1
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Chen B, Vavrek M, Cancilla MT. From molecules to visuals: Empowering drug discovery and development with mass spectrometry imaging. J Mass Spectrom 2024; 59:e5029. [PMID: 38656528 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as a valuable tool for the spatial localization of drugs and metabolites directly from tissue surfaces without the need for labels. MSI offers molecular specificity, making it increasingly popular in the pharmaceutical industry compared to conventional imaging techniques like quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) and immunohistochemistry, which are unable to distinguish parent drugs from metabolites. Across the industry, there has been a consistent uptake in the utilization of MSI to investigate drug and metabolite distribution patterns, and the integration of MSI with omics technologies in preclinical investigations. To continue the further adoption of MSI in drug discovery and development, we believe there are two key areas that need to be addressed. First, there is a need for accurate quantification of analytes from MSI distribution studies. Second, there is a need for increased interactions with regulatory agencies for guidance on the utility and incorporation of MSI techniques in regulatory filings. Ongoing efforts are being made to address these areas, and it is hoped that MSI will gain broader utilization within the industry, thereby becoming a critical ingredient in driving drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism & Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Regan CP, Morissette P, Kraus RL, Wang E, Arrington L, Vavrek M, de Hoon J, Depre M, Lodeweyck T, Demeyer I, Laethem T, Stoch A, Struyk A. Autonomic Dysfunction Linked to Inhibition of the Na v1.7 Sodium Channel. Circulation 2024; 149:1394-1396. [PMID: 38648272 PMCID: PMC11027978 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.067331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Morissette
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (C.P.R., P.M., E.W.), Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | | | - Erjia Wang
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (C.P.R., P.M., E.W.), Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Leticia Arrington
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (L.A., M.V.), Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (L.A., M.V.), Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Jan de Hoon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven; Belgium (J.d.H., M.D., T. Lodeweyck)
| | - Marleen Depre
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven; Belgium (J.d.H., M.D., T. Lodeweyck)
| | - Thomas Lodeweyck
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven; Belgium (J.d.H., M.D., T. Lodeweyck)
| | - Ignace Demeyer
- Burn Center, Military Hospital Queen Astrid, Brussels, Belgium (I.D.)
| | - Tine Laethem
- Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Upper Gwynedd, PA (T. Laethem, A. Stoch, A. Struyk)
| | - Aubrey Stoch
- Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Upper Gwynedd, PA (T. Laethem, A. Stoch, A. Struyk)
| | - Arie Struyk
- Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Upper Gwynedd, PA (T. Laethem, A. Stoch, A. Struyk)
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3
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de Lera Ruiz M, Favuzza P, Guo Z, Zhao L, Hu B, Lei Z, Zhan D, Murgolo N, Boyce CW, Vavrek M, Thompson J, Ngo A, Jarman KE, Robbins J, Boddey J, Sleebs BE, Lowes KN, Cowman AF, Olsen DB, McCauley JA. The Invention of WM382, a Highly Potent PMIX/X Dual Inhibitor toward the Treatment of Malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1745-1754. [PMID: 36385924 PMCID: PMC9661708 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance to first-line antimalarials-including artemisinin-is increasing, resulting in a critical need for the discovery of new agents with novel mechanisms of action. In collaboration with the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and with funding from the Wellcome Trust, a phenotypic screen of Merck's aspartyl protease inhibitor library identified a series of plasmepsin X (PMX) hits that were more potent than chloroquine. Inspired by a PMX homology model, efforts to optimize the potency resulted in the discovery of leads that, in addition to potently inhibiting PMX, also inhibit another essential aspartic protease, plasmepsin IX (PMIX). Further potency and pharmacokinetic profile optimization efforts culminated in the discovery of WM382, a very potent dual PMIX/X inhibitor with robust in vivo efficacy at multiple stages of the malaria parasite life cycle and an excellent resistance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel de Lera Ruiz
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paola Favuzza
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Zhuyan Guo
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Lianyun Zhao
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- WuXi
AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Lu, Shanghai200131, China
| | - Zhiyu Lei
- WuXi
AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Lu, Shanghai200131, China
| | - Dongmei Zhan
- WuXi
AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Lu, Shanghai200131, China
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher W. Boyce
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jennifer Thompson
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Anna Ngo
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Kate E. Jarman
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
| | - Johnathan Robbins
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Justin Boddey
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Kym N. Lowes
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC3052, Australia
- University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3010, Australia
| | - David B. Olsen
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John A. McCauley
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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4
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Chen B, Vavrek M, Cancilla MT, Kertesz V. Development and Application of DropletProbe Mass Spectrometry for Examining Biodistribution of Therapeutics. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2437:171-180. [PMID: 34902148 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2030-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
dropletProbe mass spectrometry is a novel technique for molecular characterization of surfaces. It can be used for rapid ex vivo analysis of therapeutics from thin animal tissue sections and has been shown to improve understanding of a drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties. Here, we describe the tissue distribution analysis of diclofenac from a dosed whole-body mouse thin tissue section using a dropletProbe mass spectrometry system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Chen
- Department of Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Department of Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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5
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Adams GL, Pall PS, Grauer SM, Zhou X, Ballard JE, Vavrek M, Kraus RL, Morissette P, Li N, Colarusso S, Bianchi E, Palani A, Klein R, John CT, Wang D, Tudor M, Nolting AF, Biba M, Nowak T, Makarov AA, Reibarkh M, Buevich AV, Zhong W, Regalado EL, Wang X, Gao Q, Shahripour A, Zhu Y, de Simone D, Frattarelli T, Pasquini NM, Magotti P, Iaccarino R, Li Y, Solly K, Lee KJ, Wang W, Chen F, Zeng H, Wang J, Regan H, Amin RP, Regan CP, Burgey CS, Henze DA, Sun C, Tellers DM. Development of ProTx-II Analogues as Highly Selective Peptide Blockers of Na v1.7 for the Treatment of Pain. J Med Chem 2021; 65:485-496. [PMID: 34931831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor cystine knot peptides, derived from venom, have evolved to block ion channel function but are often toxic when dosed at pharmacologically relevant levels in vivo. The article describes the design of analogues of ProTx-II that safely display systemic in vivo blocking of Nav1.7, resulting in a latency of response to thermal stimuli in rodents. The new designs achieve a better in vivo profile by improving ion channel selectivity and limiting the ability of the peptides to cause mast cell degranulation. The design rationale, structural modeling, in vitro profiles, and rat tail flick outcomes are disclosed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Adams
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Parul S Pall
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven M Grauer
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Marissa Vavrek
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Richard L Kraus
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Nianyu Li
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Stefania Colarusso
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Anandan Palani
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Rebecca Klein
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Deping Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Matthew Tudor
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Andrew F Nolting
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mirlinda Biba
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Timothy Nowak
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | - Wendy Zhong
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Xiao Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Yuping Zhu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniele de Simone
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Tommaso Frattarelli
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Nicolo' Maria Pasquini
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Paola Magotti
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Roberto Iaccarino
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Yuxing Li
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kelli Solly
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Keun-Joong Lee
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Weixun Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Feifei Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Haoyu Zeng
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jixin Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hilary Regan
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rupesh P Amin
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | | | - Darrell A Henze
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Chengzao Sun
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - David M Tellers
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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6
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Ralbovsky NM, Zou L, Chen B, Zhang NR, Hines CDG, Vavrek M, Zhong W, Smith JP, Bu X. Simultaneous multielement imaging of liver tissue using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 235:122725. [PMID: 34517593 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the spatial distribution of metals, metalloids, and non-metals in biological tissues is of significant interest in the life sciences, helping to illuminate the function and roles these elements play within various biological pathways. Chemical imaging methods are commonly employed to address biological questions and reveal individual spatial distributions of analytes of interest. Elucidation of these spatial distributions can help determine key elemental and molecular information within the respective biological specimens. However, traditionally utilized imaging methods prove challenging for certain biological tissue analysis, especially with respect to applications that require high spatial resolution or depth profiling. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has been shown to be effective for direct elemental analysis of solid materials with high levels of precision. In this work, chemical imaging using LA-ICP-MS has been applied as a powerful analytical methodology for the analysis of liver tissue samples. The proposed analytical methodology successfully produced both qualitative and quantitative information regarding specific elemental distributions within images of thin tissue sections with high levels of sensitivity and spatial resolution. The spatial resolution of the analytical methodology was innovatively enhanced, helping to broaden applicability of this technique to applications requiring significantly high spatial resolutions. This information can be used to further understand the role these elements play within biological systems and impacts dysregulation may have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ralbovsky
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Lanfang Zou
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Bingming Chen
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Nanyan Rena Zhang
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Catherine D G Hines
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Wendy Zhong
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Bu
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
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7
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Morissette P, Li N, Ballard JE, Vavrek M, Adams GL, Regan C, Regan H, Lee KJ, Wang W, Burton A, Chen F, Gerenser P, Li Y, Kraus RL, Tellers D, Palani A, Zhu Y, Sun C, Bianchi E, Colarusso S, De Simone D, Frattarelli T, Pasquini NM, Amin RP. Guiding Chemically Synthesized Peptide Drug Lead Optimization by Derisking Mast Cell Degranulation-Related Toxicities of a NaV1.7 Peptide Inhibitor. Toxicol Sci 2021; 185:170-183. [PMID: 34897513 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that some peptides and small molecules can induce non IgE-mediated anaphylactoid reactions through mast cell activation. Upon activation, mast cells degranulate and release vasoactive and proinflammatory mediators, from cytoplasmic granules into the extracellular environment which can induce a cascade of severe adverse reactions. This study describes a lead optimization strategy to select NaV1.7 inhibitor peptides that minimize acute mast cell degranulation (MCD) toxicities. Various in vitro, in vivo, and PKPD models were used to screen candidates and guide peptide chemical modifications to mitigate this risk. Anesthetized rats dosed with peptides demonstrated treatment-related decreases in blood pressure and increases in plasma histamine concentrations which were reversible with a mast cell stabilizer, supporting the MCD mechanism. In vitro testing in rat mast cells with NaV1.7 peptides demonstrated a concentration-dependent increase in histamine. Pharmacodynamic modeling facilitated establishing an in vitro to in vivo correlation for histamine as a biomarker for blood pressure decline via the MCD mechanism. These models enabled assessment of structure-activity relationship (SAR) to identify substructures that contribute to peptide-mediated MCD. Peptides with hydrophobic and cationic characteristics were determined to have an elevated risk for MCD, which could be reduced or avoided by incorporating anionic residues into the protoxin II scaffold. Our analyses support that in vitro MCD assessment in combination with PKPD modeling can guide SAR to improve peptide lead optimization and ensure an acceptable early in vivo tolerability profile with reduced resources, cycle time, and animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Morissette
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Nianyu Li
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Jeanine E Ballard
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Gregory L Adams
- Discovery Chemistry Peptide, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Chris Regan
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Hillary Regan
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - K J Lee
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Weixun Wang
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Aimee Burton
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Feifei Chen
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Pamela Gerenser
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Yuxing Li
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Richard L Kraus
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - David Tellers
- Discovery Chemistry Peptide, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Anand Palani
- Discovery Chemistry Peptide, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry Peptide, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Chengzao Sun
- Discovery Chemistry Peptide, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa , Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Stefania Colarusso
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa , Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Daniele De Simone
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa , Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | - Tommaso Frattarelli
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D Department, IRBM Spa , Pomezia, Rome 00071, Italy
| | | | - Rupesh P Amin
- Nonclinical Drug Safety (NDS), Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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8
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Kertesz V, Cahill JF, Srijanto BR, Collier CP, Vavrek M, Chen B. Absolute quantitation of propranolol from 200-μm regions of mouse brain and liver thin tissues using laser ablation-dropletProbe-mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e9010. [PMID: 33232548 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ability to quantify drugs and metabolites in tissue with sub-mm resolution is a challenging but much needed capability in pharmaceutical research. To fill this void, a novel surface sampling approach combining laser ablation with the commercial dropletProbe automated liquid surface sampling system (LA-dropletProbe) was developed and is presented here. METHODS Parylene C-coated 200 × 200 μm tissue regions of mouse brain and kidney thin tissue sections were analyzed for propranolol by laser ablation of tissue directly into a preformed liquid junction. Propranolol was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) in positive electrospray ionization mode. Quantitation was achieved via application of a stable-isotope-labeled internal standard and an external calibration curve. RESULTS The absolute concentrations of propranolol determined from 200 × 200 μm tissue regions were compared with the propranolol concentrations obtained from 2.3-mm-diameter tissue punches of adjacent, non-coated sections using standard bulk tissue extraction protocols followed by regular HPLC/MS/MS analysis. The average concentration of propranolol in both organs determined by the two employed methods agreed to within ±12%. Furthermore, the relative abundances of phase II hydroxypropranolol glucuronide metabolites were recorded and found to be consistent with previous results. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates that depositing a thin layer of parylene C onto thin tissue prior to analysis, which seals the surface and prevents direct liquid extraction of the drug from the tissue, coupled to the novel LA-dropletProbe surface sampling system is a viable approach for sub-mm resolution quantitative drug distribution analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - John F Cahill
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Bernadeta R Srijanto
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Charles P Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Bingming Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
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9
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Kertesz V, Cahill JF, Srijanto BR, Collier CP, Vavrek M, Chen B. Integrated laser ablation-dropletProbe-mass spectrometry for absolute drug quantitation, metabolite detection, and distribution in tissue. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e9202. [PMID: 34545636 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Spatially resolved and accurate quantitation of drug-related compounds in tissue is a much-needed capability in drug discovery research. Here, application of an integrated laser ablation-dropletProbe-mass spectrometry surface sampling system (LADP-MS) is reported, which achieved absolute quantitation of propranolol measured from <500 × 500 μm thin tissue samples. METHODS Mouse liver and kidney thin tissue sections were coated with parylene C and analyzed for propranolol by a laser ablation/liquid extraction workflow. Non-coated adjacent sections were microdissected for validation and processed using standard bulk tissue extraction protocols. High-performance liquid chromatography with positive ion mode electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was applied to detect the drug and its metabolites. RESULTS Absolute propranolol concentration in ~500 × 500 μm tissue regions measured by the two methods agreed within ±8% and had a relative standard deviation within ±17%. Quantitation down to ~400 × 400 μm tissue regions was shown, and this resolution was also used for automated mapping of propranolol and phase II hydroxypropranolol glucuronide metabolites in kidney tissue. CONCLUSIONS This study exemplifies the capabilities of integrated laser ablation-dropletProbe-mass spectrometry (LADP-MS) for high resolution absolute drug quantitation analysis of thin tissue sections. This capability will be valuable for applications needing to quantitatively understand the spatial distribution of small molecules in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - John F Cahill
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bernadeta R Srijanto
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles P Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bingming Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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Chen B, Vavrek M, Cancilla MT. Optimization of dropletProbe-Mass Spectrometry for Whole-Body Tissue Distribution Analysis of Drug-Like Molecules. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2020; 31:2558-2562. [PMID: 32538626 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
dropletProbe mass spectrometry (MS) is an emerging tool for the rapid ex vivo analysis of drugs in tissues and whole-body sections. Its use has been demonstrated to better understand a drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. To further optimize the overall utility of this technique, it is important to characterize and understand the various tissue matrix effects and extraction solvents on the overall performance of dropletProbe MS analyses. Herein, we systematically evaluated the impact of extraction solvents and various tissues on the relative detected signal intensities of a test set of diverse drugs. It was observed that the tissue matrix had a minimal effect on the performance of dropletProbe MS for the limited set of tested compounds once an optimized extraction solvent was identified. A general starting extraction solvent of 1:1 acetonitrile/water (v:v) was identified to efficiently extract the test set of compounds from various tissues. Next, the optimized conditions were used to map the distribution of the drug diclofenac and its metabolites in whole-body mouse sections. The relative tissue distribution of diclofenac and its metabolites, including the phase II acyl-glucuronide metabolite, were successfully determined with the technique. It is recommended these conditions are used as a general guideline when initiating dropletProbe MS studies of therapeutic drug-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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11
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Chen B, Vavrek M, Gundersdorf R, Zhong W, Cancilla MT. Combining MALDI mass spectrometry imaging and droplet-base surface sampling analysis for tissue distribution, metabolite profiling, and relative quantification of cyclic peptide melanotan II. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1125:279-287. [PMID: 32674774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptides have become a fast-growing segment of the pharmaceutical industry over the past few decades. It is essential to develop cutting edge analytical techniques to support the discovery and development of peptide therapeutics, especially to examine their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties. Herein, we utilized two label-free mass spectrometry (MS) based techniques to investigate representative challenges in developing therapeutic peptides, such as tissue distribution, metabolic stability and clearance. A tool proof-of-concept cyclic peptide, melanotan II, was used in this study. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), which is a well-developed label-free imaging technique, was used to map the detailed molecular distribution of melanotan II and its metabolites. Droplet-based liquid microjunction surface sampling liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LMJ-SSP-LC-HRMS) was used in combination with MALDI-MSI to rapidly profile molecular information and provide structural insights on drug and metabolites. Using both techniques in parallel allowed a more comprehensive and complementary data set than using either technique independently. We envision MALDI-MSI and droplet-based LMJ-SSP-LC-HRMS, which can be used in combination or as standalone techniques, to become valuable tools for assessing the in vivo fate of peptide therapeutics in support of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Chen
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Richard Gundersdorf
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Wendy Zhong
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Mark T Cancilla
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
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12
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Favuzza P, de Lera Ruiz M, Thompson JK, Triglia T, Ngo A, Steel RWJ, Vavrek M, Christensen J, Healer J, Boyce C, Guo Z, Hu M, Khan T, Murgolo N, Zhao L, Penington JS, Reaksudsan K, Jarman K, Dietrich MH, Richardson L, Guo KY, Lopaticki S, Tham WH, Rottmann M, Papenfuss T, Robbins JA, Boddey JA, Sleebs BE, Sabroux HJ, McCauley JA, Olsen DB, Cowman AF. Dual Plasmepsin-Targeting Antimalarial Agents Disrupt Multiple Stages of the Malaria Parasite Life Cycle. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:642-658.e12. [PMID: 32109369 PMCID: PMC7146544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Artemisin combination therapy (ACT) is the main treatment option for malaria, which is caused by the intracellular parasite Plasmodium. However, increased resistance to ACT highlights the importance of finding new drugs. Recently, the aspartic proteases Plasmepsin IX and X (PMIX and PMX) were identified as promising drug targets. In this study, we describe dual inhibitors of PMIX and PMX, including WM382, that block multiple stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. We demonstrate that PMX is a master modulator of merozoite invasion and direct maturation of proteins required for invasion, parasite development, and egress. Oral administration of WM382 cured mice of P. berghei and prevented blood infection from the liver. In addition, WM382 was efficacious against P. falciparum asexual infection in humanized mice and prevented transmission to mosquitoes. Selection of resistant P. falciparum in vitro was not achievable. Together, these show that dual PMIX and PMX inhibitors are promising candidates for malaria treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Favuzza
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Jennifer K Thompson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tony Triglia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Ngo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ryan W J Steel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Janni Christensen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Julie Healer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Zhuyan Guo
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Mengwei Hu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Tanweer Khan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Lianyun Zhao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Kitsanapong Reaksudsan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kate Jarman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Melanie H Dietrich
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lachlan Richardson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kai-Yuan Guo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sash Lopaticki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Tony Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Justin A Boddey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hélène Jousset Sabroux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John A McCauley
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - David B Olsen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Kertesz V, Weiskittel TM, Vavrek M, Freddo C, Van Berkel GJ. Extraction efficiency and implications for absolute quantitation of propranolol in mouse brain, liver and kidney tissue sections using droplet-based liquid microjunction surface sampling high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:1705-1712. [PMID: 28328034 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Currently, the absolute quantitation aspects of droplet-based surface sampling for tissue analysis using a fully automated autosampler/high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) system have not been fully evaluated. Knowledge of extraction efficiency and its reproducibility is required to judge the potential of the method for absolute quantitation of analytes from tissue sections. METHODS Adjacent tissue sections of propranolol-dosed mouse brain (10-μm-thick), kidney (10-μm-thick) and liver (8-, 10-, 16- and 24-μm-thick) were obtained. The absolute concentration of propranolol was determined in tissue punches from serial sections using standard bulk tissue extraction protocols and subsequent HPLC separations and MS/MS analysis. These values were used to determine propranolol extraction efficiency from the tissues with the droplet-based surface sampling approach. RESULTS Extraction efficiency of propranolol using 10-μm-thick brain, kidney and liver tissues using droplet-based surface sampling varied between ~45 and 63%. The extraction efficiency decreased from ~65% to ~36% with liver thickness increasing from 8 μm to 24 μm. Selecting half of the samples as standards, the precision and accuracy of propranolol concentrations were determined for the other half of the samples that were employed as a quality control data set. The resulting precision (±15%) and accuracy (±3%) were within acceptable limits. CONCLUSIONS Quantitation of adjacent mouse tissue sections of different organs and of various thicknesses by droplet-based surface sampling in comparison with bulk extraction of tissue punches showed that extraction efficiency was incomplete using the former method, and that it depended on the organ and tissue thickness. However, once extraction efficiency was determined and applied, the droplet-based approach provided satisfactory quantitation accuracy and precision for assay validations. Thus, once the extraction efficiency was calibrated for a given tissue type, tissue thickness and drug, the droplet-based approach provides a non-labour-intensive and high-throughput means to acquire spatially resolved quantitative analysis of multiple samples of the same type. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6131, USA
| | - Taylor M Weiskittel
- Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6131, USA
- ORISE HERE Intern, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Carol Freddo
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Gary J Van Berkel
- Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6131, USA
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14
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Cahill JF, Kertesz V, Weiskittel TM, Vavrek M, Freddo C, Van Berkel GJ. Online, Absolute Quantitation of Propranolol from Spatially Distinct 20- and 40-μm Dissections of Brain, Liver, and Kidney Thin Tissue Sections by Laser Microdissection-Liquid Vortex Capture-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6026-34. [PMID: 27214103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spatial resolved quantitation of chemical species in thin tissue sections by mass spectrometric methods has been constrained by the need for matrix-matched standards or other arduous calibration protocols and procedures to mitigate matrix effects (e.g., spatially varying ionization suppression). Reported here is the use of laser "cut and drop" sampling with a laser microdissection-liquid vortex capture electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LMD-LVC/ESI-MS/MS) system for online and absolute quantitation of propranolol in mouse brain, kidney, and liver thin tissue sections of mice administered with the drug at a 7.5 mg/kg dose, intravenously. In this procedure either 20 μm × 20 μm or 40 μm × 40 μm tissue microdissections were cut and dropped into the flowing solvent of the capture probe. During transport to the ESI source drug related material was completely extracted from the tissue into the solvent, which contained a known concentration of propranolol-d7 as an internal standard. This allowed absolute quantitation to be achieved with an external calibration curve generated from standards containing the same fixed concentration of propranolol-d7 and varied concentrations of propranolol. Average propranolol concentrations determined with the laser "cut and drop" sampling method closely agreed with concentration values obtained from 2.3 mm diameter tissue punches from serial sections that were extracted and quantified by HPLC/ESI-MS/MS measurements. In addition, the relative abundance of hydroxypropranolol glucuronide metabolites were recorded and found to be consistent with previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cahill
- Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Taylor M Weiskittel
- ORISE HERE Intern, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Carol Freddo
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gary J Van Berkel
- Mass Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
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15
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Barrett SE, Burke RS, Abrams MT, Bason C, Busuek M, Carlini E, Carr BA, Crocker LS, Fan H, Garbaccio RM, Guidry EN, Heo JH, Howell BJ, Kemp EA, Kowtoniuk RA, Latham AH, Leone AM, Lyman M, Parmar RG, Patel M, Pechenov SY, Pei T, Pudvah NT, Raab C, Riley S, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Smith S, Soli ED, Staskiewicz S, Stern M, Truong Q, Vavrek M, Waldman JH, Walsh ES, Williams JM, Young S, Colletti SL. Development of a liver-targeted siRNA delivery platform with a broad therapeutic window utilizing biodegradable polypeptide-based polymer conjugates. J Control Release 2014; 183:124-37. [PMID: 24657948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The greatest challenge standing in the way of effective in vivo siRNA delivery is creating a delivery vehicle that mediates a high degree of efficacy with a broad therapeutic window. Key structure-activity relationships of a poly(amide) polymer conjugate siRNA delivery platform were explored to discover the optimized polymer parameters that yield the highest activity of mRNA knockdown in the liver. At the same time, the poly(amide) backbone of the polymers allowed for the metabolism and clearance of the polymer from the body very quickly, which was established using radiolabeled polymers to demonstrate the time course of biodistribution and excretion from the body. The fast degradation and clearance of the polymers provided for very low toxicity at efficacious doses, and the therapeutic window of this poly(amide)-based siRNA delivery platform was shown to be much broader than a comparable polymer platform. The results of this work illustrate that the poly(amide) platform has a promising future in the development of a siRNA-based drug approved for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Barrett
- Department of RNA Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Rob S Burke
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Marc T Abrams
- Department of RNA Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Carol Bason
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Marina Busuek
- Department of RNA Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Edward Carlini
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Brian A Carr
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Louis S Crocker
- Department of RNAi Analytical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Haihong Fan
- Department of RNAi Analytical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Robert M Garbaccio
- Department of RNA Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Erin N Guidry
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Jun H Heo
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Department of RNA Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Eric A Kemp
- Department of RNAi Analytical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Robert A Kowtoniuk
- Department of RNA Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Andrew H Latham
- Department of RNAi Analytical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anthony M Leone
- Department of RNAi Analytical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Michael Lyman
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Rubina G Parmar
- Department of RNA Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Mihir Patel
- Department of RNAi Analytical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sergey Y Pechenov
- Department of RNAi Analytical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Tao Pei
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Nicole T Pudvah
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Conrad Raab
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sean Riley
- Department of RNAi Analytical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Laura Sepp-Lorenzino
- Department of RNA Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sheri Smith
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Eric D Soli
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Steven Staskiewicz
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Melissa Stern
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Quang Truong
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Jacob H Waldman
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Eileen S Walsh
- Department of RNA Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - J Michael Williams
- Department of RNA Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Stephanie Young
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Steven L Colletti
- Department of RNA Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Eikel D, Vavrek M, Smith S, Bason C, Yeh S, Korfmacher WA, Henion JD. Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) as a novel profiling tool for drug distribution and metabolism analysis: the terfenadine example. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:3587-96. [PMID: 22095508 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) is a novel surface profiling technique that combines micro-liquid extraction from a solid surface with nano-electrospray mass spectrometry. One potential application is the examination of the distribution of drugs and their metabolites by analyzing ex vivo tissue sections, an area where quantitative whole body autoradiography (QWBA) is traditionally employed. However, QWBA relies on the use of radiolabeled drugs and is limited to total radioactivity measured whereas LESA-MS can provide drug- and metabolite-specific distribution information. Here, we evaluate LESA-MS, examining the distribution and biotransformation of unlabeled terfenadine in mice and compare our findings to QWBA, whole tissue LC/MS/MS and MALDI-MSI. The spatial resolution of LESA-MS can be optimized to ca. 1 mm on tissues such as brain, liver and kidney, also enabling drug profiling within a single organ. LESA-MS can readily identify the biotransformation of terfenadine to its major, active metabolite fexofenadine. Relative quantification can confirm the rapid absorption of terfendine after oral dosage, its extensive first pass metabolism and the distribution of both compounds into systemic tissues such as muscle, spleen and kidney. The elimination appears to be consistent with biliary excretion and only trace levels of fexofenadine could be confirmed in brain. We found LESA-MS to be more informative in terms of drug distribution than a comparable MALDI-MS imaging study, likely due to its favorable overall sensitivity due to the larger surface area sampled. LESA-MS appears to be a useful new profiling tool for examining the distribution of drugs and their metabolites in tissue sections.
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Kertesz V, Van Berkel GJ, Vavrek M, Koeplinger KA, Schneider BB, Covey TR. Comparison of Drug Distribution Images from Whole-Body Thin Tissue Sections Obtained Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Autoradiography. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5168-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800546a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, and MDS Analytical Technologies, Concord, Ontario, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Gary J. Van Berkel
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, and MDS Analytical Technologies, Concord, Ontario, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Marissa Vavrek
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, and MDS Analytical Technologies, Concord, Ontario, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Kenneth A. Koeplinger
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, and MDS Analytical Technologies, Concord, Ontario, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Bradley B. Schneider
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, and MDS Analytical Technologies, Concord, Ontario, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Thomas R. Covey
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, and MDS Analytical Technologies, Concord, Ontario, L4K 4V8, Canada
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Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V, Koeplinger KA, Vavrek M, Kong ANT. Liquid microjunction surface sampling probe electrospray mass spectrometry for detection of drugs and metabolites in thin tissue sections. J Mass Spectrom 2008; 43:500-8. [PMID: 18035855 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A self-aspirating, liquid microjunction surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter mass spectrometry system was demonstrated for use in the direct analysis of spotted and dosed drugs and their metabolites in thin tissue sections. Proof-of-principle sampling and analysis directly from tissue without the need for sample preparation was demonstrated first by raster scanning a region on a section of rat liver onto which reserpine was spotted. The mass spectral signal from selected reaction monitoring was used to develop a chemical image of the spotted drug on the tissue. The probe was also used to selectively spot sample areas of sagittal whole-body tissue from a mouse that had been dosed orally (90 mg/kg) with R,S-sulforaphane 3 h prior to sacrifice. Sulforaphane and its glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine conjugates were monitored with selected reaction monitoring and detected in the stomach and various other tissues from the dosed mouse. No signal for these species was observed in the tissue from a control mouse. The same dosed-tissue section was used to illustrate the possibility of obtaining a lane scan across the whole-body section. In total, these results illustrate the potential for rapid screening of the distribution of drugs and metabolites in thin tissue sections with the liquid micro-junction surface sampling probe/electrospray mass spectrometry approach. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Van Berkel
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6131, USA.
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Vavrek M. Within-population genetic diversity of Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae): differential genotype response and effect on interspecific competition. Am J Bot 1998; 85:947. [PMID: 21684978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Clonal offspring of five morphologically distinct individuals of Taraxacum officinale were planted in a greenhouse experiment with each of three competitors, Plantago major, Poa pratensis and Trifolium pratense. The competitors were chosen to represent a series of competitive environments experienced by a natural population of T. officinale through the year. Differences in size, morphology, and response to the competitive environments were found among clones and support classification of the five individuals as distinct genotypes. Both differential competitive responses (alteration in performance) and competitive effects (impediment by competitor performance) were exhibited among genotypes. The differential response by the T. officinale genotypes to the competitors indicates that the biotic environment may influence the genetic structure of a population. The biotic environment in this case is determined by the sequential appearance and dominance of competitors in a field rather than the spatial distribution of these competitors. Since competitors change in relative dominance across seasons, competition is likely to be a component of the genotype by season interaction that had been observed in the natural population. Thus, differential responses among genotypes to a temporally and spatially fluctuating biotic environment may contribute to the maintenance of within-population genetic diversity.
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