, an antagonist of type 1 and type 2 mGlu receptors, increased the glutamate concentration in dialysates by up to 3.5-fold, and its effects were prevented by the simultaneous administration of L-CCG-1, a preferential type 2 mGlu receptor agonist. A significant increase of glutamate output in striatal dialysate was also found after local administration of (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine, another structurally unrelated, relatively selective and potent type 2 mGlu receptor antagonist. The results suggest that type 2 mGlu receptors tonically inhibit transmitter release from cortico-striatal terminals. Since the cortico-striatal pathway profoundly affects the function of a large percentage of caudate neurons, it is reasonable to predict that the use of selective type 2 mGlu receptor agents will be helpful for scientific and therapeutic studies on the physiopathology of basal ganglion disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Università di Firenze, Italy
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27
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Pellicciari R, Marinozzi M, Natalini B, Costantino G, Lankin DC, Snyder JP, Monahan JB. Synthesis, preliminary evaluation and molecular modeling studies of new, conformationally constrained analogues of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist 4-(phosphonomethyl)-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid (CGS 19755). Farmaco 1997; 52:477-86. [PMID: 9490080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two new spirobicyclophosphonate isomers (19 and 20), conformationally constrained analogues of the potent competitive NMDA antagonist CGS 19755 (4), have been designed and synthetized with the aim of gaining insight into the conformational preference of the crucial distal phosphonate moiety at the antagonist NMDA binding site. The preliminary biological evaluation reveals that the activity as NMDA antagonist resides only in the (1R,5S,7R)-isomer (19), characterized by a (-)-gauche disposition around the C1-C5 bond, thus confirming previously reported pharmacophore models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Italy
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28
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Pellicciari R, Raimondo M, Marinozzi M, Natalini B, Costantino G, Thomsen C. (S)-(+)-2-(3'-carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)-glycine, a structurally new group I metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2874-6. [PMID: 8709120 DOI: 10.1021/jm960254o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Italy
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29
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Thomsen C, Bruno V, Nicoletti F, Marinozzi M, Pellicciari R. (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine, a potent and selective antagonist of type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Mol Pharmacol 1996; 50:6-9. [PMID: 8700119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological profile of (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(2'-Carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine (PCCG-IV) at metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtypes mGluR1a, mGluR2, mGluR4a, and mGluR5 was examined. PCCG-IV potently antagonized glutamate-induced inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in baby hamster kidney cells expressing mGluR2 in a competitive manner (KB = 8.2 +/- 0.4 microM). PCCG-IV was a weak agonist at mGluR4a but inactive at the cloned phosphoinositide-coupled mGluRs (mGluR1a and mGluR5a). PCCG-IV was significantly more potent and selective as an antagonist at mGluR2 compared with previously described mGluR2 antagonists, including alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine. In mice cortical neurons, PCCG-IV antagonized the neuroprotective effects of a selective mGluR2 agonist, (2S,1'R,2'R,3'R)-2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine, at low doses (0.2-20 microM), whereas a higher dose of PCCG-IV (80 microM) was similarly neuroprotective to L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate. The neuroprotective effect of PCCG-IV was blocked by an antagonist of mGluR4a, alpha-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine. Thus, PCCG-IV is a novel and useful tool for delineating the physiological roles of group II mGluRs in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thomsen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Malov, Denmark.
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30
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Pellicciari R, Marinozzi M, Natalini B, Costantino G, Luneia R, Giorgi G, Moroni F, Thomsen C. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of all sixteen stereoisomers of 2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine. Focus on (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine, a novel and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptors antagonist. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2259-69. [PMID: 8667369 DOI: 10.1021/jm960059+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
All 16 2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine (PCCGs) stereoisomers 32-47 have been prepared from the corresponding racemic aldehydes 12-15 following an enantiodivergent synthetic protocol. Compounds 32-47 were evaluated by a number of binding and functional experiments as potential ligands for several classes of excitatory amino acid receptors, including metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1a, mGluR2, mGluR4) and ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA, KA, AMPA) as well as sodium-dependent and calcium/ chloride-dependent glutamate transport systems. The stereolibrary of compounds 32-47 appears to be endowed with a peculiar pharmacological profile. PCCG-2 (33) and PCCG-3 (34) displaced labeled kainate at low micromolar concentration; PCCG-9 (40) and PCCG-11 (42) weakly interacted with the NMDA site; PCCG-5 (36), PCCG-10 (41), and PCCG-12 (43) showed to be potent inhibitors of Ca2+/Cl(-)-dependent glutamate transport system. Most interestingly, PCCG-4 (35) has been shown to be able to antagonize (IC50 = 8 microM) the effects of glutamate on forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in BHK cells expressing mGluR2. Uneffective at mGluR1, 35 is a weak mGluR4 agonist (EC50 = 156 microM) and has no effect on either ionotropic receptors or glutamate transport systems, thus demonstrating to be a novel selective mGluR2 antagonist with a 6-fold increase in potency over previously reported antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Italy
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31
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Marinozzi M, Natalini B, Costantino G, Pellicciari R, Bruno V, Nicoletti F. Synthesis of 6,6-dicarboxy-3,4-methano-L-proline, a new constrained glutamate analog endowed with neuroprotective properties. Farmaco 1996; 51:121-4. [PMID: 8857207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
6,6-Dicarboxy-3,4-methano-L-proline (L-DCMP, 7) has been prepared by the rhodium(II)acetate dimer catalyzed decomposition of dimethyl diazomalonate in the presence of a 3,4-didehydroproline derivative. When evaluated against NMDA- and kainate-induced toxicity in cultured cortical neurons, L-DCMP (7) exhibited good neuroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marinozzi
- Instituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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32
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Pellicciari R, Luneia R, Costantino G, Marinozzi M, Natalini B, Jakobsen P, Kanstrup A, Lombardi G, Moroni F, Thomsen C. 1-Aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: a novel antagonist at phospholipase C-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Med Chem 1995; 38:3717-9. [PMID: 7562903 DOI: 10.1021/jm00019a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Italy
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33
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Marinozzi M, Natalini B, Ni MH, Costantino G, Pellicciari R, Thomsen C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-carboxy-3,4-methanoprolines, new rigid glutamate analogs. Farmaco 1995; 50:327-31. [PMID: 7626167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
6-Carboxy-3,4-methanoprolines were prepared by reacting ethyl diazoacetate with the suitable 3,4-didehydroproline derivative in the presence of rhodium(II)acetate dimer as catalyst. The affinities of the title compounds for displacement of receptor binding to ionotropic and metabotropic (mGluR1 alpha) glutamate receptors were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marinozzi
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tecnica Farmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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34
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Moroni F, Galli A, Mannaioni G, Carla V, Cozzi A, Mori F, Marinozzi M, Pellicciari R. NMDA receptor heterogeneity in mammalian tissues: focus on two agonists, (2S,3R,4S) cyclopropylglutamate and the sulfate ester of 4-hydroxy-(S)-pipecolic acid. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1995; 351:371-6. [PMID: 7543185 DOI: 10.1007/bf00169077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several potent and selective agonists of the glutamate (L-GLU) receptors of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type have been tested on the L-[3H]GLU binding to rat cortical membranes, on the depolarization of mouse cortical wedges and on the contraction of guinea pig longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparations with the aim of comparing the NMDA receptors present in the cortex and those present in the gut. When the depolarization of the cortical wedges was evaluated, the EC50 values of the agonists were (microM): (R,S)-(tetrazol-5-yl)-glycine (TG) 0.3; trans-4-hydroxy-(S)-pipecolic acid-4-sulfate (t-HPIS) 0.7; 1-aminocyclobutane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACBD) 0.8; NMDA 8; (2S,3R,4S) cyclopropylglutamate (L-CGA C) 12; quinolinic acid (QUIN) 400. When the contraction of the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus was evaluated, the EC50 values were (microM): L-CGA C 1; TG 8; ACBD 50; t-HPIS 100; QUIN 500 and NMDA 680. When the displacement of NMDA specific L-[3H]GLU binding from rat cortical membranes was evaluated, the IC50 values were (microM): L-CGA C 0.003; TG 0.005; ACBD 0.044; t-HPIS 0.062; NMDA 0.31 and QUIN 15. No significant correlation was found when the EC50 values obtained in the ileum were plotted against the EC50 values obtained in the cortex (r = 0.47). In particular it was noted that L-CGA C was approximately three orders of magnitude more potent than NMDA when tested in the ileum but had a potency not significantly different from that of NMDA when tested in the cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moroni
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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35
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Roda A, Pellicciari R, Cerrè C, Polimeni C, Sadeghpour B, Marinozzi M, Forti GC, Sapigni E. New 6-substituted bile acids: physico-chemical and biological properties of 6 alpha-methyl ursodeoxycholic acid and 6 alpha-methyl-7-epicholic acid. J Lipid Res 1994; 35:2268-79. [PMID: 7897324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
New analogs of ursodeoxycholic acid and 7-epicholic acid containing a 6 alpha-methyl group were synthesized, and their physico-chemical properties were studied and compared with those of their natural analogs. The 6 alpha-methyl group slightly increases the lipophilicity and slightly lowers the critical micellar concentration with respect to the corresponding natural analogs. Simulated bile 50% enriched with 6 alpha-methyl ursodeoxycholic acid, with a total bile acid/phospholipid ratio of 10/1, demonstrated a higher cholesterol-holding capacity and a faster cholesterol gallstone dissolution rate with respect to ursodeoxycholic acid, while 6 alpha-methyl-7-epicholic acid and 7-epicholic acid were much less efficient in these processes. The 6 alpha-methyl analogs were highly stable toward 7-dehydroxylation when incubated with human stool in anaerobic conditions. Their transport, metabolism, and effect on biliary lipid secretion were evaluated both in rats and hamsters after acute intravenous and intraduodenal infusion at a dose of 10 mumol/min per kg. In both species, 6 alpha-methyl ursodeoxycholic acid is efficiently secreted in bile, with a cumulative recovery similar to that of ursodeoxycholic acid. The only metabolites of 6 alpha-methyl ursodeoxycholic acid identified were its glycine and taurine amidated forms. 6 alpha-Methyl-7-epicholic acid was efficiently secreted into bile when infused intravenously, and to a lesser extent when infused intraduodenally, in both rats and hamsters; it was secreted in bile as amidate and also as free acid. When 6 alpha-methyl ursodeoxycholic acid, 6 alpha-methyl-7-epicholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and 7-epicholic acid were chronically administered to hamsters (for 3 weeks, at a dose of 50 mg/kg per day) their accumulation in gallbladder bile was, respectively, 25.1%, 4.0%, 15.2%, and 3.4% of the total bile acids. In conclusion, of the two analogs, only 6 alpha-methyl ursodeoxycholic acid shows potential as a cholesterol gallstone-dissolving agent. In this regard, its most important properties are moderate lipophilicity, good metabolic stability, and better conservation in the enterohepatic circulation, with respect to ursodeoxycholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Italy
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36
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Roda A, Pellicciari R, Cerrè C, Polimeni C, Sadeghpour B, Marinozzi M, Forti GC, Sapigni E. New 6-substituted bile acids: physico-chemical and biological properties of 6 alpha-methyl ursodeoxycholic acid and 6 alpha-methyl-7-epicholic acid. J Lipid Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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37
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Mannaioni G, Alesiani M, Carlà V, Natalini B, Marinozzi M, Pellicciari R, Moroni F. Sulfate esters of hydroxy amino acids as stereospecific glutamate receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 251:201-7. [PMID: 8149976 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure sulfate esters of the hydroxy amino acids homoserine, hydroxyproline and 4-hydroxypipecolic acid were synthesized and tested on alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors present in the mice cortical wedge preparation and on NMDA receptors present in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig with the aim of finding new possible endogenous ligands (either agonists or antagonists) for excitatory amino acid receptors. The linear and flexible compound S-homoserine sulfate caused a depolarization of both AMPA and NMDA receptors. In the cortex its agonist action had an EC50 of 150 microM for NMDA and 300 microM for AMPA receptors and in the myenteric plexus its EC50 was 600 microM. The stereoisomer R-homoserine sulfate did not depolarize the cortical wedges and failed to cause ileal contraction up to a concentration of 500 microM. Among the four possible stereoisomers of 4-hydroxyproline sulfate, which are rigid structures and may be regarded as cyclization forms of homoserine sulfate, t-S-hydroxyproline sulfate was a selective AMPA receptor agonist with an EC50 of 70 microM in the cortex. The other three isomers were not active as agonists up to 500 microM and none of them had antagonist activity. Finally, t-4-hydroxy-S-pipecolic acid-4-sulfate, a superior homologue of t-S-hydroxyproline sulfate, was found to be one of the most potent and selective NMDA receptor agonists so far described with an EC50 of 0.7 microM in the cortex and 250 microM in the myenteric plexus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mannaioni
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Italy
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38
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Pellicciari R, Garzon-Aburbeh A, Natalini B, Marinozzi M, Clerici C, Gentili G, Morelli A. Brush-border-enzyme-mediated intestine-specific drug delivery. Amino acid prodrugs of 5-aminosalicylic acid. J Med Chem 1993; 36:4201-7. [PMID: 8277502 DOI: 10.1021/jm00078a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is the active principle of a number of preparations aimed at the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, but its efficacy is limited by early absorption and metabolism. The possibility to exploit the selective hydrolytic activity of brush border enzymes such as aminopeptidase A and carboxypeptidases was studied by preparing the following four amino acid prodrugs of 5-ASA: 5-(N-L-aspartylamino)-2-salicylic acid, disodium salt (18), 5-(N-L-glutamylamino)-2-salicylic acid, disodium salt (19), [(5-aminosalicyl)-L-prolyl]-L-leucine, sodium salt (25), and [[5-(N-L-glutamylamino)salicyl]-L-prolyl]-L-leucine, disodium salt (28). In these compounds, the peptide bond is selectively split by the intestinal brush border aminopeptidase A (compounds 18, 19, and 28) and carboxypeptidases (compounds 25 and 28).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tecnica Farmaceutica, Università degli Studi, Perugia, Italy
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39
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Pellicciari R, Natalini B, Costantino G, Garzon A, Luneia R, Mahmoud MR, Marinozzi M, Roberti M, Rosato GC, Shiba SA. Heterocyclic modulators of the NMDA receptor. Farmaco 1993; 48:151-7. [PMID: 8494596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The design of new heterocyclic derivatives as modulatory agents at EAA receptors is described. In particular, the potent and selective activity at the NMDA receptor of trans-4-hydroxypipecolic acid-4-sulfate, as well as the neuroprotective properties of substituted thiokynurenates, a new class of competitive antagonists at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor complex, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tecnica Farmaceutica Universita degli Studi, Perugia, Italy
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Pellicciari R, Natalini B, Marinozzi M, Sadeghpour BM, Cordi AA, Lanthorn TH, Hood WF, Monahan JB. Synthesis, absolute configuration and activity at N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor of the four D-2-amino-4,5-methano-adipate diastereoisomers. Farmaco 1991; 46:1243-64. [PMID: 1667358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The four D-2-amino-4,5-methano-adipates 26, 27, 32, 33 were synthesized and their biological activity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor was assessed. The synthesis involved as a key step a rhodium acetate dimer catalyzed addition of ethyl diazoacetate to the protected D-allylglycine (17). In vitro receptor binding using L-[3H]glutamate as the radioligand provided affinity data, while modulation of [3H]TCP binding was used as a functional assay. The analogues were also evaluated in [3H]kainate and [3H]AMPA binding to assess selectivity over non-NMDA glutamate receptors. Three of the four diastereoisomer, D-CAA B (27), C (32) and D (33) were shown to have agonist properties at the NMDA-site, while the fourth, (2R,4R,5R) D-CAA A (26) was characterized as an NMDA-site atypic antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tecnica Farmaceutica, Università Degli Studi, Perugia, Italy
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Pellicciari R, Natalini B, Marinozzi M. -3,4-'cyclopropylglutamate' isomers as NMDA receptor ligands: synthesis and enantioselective activity. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)97437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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