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Mortier P, Vilagut G, Alayo I, Ferrer M, Amigo F, Aragonès E, Aragón-Peña A, Asúnsolo del Barco A, Campos M, Espuga M, González-Pinto A, Haro J, López Fresneña N, Martínez de Salázar A, Molina J, Ortí-Lucas R, Parellada M, Pelayo-Terán J, Pérez-Gómez B, Pérez-Zapata A, Pijoan J, Plana N, Polentinos-Castro E, Portillo-Van Diest A, Puig M, Rius C, Sanz F, Serra C, Urreta-Barallobre I, Kessler R, Bruffaerts R, Vieta E, Pérez-Solá V, Alonso J, Alayo I, Alonso M, Álvarez M, Amann B, Amigo FF, Anmella G, Aragón A, Aragonés N, Aragonès E, Arizón AI, Asunsolo A, Ayora A, Ballester L, Barbas P, Basora J, Bereciartua E, Ignasi Bolibar IB, Bonfill X, Cotillas A, Cuartero A, de Paz C, Cura ID, Jesus del Yerro M, Diaz D, Domingo JL, Emparanza JI, Espallargues M, Espuga M, Estevan P, Fernandez MI, Fernandez T, Ferrer M, Ferreres Y, Fico G, Forjaz MJ, Barranco RG, Garcia TorrecillasC. Garcia-Ribera JM, Garrido A, Gil E, Gomez M, Gomez J, Pinto AG, Haro JM, Hernando M, Insigna MG, Iriberri M, Jimenez N, Jimenez X, Larrauri A, Leon F, Lopez-Fresneña N, Lopez C, Lopez-Atanes Juan Antonio Lopez-Rodriguez M, Lopez-Cortacans G, Marcos A, Martin J, Martin V, Martinez-Cortés M, Martinez-Martinez R, Martinez de Salazar AD, Martinez I, Marzola M, Mata N, Molina JM, de Dios Molina J, Molinero E, Mortier P, Muñoz C, Murru A, Olmedo J, Ortí RM, Padrós R, Pallejà M, Parra R, Pascual J, Pelayo JM, Pla R, Plana N, Aznar CP, Gomez BP, Zapata AP, Pijoan JI, Polentinos E, Puertolas B, Puig MT, Quílez A, Quintana MJ, Quiroga A, Rentero D, Rey C, Rius C, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Rojas MJ, Romero Y, Rubio G, Rumayor M, Ruiz P, Saenz M, Sanchez J, Sanchez-Arcilla I, Sanz F, Serra C, Serra-Sutton V, Serrano M, Sola S, Solera S, Soto M, Tarrago A, Tolosa N, Vazquez M, Viciola M, Vieta E, Vilagut G, Yago S, Yañez J, Zapico Y, Zorita LM, Zorrilla I, Zurbano SL, Perez-Solá V. Four-month incidence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among healthcare workers after the first wave of the Spain COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:10-17. [PMID: 35217315 PMCID: PMC8852847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCW) are at high risk for suicide, yet little is known about the onset of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) in this important segment of the population in conjunction with the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a multicenter, prospective cohort study of Spanish HCW active during the COVID-9 pandemic. A total of n = 4809 HCW participated at baseline (May-September 2020; i.e., just after the first wave of the pandemic) and at a four-month follow-up assessment (October-December 2020) using web-based surveys. Logistic regression assessed the individual- and population-level associations of separate proximal (pandemic) risk factors with four-month STB incidence (i.e., 30-day STB among HCW negative for 30-day STB at baseline), each time adjusting for distal (pre-pandemic) factors. STB incidence was estimated at 4.2% (SE = 0.5; n = 1 suicide attempt). Adjusted for distal factors, proximal risk factors most strongly associated with STB incidence were various sources of interpersonal stress (scaled 0-4; odds ratio [OR] range = 1.23-1.57) followed by personal health-related stress and stress related to the health of loved ones (scaled 0-4; OR range 1.30-1.32), and the perceived lack of healthcare center preparedness (scaled 0-4; OR = 1.34). Population-attributable risk proportions for these proximal risk factors were in the range 45.3-57.6%. Other significant risk factors were financial stressors (OR range 1.26-1.81), isolation/quarantine due to COVID-19 (OR = 1.53) and having changed to a specific COVID-19 related work location (OR = 1.72). Among other interventions, our findings call for healthcare systems to implement adequate conflict communication and resolution strategies and to improve family-work balance embedded in organizational justice strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mortier
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Corresponding author. IMIM, PRBB Building. Carrer del Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Vilagut
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - I. Alayo
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - M. Ferrer
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Amigo
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - E. Aragonès
- Institut d’Investigació en Atenció Primària IDIAP Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Spain,Atenció Primària Camp de Tarragona, Institut Català de la Salut, Spain
| | - A. Aragón-Peña
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Ministry of Health, Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Fundación Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria de AP, Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Asúnsolo del Barco
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain,Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - M. Campos
- Service of Prevention of Labor Risks, Medical Emergencies System, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - M. Espuga
- Occupational Health Service. Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. González-Pinto
- Hospital Universitario Araba-Santiago, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - J.M. Haro
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - J.D. Molina
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Villaverde Mental Health Center. Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain,Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M. Parellada
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - J.M. Pelayo-Terán
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Servicio de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. Hospital el Bierzo, Gerencia de Asistencia Sanitaria del Bierzo (GASBI), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (SACYL), Ponferrada, León, Spain,Area de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - B. Pérez-Gómez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,National Center of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Pérez-Zapata
- Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J.I. Pijoan
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Hospital Universitario Cruces/ OSI EEC, Bilbao, Spain, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute
| | - N. Plana
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Polentinos-Castro
- Fundación Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria de AP, Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Research Unit. Primary Care Management. Madrid Health Service, Madrid, Spain,Department of Medical Specialities and Public Health. King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain,Health Services Research Network on Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Portillo-Van Diest
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - M.T. Puig
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain,Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Rius
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Sanz
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain,Research Progamme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain,Instituto Nacional de Bioinformatica - ELIXIR-ES, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Serra
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Parc de Salut Mar PSMAR, Barcelona, Spain,CiSAL-Centro de Investigación en Salud Laboral, IMIM/UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I. Urreta-Barallobre
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Donostia University Hospital, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, San Sebastián, Spain,Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - R.C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R. Bruffaerts
- Center for Public Health Psychiatry, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. Vieta
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V. Pérez-Solá
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain,Parc de Salut Mar PSMAR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Alonso
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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Alonso J, Vilagut G, Mortier P, Ferrer M, Alayo I, Aragón-Peña A, Aragonès E, Campos M, Cura-González ID, Emparanza JI, Espuga M, Forjaz MJ, González-Pinto A, Haro JM, López-Fresneña N, Salázar ADMD, Molina JD, Ortí-Lucas RM, Parellada M, Pelayo-Terán JM, Pérez-Zapata A, Pijoan JI, Plana N, Puig MT, Rius C, Rodríguez-Blázquez C, Sanz F, Serra C, Kessler RC, Bruffaerts R, Vieta E, Pérez-Solà V. Mental health impact of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on Spanish healthcare workers: A large cross-sectional survey. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed) 2021; 14:90-105. [PMID: 34127211 PMCID: PMC10068024 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare workers are vulnerable to adverse mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed prevalence of mental disorders and associated factors during the first wave of the pandemic among healthcare professionals in Spain. METHODS All workers in 18 healthcare institutions (6 AACC) in Spain were invited to web-based surveys assessing individual characteristics, COVID-19 infection status and exposure, and mental health status (May 5 - September 7, 2020). We report: probable current mental disorders (Major Depressive Disorder-MDD- [PHQ-8≥10], Generalized Anxiety Disorder-GAD- [GAD-7≥10], Panic attacks, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -PTSD- [PCL-5≥7]; and Substance Use Disorder -SUD-[CAGE-AID≥2]. Severe disability assessed by the Sheehan Disability Scale was used to identify probable "disabling" current mental disorders. RESULTS 9,138 healthcare workers participated. Prevalence of screen-positive disorder: 28.1% MDD; 22.5% GAD, 24.0% Panic; 22.2% PTSD; and 6.2% SUD. Overall 45.7% presented any current and 14.5% any disabling current mental disorder. Workers with pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders had almost twice the prevalence than those without. Adjusting for all other variables, odds of any disabling mental disorder were: prior lifetime disorders (TUS: OR=5.74; 95%CI 2.53-13.03; Mood: OR=3.23; 95%CI:2.27-4.60; Anxiety: OR=3.03; 95%CI:2.53-3.62); age category 18-29 years (OR=1.36; 95%CI:1.02-1.82), caring "all of the time" for COVID-19 patients (OR=5.19; 95%CI: 3.61-7.46), female gender (OR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.27-1.96) and having being in quarantine or isolated (OR= 1.60; 95CI:1.31-1.95). CONCLUSIONS One in seven Spanish healthcare workers screened positive for a disabling mental disorder during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Workers reporting pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders, those frequently exposed to COVID-19 patients, infected or quarantined/isolated, female workers, and auxiliary nurses should be considered groups in need of mental health monitoring and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Alonso
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Vilagut
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Philippe Mortier
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Montse Ferrer
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itxaso Alayo
- Health Services Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Andrés Aragón-Peña
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Ministry of Health, Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria de Atención Primaria, Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Aragonès
- Institut d'Investigació en Atenció Primària IDIAP Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Spain; Atenció Primària Camp de Tarragona, Institut Català de la Salut, Spain
| | - Mireia Campos
- Service of Prevention of Labor Risks, Medical Emergencies System, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain
| | - Isabel D Cura-González
- Research Unit, Primary Care Management, Madrid Health Service, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Specialities and Public Health, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria de Atención Primaria, Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José I Emparanza
- Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Meritxell Espuga
- Occupational Health Service, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria João Forjaz
- National Center of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Health Services Research Network on Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Hospital Universitario Araba-Santiago, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Haro
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan D Molina
- Villaverde Mental Health Center, Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mara Parellada
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José I Pijoan
- Hospital Universitario Cruces/OSI EEC, Bilbao, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Nieves Plana
- Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Puig
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rius
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Blázquez
- National Center of Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Sanz
- Research Progamme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto Nacional de Bioinformatica - ELIXIR-ES, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Consol Serra
- Parc de Salut Mar PSMAR, Barcelona, Spain; CiSAL-Centro de Investigación en Salud Laboral, IMIM/UPF, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Center for Public Health Psychiatry, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Pérez-Solà
- Parc de Salut Mar PSMAR, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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