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Varrà MO, Husáková L, Lanza GT, Piroutková M, Patočka J, Ghidini S, Zanardi E. Multi-elemental composition of botanical preparations and probabilistic evaluation of toxic metals and metalloids intake upon dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114664. [PMID: 38636597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inorganic elemental composition (49 elements) of 29 botanical preparations obtained from fruits, leaves, peels, seeds, roots, fungi, and spirulina by using inductively coupled-mass spectrometry and a mercury analyzer. Simultaneously, the risk associated with the chronic dietary exposure to 12 toxic metals and metalloids among the European population was evaluated by using a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. The analysis revealed worrying intake levels of Al, As, and Ni, primarily stemming from the consumption of spirulina-, peel-, and leaf-based botanicals by younger age groups. The intake of As from all analyzed botanicals posed a significant risk for infants, yielding margins of exposure (MOEs) below 1, while those deriving from peel-based botanicals raised concerns across all age groups (MOEs = 0.04-2.3). The consumption of peel-based botanicals contributed substantially (13-130%) also to the tolerable daily intake of Ni for infants, toddlers, and children, while that of spirulina-based botanicals raised concerns related to Al intake also among adults, contributing to 11-176% of the tolerable weekly intake of this element. The findings achieved underscore the importance of implementing a monitoring framework to address chemical contamination of botanicals, thus ensuring their safety for regular consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, Pardubice, CZ-532 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Giovanni Tommaso Lanza
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Piroutková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, Pardubice, CZ-532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Patočka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, Pardubice, CZ-532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
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Varrà MO, Conter M, Recchia M, Alborali GL, Maisano AM, Ghidini S, Zanardi E. Feasibility of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Classification of Pig Lung Lesions. Vet Sci 2024; 11:181. [PMID: 38668448 PMCID: PMC11053972 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases significantly affect intensive pig farming, causing production losses and increased antimicrobial use. Accurate classification of lung lesions is crucial for effective diagnostics and disease management. The integration of non-destructive and rapid techniques would be beneficial to enhance overall efficiency in addressing these challenges. This study investigates the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in classifying pig lung tissues. The NIR spectra (908-1676 nm) of 101 lungs from weaned pigs were analyzed using a portable instrument and subjected to multivariate analysis. Two distinct discriminant models were developed to differentiate normal (N), congested (C), and pathological (P) lung tissues, as well as catarrhal bronchopneumonia (CBP), fibrinous pleuropneumonia (FPP), and interstitial pneumonia (IP) patterns. Overall, the model tailored for discriminating among pathological lesions demonstrated superior classification performances. Major challenges arose in categorizing C lungs, which exhibited a misclassification rate of 30% with N and P tissues, and FPP samples, with 30% incorrectly recognized as CBP samples. Conversely, IP and CBP lungs were all identified with accuracy, precision, and sensitivity higher than 90%. In conclusion, this study provides a promising proof of concept for using NIR spectroscopy to recognize and categorize pig lungs with different pathological lesions, offering prospects for efficient diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.O.V.); (E.Z.)
| | - Mauro Conter
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Recchia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna-Headquarters, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.L.A.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna-Headquarters, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.L.A.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Antonio Marco Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna-Headquarters, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.L.A.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.O.V.); (E.Z.)
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Fabrile MP, Ghidini S, Caligiani A, Scali F, Varrà MO, Lolli V, Alborali GL, Ianieri A, Zanardi E. 1H NMR Metabolomics on Pigs' Liver Exposed to Antibiotics Administration: An Explorative Study. Foods 2023; 12:4259. [PMID: 38231703 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
An untargeted Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics approach was applied as a first attempt to explore the metabolome of pigs treated with antibiotics. The final goal was to investigate the possibility of discriminating between antibiotic-treated (TX group) and untreated pigs (CTRL group), with the further perspective of identifying the authentication tools for antibiotic-free pork supply chains. In particular, 41 samples of pig liver were subjected to a biphasic extraction to recover both the polar and the non-polar metabolites, and the 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis was performed on the two separate extracts. Unsupervised (principal component analysis) and supervised (orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis) multivariate statistical analysis of 1H NMR spectra data in the range 0-9 ppm provided metabolomic fingerprinting useful for the discrimination of pig livers based on the antibiotic treatment to which they were exposed. Moreover, within the signature patterns, significant discriminating metabolites were identified among carbohydrates, choline and derivatives, amino acids and some lipid-class molecules. The encouraging findings of this exploratory study showed the feasibility of the untargeted metabolomic approach as a novel strategy in the authentication framework of pork supply chains and open a new horizon for a more in-depth investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Fabrile
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Augusta Caligiani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Veronica Lolli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Varrà MO, Husáková L, Zanardi E, Alborali GL, Patočka J, Ianieri A, Ghidini S. Elemental profiles of swine tissues as descriptors for the traceability of value-added Italian heavy pig production chains. Meat Sci 2023; 204:109285. [PMID: 37481966 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for reliable traceability tools in the meat supply chain has prompted the exploration of innovative approaches that meet stringent quality standards. In this work, 57 elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and direct mercury analysis in 80 muscle and 80 liver samples of Italian heavy pigs to investigate the potential of new tools based on multi-elemental profiles in supporting value-added meat supply chains. Samples from three groups of animals belonging to the protected designation of origin (PDO) Parma Ham circuit (conventionally raised; raised with genetically modified organism (GMO)-free feeds; raised with GMO-free feeds plus the supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA)) and a fourth group of samples from animals not compliant with the PDO Parma Ham production process were analyzed. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed for the identification of three macro-clusters of liver or muscle samples, highlighting some inhomogeneities among the target groups. Following SIMCA analysis, better classification models were obtained by using liver elemental profiles (95% correct classification rate), with the highest classification accuracy observed for GMO-free livers (100%). The elements contributing the most to the separation of livers by class membership were La, Ce, and Pb for conventional, Li, Cr, Fe, As, and Sr for GMO-free + n-3 PUFA, and Lu for non-PDO samples. Given these findings, the analysis of the elemental profiles of pig tissues can be regarded as a promising method to confirm the declared pig meat label attributes, deter potential complex fraud, and support meat traceability systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, Pardubice CZ-532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Jan Patočka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, Pardubice CZ-532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Ghidini S, Scali F, Romeo C, Guadagno F, Maisano AM, De Luca S, Varrà MO, Conter M, Ianieri A, Zanardi E, Alborali GL. A Preliminary Study on the Relationship between Gastric Lesions and Anti-Inflammatory Drug Usage in Heavy Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:551. [PMID: 37756075 PMCID: PMC10535441 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric lesions in pigs cause welfare and economic losses. Their prevalence in heavy pigs reared for premium products (e.g., Parma ham) requires further investigation. Stress, nutrition, and farm management are known risk factors, but the effects of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of gastric lesions in Italian heavy pigs and their possible association with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. A total of 9371 pig stomachs from 76 farms were evaluated. Among these, 20.3% showed no lesions, while 30.7%, 42.1%, and 6.8% were scored 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A tendency for an inverse relationship with farm size emerged. The use of steroids and NSAIDs was estimated by calculating a treatment incidence per 1000 (TI1000) in a subset of 36 farms. At least one prescription for NSAIDs and/or steroids was found in 80.6% of the farms (55.6% used NSAIDs and 63.9% used steroids). Median TI1000 was 0.07 (range: 0-30.1) and 0.18 (range: 0-6.2) for NSAIDs and steroids, respectively. Gastric scores were positively associated with NSAID use, but not with steroid use. Although the role of these drugs in gastric lesions needs to be further clarified, these findings suggest a cautious use of non-selective NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.S.); (C.R.); (F.G.); (A.M.M.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.S.); (C.R.); (F.G.); (A.M.M.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Federica Guadagno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.S.); (C.R.); (F.G.); (A.M.M.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Antonio Marco Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.S.); (C.R.); (F.G.); (A.M.M.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Silvio De Luca
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
| | - Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
| | - Mauro Conter
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.S.); (C.R.); (F.G.); (A.M.M.); (G.L.A.)
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Ghidini S, De Luca S, Rinaldi E, Zanardi E, Ianieri A, Guadagno F, Alborali GL, Meemken D, Conter M, Varrà MO. Comparing Visual-Only and Visual-Palpation Post-Mortem Lung Scoring Systems in Slaughtering Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2419. [PMID: 37570228 PMCID: PMC10417645 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases continue to pose significant challenges in pig production, and the assessment of lung lesions at the abattoir can provide valuable data for epidemiological investigations and disease surveillance. The evaluation of lung lesions at slaughter is a relatively simple, fast, and straightforward process but variations arising from different abattoirs, observers, and scoring methods can introduce uncertainty; moreover, the presence of multiple scoring systems complicates the comparisons of different studies, and currently, there are limited studies that compare these systems among each other. The objective of this study was to compare validated, simplified, and standardized schemes for assessing surface-related lung lesions in slaughtered pigs and analyze their reliability under field conditions. This study was conducted in a high-throughput abattoir in Italy, where two different scoring methods (Madec and Blaha) were benchmarked using 637 plucks. Statistical analysis revealed a good agreement between the two methods when severe or medium lesions were observed; however, their ability to accurately identify healthy lungs and minor injuries diverged significantly. These findings demonstrate that the Blaha method is more suitable for routine surveillance of swine respiratory diseases, whereas the Madec method can give more detailed and reliable results for the respiratory and welfare status of the animals at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (E.R.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (M.O.V.)
| | - Silvio De Luca
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (E.R.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (M.O.V.)
| | - Elena Rinaldi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (E.R.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (M.O.V.)
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (E.R.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (M.O.V.)
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (E.R.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (M.O.V.)
| | - Federica Guadagno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna-Headquarters, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.G.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna-Headquarters, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.G.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Diana Meemken
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Mauro Conter
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (S.D.L.); (E.R.); (E.Z.); (A.I.); (M.O.V.)
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Varrà MO, Husáková L, Patočka J, Ianieri A, Ghidini S, Zanardi E. Cadmium, lead, and mercury in two commercial squid species from the north Adriatic Sea (central Mediterranean): contamination levels and health risk assessment. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:11037. [PMID: 37405142 PMCID: PMC10316270 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and total mercury (Hg) concentrations in European squids (Loligo vulgaris) and flying squids (Todarodes sagittatus) from the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) were analyzed. The risk of the Italian population being exposed to potentially hazardous metal concentrations through the consumption of these products was also assessed. Compared to European squids, flying squids showed three times higher total Hg concentrations and one hundred times higher Cd concentrations to the point that more than 6 and 25% of the samples exceeded the maximum Hg and Cd limits established by the current legislation. From the evaluation of dietary exposure levels, it emerged that the consumption of flying squids was associated with the highest Pb intake by children and, consequently, with the lower margin of exposure values in relation to the risk of neurotoxicity (margin of exposure=33). Consumption of flying squids, especially by children, was also associated with higher intakes of Cd, inorganic, and methyl-Hg, which, respectively, accounted for 156, 113, and 23% of the tolerable weekly intakes established for these contaminants at European level. The obtained results raise concern and it may be necessary to provide specific dietary advice on the moderate dietary consumption of some cephalopod species, especially to the youngest and most vulnerable segment of the population. However, besides the highly conservative deterministic method adopted in this study, a refined consumer exposure assessment should be performed through the probabilistic methodology, which is more suitable to represent the real exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Patočka
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Varrà MO, Zanardi E, Serra M, Conter M, Ianieri A, Ghidini S. Isotope Fingerprinting as a Backup for Modern Safety and Traceability Systems in the Animal-Derived Food Chain. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114300. [PMID: 37298773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, due to the globalization of food trade and certified agro-food products, the authenticity and traceability of food have received increasing attention. As a result, opportunities for fraudulent practices arise, highlighting the need to protect consumers from economic and health damages. In this regard, specific analytical techniques have been optimized and implemented to support the integrity of the food chain, such as those targeting different isotopes and their ratios. This review article explores the scientific progress of the last decade in the study of the isotopic identity card of food of animal origin, provides the reader with an overview of its application, and focuses on whether the combination of isotopes with other markers increases confidence and robustness in food authenticity testing. To this purpose, a total of 135 studies analyzing fish and seafood, meat, eggs, milk, and dairy products, and aiming to examine the relation between isotopic ratios and the geographical provenance, feeding regime, production method, and seasonality were reviewed. Current trends and major research achievements in the field were discussed and commented on in detail, pointing out advantages and drawbacks typically associated with this analytical approach and arguing future improvements and changes that need to be made to recognize it as a standard and validated method for fraud mitigation and safety control in the sector of food of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Serra
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Conter
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Varrà MO, Lorenzi V, Zanardi E, Menotta S, Fedrizzi G, Angelone B, Gasparini M, Fusi F, Foschini S, Padovani A, Ghidini S. Safety Evaluation and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Cow Milk Produced in Northern Italy According to Dioxins and PCBs Contamination Levels. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091869. [PMID: 37174407 PMCID: PMC10178383 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored over 2018-2021 in 214 bovine milk samples from farms located in two regions in northern Italy (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna). The average concentrations of the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (0.78 ± 0.55 pg TEQ/g fat) and six non-dioxin-like PCBs (6.55 ± 2.24 ng/g fat) were largely below the maximum, and action limits established at European level, confirming a decreasing trend observed both locally and across Europe in recent years. The impact of contamination levels on chronic dietary exposure of the Italian population to dioxins and PCBs was found to be highly variable based on the type of cow milk (skimmed, semi-skimmed, or whole-fat milk) and the population age group considered. Indeed, a first-tier screening of the potential exposure via determinist methods allowed for the identification of the youngest population as the group with the worst risk profile. The refinement of exposure assessment via Monte Carlo probabilistic methods suggested that, at the less pessimistic middle-bound simulation scenario, infants, toddlers, and children consuming whole cow milk may be exposed to dioxins and PCBs levels above the toxicological reference values with a probability of 76, 56, and 22%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Angelone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mara Gasparini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Foschini
- Unità Organizzativa Veterinaria, Direzione Generale Welfare Regione Lombardia, 20124 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Padovani
- Area Sanità Veterinaria e Igiene degli Alimenti, Settore Prevenzione Collettiva e Sanità Pubblica, Direzione Generale Cura della Persona, Salute e Welfare, Regione Emilia Romagna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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10
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Fabrile MP, Ghidini S, Conter M, Varrà MO, Ianieri A, Zanardi E. Filling gaps in animal welfare assessment through metabolomics. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1129741. [PMID: 36925610 PMCID: PMC10011658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1129741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainability has become a central issue in Italian livestock systems driving food business operators to adopt high standards of production concerning animal husbandry conditions. Meat sector is largely involved in this ecological transition with the introduction of new label claims concerning the defense of animal welfare (AW). These new guarantees referred to AW provision require new tools for the purpose of authenticity and traceability to assure meat supply chain integrity. Over the years, European Union (EU) Regulations, national, and international initiatives proposed provisions and guidelines for assuring AW introducing requirements to be complied with and providing tools based on scoring systems for a proper animal status assessment. However, the comprehensive and objective assessment of the AW status remains challenging. In this regard, phenotypic insights at molecular level may be investigated by metabolomics, one of the most recent high-throughput omics techniques. Recent advances in analytical and bioinformatic technologies have led to the identification of relevant biomarkers involved in complex clinical phenotypes of diverse biological systems suggesting that metabolomics is a key tool for biomarker discovery. In the present review, the Five Domains model has been employed as a vademecum describing AW. Starting from the individual Domains-nutrition (I), environment (II), health (III), behavior (IV), and mental state (V)-applications and advances of metabolomics related to AW setting aimed at investigating phenotypic outcomes on molecular scale and elucidating the biological routes most perturbed from external solicitations, are reviewed. Strengths and weaknesses of the current state-of-art are highlighted, and new frontiers to be explored for AW assessment throughout the metabolomics approach are argued. Moreover, a detailed description of metabolomics workflow is provided to understand dos and don'ts at experimental level to pursue effective results. Combining the demand for new assessment tools and meat market trends, a new cross-strategy is proposed as the promising combo for the future of AW assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Conter
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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11
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Pedroni L, Dellafiora L, Varrà MO, Galaverna G, Ghidini S. In silico study on the Hepatitis E virus RNA Helicase and its inhibition by silvestrol, rocaglamide and other flavagline compounds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15512. [PMID: 36109625 PMCID: PMC9477874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) follows waterborne or zoonotic/foodborne transmission. Genotype 3 HEV infections are worldwide spread, especially in swine populations, representing an emerging threat for human health, both for farm workers and pork meat consumers. Unfortunately, HEV in vitro culture and analysis are still difficult, resulting in a poor understanding of its biology and hampering the implementation of counteracting strategies. Indeed, HEV encodes for only one non-structural multifunctional and multidomain protein (ORF1), which might be a good candidate for anti-HEV drugging strategies. In this context, an in silico molecular modelling approach that consisted in homology modelling to derive the 3D model target, docking study to simulate the binding event, and molecular dynamics to check complex stability over time was used. This workflow succeeded to describe ORF1 RNA Helicase domain from a molecular standpoint allowing the identification of potential inhibitory compounds among natural plant-based flavagline-related molecules such as silvestrol, rocaglamide and derivatives thereof. In the context of scouting potential anti-viral compounds and relying on the outcomes presented, further dedicated investigations on silvestrol, rocaglamide and a promising oxidized derivative have been suggested. For the sake of data reproducibility, the 3D model of HEV RNA Helicase has been made publicly available.
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12
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Ghidini S, Varrà MO, Husáková L, Alborali GL, Patočka J, Ianieri A, Zanardi E. Occurrence of Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Muscle and Liver of Italian Heavy Pigs and Potential Health Risk Associated with Dietary Exposure. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162530. [PMID: 36010529 PMCID: PMC9407101 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle and liver tissues from Italian heavy pigs were analyzed to investigate whether the chronic consumption of these products by local consumers could represent a health risk in relation to the contamination by some toxic metals and metalloids (TMMs). The concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sn, U, and Zn were measured with an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer, while Hg analysis was performed by using a mercury analyzer. Fe, Zn, and Cu were the most abundant elements in both tissues, while U was detected only at ultra-trace levels. As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, U, and Zn showed significantly higher concentrations in livers compared to muscles (p ≤ 0.01), with Cd and Cu being 60- and 9-fold more concentrated in the hepatic tissue. Despite this, concentrations of all TMMs were found to be very low in all the samples to the point that the resulting estimated dietary intakes did not suggest any food safety concern. Indeed, intakes were all below the toxicological health-based guidance values or resulted in low margins of exposure. Nevertheless, in the calculation of the worst-case exposure scenario, the children's estimated intake of Cd, Fe, and Zn through the sole consumption of pig liver contributed to more than 23, 38, and 39% of the tolerable weekly intakes of these elements, while the combined consumption of pig liver and pig muscle to more than 24, 46, and 76%. These findings alert about the probability of exceeding the toxicological guidance values of Cd, Fe, and Zn though the whole diet, suggesting long-term negative health effects for the younger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-902-753
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Jan Patočka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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13
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Varrà MO, Ghidini S, Fabrile MP, Ianieri A, Zanardi E. Country of origin label monitoring of musky and common octopuses (Eledone spp. and Octopus vulgaris) by means of a portable near-infrared spectroscopic device. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Ghidini S, Varrà MO, Bertocchi L, Fusi F, Angelone B, Ferretti E, Foschini S, Giacometti B, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Zanardi E, Lorenzi V. The influence of different production systems on dioxin and PCB levels in chicken eggs from Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy regions (Italy) over 2017-2019 and consequent dietary exposure assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:130-148. [PMID: 34732106 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1991003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hen eggs from farms with different production systems (organic, free range, barn, and in cage) sited in two regions of Italy (Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy) were collected from 2017 to 2019 to monitor the levels of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and the 6 non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl indicators (ndl-PCBs). Average concentrations of PCDD/Fs (0.21 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/g fat), PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs (0.43 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/g fat) and ndl-PCBs (6.41 ng/g fat) were below the maximum limits established at European level in eggs, but significantly higher amounts of PCDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs were found in eggs from free-range housing system compared to barn, cage, and organic ones. The potential dietary intake of the monitored contaminants by Italian population age groups through the consumption of locally produced eggs was also evaluated. Exposure levels to PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs were below the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/kg bw/week recently set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). However, the younger population was found to be more vulnerable than other age groups to exposure to these contaminants. Specifically, the preferential consumption of free-range eggs by infants, toddlers, and children contributed more than 30% to the TWI. The results confirm the need to continuously monitor the levels of chemical contaminants in the environment and provide a reminder of the importance of targeted intervention measures aimed to reduce their occurrence in food and feed, firstly by improving the management practices on egg-producing farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Bertocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Angelone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrica Ferretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Foschini
- Unità Organizzativa Veterinaria, Direzione Generale Welfare Regione Lombardia, Milano, Italy
| | - Bruno Giacometti
- Servizio Veterinario e Igiene degli Alimenti, Assessorato Politiche per la Salute, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Reparto Chimico degli Alimenti, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Reparto Chimico degli Alimenti, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
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15
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Varrà MO, Ghidini S, Ianieri A, Zanardi E. Near infrared spectral fingerprinting: A tool against origin-related fraud in the sector of processed anchovies. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Varrà MO, Husáková L, Patočka J, Ghidini S, Zanardi E. Classification of transformed anchovy products based on the use of element patterns and decision trees to assess traceability and country of origin labelling. Food Chem 2021; 360:129790. [PMID: 33971507 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS) and direct mercury analysis were used to determine the elemental composition of 180 transformed (salt-ripened) anchovies from three different fishing areas before and after packaging. To this purpose, four decision trees-based algorithms, corresponding to C5.0, classification and regression trees (CART), chi-squareautomatic interaction detection (CHAID), and quick unbiased efficient statistical tree (QUEST) were applied to the elemental datasets to find the most accurate data mining procedure to achieve the ultimate goal of fish origin prediction. Classification rules generated by the trained CHAID model optimally identified unlabelled testing bulk anchovies (93.9% F-score) by using just 6 out of 52 elements (As, K, P, Cd, Li, and Sr). The finished packaged product was better modelled by the QUEST algorithm which recognised the origin of anchovies with F-score of 97.7%, considering the information carried out by 5 elements (B, As, K. Cd, and Pd). Results obtained suggested that the traceability system in the fishery sector may be supported by simplified machine learning techniques applied to a limited but effective number of inorganic predictors of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma Via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573 HB/D, Pardubice CZ-532 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Patočka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573 HB/D, Pardubice CZ-532 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma Via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma Via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
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17
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Ghidini S, Chiesa LM, Panseri S, Varrà MO, Ianieri A, Pessina D, Zanardi E. Histamine Control in Raw and Processed Tuna: A Rapid Tool Based on NIR Spectroscopy. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040885. [PMID: 33919551 PMCID: PMC8074186 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate whether near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with minimal sample processing could be a suitable technique to rapidly measure histamine levels in raw and processed tuna fish. Calibration models based on orthogonal partial least square regression (OPLSR) were built to predict histamine in the range 10–1000 mg kg−1 using the 1000–2500 nm NIR spectra of artificially-contaminated fish. The two models were then validated using a new set of naturally contaminated samples in which histamine content was determined by conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. As for calibration results, coefficient of determination (r2) > 0.98, root mean square of estimation (RMSEE) ≤ 5 mg kg−1 and root mean square of cross-validation (RMSECV) ≤ 6 mg kg−1 were achieved. Both models were optimal also in the validation stage, showing r2 values > 0.97, root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) ≤ 10 mg kg−1 and relative range error (RER) ≥ 25, with better results showed by the model for processed fish. The promising results achieved suggest NIR spectroscopy as an implemental analytical solution in fish industries and markets to effectively determine histamine amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
| | - Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
| | - Davide Pessina
- Quality Department, Italian Retail Il Gigante SpA, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.G.); (M.O.V.); (A.I.); (E.Z.)
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18
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Varrà MO, Husáková L, Patočka J, Ghidini S, Zanardi E. Multi-element signature of cuttlefish and its potential for the discrimination of different geographical provenances and traceability. Food Chem 2021; 356:129687. [PMID: 33836355 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The measurement and analysis of fifty-two elements by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS) and direct mercury analysis were applied to origin discrimination of Italian traditional cuttlefish (Chioggia, Venice lagoon) from Mediterranean and Atlantic samples. A total 68 specimens were analyzed in triplicates to generate 204 mass spectra profiles which were statistically processed by different chemometric techniques. Loading weights from principal component analysis as input for linear discriminant analysis (LW-LDA), stepwise-LDA (S-LDA) and variable influence of projection-partial least square discriminant analysis (VIP-PLS-DA) were used to classify samples while retaining the lowest possible number of key variables. VIP-PLS-DA was found to be the best variable selection-discriminant tool combo since the selected Na-Co-B-K-Cd-V-U-Rb-Ni-Ba-Cu-As-Sr-Mn-Mo-Li-Ca-Mg-Se-Bi-Cs-P-Y elemental pattern allowed the samples to be classified with 100% sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573 HB/D, Pardubice CZ-532 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Patočka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573 HB/D, Pardubice CZ-532 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
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Varrà MO, Ghidini S, Husáková L, Ianieri A, Zanardi E. Advances in Troubleshooting Fish and Seafood Authentication by Inorganic Elemental Composition. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020270. [PMID: 33572834 PMCID: PMC7912245 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for fish and seafood is growing worldwide. Meanwhile, problems related to the integrity and safety of the fishery sector are increasing, leading legislators, producers, and consumers to search for ways to effectively protect themselves from fraud and health hazards related to fish consumption. What is urgently required now is the availability of reliable, truthful, and reproducible methods assuring the correspondence between the real nature of the product and label declarations accompanying the same product during its market life. The evaluation of the inorganic composition of fish and seafood appears to be one of the most promising strategies to be exploited in the near future to assist routine and official monitoring operations along the supply chain. The present review article focuses on exploring the latest scientific achievements of using the multi-elemental composition of fish and seafood as an imprint of their authenticity and traceability, especially with regards to the geographical origin. The scientific literature of the last 10 years focusing on the analytical determination and statistical elaboration of elemental data (alone or in combination with methodologies targeting other compounds) to verify the identity of fishery products is summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.O.V.); (S.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.O.V.); (S.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic;
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.O.V.); (S.G.); (A.I.)
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.O.V.); (S.G.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-052-190-2760
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20
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Varrà MO, Fasolato L, Serva L, Ghidini S, Novelli E, Zanardi E. Use of near infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for fast detection of irradiated dry fermented sausages. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Ghidini S, Varrà MO, Zanardi E. Approaching Authenticity Issues in Fish and Seafood Products by Qualitative Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Molecules 2019; 24:E1812. [PMID: 31083392 PMCID: PMC6540130 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsically complex nature of fish and seafood, as well as the complicated organisation of the international fish supply and market, make struggle against counterfeiting and falsification of fish and seafood products very difficult. The development of fast and reliable omics strategies based on spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate data analysis has been attracting great interest from food scientists, so that the studies linked to fish and seafood authenticity have increased considerably in recent years. The present work has been designed to review the most promising studies dealing with the use of qualitative spectroscopy and chemometrics for the resolution of the key authenticity issues of fish and seafood products, with a focus on species substitution, geographical origin falsification, production method or farming system misrepresentation, and fresh for frozen/thawed product substitution. Within this framework, the potential of fluorescence, vibrational, nuclear magnetic resonance, and hyperspectral imaging spectroscopies, combined with both unsupervised and supervised chemometric techniques, has been highlighted, each time pointing out the trends in using one or another analytical approach and the performances achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Varrà MO, Ghidini S, Zanardi E, Badiani A, Ianieri A. Authentication of European sea bass according to production method and geographical origin by light stable isotope ratio and rare earth elements analyses combined with chemometrics. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 8:7872. [PMID: 31008086 PMCID: PMC6452092 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2019.7872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, stable isotope ratio (SIR) and rare earth elements (REEs) analyses, combined with multivariate data elaboration, were used to explore the possibility to authenticate European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) according to: i) production method (wild or farmed specimens); ii) geographical origin (Western, Central or Eastern Mediterranean Sea). The dataset under investigation included a total of 144 wild and farmed specimens coming from 17 different European areas located in the Mediterranean Sea basin. Samples were subjected to SIR analysis (carbon and nitrogen) and REEs analysis (lanthanum, europium, holmium, erbium, lutetium, and terbium). Then, Analytical data were handled by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and then by Orthogonal Partial Last Square Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), to obtain functional classification models to qualitatively discriminate sea bass according to the conditions under study. OPLSDA models provided good correct classification rate both for production method and geographical origin. It was confirmed that chemometric elaboration of data obtained from SIR and REEs analyses can be a suitable tool for an accurate authentication of European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Badiani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Italy
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