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Vráblová M, Marková D, Vrábl D, Koutník I, Sokolová B, Hronková M. Surface plasmon resonance: An innovative method for studying water permeability of plant cuticles. Plant Sci 2021; 310:110978. [PMID: 34315594 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle forms an effective barrier protecting plants from water loss. Its permeability to water and other compounds significantly differs between species, types of cuticle (stomatous, astomatous), and can be affected by a wide variety of ambient conditions. Enzymatic isolation of the leaf cuticle allows obtaining intact cuticles for permeability measurements. However, the most available gravimetric method, which is used for the assessment of water permeability of isolated cuticles, requires a relatively large area of the cuticle and does not allow the determination of membrane heterogeneity. We propose a new method for the determination of water permeance based on an on-line detection of water flux from a liquid phase to the atmosphere through isolated leaf cuticles in semi-flow chambers. This approach is new in using the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance for the detection of the liquid phase refractive index affected by water vapor. Isolated cuticles of the leaves of Ficus elastica and an artificial polyethersulfone membrane were used for method evaluation. The composition of cuticular wax and its influence on cuticular permeability was also studied. It has been confirmed that the application of the surface plasmon resonance principle can be used for the assessment of leaf cuticle water permeability and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vráblová
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, CEET, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Dominika Marková
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, CEET, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic; VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Vrábl
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, CEET, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic; University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Koutník
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, CEET, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic; VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Sokolová
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, CEET, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Hronková
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branisovska 1760, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Voon CP, Law YS, Guan X, Lim SL, Xu Z, Chu WT, Zhang R, Sun F, Labs M, Leister D, Pribil M, Hronková M, Kubásek J, Cui Y, Jiang L, Tsuyama M, Gardeström P, Tikkanen M, Lim BL. Modulating the activities of chloroplasts and mitochondria promotes adenosine triphosphate production and plant growth. Quant Plant Biol 2021; 2:e7. [PMID: 37077204 PMCID: PMC10095973 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Efficient photosynthesis requires a balance of ATP and NADPH production/consumption in chloroplasts, and the exportation of reducing equivalents from chloroplasts is important for balancing stromal ATP/NADPH ratio. Here, we showed that the overexpression of purple acid phosphatase 2 on the outer membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria can streamline the production and consumption of reducing equivalents in these two organelles, respectively. A higher capacity of consumption of reducing equivalents in mitochondria can indirectly help chloroplasts to balance the ATP/NADPH ratio in stroma and recycle NADP+, the electron acceptors of the linear electron flow (LEF). A higher rate of ATP and NADPH production from the LEF, a higher capacity of carbon fixation by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and a greater consumption of NADH in mitochondria enhance photosynthesis in the chloroplasts, ATP production in the mitochondria and sucrose synthesis in the cytosol and eventually boost plant growth and seed yields in the overexpression lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia P. Voon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Yee-Song Law
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Xiaoqian Guan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Shey-Li Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Wing-Tung Chu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Renshan Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Feng Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Mathias Labs
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Hronková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Michito Tsuyama
- Department of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Per Gardeström
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Boon L. Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Author for correspondence: B. L. Lim, E-mail:
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Vráblová M, Vrábl D, Sokolová B, Marková D, Hronková M. A modified method for enzymatic isolation of and subsequent wax extraction from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cuticle. Plant Methods 2020; 16:129. [PMID: 32973915 PMCID: PMC7507672 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant cuticle represents one of the major adaptations of vascular plants to terrestrial life. Cuticular permeability and chemical composition differ among species. Arabidopsis thaliana is a widely used model for biochemical and molecular genetic studies in plants. However, attempts to isolate the intact cuticle from fresh leaves of Arabidopsis have failed so far. The goal of this study was to optimise an enzymatic method for cuticle isolation of species with a thin cuticle and to test it on several A. thaliana wild types and mutants. RESULTS We developed a method for isolation of thin cuticles that allows reducing the isolation time, the separation of abaxial and adaxial cuticles, and avoids formation of wrinkles. Optical microscopy was used for studying cuticle intactness and scanning electron microscopy for visualisation of external and internal cuticle structures after isolation. Wax extracts were analysed by GC-MS. Isolation of intact cuticle was successful for all tested plants. The wax compositions (very-long-chained fatty acids, alcohols and alkanes) of intact leaves and isolated cuticles of wild type Col-0 were compared. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the optimised enzymatic method is suitable for the isolation of A. thaliana adaxial and abaxial cuticles. The isolated cuticles are suitable for microscopic observation. Analysis of wax composition revealed some discrepancies between isolated cuticles and intact leaves with a higher yield of wax in isolated cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vráblová
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Vrábl
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Sokolová
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Marková
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Plavcová L, Hronková M, Šimková M, Květoň J, Vráblová M, Kubásek J, Šantrůček J. Seasonal variation of δ 18O and δ 2H in leaf water of Fagus sylvatica L. and related water compartments. J Plant Physiol 2018; 227:56-65. [PMID: 29606360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to assess variability in leaf water isotopic enrichment occurring in the field under natural conditions. We focused on seasonal variation and difference between sun-exposed and shaded leaves. Isotopic composition (δ18O, δ2H) of leaf water was monitored in a beech tree (Fagus sylvatica L.) growing in the forest-meadow ecotone together with δ18O (2H) of water compartments which are in close relation to this signal, namely twig and soil water. The sampling was carried out in approximately two-week intervals during five consecutive vegetation seasons. The δ18O (2H) data showed a distinct seasonal pattern and a consistency in relative differences between the seasons and sample categories. Leaf water was the most isotopically enriched water compartment. The leaf water enrichment decreased toward the autumn reflecting the change in δ18O (2H) of source water and evaporative demands. The soil and twig water isotopic signal was depleted against current precipitation as it partly retained the isotopic signature from winter precipitation however the seasonal pattern of soil and twig water followed that of precipitation. No significant differences between sun-exposed and shaded samples were detected. Nevertheless, the observed strong seasonal pattern of isotope composition of leaf, twig and soil water should be taken into account when using leaf water enrichment for further calculations or modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plavcová
- University of Hradec Králové, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Šimková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Květoň
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vráblová
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, CZ-70833, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Vráblová M, Vrábl D, Hronková M, Kubásek J, Šantrůček J. Stomatal function, density and pattern, and CO 2 assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana tmm1 and sdd1-1 mutants. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:689-701. [PMID: 28453883 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata modulate the exchange of water and CO2 between plant and atmosphere. Although stomatal density is known to affect CO2 diffusion into the leaf and thus photosynthetic rate, the effect of stomatal density and patterning on CO2 assimilation is not fully understood. We used wild types Col-0 and C24 and stomatal mutants sdd1-1 and tmm1 of Arabidopsis thaliana, differing in stomatal density and pattern, to study the effects of these variations on both stomatal and mesophyll conductance and CO2 assimilation rate. Anatomical parameters of stomata, leaf temperature and carbon isotope discrimination were also assessed. Our results indicate that increased stomatal density enhanced stomatal conductance in sdd1-1 plants, with no effect on photosynthesis, due to both unchanged photosynthetic capacity and decreased mesophyll conductance. Clustering (abnormal patterning formed by clusters of two or more stomata) and a highly unequal distribution of stomata between the adaxial and abaxial leaf sides in tmm1 mutants also had no effect on photosynthesis. Except at very high stomatal densities, stomatal conductance and water loss were proportional to stomatal density. Stomatal formation in clusters reduced stomatal dynamics and their operational range as well as the efficiency of CO2 transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vráblová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VSB-TU Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - D Vrábl
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Hronková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Kubásek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Šantrůček
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Skalák J, Černý M, Jedelský P, Dobrá J, Ge E, Novák J, Hronková M, Dobrev P, Vanková R, Brzobohatý B. Stimulation of ipt overexpression as a tool to elucidate the role of cytokinins in high temperature responses of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2861-73. [PMID: 27049021 PMCID: PMC4861028 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones regulating plant growth and development as well as response to the environment. In order to evaluate their function in heat stress (HS) responses, the effect of CK elevation was determined during three types of HS - targeted to shoots, targeted to roots and applied to the whole plant. The early (30min) and longer term (3h) responses were followed at the hormonal, transcriptomic and proteomic levels in Arabidopsis transformants with dexamethasone-inducible expression of the CK biosynthetic gene isopentenyltransferase (ipt) and the corresponding wild-type (Col-0). Combination of hormonal and phenotypic analyses showed transient up-regulation of the CK/abscisic acid ratio, which controls stomatal aperture, to be more pronounced in the transformant. HS responses of the root proteome and Rubisco-immunodepleted leaf proteome were followed using 2-D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF. More than 100 HS-responsive proteins were detected, most of them being modulated by CK increase. Proteome and transcriptome analyses demonstrated that CKs have longer term positive effects on the stress-related proteins and transcripts, as well as on the photosynthesis-related ones. Transient accumulation of CKs and stimulation of their signal transduction in tissue(s) not exposed to HS indicate that they are involved in plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skalák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and Mendel University in Brno, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and Mendel University in Brno, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jedelský
- Laboratory of MS, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Dobrá
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ge
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and Mendel University in Brno, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre AS CR, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and Mendel University in Brno, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Hronková M, Wiesnerová D, Šimková M, Skůpa P, Dewitte W, Vráblová M, Zažímalová E, Šantrůček J. Light-induced STOMAGEN-mediated stomatal development in Arabidopsis leaves. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:4621-30. [PMID: 26002974 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of stomata, microscopic valves in the epidermis of higher plants that control of gas exchange, requires a co-ordinated sequence of asymmetric and symmetric divisions, which is under tight environmental and developmental control. Arabidopsis leaves grown under elevated photosynthetic photon flux density have a higher density of stomata. STOMAGEN encodes an epidermal patterning factor produced in the mesophyll, and our observations indicated that elevated photosynthetic irradiation stimulates STOMAGEN expression. Our analysis of gain and loss of function of STOMAGEN further detailed its function as a positive regulator of stomatal formation on both sides of the leaf, not only in terms of stomatal density across the leaf surface but also in terms of their stomatal index. STOMAGEN function was rate limiting for the light response of the stomatal lineage in the adaxial epidermis. Mutants in pathways that regulate stomatal spacing in the epidermis and have elevated stomatal density, such as stomatal density and distribution (sdd1) and too many mouth alleles, displayed elevated STOMAGEN expression, suggesting that STOMAGEN is either under the direct control of these pathways or is indirectly affected by stomatal patterning, suggestive of a feedback mechanism. These observations support a model in which changes in levels of light irradiation are perceived in the mesophyll and control the production of stomata in the epidermis by mesophyll-produced STOMAGEN, and whereby, conversely, stomatal patterning, either directly or indirectly, influences STOMAGEN levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hronková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Wiesnerová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Šimková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skůpa
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Dewitte
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Martina Vráblová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Melišová L, Hronková M, Holková L, Klemš M, Smutná P. Use of ABA Treatment for the Activation of Drought Protective Mechanisms in Barley Under Non-stress Conditions. Acta Univ Agric Silvic Mendelianae Brun 2015. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201563010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Santrůček J, Vráblová M, Simková M, Hronková M, Drtinová M, Květoň J, Vrábl D, Kubásek J, Macková J, Wiesnerová D, Neuwithová J, Schreiber L. Stomatal and pavement cell density linked to leaf internal CO2 concentration. Ann Bot 2014; 114:191-202. [PMID: 24825295 PMCID: PMC4217638 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Stomatal density (SD) generally decreases with rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, Ca. However, SD is also affected by light, air humidity and drought, all under systemic signalling from older leaves. This makes our understanding of how Ca controls SD incomplete. This study tested the hypotheses that SD is affected by the internal CO2 concentration of the leaf, Ci, rather than Ca, and that cotyledons, as the first plant assimilation organs, lack the systemic signal. METHODS Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), beech (Fagus sylvatica), arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum) were grown under contrasting environmental conditions that affected Ci while Ca was kept constant. The SD, pavement cell density (PCD) and stomatal index (SI) responses to Ci in cotyledons and the first leaves of garden cress were compared. (13)C abundance (δ(13)C) in leaf dry matter was used to estimate the effective Ci during leaf development. The SD was estimated from leaf imprints. KEY RESULTS SD correlated negatively with Ci in leaves of all four species and under three different treatments (irradiance, abscisic acid and osmotic stress). PCD in arabidopsis and garden cress responded similarly, so that SI was largely unaffected. However, SD and PCD of cotyledons were insensitive to Ci, indicating an essential role for systemic signalling. CONCLUSIONS It is proposed that Ci or a Ci-linked factor plays an important role in modulating SD and PCD during epidermis development and leaf expansion. The absence of a Ci-SD relationship in the cotyledons of garden cress indicates the key role of lower-insertion CO2 assimilation organs in signal perception and its long-distance transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Santrůček
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology AS CR, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vráblová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Simková
- Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology AS CR, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology AS CR, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Drtinová
- Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology AS CR, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Květoň
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Vrábl
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Macková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Wiesnerová
- Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology AS CR, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Neuwithová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Macková H, Hronková M, Dobrá J, Turečková V, Novák O, Lubovská Z, Motyka V, Haisel D, Hájek T, Prášil IT, Gaudinová A, Štorchová H, Ge E, Werner T, Schmülling T, Vanková R. Enhanced drought and heat stress tolerance of tobacco plants with ectopically enhanced cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene expression. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:2805-15. [PMID: 23669573 PMCID: PMC3741687 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Responses to drought, heat, and combined stress were compared in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants ectopically expressing the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase CKX1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana L. under the control of either the predominantly root-expressed WRKY6 promoter or the constitutive 35S promoter, and in the wild type. WRKY6:CKX1 plants exhibited high CKX activity in the roots under control conditions. Under stress, the activity of the WRKY6 promoter was down-regulated and the concomitantly reduced cytokinin degradation coincided with raised bioactive cytokinin levels during the early phase of the stress response, which might contribute to enhanced stress tolerance of this genotype. Constitutive expression of CKX1 resulted in an enlarged root system, a stunted, dwarf shoot phenotype, and a low basal level of expression of the dehydration marker gene ERD10B. The high drought tolerance of this genotype was associated with a relatively moderate drop in leaf water potential and a significant decrease in leaf osmotic potential. Basal expression of the proline biosynthetic gene P5CSA was raised. Both wild-type and WRKY6:CKX1 plants responded to heat stress by transient elevation of stomatal conductance, which correlated with an enhanced abscisic acid catabolism. 35S:CKX1 transgenic plants exhibited a small and delayed stomatal response. Nevertheless, they maintained a lower leaf temperature than the other genotypes. Heat shock applied to drought-stressed plants exaggerated the negative stress effects, probably due to the additional water loss caused by a transient stimulation of transpiration. The results indicate that modulation of cytokinin levels may positively affect plant responses to abiotic stress through a variety of physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Macková
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre AS CR, Branišovská 31/1160, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Dobrá
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lubovská
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Haisel
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Institute of Botany AS CR, Dukelska 135, 37982 Třebon, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Tom Prášil
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 16106 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Gaudinová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Štorchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ge
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences/Applied Genetics, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences/Applied Genetics, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radomíra Vanková
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Vrábl D, Vasková M, Hronková M, Flexas J, Santrucek J. Mesophyll conductance to CO(2) transport estimated by two independent methods: effect of variable CO(2) concentration and abscisic acid. J Exp Bot 2009; 60:2315-23. [PMID: 19433478 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (g(m)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) are two crucial components of the diffusive limitation of photosynthesis. Variation of g(m) in response to CO(2) concentration was evaluated by using two independent methods based on measurements of variable electron transport rate (J) and instantaneous carbon isotope discrimination, respectively. Both methods of g(m) estimation showed a very similar shape of the g(m)/C(i) relationship, with an initial increase at low substomatal CO(2) concentrations (C(i)), a peak at 180-200 micromol mol(-1) C(i), and a subsequent decrease at higher C(i). A good correlation was observed between values of g(m) estimated from the two methods, except when C(i) <200 micromol mol(-1), suggesting that the initial increase of g(m) at low C(i) was probably due to unreliable estimates over that range of C(i). Plants were also treated with abscisic acid (ABA), which induced a reduction in g(s) without significantly affecting the rate of photosynthesis, g(m) or the photosynthetic capacity. The present results confirm, using two independent methods, that g(m) is strongly sensitive to C(i), and that the relationship between g(s) and g(m) is not conservative, differing between control and ABA-treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vrábl
- The University of South Bohemia, Department of Plant Physiology, Czech Republic
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Skodová Z, Písa Z, Vojtísek P, Emrová R, Pikhartová J, Hoke M, Cícha Z, Hronková M, Berka L, Valenta Z. [Changes in the cardiovascular risk profile of the population of the Czech Republic--MONICA 1992]. Cas Lek Cesk 1994; 133:624-6. [PMID: 7954676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular risk profile of the population in the Czech Republic is unfavourable, the mortality of the population from cardiovascular diseases is among the highest in the world. The objective of the present work was to compare the prevalence of the most serious risk factors in 1988 and 1992 and to find out whether the change of the political and economic system in 1989 had an impact on the risk profile of the population. Within the framework of the international WHO project MONICA independent 1% random population samples, age bracket 25-64 years, were examined in six districts of the Czech Republic. METHODS AND RESULTS In 1988 1,357 men (response rate 85.5%) and 1,412 women (88.4%) were examined; in 1992 1,139 men (71.2%) and 1,214 women (75.0%) attended the examination. The prevalence of smokers (regular consumption of more than 1 cigarette per day) did not differ significantly in men: 41.8% in 1988, 40.3% in 1992 nor in women: 25.3%-24.1%. Also the prevalence of elevated blood pressure levels (BPs > 21.3 and/or BPd > 12.7 kPa) did not reveal a significant difference neither in men: 19.1%-20.4% nor in women 14.0%-15.0%. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol > 6.5 mmol/l) was in 1992 significantly lower than in 1988--in men by 9% (39.6%-30.6%, p < 0.001) and in women by 6.3% (36.3%-30.0%, p < 0.001). Also in the prevalence of obesity (BMI men > 30, women > 29) a significant drop was recorded in men by 5.2% (23.8%-18.6%, p < 0.01) in women by 5.1% (33.3%-28.2%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The probable reason for this partial improvement of the risk profile in 1992, as compared with data in 1988, are dietary changes which may be the result of the introduced market economy and global transformation of society after the political change in 1989.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Skodová
- Institut klinické a experimentální medicíny, Praha
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Maršálek B, Zahradníčková H, Hronková M. Extracellular Production of Abscisic Acid by Soil Algae under Salt, Acid or Drought Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-1992-9-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The common soil green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Stichococcus hacillaris increase extracellular abscisic acid (ABA) production under salt, acid or drought stress 5 - 10 times. Production of ABA also increases from young to senescent cultures 2 - 3 times.
The relationship between age of cultures and reaction to stress factors was found. Extracellular ABA levels are 1 - 2 times higher than cellular ones.
Possible influence of ABA to soil microbial associations, growth of plants and soil fauna is discussed from an ecological point of view.
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