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Müller M, Leuschner C, Weithmann G, Weigel R, Banzragch BE, Steiner W, Gailing O. A genome-wide genetic association study reveals SNPs significantly associated with environmental variables and specific leaf area in European beech. Physiol Plant 2024; 176:e14334. [PMID: 38705836 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
European beech is negatively affected by climate change and a further growth decline is predicted for large parts of its distribution range. Despite the importance of this species, little is known about its genetic adaptation and especially the genetic basis of its physiological traits. Here, we used genotyping by sequencing to identify SNPs in 43 German European beech populations growing under different environmental conditions. In total, 28 of these populations were located along a precipitation and temperature gradient in northern Germany, and single tree-based hydraulic and morphological traits were available. We obtained a set of 13,493 high-quality SNPs that were used for environmental and SNP-trait association analysis. In total, 22 SNPs were identified that were significantly associated with environmental variables or specific leaf area (SLA). Several SNPs were located in genes related to stress response. The majority of the significant SNPs were located in non-coding (intergenic and intronic) regions. These may be in linkage disequilibrium with the causative coding or regulatory regions. Our study gives insights into the genetic basis of abiotic adaptation in European beech, and provides genetic resources that can be used in future studies on this species. Besides clear patterns of local adaptation to environmental conditions of the investigated populations, the analyzed morphological and hydraulic traits explained most of the explainable genetic variation. Thus, they could successfully be altered in tree breeding programs, which may help to increase the adaptation of European beech to changing environmental conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- University of Göttingen, Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Sustainable Land Use (CBL), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Greta Weithmann
- Department Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Weigel
- Department Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Ecological-Botanical Garden, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bat-Enerel Banzragch
- Department Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Steiner
- Department Forest Genetic Resources, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Hann. Münden, Germany
| | - Oliver Gailing
- University of Göttingen, Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center of Sustainable Land Use (CBL), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Foest JJ, Bogdziewicz M, Pesendorfer MB, Ascoli D, Cutini A, Nussbaumer A, Verstraeten A, Beudert B, Chianucci F, Mezzavilla F, Gratzer G, Kunstler G, Meesenburg H, Wagner M, Mund M, Cools N, Vacek S, Schmidt W, Vacek Z, Hacket-Pain A. Widespread breakdown in masting in European beech due to rising summer temperatures. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17307. [PMID: 38709196 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Climate change effects on tree reproduction are poorly understood, even though the resilience of populations relies on sufficient regeneration to balance increasing rates of mortality. Forest-forming tree species often mast, i.e. reproduce through synchronised year-to-year variation in seed production, which improves pollination and reduces seed predation. Recent observations in European beech show, however, that current climate change can dampen interannual variation and synchrony of seed production and that this masting breakdown drastically reduces the viability of seed crops. Importantly, it is unclear under which conditions masting breakdown occurs and how widespread breakdown is in this pan-European species. Here, we analysed 50 long-term datasets of population-level seed production, sampled across the distribution of European beech, and identified increasing summer temperatures as the general driver of masting breakdown. Specifically, increases in site-specific mean maximum temperatures during June and July were observed across most of the species range, while the interannual variability of population-level seed production (CVp) decreased. The declines in CVp were greatest, where temperatures increased most rapidly. Additionally, the occurrence of crop failures and low seed years has decreased during the last four decades, signalling altered starvation effects of masting on seed predators. Notably, CVp did not vary among sites according to site mean summer temperature. Instead, masting breakdown occurs in response to warming local temperatures (i.e. increasing relative temperatures), such that the risk is not restricted to populations growing in warm average conditions. As lowered CVp can reduce viable seed production despite the overall increase in seed count, our results warn that a covert mechanism is underway that may hinder the regeneration potential of European beech under climate change, with great potential to alter forest functioning and community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie J Foest
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michał Bogdziewicz
- Faculty of Biology, Forest Biology Center, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mario B Pesendorfer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Cutini
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Anita Nussbaumer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arne Verstraeten
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | | | | | - Georg Gratzer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Henning Meesenburg
- Department of Environmental Control, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Wagner
- Department of Environmental Control, Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Mund
- Forestry Research and Competence Centre Gotha, Gotha, Germany
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Stanislav Vacek
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Vacek
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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3
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Wei J, von Arx G, Fan Z, Ibrom A, Mund M, Knohl A, Peters RL, Babst F. Drought alters aboveground biomass production efficiency: Insights from two European beech forests. Sci Total Environ 2024; 919:170726. [PMID: 38331275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The fraction of photosynthetically assimilated carbon that trees allocate to long-lasting woody biomass pools (biomass production efficiency - BPE), is a key metric of the forest carbon balance. Its apparent simplicity belies the complex interplay between underlying processes of photosynthesis, respiration, litter and fruit production, and tree growth that respond differently to climate variability. Whereas the magnitude of BPE has been routinely quantified in ecological studies, its temporal dynamics and responses to extreme events such as drought remain less well understood. Here, we combine long-term records of aboveground carbon increment (ACI) obtained from tree rings with stand-level gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance (EC) records to empirically quantify aboveground BPE (= ACI/GPP) and its interannual variability in two European beech forests (Hainich, DE-Hai, Germany; Sorø, DK-Sor, Denmark). We found significant negative correlations between BPE and a daily-resolved drought index at both sites, indicating that woody growth is de-prioritized under water limitation. During identified extreme years, early-season drought reduced same-year BPE by 29 % (Hainich, 2011), 31 % (Sorø, 2006), and 14 % (Sorø, 2013). By contrast, the 2003 late-summer drought resulted in a 17 % reduction of post-drought year BPE at Hainich. Across the entire EC period, the daily-to-seasonal drought response of BPE resembled that of ACI, rather than that of GPP. This indicates that BPE follows sink dynamics more closely than source dynamics, which appear to be decoupled given the distinctive climate response patterns of GPP and ACI. Based on our observations, we caution against estimating the magnitude and variability of the carbon sink in European beech (and likely other temperate forests) based on carbon fluxes alone. We also encourage comparable studies at other long-term EC measurement sites from different ecosystems to further constrain the BPE response to rare climatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Wei
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan Province 666303, China.
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zexin Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Yunnan Province 666303, China
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Biosystems Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Martina Mund
- Forestry Research and Competence Centre Gotha, Jägerstraße1, D-99867 Gotha, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard L Peters
- Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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4
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Journé V, Szymkowiak J, Foest J, Hacket-Pain A, Kelly D, Bogdziewicz M. Summer solstice orchestrates the subcontinental-scale synchrony of mast seeding. Nat Plants 2024; 10:367-373. [PMID: 38459130 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
High interannual variation in seed production in perennial plants can be synchronized at subcontinental scales with wide consequences for ecosystem functioning, but how such synchrony is generated is unclear1-3. We investigated the factors contributing to masting synchrony in European beech (Fagus sylvatica), which extends to a geographic range of 2,000 km. Maximizing masting synchrony via spatial weather coordination, known as the Moran effect, requires a simultaneous response to weather conditions across distant populations. A celestial cue that occurs simultaneously across the entire hemisphere is the longest day (the summer solstice). We show that European beech abruptly opens its temperature-sensing window on the solstice, and hence widely separated populations all start responding to weather signals in the same week. This celestial 'starting gun' generates ecological events with high spatial synchrony across the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Journé
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymkowiak
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Population Ecology Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jessie Foest
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dave Kelly
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michał Bogdziewicz
- Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
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5
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Neycken A, Wohlgemuth T, Frei ER, Klesse S, Baltensweiler A, Lévesque M. Slower growth prior to the 2018 drought and a high growth sensitivity to previous year summer conditions predisposed European beech to crown dieback. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169068. [PMID: 38049004 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The record-breaking drought in 2018 caused premature leaf discoloration and shedding (early browning) in many beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominated forests in Central Europe. However, a high degree of variability in drought response among individual beech trees was observed. While some trees were severely impacted by the prolonged water deficits and high temperatures, others remained vital with no or only minor signs of crown vitality loss. Why some beech trees were more susceptible to drought-induced crown damage than others and whether growth recovery is possible are poorly understood. Here, we aimed to identify growth characteristics associated with the variability in drought response between individual beech trees based on a sample of 470 trees in northern Switzerland. By combining tree growth measurements and crown condition assessments, we also investigated the possible link between crown dieback and growth recovery after drought. Beech trees with early browning exhibited an overall lower growth vigor before the 2018 drought than co-occurring vital beech trees. This lower vigor is mainly indicated by lower overall growth rates, stronger growth declines in the past decades, and higher growth-climate sensitivity. Particularly, warm previous year summer conditions negatively affected current growth of the early-browning trees. These findings suggest that the affected trees had less access to critical resources and were physiologically limited in their growth predisposing them to early browning. Following the 2018 drought, observed growth recovery potential corresponded to the amount of crown dieback and the local climatic water balance. Overall, our findings emphasize that beech-dominated forests in Central Europe are under increasing pressure from severe droughts, ultimately reducing the competitive ability of this species, especially on lowland sites with shallow soils and low water holding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Neycken
- Silviculture Group, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Esther R Frei
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Alpine Environment and Natural Hazards, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland; Climate Change and Extremes in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERC, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Klesse
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andri Baltensweiler
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Lévesque
- Silviculture Group, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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6
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Kinzinger L, Mach J, Haberstroh S, Schindler Z, Frey J, Dubbert M, Seeger S, Seifert T, Weiler M, Orlowski N, Werner C. Interaction between beech and spruce trees in temperate forests affects water use, root water uptake pattern and canopy structure. Tree Physiol 2024; 44:tpad144. [PMID: 38070177 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Beneficial and negative effects of species interactions can strongly influence water fluxes in forest ecosystems. However, little is known about how trees dynamically adjust their water use when growing with interspecific neighbours. Therefore, we investigated the interaction effects between Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and Picea abies (Norway spruce) on water-use strategies and aboveground structural characteristics. We used continuous in situ isotope spectroscopy of xylem and soil water to investigate source water dynamics and root water uptake depths. Picea abies exhibited a reduced sun-exposed crown area in equally mixed compared with spruce-dominated sites, which was further correlated to a reduction in sap flow of -14.5 ± 8.2%. Contrarily, F. sylvatica trees showed +13.3 ± 33.3% higher water fluxes in equally mixed compared with beech-dominated forest sites. Although a significantly higher crown interference by neighbouring trees was observed, no correlation of water fluxes and crown structure was found. High time-resolved xylem δ2H values showed a large plasticity of tree water use (-74.1 to -28.5‰), reflecting the δ2H dynamics of soil and especially precipitation water sources. Fagus sylvatica in equally mixed sites shifted water uptake to deeper soil layers, while uptake of fresh precipitation was faster in beech-dominated sites. Our continuous in situ water stable isotope measurements traced root water uptake dynamics at unprecedented temporal resolution, indicating highly dynamic use of water sources in response to precipitation and to neighbouring species competition. Understanding this plasticity may be highly relevant in the context of increasing water scarcity and precipitation variability under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kinzinger
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judith Mach
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79089 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Haberstroh
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zoe Schindler
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Frey
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maren Dubbert
- IBG, PB 1 'Landschaftsprozesse', Leibniz Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e. V, Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Seeger
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79089 Freiburg, Germany
- Soil Physics, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Seifert
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Bosman Street, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Markus Weiler
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79089 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Orlowski
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79089 Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Site Ecology and Plant Nutrition, Institute of Soil Science and Site Ecology, TU Dresden, Pienner Strasse 19, Tharandt 01737, Germany
| | - Christiane Werner
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Didion-Gency M, Vitasse Y, Buchmann N, Gessler A, Gisler J, Schaub M, Grossiord C. Chronic warming and dry soils limit carbon uptake and growth despite a longer growing season in beech and oak. Plant Physiol 2024; 194:741-757. [PMID: 37874743 PMCID: PMC10828195 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Progressively warmer and drier climatic conditions impact tree phenology and carbon cycling with large consequences for forest carbon balance. However, it remains unclear how individual impacts of warming and drier soils differ from their combined effects and how species interactions modulate tree responses. Using mesocosms, we assessed the multiyear impact of continuous air warming and lower soil moisture alone or in combination on phenology, leaf-level photosynthesis, nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations, and aboveground growth of young European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) trees. We further tested how species interactions (in monocultures and in mixtures) modulated these effects. Warming prolonged the growing season of both species but reduced growth in oak. In contrast, lower moisture did not impact phenology but reduced carbon assimilation and growth in both species. Combined impacts of warming and drier soils did not differ from their single effects. Under warmer and drier conditions, performances of both species were enhanced in mixtures compared to monocultures. Our work revealed that higher temperature and lower soil moisture have contrasting impacts on phenology vs. leaf-level assimilation and growth, with the former being driven by temperature and the latter by moisture. Furthermore, we showed a compensation in the negative impacts of chronic heat and drought by tree species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion-Gency
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Gisler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Pavlin J, Nagel TA, Svitok M, Di Filippo A, Mikac S, Keren S, Dikku A, Toromani E, Panayotov M, Zlatanov T, Haruta O, Dorog S, Chaskovskyy O, Bače R, Begović K, Buechling A, Dušátko M, Frankovič M, Janda P, Kameniar O, Kozák D, Marchand W, Mikoláš M, Rodrigo R, Svoboda M. Pathways and drivers of canopy accession across primary temperate forests of Europe. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167593. [PMID: 37802334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Canopy accession strategies reveal much about tree life histories and forest stand dynamics. However, the protracted nature of ascending to the canopy makes direct observation challenging. We use a reconstructive approach based on an extensive tree ring database to study the variability of canopy accession patterns of dominant tree species (Abies alba, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies) in temperate mountain forests of Europe and elucidate how disturbance histories, climate, and topography affect canopy accession. All four species exhibited high variability of radial growth histories leading to canopy accession and indicated varying levels of shade tolerance. Individuals of all four species survived at least 100 years of initial suppression. Fir and particularly beech, however, survived longer periods of initial suppression, exhibited more release events, and reached the canopy later on average, with a larger share of trees accessing the canopy after initially suppressed growth. These results indicate the superior shade tolerance of beech and fir compared to spruce and maple. The two less shade-tolerant species conversely relied on faster growth rates, revealing their competitive advantage in non-suppressed conditions. Additionally, spruce from higher-elevation spruce-dominated forests survived shorter periods of initial shading and exhibited fewer releases, with a larger share of trees reaching the canopy after open canopy recruitment (i.e. in absence of suppression) and no subsequent releases compared to spruce growing in lower-elevation mixed forests. Finally, disturbance factors were identified as the primary driver of canopy accession, whereby disturbances accelerate canopy accession and consequently regulate competitive interactions. Intensifying disturbance regimes could thus promote shifts in species composition, particularly in favour of faster-growing, more light-demanding species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Pavlin
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Thomas A Nagel
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marek Svitok
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Masaryka 24, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Alfredo Di Filippo
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via SC de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stjepan Mikac
- Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Srdjan Keren
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Elvin Toromani
- Faculty of Forestry Sciences, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1029 Koder-Kamez, Albania
| | - Momchil Panayotov
- Department of Dendrology, University of Forestry Sofia, Kliment Ohridski 10 Blvd., 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tzvetan Zlatanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Gagarin Street 2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ovidiu Haruta
- Forestry and Forest Engineering Department, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Sorin Dorog
- Forestry and Forest Engineering Department, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Oleh Chaskovskyy
- Institute of Forest Management, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Vul. Henerala Chuprynky 103, 79031 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Radek Bače
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Krešimir Begović
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arne Buechling
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dušátko
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Frankovič
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kameniar
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kozák
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - William Marchand
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mikoláš
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ruffy Rodrigo
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Garrigues R, Dox I, Flores O, Marchand LJ, Malyshev AV, Beemster G, AbdElgawad H, Janssens I, Asard H, Campioli M. Late autumn warming can both delay and advance spring budburst through contrasting effects on bud dormancy depth in Fagus sylvatica L. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:1718-1730. [PMID: 37364048 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The current state of knowledge on bud dormancy is limited. However, expanding such knowledge is crucial in order to properly model forest responses and feedback to future climate. Recent studies have shown that warming can decrease chilling accumulation and increase dormancy depth, thereby inducing delayed budburst in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L). Whether fall warming can advance spring phenology is unclear. To investigate the effect of warming on endodormancy of deciduous trees, we tested the impact of mild elevated temperature (+2.5-3.5 °C; temperature, on average, kept at 10 °C) in mid and late autumn on the bud dormancy depth and spring phenology of beech. We studied saplings by inducing periods of warming in greenhouses over a 2-year period. Even though warming reduced chilling accumulation in both years, we observed that the response of dormancy depth and spring budburst were year-specific. We found that warming during endodormancy peak could decrease the bud dormancy depth and therefore advance spring budburst. This effect appears to be modulated by factors such as the date of senescence onset and forcing intensity during endodormancy. Results from this study suggest that not only chilling but also forcing controls bud development during endodormancy and that extra forcing in autumn can offset reduced chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Garrigues
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Inge Dox
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Omar Flores
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Lorène J Marchand
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Andrey V Malyshev
- Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerrit Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Ivan Janssens
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
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10
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Wilhelm RC, Muñoz-Ucros J, Weikl F, Pritsch K, Goebel M, Buckley DH, Bauerle TL. The effects of mixed-species root zones on the resistance of soil bacteria and fungi to long-term experimental and natural reductions in soil moisture. Sci Total Environ 2023; 873:162266. [PMID: 36822431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixed forest stands tend to be more resistant to drought than species-specific stands partially due to complementarity in root ecology and physiology. We asked whether complementary differences in the drought resistance of soil microbiomes might contribute to this phenomenon. We experimented on the effects of reduced soil moisture on bacterial and fungal community composition in species-specific (single species) and mixed-species root zones of Norway spruce and European beech forests in a 5-year-old throughfall-exclusion experiment and across seasonal (spring-summer-fall) and latitudinal moisture gradients. Bacteria were most responsive to changes in soil moisture, especially members of Rhizobiales, while fungi were largely unaffected, including ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). Community resistance was higher in spruce relative to beech root zones, corresponding with the proportions of drought-favored (more in spruce) and drought-sensitive bacterial taxa (more in beech). The spruce soil microbiome also exhibited greater resistance to seasonal changes between spring (wettest) and fall (driest). Mixed-species root zones contained a hybrid of beech- and spruce-associated microbiomes. Several bacterial populations exhibited either enhanced resistance or greater susceptibility to drought in mixed root zones. Overall, patterns in the relative abundances of soil bacteria closely tracked moisture in seasonal and latitudinal precipitation gradients and were more predictive of soil water content than other environmental variables. We conclude that complementary differences in the drought resistance of soil microbiomes can occur and the likeliest form of complementarity in mixed-root zones coincides with the enrichment of drought-tolerant bacteria associated with spruce and the sustenance of EMF by beech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland C Wilhelm
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Agronomy Department, Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47904, USA
| | - Juana Muñoz-Ucros
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Weikl
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Professorship of Land Surface Atmosphere Interactions, Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marc Goebel
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Buckley
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Taryn L Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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11
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Hesse BD, Gebhardt T, Hafner BD, Hikino K, Reitsam A, Gigl M, Dawid C, Häberle KH, Grams TEE. Physiological recovery of tree water relations upon drought release-response of mature beech and spruce after five years of recurrent summer drought. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:522-538. [PMID: 36413114 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As climate change progresses, the frequency and duration of drought stress events are increasing. While the mechanisms of drought acclimation of trees has received considerable attention in recent years, the recovery processes remain critically understudied. We used a unique throughfall exclusion experiment in a mature temperate mixed forest consisting of the more isohydric Norway spruce and more anisohydric European beech, to study the recovery and resilience after drought release. We hypothesized that pre-dawn water potential (ΨPD) of both species will increase within 1 day after watering, while the recovery of stomatal conductance (gs) and the reversal of osmoregulation will be significantly delayed in the more isohydric spruce. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the xylem sap flow density (udaily) will not fully recover within the growing season due to the strong drought impact. After 5 years of summer drought, trees showed significantly reduced ΨPD, udaily and increased osmoregulation in leaves, but only isohydric spruce displayed increased leaf abscisic acid concentrations. In line with our hypothesis, ΨPD and gs recovered within 1 day in beech. Conversely, isohydric spruce showed delayed increases in ΨPD and gs. The delay in recovery of spruce was partially related to the replenishment of the stem water reservoir, as indicated by the missing response of udaily at the crown base compared with DBH level upon watering. However, udaily fully recovered only in the next growing season for beech and was still reduced in spruce. Nevertheless, in both species, osmotic acclimations of leaves were reversed within several weeks. While both species displayed full resilience to drought stress in water-related physiology, the recovery time was in several cases, e.g., udaily, ΨPD and gs, shorter for beech than for spruce. With future increases in the frequency of drought events under ongoing climate change, tree species that recover more quickly will be favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hesse
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Timo Gebhardt
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Forest and Agroforest Systems, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Hafner
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kyohsuke Hikino
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Anna Reitsam
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Michael Gigl
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Chair of Restoration Ecology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
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12
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Schmied G, Hilmers T, Mellert KH, Uhl E, Buness V, Ambs D, Steckel M, Biber P, Šeho M, Hoffmann YD, Pretzsch H. Nutrient regime modulates drought response patterns of three temperate tree species. Sci Total Environ 2023; 868:161601. [PMID: 36646222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of global change, the intensity, duration, and frequency of droughts are projected to increase and threaten forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree responses to drought are complex and likely to vary among species, drought characteristics, and site conditions. Here, we examined the drought response patterns of three major temperate tree species, s. fir (Abies alba), E. beech (Fagus sylvatica), and N. spruce (Picea abies), along an ecological gradient in the South - Central - East part of Germany that included a total of 37 sites with varying climatic and soil conditions. We relied on annual tree-ring data to assess the influence of different drought characteristics and (micro-) site conditions on components of tree resilience and to detect associated temporal changes. Our study revealed that nutrient regime, drought frequency, and hydraulic conditions in the previous and subsequent years were the main determinants of drought responses, with pronounced differences among species. Specifically, we found that (a) higher drought frequency was associated with higher resistance and resilience for N. spruce and E. beech; (b) more favorable climatic conditions in the two preceding and following years increased drought resilience and determined recovery potential of E. beech after extreme drought; (c) a site's nutrient regime, rather than micro-site differences in water availability, determined drought responses, with trees growing on sites with a balanced nutrient regime having a higher capacity to withstand extreme drought stress; (d) E. beech and N. spruce experienced a long-term decline in resilience. Our results indicate that trees under extreme drought stress benefit from a balanced nutrient supply and highlight the relevance of water availability immediately after droughts. Observed long-term trends confirm that N. spruce is suffering from persistent climatic changes, while s. fir is coping better. These findings might be especially relevant for monitoring, scenario analyses, and forest ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schmied
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Torben Hilmers
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Mellert
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Enno Uhl
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vincent Buness
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Ambs
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mathias Steckel
- Forst Baden-Württemberg (AöR), State Forest Enterprise Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Peter Biber
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Muhidin Šeho
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Yves-Daniel Hoffmann
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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13
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Šilhán K, Balek J, Hartvich F, Klimeš J, Blahůt J, Hampel F. Anatomical growth response of Fagus sylvatica L. to landslide movements. Sci Total Environ 2023; 867:161554. [PMID: 36640874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Determining the age of landslide events is crucial for determining landslide risk, triggers, and also for predicting future landslide occurrence. Currently, the most accurate method for dating historical landslide events is dendrogeomorphic analysis. Unfortunately, the standard use of macroscopic growth responses of damaged trees for dating landslide activity suffers from many shortcomings. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze in detail the growth response of trees to landslide movements at the anatomical level, a completely groundbreaking methodological approach. Ten specimens of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were analyzed at two sampling heights, growing in two morphologically contrasting zones of the landslide area. Detailed anatomical analysis was focused on changes in morphometric parameters of the vessels and in the number of radial rays. The period (2008-2012) with the occurrence of the largest landslide movement (2010) recorded by long-term monitoring was analyzed. The results obtained revealed different anatomical responses in trees growing in different morphological zones of landslide. The tree responses on the ridge corresponded to the manifestations of tension wood formation, which corresponded to the stem tilting due to the landslide block movement. In the case of the trees in the trenches, root damage due to the subsidence of the landslide block blocked the flux of phytohormones, and their accumulation caused a significant reduction in the parameters of vessels and an increase in the number of rays. The study also includes recommendations in the future application of anatomical analyses in landslide research resulting from the obtained results. Thus, the obtained findings will improve the acquisition of chronological data for the purpose of landslide risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Šilhán
- Department of Physical geography and geoecology, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Balek
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Hartvich
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Klimeš
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Blahůt
- Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Hampel
- Department of Physical geography and geoecology, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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14
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Matevski D, Foltran E, Lamersdorf N, Schuldt A. Introduction of non-native Douglas fir reduces leaf damage on beech saplings and mature trees in European beech forests. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2786. [PMID: 36477972 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent ecological research suggests that, in general, mixtures are more resistant to insect herbivores and pathogens than monocultures. However, we know little about mixtures with non-native trees, where enemy release could lead to patterns that differ from commonly observed relationships among native species. This becomes particularly relevant when considering that adaptation strategies to climate change increasingly promote a larger share of non-native tree species, such as North American Douglas fir in Central Europe. We studied leaf damage on European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings and mature trees across a wide range of site conditions in monocultures and mixtures with phylogenetically distant conifers native Norway spruce (Picea abies) and non-native Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). We analyzed leaf herbivory and pathogen damage in relation to tree diversity and composition effects, as well as effects of environmental factors and plant characteristics. We observed lower sapling herbivory and tree sucking damage on beech in non-native Douglas fir mixtures than in beech monocultures, probably due to a lower herbivore diversity on Douglas fir trees, and higher pathogen damage on beech saplings in Norway spruce than Douglas fir mixtures, possibly because of higher canopy openness. Our findings suggest that for low diversity gradients, tree diversity effects on leaf damage can strongly depend on tree species composition, in addition to modifications caused by feeding guild and tree ontogeny. Moreover, we found that nutrient capacity modulated the effects of tree diversity, composition, and environmental factors, with different responses in sites with low or high nutrient capacity. The existence of contrasting diversity effects based on tree species composition provides important information on our understanding of the relationships between tree diversity and plant-herbivore interactions in light of non-native tree species introductions. Especially with recent Norway spruce die-off, the planting of Douglas fir as replacement is likely to strongly increase in Central Europe. Our findings suggest that mixtures with Douglas fir could benefit the survival or growth rates of beech saplings and mature trees due to lower leaf damage, emphasizing the need to clearly identify and compare the potential benefits and ecological trade-offs of non-native tree species in forest management under ongoing environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Matevski
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Estela Foltran
- Bordeaux-Sciences-Agro, INRAE, UMR ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Büsgen-Institute, Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Lamersdorf
- Büsgen-Institute, Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Kahmen A, Basler D, Hoch G, Link RM, Schuldt B, Zahnd C, Arend M. Root water uptake depth determines the hydraulic vulnerability of temperate European tree species during the extreme 2018 drought. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:1224-1239. [PMID: 36219537 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We took advantage of the European 2018 drought and assessed the mechanisms causing differences in drought vulnerability among mature individuals of nine co-occurring tree species at the Swiss Canopy Crane II site in Switzerland. Throughout the drought we monitored leaf water status and determined native embolism formation in the canopy of the trees as indicators of drought vulnerability. We also determined hydraulic vulnerability thresholds (Ψ12 -, Ψ50 - and Ψ88 -values), corresponding hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) and carbohydrate reserves for all species as well as total average leaf area per tree, and used stable isotopes to assess differences in root water uptake depth among the nine species as variables predicting differences in drought vulnerability among species. Marked differences in drought vulnerability were observed among the nine tree species. Six species maintained their water potentials above hydraulic thresholds, while three species, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus and Picea abies, were pushed beyond their hydraulic thresholds and showed loss of hydraulic conductivity in their canopies at the end of the drought. Embolism resistance thresholds and associated HSMs did not explain why the co-existing species differed in their drought vulnerability, neither did their degree of isohydry, nor their regulation of carbohydrate reserves. Instead, differences in structural-morphological traits, in particular root water uptake depth, were associated with the risk of reaching hydraulic vulnerability thresholds and embolism formation among the nine species. Our study shows that structural-morphological traits, such as root water uptake depth, determine how quickly different species approach hydraulic vulnerability thresholds during a drought event and can thus explain species differences in drought vulnerability among mature field-grown trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Basler
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - G Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R M Link
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Zahnd
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Arend
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Weithmann G, Schuldt B, Link RM, Heil D, Hoeber S, John H, Müller-Haubold H, Schüller LM, Schumann K, Leuschner C. Leaf trait modification in European beech trees in response to climatic and edaphic drought. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:1272-1286. [PMID: 34854183 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf morphological and physiological traits control the carbon and water relations of mature trees and are determinants of drought tolerance, but it is not well understood how they are modified in response to water deficits. We analysed five sun-canopy leaf traits (mean leaf size (LS), specific leaf area (SLA), Huber value (HV), water potential at turgor loss point (Ψtlp ) and foliar carbon isotope signature (δ13 C)) in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) across three precipitation gradients sampled in moist (2010), dry (2019) and very dry (2018) summers, and tested their response to short-term water deficits (climatic water balance (CWB) preceding sample collection) and long-term water availability (mean annual precipitation (MAP), plant-available soil water capacity (AWC) and neighbourhood competition). Across the 34 sites, LS varied seven-fold (3.9-27.0 cm2 ), SLA four-fold (77.1-306.9 cm²·g-1 ) and HV six-fold (1.0-6.65 cm2 ·m-2 ). In the 2018 dataset, LS showed a negative and HV a positive relationship to MAP, which contradicts relations found in multi-species samples. Average Ψtlp ranged from -1.90 to -2.62 MPa and decreased across the sites with decreasing CWB in the month prior to measurement, as well as with decreasing MAP and AWC in 2019. Studied leaf traits varied considerably between years, suggesting that mast fruiting and the severe 2018 drought caused the formation of smaller leaves. We conclude that sun-canopy leaf traits of European beech exhibit considerable plasticity in response to climatic and edaphic aridity, and that osmotic adjustment may be an important element in the drought response strategy of this anisohydric tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weithmann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R M Link
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Heil
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Hoeber
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H John
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Müller-Haubold
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - L-M Schüller
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Schumann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Frei ER, Gossner MM, Vitasse Y, Queloz V, Dubach V, Gessler A, Ginzler C, Hagedorn F, Meusburger K, Moor M, Samblás Vives E, Rigling A, Uitentuis I, von Arx G, Wohlgemuth T. European beech dieback after premature leaf senescence during the 2018 drought in northern Switzerland. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:1132-1145. [PMID: 36103113 PMCID: PMC10092601 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the particularly severe hot summer drought in 2018, widespread premature leaf senescence was observed in several broadleaved tree species in Central Europe, particularly in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). For beech, it is yet unknown whether the drought evoked a decline towards tree mortality or whether trees can recover in the longer term. In this study, we monitored crown dieback, tree mortality and secondary drought damage symptoms in 963 initially live beech trees that exhibited either premature or normal leaf senescence in 2018 in three regions in northern Switzerland from 2018 to 2021. We related the observed damage to multiple climate- and stand-related parameters. Cumulative tree mortality continuously increased up to 7.2% and 1.3% in 2021 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence in 2018, respectively. Mean crown dieback in surviving trees peaked at 29.2% in 2020 and 8.1% in 2019 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. Thereafter, trees showed first signs of recovery. Crown damage was more pronounced and recovery was slower for trees that showed premature leaf senescence in 2018, for trees growing on drier sites, and for larger trees. The presence of bleeding cankers peaked at 24.6% in 2019 and 10.7% in 2020 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. The presence of bark beetle holes peaked at 22.8% and 14.8% in 2021 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. Both secondary damage symptoms occurred more frequently in trees that had higher proportions of crown dieback and/or showed premature senescence in 2018. Our findings demonstrate context-specific differences in beech mortality and recovery reflecting the importance of regional and local climate and soil conditions. Adapting management to increase forest resilience is gaining importance, given the expected further beech decline on dry sites in northern Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Frei
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFDavos DorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Climate Change and Extremes in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERCDavos DorfSwitzerland
| | - M. M. Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Y. Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - V. Queloz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - V. Dubach
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - A. Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - C. Ginzler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - F. Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - K. Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - M. Moor
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - E. Samblás Vives
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)Cerdanyola del VallesSpain
| | - A. Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - I. Uitentuis
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - G. von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - T. Wohlgemuth
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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18
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Wang H, Lin S, Dai J, Ge Q. Modeling the effect of adaptation to future climate change on spring phenological trend of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Sci Total Environ 2022; 846:157540. [PMID: 35878847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperate trees could cope with climate change through phenotypic plasticity of phenological key events or adaptation in situ via selection on genetic variation. However, the relative contribution of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to phenological change is unclear for many ecologically important tree species. Here, we analyzed the leaf-out data of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from 50 provenances planted in 7 trial sites. We first constructed a function between chilling accumulation (CA) and photoperiod-associated heat requirement (PHR) of leaf-out date for each provenance and quantified the relationship between parameters of the CA-PHR function and climatic variables at provenance origins by using the random forest model. Furthermore, we used the provenance-specific CA-PHR function to simulate future leaf-out dates under two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and two assumptions (no adaptation and adaptation). The results showed that both CA, provenance, and their interactions affected the PHR of leaf-out. The provenances from southeastern Europe exhibited a stronger response of PHR to CA and thus flushed earlier than northwestern provenances. The parameters of the CA-PHR function were connected with climatic variables (e.g., mean diurnal temperature range, temperature seasonality) at the originating sites of each provenance. If only considering the phenotypic plasticity, the leaf-out date of European beech in 2070-2099 will advance by 6.8 and 9.0 days on average relative to 1951-2020 under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. However, if F. sylvatica adapts to future climate change by adopting the current strategy, the advance of the leaf-out date will weaken by 1.4 and 3.4 days under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. Our results suggest that the European beech could slow down its spring phenological advances and reduce its spring frost risk if it adopts the current strategy to adapt to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shaozhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quansheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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19
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Weithmann G, Paligi SS, Schuldt B, Leuschner C. Branch xylem vascular adjustments in European beech in response to decreasing water availability across a precipitation gradient. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:2224-2238. [PMID: 35861677 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crucial for the climate adaptation of trees is a xylem anatomical structure capable of adjusting to changing water regimes. Although species comparisons across climate zones have demonstrated anatomical change in response to altered water availability and tree height, less is known about the adaptability of tree vascular systems to increasing water deficits at the intraspecific level. Information on the between-population and within-population variability of xylem traits helps assessing a species' ability to cope with climate change. We investigated the variability of wood anatomical and related hydraulic traits in terminal branches of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees across a precipitation gradient (520-890 mm year-1) and examined the influence of climatic water balance (CWB), soil water capacity (AWC), neighborhood competition (CI), tree height and branch age on these traits. Furthermore, the relationship between xylem anatomical traits and embolism resistance (P50) was tested. Within-population trait variation was larger than between-population variation. Vessel diameter, lumen-to-sapwood area ratio and potential conductivity of terminal branches decreased with decreasing CWB, but these traits were not affected by AWC, whereas vessel density increased with an AWC decrease. In contrast, none of the studied anatomical traits were influenced by variation in tree height (21-34 m) or CI. Branch age was highly variable (2-22 years) despite equal diameter and position in the flow path, suggesting different growth trajectories in the past. Vessel diameter decreased, and vessel density increased, with increasing branch age, reflecting negative annual radial growth trends. Although vessel diameter was not related to P50, vessel grouping index and lumen-to-sapwood area ratio showed a weak, though highly significant, positive relationship to P50. We conclude that the xylem anatomy of terminal tree-top branches in European beech is modified in response to increasing climatic aridity and/or decreasing soil water availability, independent of a tree height effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Weithmann
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sharath Shyamappa Paligi
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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20
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Didion‐Gency M, Gessler A, Buchmann N, Gisler J, Schaub M, Grossiord C. Impact of warmer and drier conditions on tree photosynthetic properties and the role of species interactions. New Phytol 2022; 236:547-560. [PMID: 35842790 PMCID: PMC9804646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased temperature and prolonged soil moisture reduction have distinct impacts on tree photosynthetic properties. Yet, our knowledge of their combined effect is limited. Moreover, how species interactions alter photosynthetic responses to warming and drought remains unclear. Using mesocosms, we studied how photosynthetic properties of European beech and downy oak were impacted by multi-year warming and soil moisture reduction alone or combined, and how species interactions (intra- vs inter-specific interactions) modulated these effects. Warming of +5°C enhanced photosynthetic properties in oak but not beech, while moisture reduction decreased them in both species. Combined warming and moisture reduction reduced photosynthetic properties for both species, but no exacerbated effects were observed. Oak was less impacted by combined warming and limited moisture when interacting with beech than in intra-specific stands. For beech, species interactions had no impact on the photosynthetic responses to warming and moisture reduction, alone or combined. Warming had either no or beneficial effects on the photosynthetic properties, while moisture reduction and their combined effects strongly reduced photosynthetic responses. However, inter-specific interactions mitigated the adverse impacts of combined warming and drought in oak, thereby highlighting the need to deepen our understanding of the role of species interactions under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion‐Gency
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Gisler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringEPFLCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
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21
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Vicente E, Didion-Gency M, Morcillo L, Morin X, Vilagrosa A, Grossiord C. Aridity and cold temperatures drive divergent adjustments of European beech xylem anatomy, hydraulics and leaf physiological traits. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:1720-1735. [PMID: 35285500 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding plant trait coordination and variance across climatic gradients is critical for assessing forests' adaptive potential to climate change. We measured 11 hydraulic, anatomical and leaf-level physiological traits in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along a moisture and temperature gradient in the French Alps. We assessed how traits covaried, and how their population-level variances shifted along the gradient. The intrapopulation variances of vessel size and xylem-specific conductivity reduced in colder locations as narrow vessels were observed in response to low temperature. This decreased individual-level water transport capacity compared with the warmer and more xeric sites. Conversely, the maximum stomatal conductance and Huber value variances were constrained in the arid and warm locations, where trees showed restricted gas exchange and higher xylem-specific conductivity. The populations growing under drier and warmer conditions presented wide variance for the xylem anatomical and hydraulic traits. Our results suggest that short-term physiological acclimation to raising aridity and heat in southern beech populations may occur mainly at the leaf level. Furthermore, the wide variance of the xylem anatomical and hydraulic traits at these sites may be advantageous since more heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity could imply populations' greater tree-tree complementarity and resilience against climatic variability. Our study highlights that both intrapopulation trait variance and trait network analysis are key approaches for understanding species adaptation and the acclimation potential to a shifting environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vicente
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, IMEM Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante 03080, Spain
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante 03080, Spain
| | - Margaux Didion-Gency
- Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Luna Morcillo
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante 03080, Spain
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE UMR 5175 (CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34293, France
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, Alicante 03080, Spain
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, PO box 96, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, PO box 96, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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22
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Teglia A, Di Baccio D, Matteucci G, Scartazza A, De Cinti B, Mazzenga F, Ravaioli D, Muzzi E, Marcolini G, Magnani F. Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on the nutritional and physiological status of beech forests at two climatic contrasting sites in Italy. Sci Total Environ 2022; 834:155362. [PMID: 35460784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have resulted in a significant increase of reactive nitrogen (N) compounds in the atmosphere and a rise in N deposition on forest ecosystems. Increasing N loads impact forest productivity and health, altering tree physiological status and nutrient balance with possible beneficial and detrimental consequences. The impact of N deposition has received considerable attention by scientific research, covering medium and high latitudes, while experimental studies in the Mediterranean area are almost absent. The present study used a manipulative approach, through replicated N additions (background deposition, 30, 60 kg N ha-1yr-1) to simulate the cumulative effects of N deposition in two beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) forests located in contrasting climatic regions of Italy. Leaf nutrients and photosynthetic pigments were tested as monitoring indicators after four years of N fertilization. Foliar N and pigment concentrations indicated not limiting N conditions at both forest sites, although changes in chlorophylls and carotenoids showed an early response of the canopy to N additions. N-to-phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) ratios increased under elevated N fertilization, which could be partly related to the relative enhancement of foliar N concentration, and partly associated with the reduction of foliar P and S. The two eutrophic beech forests monitored were not severely affected by chronic N addition, not showing critical nutritional and physiological impairments over the short to medium period. However, the modifications in leaf nutrient and pigment compositions showed an incipient stress response and accentuated the differences induced by climatic and soil characteristics at the two sites. The potential use of nutrients and photosynthetic pigments in monitoring forest N deposition under contrasting climatic conditions and the eventual limits of manipulative experiments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Teglia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Di Baccio
- National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruno De Cinti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET), Via Salaria km 29,300, Montelibretti, RM, Italy
| | - Francesco Mazzenga
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome
| | - Dario Ravaioli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Muzzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy
| | - Graziella Marcolini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Magnani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Arend M, Link RM, Zahnd C, Hoch G, Schuldt B, Kahmen A. Lack of hydraulic recovery as a cause of post-drought foliage reduction and canopy decline in European beech. New Phytol 2022; 234:1195-1205. [PMID: 35238410 PMCID: PMC9310744 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
European beech (Fagus sylvatica) was among the most affected tree species during the severe 2018 European drought. It not only suffered from instant physiological stress but also showed severe symptoms of defoliation and canopy decline in the following year. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we used the Swiss-Canopy-Crane II site and studied in branches of healthy and symptomatic trees the repair of hydraulic function and concentration of carbohydrates during the 2018 drought and in 2019. We found loss of hydraulic conductance in 2018, which did not recover in 2019 in trees that developed defoliation symptoms in the year after drought. Reduced branch foliation in symptomatic trees was associated with a gradual decline in wood starch concentration throughout summer 2019. Visualization of water transport in healthy and symptomatic branches in the year after the drought confirmed the close relationship between xylem functionality and supported branch leaf area. Our findings showed that embolized xylem does not regain function in the season following a drought and that sustained branch hydraulic dysfunction is counterbalanced by the reduction in supported leaf area. It suggests acclimation of leaf development after drought to mitigate disturbances in canopy hydraulic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Arend
- Physiological Plant EcologyUniversity of Basel4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Roman Mathias Link
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation EcologyUniversität Würzburg97082WürzburgGermany
| | - Cedric Zahnd
- Physiological Plant EcologyUniversity of Basel4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Günter Hoch
- Physiological Plant EcologyUniversity of Basel4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation EcologyUniversität Würzburg97082WürzburgGermany
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Physiological Plant EcologyUniversity of Basel4056BaselSwitzerland
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24
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Serrano-León H, Nitschke R, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Forrester DI. Intra-specific leaf trait variability of F. sylvatica, Q. petraea and P. abies in response to inter-specific competition and implications for forest functioning. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:253-272. [PMID: 34409447 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Variability in functional traits (FT) is increasingly used to understand the mechanisms behind tree species interactions and ecosystem functioning. In order to explore how FT differ due to interactions between tree species and its influence on stand productivity and other ecological processes, we examined the effects of tree species composition on the intra-specific variability of four widely measured FT: specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content, leaf angle and stomatal conductance response to vapor pressure deficit. This study focused on three major central European tree species: European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karst.). Each species was examined in monoculture and two-species mixtures in the 13-year-old tree biodiversity experiment BIOTREE-Kaltenborn. Trait distributions and linear mixed models were used to analyze the effect of species mixing, tree size and stand variables on the intra-specific FT variability. A significant effect of branch height on most traits and species indicated a vertical gradient of foliar trait frequently related to light availability. Beech and oak showed a high overall trait variability and sensitivity to species mixing and stand basal area, while the trait variability of spruce was limited. Greater shifts in trait distributions due to mixing were found in specific leaf area for oak and leaf nitrogen content for beech. Thus intra-specific variability of key leaf traits was already influenced at this young development stage by inter-specific interactions. Finally, we used the 3-PG (Physiological Processes Predicting Growth) process-based forest growth model to show that the measured intra-specific variability on single FT values could influence stand productivity, light absorption and transpiration, although the net effect depends on the considered trait and the species composition of the mixture. The results of this study will aid better understanding of the effects of inter-specific competition on intra-specific FT variability, which has implications for the parameterization of process-based forest growth models and our understanding of ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Serrano-León
- Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany
| | - Renate Nitschke
- Chair of Silviculture, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg im Breisgau 79104, Germany
| | - David I Forrester
- Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of Lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases is increasing in Europe and North America. There is currently much interest in identifying the ecological factors that determine the density of infected ticks as this variable determines the risk of Lyme borreliosis to vertebrate hosts, including humans. Lyme borreliosis is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and in western Europe, the hard tick Ixodes ricinus is the most important vector. METHODS Over a 15-year period (2004-2018), we monitored the monthly abundance of I. ricinus ticks (nymphs and adults) and their B. burgdorferi s.l. infection status at four different elevations on a mountain in western Switzerland. We collected climate variables in the field and from nearby weather stations. We obtained data on beech tree seed production (masting) from the literature, as the abundance of Ixodes nymphs can increase dramatically 2 years after a masting event. We used generalized linear mixed effects models and AIC-based model selection to identify the ecological factors that influence inter-annual variation in the nymphal infection prevalence (NIP) and the density of infected nymphs (DIN). RESULTS We found that the NIP decreased by 78% over the study period. Inter-annual variation in the NIP was explained by the mean precipitation in the present year, and the duration that the DNA extraction was stored in the freezer prior to pathogen detection. The DIN decreased over the study period at all four elevation sites, and the decrease was significant at the top elevation. Inter-annual variation in the DIN was best explained by elevation site, year, beech tree masting index 2 years prior and the mean relative humidity in the present year. This is the first study in Europe to demonstrate that seed production by deciduous trees influences the density of nymphs infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. and hence the risk of Lyme borreliosis. CONCLUSIONS Public health officials in Europe should be aware that masting by deciduous trees is an important predictor of the risk of Lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bregnard
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Rais
- Laboratory of Ecology and Epidemiology of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maarten Jeroen Voordouw
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Parasites, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Grabska E, Socha J. Evaluating the effect of stand properties and site conditions on the forest reflectance from Sentinel-2 time series. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248459. [PMID: 33720961 PMCID: PMC7959393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest stand reflectance at the canopy level results from various factors, such as vegetation chemical properties, leaf morphology, canopy structure, and tree sizes. These factors are dependent on the species, age, and health statuses of trees, as well as the site conditions. Sentinel-2 imagery with the high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution, has enabled analysis of the relationships between vegetation properties and their spectral responses at large spatial scales. A comprehensive study of these relationships is needed to understand the drivers of vegetation spectral patterns and is essential from the point of view of remote sensing data interpretation. Our study aimed to quantify the site and forest parameters affecting forest stands reflectance. The analysis was conducted for common beech-, silver fir- and Scots pine-dominated stands in a mountainous area of the Polish Carpathians. The effect of stands and site properties on reflectance in different parts of the growing season was captured using the dense time series provided by Sentinel-2 from 2018-2019. The results indicate that the reflectance of common beech stands is mainly influenced by elevation, particularly during spring and autumn. Other factors influencing beech stand reflectance include the share of the broadleaved understory, aspect, and, during summer, the age of stands. The reflectance of coniferous species, i.e., Scots pine and silver fir, is mainly influenced by the age and stand properties, namely the crown closure and stand density. The age is a primary driver for silver fir stands reflectance changes, while the stand properties have a large impact on Scots pine stands reflectance. Also, the understory influences Scots pine stands reflectance, while there appears to be no impact on silver fir stands. The influence of the abovementioned factors is highly diverse, depending on the used band and time of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Grabska
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Socha
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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Cuervo-Alarcon L, Arend M, Müller M, Sperisen C, Finkeldey R, Krutovsky KV. A candidate gene association analysis identifies SNPs potentially involved in drought tolerance in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:2386. [PMID: 33504857 PMCID: PMC7840767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of genetic variation underlying traits related to drought tolerance in forest trees are of great importance for understanding their adaptive potential under a climate change scenario. In this study, using a candidate gene approach, associations between SNPs and drought related traits were assessed in saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) representing trees growing along steep precipitation gradients. The saplings were subjected to experimentally controlled drought treatments. Response of the saplings was assessed by the evaluation of stem diameter growth (SDG) and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters FV/FM, PIabs, and PItot. The evaluation showed that saplings from xeric sites were less affected by the drought treatment. Five SNPs (7.14%) in three candidate genes were significantly associated with the evaluated traits; saplings with particular genotypes at these SNPs showed better performance under the drought treatment. The SNPs were located in the cytosolic class I small heat-shock protein, CTR/DRE binding transcription factor, and isocitrate dehydrogenase genes and explained 5.8-13.4% of the phenotypic variance. These findings provide insight into the genetic basis of traits related to drought tolerance in European beech and could support the development of forest conservation management strategies under future climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cuervo-Alarcon
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Arend
- Physiological Plant Ecology, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Sperisen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Finkeldey
- University of Kassel, Mönchebergstrasse 19, 34109, Kassel, Germany
| | - Konstantin V Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkina Str., Moscow, Russia, 119333.
- Laboratory of Foresty Genomics, Genome Research and Education Center, Siberian Federal University, 50a/2 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 660036.
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, 2138 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2138, USA.
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Dagtekin D, Şahan EA, Denk T, Köse N, Dalfes HN. Past, present and future distributions of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) under climate change projections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242280. [PMID: 33201911 PMCID: PMC7671530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Species distribution models can help predicting range shifts under climate change. The aim of this study is to investigate the late Quaternary distribution of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) and to project future distribution ranges under different climate change scenarios using a combined palaeobotanical, phylogeographic, and modelling approach. Five species distribution modelling algorithms under the R-package `biomod2`were applied to occurrence data of Fagus orientalis to predict distributions under present, past (Last Glacial Maximum, 21 ka, Mid-Holocene, 6 ka), and future climatic conditions with different scenarios obtained from MIROC-ESM and CCSM4 global climate models. Distribution models were compared to palaeobotanical and phylogeographic evidence. Pollen data indicate northern Turkey and the western Caucasus as refugia for Oriental beech during the Last Glacial Maximum. Although pollen records are missing, molecular data point to Last Glacial Maximum refugia in northern Iran. For the mid-Holocene, pollen data support the presence of beech in the study region. Species distribution models predicted present and Last Glacial Maximum distribution of Fagus orientalis moderately well yet underestimated mid-Holocene ranges. Future projections under various climate scenarios indicate northern Iran and the Caucasus region as major refugia for Oriental beech. Combining palaeobotanical, phylogeographic and modelling approaches is useful when making projections about distributions of plants. Palaeobotanical and molecular evidence reject some of the model projections. Nevertheless, the projected range reduction in the Caucasus region and northern Iran highlights their importance as long-term refugia, possibly related to higher humidity, stronger environmental and climatic heterogeneity and strong vertical zonation of the forest vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilsad Dagtekin
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Evrim A. Şahan
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Thomas Denk
- Department of Paleobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nesibe Köse
- Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H. Nüzhet Dalfes
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Schreel JDM, Leroux O, Goossens W, Brodersen C, Rubinstein A, Steppe K. Identifying the pathways for foliar water uptake in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): a major role for trichomes. Plant J 2020; 103:769-780. [PMID: 32279362 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Foliar water uptake (FWU), the direct uptake of water into leaves, is a global phenomenon, having been observed in an increasing number of plant species. Despite the growing recognition of its functional relevance, our understanding of how FWU occurs and which foliar surface structures are implicated, is limited. In the present study, fluorescent and ionic tracers, as well as microcomputed tomography, were used to assess potential pathways for water entry in leaves of beech, a widely distributed tree species from European temperate regions. Although none of the tracers entered the leaf through the stomatal pores, small amounts of silver precipitation were observed in some epidermal cells, indicating moderate cuticular uptake. Trichomes, however, were shown to absorb and redistribute considerable amounts of ionic and fluorescent tracers. Moreover, microcomputed tomography indicated that 72% of empty trichomes refilled during leaf surface wetting and microscopic investigations revealed that trichomes do not have a cuticle but are covered with a pectin-rich cell wall layer. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that foliar trichomes, which exhibit strong hygroscopic properties as a result of their structural and chemical design, constitute a major FWU pathway in beech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D M Schreel
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Leroux
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willem Goossens
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Adriana Rubinstein
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Bogdziewicz M, Kelly D, Thomas PA, Lageard JGA, Hacket-Pain A. Climate warming disrupts mast seeding and its fitness benefits in European beech. Nat Plants 2020; 6:88-94. [PMID: 32042155 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many plants benefit from synchronous year-to-year variation in seed production, called masting. Masting benefits plants because it increases the efficiency of pollination and satiates predators, which reduces seed loss. Here, using a 39-year-long dataset, we show that climate warming over recent decades has increased seed production of European beech but decreased the year-to-year variability of seed production and the reproductive synchrony among individuals. Consequently, the benefit that the plants gained from masting has declined. While climate warming was associated with increased reproductive effort, we demonstrate that less effective pollination and greater losses of seeds to predators offset any benefits to the plants. This shows that an apparently simple benefit of climate warming unravels because of complex ecological interactions. Our results indicate that in masting systems, the main beneficiaries of climate-driven increases in seed production are seed predators, not plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Dave Kelly
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter A Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Jonathan G A Lageard
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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31
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Carrière SD, Martin-StPaul NK, Cakpo CB, Patris N, Gillon M, Chalikakis K, Doussan C, Olioso A, Babic M, Jouineau A, Simioni G, Davi H. The role of deep vadose zone water in tree transpiration during drought periods in karst settings - Insights from isotopic tracing and leaf water potential. Sci Total Environ 2020; 699:134332. [PMID: 31629315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Karst environments are unusual because their dry, stony and shallow soils seem to be unfavorable to vegetation, and yet they are often covered with forests. How can trees survive in these environments? Where do they find the water that allows them to survive? This study uses midday and predawn water potentials and xylem water isotopes of branches to assess tree water status and the origin of transpired water. Monitoring was conducted during the summers of 2014 and 2015 in two dissimilar plots of Mediterranean forest located in karst environments. The results show that the three monitored tree species (Abies alba Mill, Fagus sylvatica L, and Quercus ilex L.) use deep water resources present in the karst vadose zone (unsaturated zone) more intensively during drier years. Quercus ilex, a species well- adapted to water stress, which grows at the drier site, uses the deep water resource very early in the summer season. Conversely, the two other species exploit the deep water resource only during severe drought. These results open up new perspectives to a better understanding of ecohydrological equilibrium and to improved water balance modeling in karst forest settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Damien Carrière
- INRA, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France.
| | - Nicolas K Martin-StPaul
- INRA, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Coffi Belmys Cakpo
- INRA, PSH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Nicolas Patris
- IRD, Hydroscience Montpellier, 300 Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Gillon
- UAPV, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239 84911 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Claude Doussan
- INRA, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Albert Olioso
- INRA, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Milanka Babic
- UAPV, UMR 1114 EMMAH, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239 84911 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Jouineau
- INRA, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Guillaume Simioni
- INRA, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
| | - Hendrik Davi
- INRA, URFM, Domaine Saint Paul, INRA Centre de recherche PACA, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40509, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, France
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D'Andrea E, Rezaie N, Battistelli A, Gavrichkova O, Kuhlmann I, Matteucci G, Moscatello S, Proietti S, Scartazza A, Trumbore S, Muhr J. Winter's bite: beech trees survive complete defoliation due to spring late-frost damage by mobilizing old C reserves. New Phytol 2019; 224:625-631. [PMID: 31282591 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Late frost can destroy the photosynthetic apparatus of trees. We hypothesized that this can alter the normal cyclic dynamics of C-reserves in the wood. We measured soluble sugar concentrations and radiocarbon signatures (Δ14 C) of soluble nonstructural carbon (NSC) in woody tissues sampled from a Mediterranean beech forest that was completely defoliated by an exceptional late frost in 2016. We used the bomb radiocarbon approach to estimate the time elapsed since fixation of mobilized soluble sugars. During the leafless period after the frost event, soluble sugar concentrations declined sharply while Δ14 C of NSC increased. This can be explained by the lack of fresh assimilate supply and a mobilization of C from reserve pools. Soluble NSC became increasingly older during the leafless period, with a maximum average age of 5 yr from samples collected 27 d before canopy recovery. Following leaf re-growth, soluble sugar concentrations increased and Δ14 C of soluble NSC decreased, indicating the allocation of new assimilates to the stem soluble sugars pool. These data highlight that beech trees rapidly mobilize reserve C to survive strong source-sink imbalances, for example due to late frost, and show that NSC is a key trait for tree resilience under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Negar Rezaie
- CNR-ISAFOM, via Patacca 2, 80056, Ercolano, Italy
| | | | - Olga Gavrichkova
- CNR-IRET, via Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, Italy
- Agro-Technology Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iris Kuhlmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan Trumbore
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Chuste PA, Massonnet C, Gérant D, Zeller B, Levillain J, Hossann C, Angeli N, Wortemann R, Bréda N, Maillard P. Short-term nitrogen dynamics are impacted by defoliation and drought in Fagus sylvatica L. branches. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:792-804. [PMID: 30770714 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The predicted recurrence of adverse climatic events such as droughts, which disrupt nutrient accessibility for trees, could jeopardize the nitrogen (N) metabolism in forest trees. Internal tree N cycling capacities are crucial to ensuring tree survival but how the N metabolism of forest trees responds to intense, repeated environmental stress is not well known. For 2 years, we submitted 9-year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees to either a moderate or a severe prolonged drought or a yearly removal of 75% of the foliage to induce internal N cycling changes. During the second year of stress, in spring and summer, we sprayed 15N-urea on the leaves (one branch per tree). Then, for 14 days, we traced the 15N dynamics through the leaves, into foliar proteins and into the branch compartments (leaves and stems segments), as well as its long-distance transfer from the labeled branches to the tree apical twigs. Defoliation caused a short- and mid-term N increase in the leaves, which remained the main sink for N. Whatever the treatment and the date, most of the leaf 15N stayed in the leaves and was invested in soluble proteins (60-68% of total leaf N). 15N stayed more in the proximal part of the branch in response to drought compared with other treatments. The long-distance transport of N was maintained even under harsh drought, highlighting efficient internal N recycling in beech trees. Under extreme constraints creating an N and water imbalance, compensation mechanisms operated at the branch level in beech trees and allowed them (i) to maintain leaf N metabolism and protein synthesis and (ii) to ensure the seasonal short- and long-distance transfer of recycled leaf N even under drastic water shortage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Massonnet
- UMR 1434 SILVA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Champenoux, France
| | - Dominique Gérant
- UMR 1434 SILVA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Champenoux, France
| | - Berndt Zeller
- UR 1138, INRA, Description of the Biogeochemical Cycles in Forest Ecosystem, Champenoux, France
| | - Joseph Levillain
- UMR 1434 SILVA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Champenoux, France
| | - Christian Hossann
- UMR 1434 SILVA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Champenoux, France
| | - Nicolas Angeli
- UMR 1434 SILVA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Champenoux, France
| | - Rémi Wortemann
- UMR 1434 SILVA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Champenoux, France
| | - Nathalie Bréda
- UMR 1434 SILVA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Champenoux, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- UMR 1434 SILVA, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Champenoux, France
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Tomasella M, Nardini A, Hesse BD, Machlet A, Matyssek R, Häberle KH. Close to the edge: effects of repeated severe drought on stem hydraulics and non-structural carbohydrates in European beech saplings. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:717-728. [PMID: 30668841 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought events threaten tree water transport system, productivity and survival. Woody angiosperms generally die when embolism-induced loss of hydraulic conductance (PLC) surpasses 80-90% under intense water shortage. However, the recovery capability and possible long-term carry-over effects of repeated drought events could dictate the fate of species' population under climate change scenarios. Potted saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were subjected to two drought cycles in two consecutive growing seasons, aiming to induce minimum leaf water potentials (Ψmd) of about -4 MPa, corresponding to hydraulic thresholds for survival of this species. In the first cycle, a well-irrigated (C) and a drought-stressed group (S) were formed, and, in the following summer, each group was divided in a well-irrigated and a drought-stressed one (four groups in total). The impact of the multiple drought events was assessed by measuring wood anatomical traits, biomass production, water relations, stem hydraulics and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content. We also investigated possible connections between stem hydraulics and carbon dynamics during the second drought event and following re-irrigation. S plants had lower Ψmd and maximum specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) than C plants in the following growing season. Additionally, aboveground biomass production and leaf number were lower compared to C trees, resulting in lower water consumption. However, PLC was similar between groups, probably due to the production of new functional xylem in spring. The second drought event induced 85% PLC and promoted conversion of starch-to soluble sugars. Nevertheless, 1 week after re-irrigation, no embolism repair was observed and soluble sugars were reconverted to starch. The previous drought cycle did not influence the hydraulic performance during the second drought, and after re-irrigation S plants had 40% higher wood NSC content. Our data suggest that beech cannot recover from high embolism levels but multiple droughts might enhance stem NSC availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tomasella
- Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management-Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, Italy
| | - Benjamin D Hesse
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management-Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising, Germany
| | - Anna Machlet
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management-Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising, Germany
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management-Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management-Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising, Germany
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Michelot-Antalik A, Granda E, Fresneau C, Damesin C. Evidence of a seasonal trade-off between growth and starch storage in declining beeches: assessment through stem radial increment, non-structural carbohydrates and intra-ring δ13C. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:831-844. [PMID: 30824921 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest decline is reported in recent decades all over the world. However, developing a clear vision of the associated tree dysfunctioning is still a challenge for plant physiologists. In this study, our aim was to examine the seasonal carbon adjustments of beech trees in the case of a long-term drought-induced decline. We compared healthy and declining trees in terms of stem radial growth, phloem sugar content and δ13C, together with xylem carbohydrates and intra-ring δ13C patterns. The radial growth of declining trees was clearly reduced by lower growth rates and shorter growing season length (44 days compared with healthy trees). The soluble sugar content was higher in the xylem of declining trees compared with the healthy ones, but similar in the phloem except at the end of their growth. Declining trees increased their levels of xylem starch content from budburst until the date of maximal growth rate. These reserve dynamics revealed an early trade-off between radial growth and starch storage that might be the result of an active or passive process. For declining trees, the slight decrease of intra-ring cellulose δ13C pattern during the early growing season was attributed to the synthesis of 13C enriched starch. For healthy trees, δ13C patterns were characterized by a progressive 13C increase along the ring, attributed to increased water-use efficiency (WUE) in response to decreased water availability. Individual variations of the crown area were negatively correlated to the intra-ring δ13C amplitude, which was ascribed to variations in canopy WUE and resource competition for healthy trees and partly to variations in the amount of reserves accumulated during spring for declining ones. Our study highlights the carbon physiological adjustment of declining trees towards reducing spring growth while storing starch, which can be reflected in the individual intra-ring cellulose δ13C patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Michelot-Antalik
- Université de Lorraine, Inra, LAE, Nancy, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Elena Granda
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences - AGROTECNIO Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Chantal Fresneau
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Claire Damesin
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
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Fu YH, Piao S, Zhou X, Geng X, Hao F, Vitasse Y, Janssens IA. Short photoperiod reduces the temperature sensitivity of leaf-out in saplings of Fagus sylvatica but not in horse chestnut. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:1696-1703. [PMID: 30779408 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf phenology is one of the most reliable bioindicators of ongoing global warming in temperate and boreal zones because it is highly sensitive to temperature variation. A large number of studies have reported advanced spring leaf-out due to global warming, yet the temperature sensitivity of leaf-out has significantly decreased in temperate deciduous tree species over the past three decades. One of the possible mechanisms is that photoperiod is limiting further advance to protect the leaves against potential damaging frosts. However, the "photoperiod limitation" hypothesis remains poorly investigated and experimentally tested. Here, we conducted a photoperiod- and temperature-manipulation experiment in climate chambers on two common deciduous species in Europe: Fagus sylvatica (European beech, a typically late flushing species) and Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut, a typically early flushing species). In agreement with previous studies, we found that the warming significantly advanced the leaf-out dates by 4.3 and 3.7 days/°C for beech and horse chestnut saplings, respectively. However, shorter photoperiod significantly reduced the temperature sensitivity of beech only (3.0 days/°C) by substantially increasing the heat requirement to avoid leafing-out too early. Interestingly, the photoperiod limitation only occurs below a certain daylength (photoperiod threshold) when the warming increased above 4°C for beech trees. In contrast, for chestnut, no photoperiod threshold was found even when the ambient air temperature was warmed by 5°C. Given the species-specific photoperiod effect on leaf phenology, the sequence of the leaf-out timing among forest tree species may change under future climate warming conditions. Nonphotoperiodic species may benefit from warmer springs by starting the growing season earlier than photoperiodic sensitive species, modifying forest ecosystem structure and functions, but this photoperiod limitation needs to be further investigated experimentally in numerous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo H Fu
- College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuancheng Zhou
- College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Geng
- College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanghua Hao
- College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Primka EJ, Smith WK. Synchrony in fall leaf drop: chlorophyll degradation, color change, and abscission layer formation in three temperate deciduous tree species. Am J Bot 2019; 106:377-388. [PMID: 30883683 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Deciduous tree species remove some nutrients from their leaves during fall leaf senescence through retranslocation. Retranslocation impacts the timeline of leaf fall, amount of active chlorophyll, and overall leaf nitrogen content as fall color change occurs. Our objective was to identify interspecific differences in the timing of abscission layer formation, leaf color change, and the level of chlorophyll degradation of young trees during fall senescence. METHODS Leaf relative chlorophyll content for three tree species was measured during fall 2015 by a greenness meter. These measurements were calibrated for each species through spectrophotometric determination of leaf chlorophyll concentration. Abscission layer formation was tracked using light microscopy of sampled leaves. Excised leaves were photographed on a flat white surface to track species leaf color through time. KEY RESULTS All three species had different chlorophyll declination rates throughout the fall season. The maple species started with less chlorophyll and began abscission layer formation earlier. The other two species had a similar starting chlorophyll level and onset timing of abscission layer formation. Visible leaf color change was not associated with a threshold in either chlorophyll degradation or abscission layer formation across species. CONCLUSIONS Maple species degraded less chlorophyll on average, in the fall, than did the oak and beech species. The rate of chlorophyll degradation in coordination with abscission layer formation varied by species. Color change was not a good predictor of level of chlorophyll degradation in leaves across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Primka
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA
| | - William K Smith
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
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Losso A, Bär A, Dämon B, Dullin C, Ganthaler A, Petruzzellis F, Savi T, Tromba G, Nardini A, Mayr S, Beikircher B. Insights from in vivo micro-CT analysis: testing the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings. New Phytol 2019; 221:1831-1842. [PMID: 30347122 PMCID: PMC6492020 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The seedling stage is the most susceptible one during a tree's life. Water relations may be crucial for seedlings due to their small roots, limited water buffers and the effects of drought on water transport. Despite obvious relevance, studies on seedling xylem hydraulics are scarce as respective methodical approaches are limited. Micro-CT scans of intact Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings dehydrated to different water potentials (Ψ) allowed the simultaneous observation of gas-filled versus water-filled conduits and the calculation of percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) in stems, roots and leaves (petioles or main veins). Additionally, anatomical analyses were performed and stem PLC measured with hydraulic techniques. In A. pseudoplatanus, petioles showed a higher Ψ at 50% PLC (Ψ50 -1.13MPa) than stems (-2.51 MPa) and roots (-1.78 MPa). The main leaf veins of F. sylvatica had similar Ψ50 values (-2.26 MPa) to stems (-2.74 MPa) and roots (-2.75 MPa). In both species, no difference between root and stems was observed. Hydraulic measurements on stems closely matched the micro-CT based PLC calculations. Micro-CT analyses indicated a species-specific hydraulic architecture. Vulnerability segmentation, enabling a disconnection of the hydraulic pathway upon drought, was observed in A. pseudoplatanus but not in the especially shade-tolerant F. sylvatica. Hydraulic patterns could partly be related to xylem anatomical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Losso
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Andreas Bär
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Birgit Dämon
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Christian Dullin
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyUniversity Medical Center GoettingenRobert‐Koch‐Straße 40Göttingen37075Germany
- Max‐Plank‐Institute for Experimental MedicineHermann‐Rein‐Straße 3Göttingen37075Germany
- Elettra‐Sincrotrone TriesteArea Science ParkTriesteBasovizza34149Italy
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Department of Crop SciencesDivision of Viticulture and PomologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaKonrad Lorenzstrasse 24TullnA‐3430Austria
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra‐Sincrotrone TriesteArea Science ParkTriesteBasovizza34149Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwarterstrasse 15InnsbruckA‐6020Austria
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Coutand C, Adam B, Ploquin S, Moulia B. A method for the quantification of phototropic and gravitropic sensitivities of plants combining an original experimental device with model-assisted phenotyping: Exploratory test of the method on three hardwood tree species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209973. [PMID: 30682051 PMCID: PMC6347157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of inclination in the gravity field and perception of light direction are two important environmental signals implicated in the control of plant shape and habit. However, their quantitative study in light-grown plants remains a challenge. We present a novel method here to determine the sensitivities to gravitropism and phototropism. The method combines: (i) an original experimental device of isotropic light to disentangle gravitropic and phototropic plant responses; and (ii) model-assisted phenotyping using recent models of tropism perception—the AC model for gravitropism alone and the ArC model for gravitropism combined with phototropism. We first assessed the validity of the AC and ArC models on poplar, the classical species model for woody plants. We then tested the method on three woody species contrasted by their habit and tolerance to shade: poplar (Populus tremula*alba), oak (Quercus petraea) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). The method was found to be effective to quantitatively discriminate the tested species by their ratio of tropistic sensitivities. The method thus appears as an interesting tool to quantitatively determine tropistic sensitivities, a prerequisite for assessing the role of tropisms in the control of the variability of the habit and/or tolerance to shade of woody species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Adam
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Ploquin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Urban O, Hrstka M, Holub P, Veselá B, Večeřová K, Novotná K, Grace J, Klem K. Interactive effects of ultraviolet radiation and elevated CO 2 concentration on photosynthetic characteristics of European beech saplings during the vegetation season. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 134:20-30. [PMID: 30172459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that ultraviolet radiation (UV) modulates photosynthetic responses to elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) in plants, saplings of European beech were grown for two vegetation seasons under ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) atmospheric [CO2]. From April to November the saplings were exposed to (i) ambient UV radiation, (ii) excluded and (iii) enhanced UV (150% of ambient). Gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques were used throughout the second vegetation season together with biochemical analyses of the amount and activity of the Rubisco enzyme. We found support for the hypothesis that an impact of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis is substantially modulated by UV radiation. Moreover, we found that the [CO2] × UV interaction is changing along the vegetation season: an enhanced UV radiation stimulated a positive effect of elevated [CO2] on plant photosynthesis at the beginning of the vegetation season (short-term effect), whilst long-term cultivation reduced the stimulatory effect of elevated [CO2] (a clear down-regulation of photosynthesis). Down-regulation was, however, not found in plants grown under the conditions of excluded UV radiation. We found evidence that the down-regulation of photosynthesis is associated with a complex acclimation at different hierarchical and functional levels, including an acclimation of primary photochemical reactions, carboxylation activity of Rubisco enzyme, and stomatal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - M Hrstka
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova 118, CZ-61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Veselá
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Večeřová
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Novotná
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Grace
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, Crew Bldg, Kings Bldgs, Alexander Crum Brown Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - K Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Roulier M, Bueno M, Thiry Y, Coppin F, Redon PO, Le Hécho I, Pannier F. Iodine distribution and cycling in a beech (Fagus sylvatica) temperate forest. Sci Total Environ 2018; 645:431-440. [PMID: 30025242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radioiodine is of health concerns in case of nuclear events. Possible pathways and rates of flow are essential information for risk assessment. Forest ecosystems could influence the global cycle of long-lived radioiodine isotope (129I) with transfer processes similar to stable isotope (127I). Understanding iodine cycling in forest involves study of the ecosystem as a whole. In this context, we determined the 127I contents and distribution in soil, tree compartments and atmospheric inputs during a three years in situ monitoring of a temperate beech forest stand. The iodine cycle was first characterized in terms of stocks by measuring its concentrations in: tree, litterfall, humus, soil, rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and soil solutions. Main annual fluxes (requirement, uptake and internal transfers) and forest input-output budget were also estimated using conceptual model calculations. Our findings show that: (i) soil is the main I reservoir accounting for about 99.9% of ecosystem total stock; (ii) iodine uptake by tree represents a minor fraction of the available pool in soil (<0.2%); (iii) iodine allocation between tree compartments involves low immobilization in wood and restricted location in the roots; (iv) translocation of excess iodine towards senescing foliage appears as an elimination process for trees, and (v) litterfall is a major pathway in the I biological cycling. In our soil conditions, the input - output budget shows that the ecosystem behaves as a potential source of I for groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Roulier
- Institute of Radioecological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115 Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France; CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - Maïté Bueno
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Coppin
- Institute of Radioecological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115 Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Paul-Olivier Redon
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - Florence Pannier
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
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Mausolf K, Wilm P, Härdtle W, Jansen K, Schuldt B, Sturm K, von Oheimb G, Hertel D, Leuschner C, Fichtner A. Higher drought sensitivity of radial growth of European beech in managed than in unmanaged forests. Sci Total Environ 2018; 642:1201-1208. [PMID: 30045501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate extremes are predicted to become more frequent and intense in future. Thus, understanding how trees respond to adverse climatic conditions is crucial for evaluating possible future changes in forest ecosystem functioning. Although much information about climate effects on the growth of temperate trees has been collected in recent decades, our understanding of the influence of forest management legacies on climate-growth relationships is still limited. We used individual tree-ring chronologies from managed and unmanaged European beech forests, located in the same growth district (i.e. with almost identical climatic and soil conditions), to examine how forest management legacies (recently managed with selection cutting, >20 years unmanaged, >50 years unmanaged) influence the radial growth of Fagus sylvatica during fluctuating climatic conditions. On average, trees in managed stands had higher radial growth rate than trees in unmanaged stands during the last two decades a 50%. However, the beech trees in the unmanaged stands were less sensitive to drought than those in the managed stands. This effect was most pronounced in the forest with longest management abandonment (>50 years), indicating that the drought sensitivity of mature beech trees is in these forests the lower, the longer the period since forest management cessation is. Management-mediated modifications in crown size and thus water demand are one likely cause of the observed higher climate sensitivity of beech in the managed stands. Our results indicate a possible trade-off between radial growth rate and drought tolerance of beech. This suggests that reducing stem density for maximizing the radial growth of target trees, as is common practice in managed forests, can increase the trees' drought sensitivity. In the prospect of climate change, more information on the impact of forest management practices on the climate-growth relationships of trees is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mausolf
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Ecology, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Paul Wilm
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Ecology, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Ecology, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Ecology, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Knut Sturm
- Community Forest Lübeck, Alt Lauerhof 1, 23568 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Pienner Straße 7, 01737 Tharandt, Germany
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- University of Goettingen, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institute of Ecology, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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Watanabe M, Kamimaki Y, Mori M, Okabe S, Arakawa I, Kinose Y, Nakaba S, Izuta T. Mesophyll conductance to CO 2 in leaves of Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata) seedlings under elevated ozone. J Plant Res 2018; 131:907-914. [PMID: 30203164 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is an air pollutant that negatively affects photosynthesis in woody plants. Previous studies suggested that ozone-induced reduction in photosynthetic rates is mainly attributable to a decrease of maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and/or maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) estimated from response of net photosynthetic rate (A) to intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) (A/Ci curve) assuming that mesophyll conductance for CO2 diffusion (gm) is infinite. Although it is known that Ci-based Vcmax and Jmax are potentially influenced by gm, its contribution to ozone responses in Ci-based Vcmax and Jmax is still unclear. In the present study, therefore, we analysed photosynthetic processes including gm in leaves of Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata) seedlings grown under three levels of ozone (charcoal-filtered air or ozone at 1.0- or 1.5-times ambient concentration) for two growing seasons in 2016-2017. Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were simultaneously measured in July and September of the second growing season. We determined the A, stomatal conductance to water vapor and gm, and analysed A/Ci curve and A/Cc curve (Cc: chloroplast CO2 concentration). We also determined the Rubisco and chlorophyll contents in leaves. In September, ozone significantly decreased Ci-based Vcmax. At the same time, ozone decreased gm, whereas there was no significant effect of ozone on Cc-based Vcmax or the contents of Rubisco and chlorophyll in leaves. These results suggest that ozone-induced reduction in Ci-based Vcmax is a result of the decrease in gm rather than in carboxylation capacity. The decrease in gm by elevated ozone was offset by an increase in Ci, and Cc did not differ depending on ozone treatment. Since Cc-based Vcmax was also similar, A was not changed by elevated ozone. We conclude that gm is an important factor for reduction in Ci-based Vcmax of Siebold's beech under elevated ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Yu Kamimaki
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Marino Mori
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Okabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Izumi Arakawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kinose
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakaba
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izuta
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Watanabe M, Hoshika Y, Inada N, Koike T. Photosynthetic activity in relation to a gradient of leaf nitrogen content within a canopy of Siebold's beech and Japanese oak saplings under elevated ozone. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:1455-1462. [PMID: 29913605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to describe parameters related to the leaf biochemical assimilation capacity of photosynthesis, such as the maximum rates of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electron transport (Jmax), as a function of the leaf nitrogen content throughout a canopy of Siebold's beech and Japanese oak grown under elevated ozone (O3) conditions during a growing season. To this end, we investigated the relationship between photosynthetic traits and leaf nitrogen content in various canopy positions of two tree species under free-air O3 exposure (60 nmol mol-1, during daylight hours) in June, August, and October 2012. We observed O3-induced reduction in Vcmax and Jmax without reduction of leaf nitrogen content in both tree species. In Siebold's beech, Vcmax and Jmax in leaves with higher Narea were largely decreased by O3 from August, while little effect of O3 was observed in leaves with lower Narea. On the other hand, there was no difference in the extent of O3-induced reduction in Vcmax and Jmax across the range of Narea in leaves of Japanese oak. Reduction of leaf nitrogen content under elevated O3 conditions was observed only in Siebold's beech in October. These results indicated that the decrease in the efficiency of photosynthetic nitrogen use is in an earlier step in O3-induced decline of photosynthesis in Siebold's beech and Japanese oak. Based on these results, we emphasize the importance of integration of O3 effects into the conventional estimation of Vcmax and Jmax from leaf nitrogen content for evaluating canopy photosynthesis under current and future elevated O3 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Naoki Inada
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608589, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608589, Japan.
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Sousa-Silva R, Verheyen K, Ponette Q, Bay E, Sioen G, Titeux H, Van de Peer T, Van Meerbeek K, Muys B. Tree diversity mitigates defoliation after a drought-induced tipping point. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:4304-4315. [PMID: 29802782 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes that underlie drought-related tree vitality loss is essential for anticipating future forest dynamics, and for developing management plans aiming at increasing the resilience of forests to climate change. Forest vitality has been continuously monitored in Europe since the acid rain alert in the 1980s, and the intensive monitoring plots of ICP Forests offer the opportunity to investigate the effects of air pollution and climate change on forest condition. By making use of over 100 long-term monitoring plots, where crown defoliation has been assessed extensively since 1990, we discovered a progressive shift from a negative to a positive effect of species richness on forest health. The observed tipping point in the balance of net interactions, from competition to facilitation, has never been reported from real ecosystems outside experimental conditions; and the strong temporal consistency of our observations with increasing drought stress emphasizes its climate change relevance. Furthermore, we show that higher species diversity has reduced the severity of defoliation in the long term. Our results confirm the greater resilience of diverse forests to future climate change-induced stress. More generally, they add to an accumulating body of evidence on the large potential of tree species mixtures to face manifold disturbances in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sousa-Silva
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Earth and Life Institute, Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Elodie Bay
- Observatoire Wallon de la Santé des Forêts (OWSF) - Direction du Milieu forestier (DEMNA-DMF), Service Public de Wallonie (SPW), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Geert Sioen
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugues Titeux
- Earth and Life Institute, Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van de Peer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Brinkmann N, Seeger S, Weiler M, Buchmann N, Eugster W, Kahmen A. Employing stable isotopes to determine the residence times of soil water and the temporal origin of water taken up by Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in a temperate forest. New Phytol 2018; 219:1300-1313. [PMID: 29888480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed how the seasonal variability of precipitation δ2 H and δ18 O is propagated into soil and xylem waters of temperate trees, applied a hydrological model to estimate the residence time distribution of precipitation in the soil, and identified the temporal origin of water taken up by Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica over 4 yr. Residence times of precipitation in the soil varied between a few days and several months and increased with soil depth. On average, 50% of water consumed by trees throughout a year had precipitated during the growing season, while 40% had precipitated in the preceding winter or even earlier. Importantly, we detected subtle differences with respect to the temporal origin of water used by the two species. We conclude that both current precipitation and winter precipitation are important for the water supply of temperate trees and that winter precipitation could buffer negative impacts of spring or summer droughts. Our study additionally provides the means to obtain realistic estimates of source water δ2 H and δ18 O values for trees from precipitation isotope data, which is essential for improving model-based interpretations of δ18 O and δ2 H values in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Brinkmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Seeger
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz 1, Freiburg, 79098, Germany
| | - Markus Weiler
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz 1, Freiburg, 79098, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Werner Eugster
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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Plavcová L, Hronková M, Šimková M, Květoň J, Vráblová M, Kubásek J, Šantrůček J. Seasonal variation of δ 18O and δ 2H in leaf water of Fagus sylvatica L. and related water compartments. J Plant Physiol 2018; 227:56-65. [PMID: 29606360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to assess variability in leaf water isotopic enrichment occurring in the field under natural conditions. We focused on seasonal variation and difference between sun-exposed and shaded leaves. Isotopic composition (δ18O, δ2H) of leaf water was monitored in a beech tree (Fagus sylvatica L.) growing in the forest-meadow ecotone together with δ18O (2H) of water compartments which are in close relation to this signal, namely twig and soil water. The sampling was carried out in approximately two-week intervals during five consecutive vegetation seasons. The δ18O (2H) data showed a distinct seasonal pattern and a consistency in relative differences between the seasons and sample categories. Leaf water was the most isotopically enriched water compartment. The leaf water enrichment decreased toward the autumn reflecting the change in δ18O (2H) of source water and evaporative demands. The soil and twig water isotopic signal was depleted against current precipitation as it partly retained the isotopic signature from winter precipitation however the seasonal pattern of soil and twig water followed that of precipitation. No significant differences between sun-exposed and shaded samples were detected. Nevertheless, the observed strong seasonal pattern of isotope composition of leaf, twig and soil water should be taken into account when using leaf water enrichment for further calculations or modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plavcová
- University of Hradec Králové, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Šimková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Květoň
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vráblová
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Institute of Environmental Technology, 17. listopadu 15, CZ-70833, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Wason JW, Anstreicher KS, Stephansky N, Huggett BA, Brodersen CR. Hydraulic safety margins and air-seeding thresholds in roots, trunks, branches and petioles of four northern hardwood trees. New Phytol 2018; 219:77-88. [PMID: 29663388 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During drought, xylem sap pressures can approach or exceed critical thresholds where gas embolisms form and propagate through the xylem network, leading to systemic hydraulic dysfunction. The vulnerability segmentation hypothesis (VSH) predicts that low-investment organs (e.g. leaf petioles) should be more vulnerable to embolism spread compared to high-investment, perennial organs (e.g. trunks, stems), as a means of mitigating embolism spread and excessive negative pressures in the perennial organs. We tested this hypothesis by measuring air-seeding thresholds using the single-vessel air-injection method and calculating hydraulic safety margins in four northern hardwood tree species of the northeastern United States, in both saplings and canopy height trees, and at five points along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Acer rubrum was the most resistant to air-seeding and generally supported the VSH. However, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana and Quercus rubra showed little to no variation in air-seeding thresholds across organ types within each species. Leaf-petiole xylem operated at water potentials close to or exceeding their hydraulic safety margins in all species, whereas roots, trunks and stems of A. rubrum, F. grandifolia and Q. rubra operated within their safety margins, even during the third-driest summer in the last 100 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Wason
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | | | - Brett A Huggett
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 04240, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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Bakhshandeh-Navroud B, Abrari Vajari K, Pilehvar B, Kooch Y. The interactions between tree-herb layer diversity and soil properties in the oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in Hyrcanian forest. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:425. [PMID: 29943268 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the interactions between tree-herb layer diversity and some physico-chemical and eco-physiological characteristics of soil in natural oriental beech stand in western Guilan, Iran. The data were collected from nine research sites (50 m × 50 m) which were described as a gradient from pure oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands to mixed stands with up to nine deciduous tree species (n = 27) in Hyrcanian forest. Herbaceous plants were sampled within ten 1 m × 1 m sub-plots in two plots of 400 m2 which were installed randomly in each research site. Composite soil samples were taken at five positions in each research site. We found that the increase in tree diversity in mature oriental beech stands brought about an increase in microbial biomass carbon, soil carbon content, and the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to the organic carbon (Cmic/Corg). Increased soil organic carbon raised microbial biomass carbon through creating suitable environment for microorganisms. The findings also indicated that the ratio of microbial biomass carbon to the organic carbon (Cmic/Corg) increased as a quantitative indicator of soil carbon dynamics that finally benefits soil fertility of mixed oriental beech stands compared to pure oriental beech stands. The results showed that humus layer and litter thickness were negatively correlated with tree layer richness. Generally, it can be stated that maintaining a mixture of tree layer species in natural oriental beech stands results in an increase in richness and diversity values of herb plants as well as carbon content and microbial biomass carbon of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Bakhshandeh-Navroud
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kambiz Abrari Vajari
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Babak Pilehvar
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yahya Kooch
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Abrari Vajari K. Influence of interspecies competition on beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) trees and some features of stand in mixed broad-leaved forest. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:377. [PMID: 29869096 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of the most important commercial tree species in the Hyrcanian region. This species is known to suffer from strong intra- and interspecific competition for above- and below-ground resources in temperate mixed stands. In the present study, a total of 26 beech trees and their surroundings trees as well as stand characteristics were evaluated for determining the interactions between them and competition index (CI) in mixed beech stand. The results showed that in mixed beech stand, there were positive correlation between CI and crown ratio and height/diameter (HD) ratio of target beech trees, but negatively correlated to crown length, crown width, crown area, and crown volume. Total height, DBH, and bole of target beech trees were decreased with increasing CI. Regression analysis showed that CI had positive significant correlation with functional group of forb richness. The target beech trees characteristics including HD ratio and crown ratio showed contrasting responses to some variables which were related to their known specific ecological strategies. This study demonstrates the different responses of target beech trees in overstory to competition in neighborhood conditions which are an important factor in retaining species coexistence and planning mixtures in temperate broad-leaved forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Abrari Vajari
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
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