Art therapy masks reflect emotional changes in military personnel with PTSS

Among disabling post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are irritability, aggressive behavior, distressing memories and general impaired cognition and negative mood. Art therapy interventions, including mask-making, can potentially alleviate these symptoms. We tested the hypothesis that art conveys emotions and predicted that blinded viewers would be able to perceive changes in theoretically derived emotional profiles expressed in art made by military personnel with PTSS from the onset to the end of therapy. Five service members and veterans exhibiting PTSS were enrolled in an 8-session art therapy protocol, during which they artistically transformed papier-mâché masks at the beginning and end of the protocol. We found that blinded viewers without knowledge of the masks' creation stage (onset or end of therapy) read initial masks as conveying more negative emotions (e.g., angry, upset, and challenged) and later masks as conveying more positive emotions (calm and pleasure). Based on the assessments from the blinded evaluators, we infer the emotional transition experienced by the participants was expressed in the masks. In an exploratory arm of the study, we also found that viewers were better able to empathize with the negative emotions experienced by participants with PTSS when asked to explicitly take their perspective.

Health Canada advisory impacts on the prevalence of oral codeine use in the Pediatric Canadian population: comparative study across provinces

Health Canada (HC) has, since 2013, issued safety alerts restricting the use of codeine-containing drugs among breastfeeding women and children/adolescents under 18 years of age. These products are linked to breathing problems among ultra-rapid CYP2D6 metabolizers and early use of opioid can lead to future opioid misuse. Using a multi-province population-based cohort study, we estimate the impact of federal safety alerts on annual rates of codeine use in the Canadian pediatric population. We analyzed data from 8,156,948 children/adolescents in five Canadian provinces between 1996 and 2021, using a common protocol. Children/adolescents were categorized as: ≤ 12 years (children) or > 12 years (adolescents). We defined codeine exposure by ≥ 1 prescription filled for codeine alone or combined with other medications. For both age categories, we obtained province-specific codeine prescription filling rates per calendar year by dividing the number of children/adolescents with ≥ 1 codeine prescription filled by the number of person-time. Annual rates of codeine use per 1000 persons vary by province from 3.0 (Quebec) to 10.1 (Manitoba) in children, and from 5.5 to 51.3 in adolescents. After the 2013 HC advisory, exposure decreased in all provinces (adjusted level change from - 0.6 to - 18.4%) in children and from - 2.1 to - 17.9% in adolescents after the 2016 advisory. Annual rates declined over time in all provinces, following HC safety alerts specific to each of the two age categories.

Electronic stripe patterns near the fermi level of tetragonal Fe(Se,S)

FeSe1-xSx remains one of the most enigmatic systems of Fe-based superconductors. While much is known about the orthorhombic parent compound, FeSe, the tetragonal samples, FeSe1-xSx with x > 0.17, remain relatively unexplored. Here, we provide an in-depth investigation of the electronic states of tetragonal FeSe0.81S0.19, using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/S) measurements, supported by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and theoretical modeling. We analyze modulations of the local density of states (LDOS) near and away from Fe vacancy defects separately and identify quasiparticle interference (QPI) signals originating from multiple regions of the Brillouin zone, including the bands at the zone corners. We also observe that QPI signals coexist with a much stronger LDOS modulation for states near the Fermi level whose period is independent of energy. Our measurements further reveal that this strong pattern appears in the STS measurements as short range stripe patterns that are locally two-fold symmetric. Since these stripe patterns coexist with four-fold symmetric QPI around Fe-vacancies, the origin of their local two-fold symmetry must be distinct from that of nematic states in orthorhombic samples. We explore several aspects related to the stripes, such as the role of S and Fe-vacancy defects, and whether they can be explained by QPI. We consider the possibility that the observed stripe patterns may represent incipient charge order correlations, similar to those observed in the cuprates.

Life expectancy associated with different ages at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in high-income countries: 23 million person-years of observation

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly, particularly among younger age groups. Estimates suggest that people with diabetes die, on average, 6 years earlier than people without diabetes. We aimed to provide reliable estimates of the associations between age at diagnosis of diabetes and all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and reductions in life expectancy.

METHODS

For this observational study, we conducted a combined analysis of individual-participant data from 19 high-income countries using two large-scale data sources: the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (96 cohorts, median baseline years 1961-2007, median latest follow-up years 1980-2013) and the UK Biobank (median baseline year 2006, median latest follow-up year 2020). We calculated age-adjusted and sex-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality according to age at diagnosis of diabetes using data from 1 515 718 participants, in whom deaths were recorded during 23·1 million person-years of follow-up. We estimated cumulative survival by applying age-specific HRs to age-specific death rates from 2015 for the USA and the EU.

FINDINGS

For participants with diabetes, we observed a linear dose-response association between earlier age at diagnosis and higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with participants without diabetes. HRs were 2·69 (95% CI 2·43-2·97) when diagnosed at 30-39 years, 2·26 (2·08-2·45) at 40-49 years, 1·84 (1·72-1·97) at 50-59 years, 1·57 (1·47-1·67) at 60-69 years, and 1·39 (1·29-1·51) at 70 years and older. HRs per decade of earlier diagnosis were similar for men and women. Using death rates from the USA, a 50-year-old individual with diabetes died on average 14 years earlier when diagnosed aged 30 years, 10 years earlier when diagnosed aged 40 years, or 6 years earlier when diagnosed aged 50 years than an individual without diabetes. Using EU death rates, the corresponding estimates were 13, 9, or 5 years earlier.

INTERPRETATION

Every decade of earlier diagnosis of diabetes was associated with about 3-4 years of lower life expectancy, highlighting the need to develop and implement interventions that prevent or delay the onset of diabetes and to intensify the treatment of risk factors among young adults diagnosed with diabetes.

FUNDING

British Heart Foundation, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, and Health Data Research UK.

The effect of recreational cannabis legalization and commercialization on substance use, mental health, and injury: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect of recreational cannabis legalization (RCL) and/or recreational cannabis commercialization (RCC) on emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and deaths due to substance use, injury, and mental health among those aged 11 years and older.

METHODS

A systematic review of six electronic databases up to February 1, 2023. Original, peer-reviewed articles with interrupted time series or before and after designs were included. Four independent reviewers screened articles and assessed risk of bias. Outcomes with 'critical' risk of bias were excluded. Protocol registered on PROSPERO (# CRD42021265183).

RESULTS

After screening and risk of bias assessment, 29 studies were included which examined ED visits or hospitalizations for cannabis use or alcohol (N = 10), opioid mortality (N = 3), motor vehicle fatalities or injury (N = 11), and intentional injury/mental health (N = 5). Rates or number of cannabis-related hospitalizations increased after RCL in Canada and the USA. Immediate increases in rates of cannabis-related ED visits were found after both RCL and RCC in Canada. Rates of traffic fatalities increased after RCL and RCC in certain jurisdictions in the USA.

CONCLUSIONS

RCL was associated with increased rates of cannabis-related hospitalizations. RCL and/or RCC was associated with increased rates of cannabis-related ED visits, consistently shown across sex and age groups. The effect on fatal motor vehicle incidents was mixed, with observed increases found after RCL and/or RCC. The effect of RCL or RCC on opioids, alcohol, intentional injury, and mental health is not clear. These results inform population health initiatives and international jurisdictions considering RCL implementation.

Infectious disease modelling to inform policy

With modelling becoming increasingly important in helping to inform decisions about animal diseases, it is essential that the process be optimised to gain the maximum benefit for the decision-maker. Here, the authors set out ten steps that can improve this process for all concerned. Four steps describe initialisation to ensure that the question, answer and timescale are defined; two steps describe the modelling process and quality assurance; and four steps describe the reporting stage. The authors believe that this greater emphasis at the beginning and end of a modelling project will increase the relevance of the work and understanding of the results, and thus contribute towards better decision-making.

Modelling the control of bovine brucellosis in India

Brucellosis imposes substantial impacts on livestock production and public health worldwide. A stochastic, age-structured model incorporating herd demographics was developed describing within- and between-herd transmission of Brucella abortus in dairy cattle herds. The model was fitted to data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Punjab State of India and used to evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies under consideration. Based on model results, stakeholder acceptance and constraints regarding vaccine supply, vaccination of replacement calves in large farms should be prioritized. Test and removal applied at early stages of the control programme where seroprevalence is high would not constitute an effective or acceptable use of resources because significant numbers of animals would be 'removed' (culled or not used for breeding) based on false positive results. To achieve sustained reductions in brucellosis, policymakers must commit to maintaining vaccination in the long term, which may eventually reduce frequency of infection in the livestock reservoir to a low enough level for elimination to be a realistic objective. This work provides key strategic insights into the control of brucellosis in India, which has the largest cattle population globally, and a general modelling framework for evaluating control strategies in endemic settings.

Search for Subsolar-Mass Binaries in the First Half of Advanced LIGO's and Advanced Virgo's Third Observing Run

We report on a search for compact binary coalescences where at least one binary component has a mass between 0.2  M_{⊙} and 1.0  M_{⊙} in Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data collected between 1 April 2019 1500 UTC and 1 October 2019 1500 UTC. We extend our previous analyses in two main ways: we include data from the Virgo detector and we allow for more unequal mass systems, with mass ratio q≥0.1. We do not report any gravitational-wave candidates. The most significant trigger has a false alarm rate of 0.14  yr^{-1}. This implies an upper limit on the merger rate of subsolar binaries in the range [220-24200]  Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}, depending on the chirp mass of the binary. We use this upper limit to derive astrophysical constraints on two phenomenological models that could produce subsolar-mass compact objects. One is an isotropic distribution of equal-mass primordial black holes. Using this model, we find that the fraction of dark matter in primordial black holes in the mass range 0.2  M_{⊙}<m_{PBH}<1.0  M_{⊙} is f_{PBH}≡Ω_{PBH}/Ω_{DM}≲6%. This improves existing constraints on primordial black hole abundance by a factor of ∼3. The other is a dissipative dark matter model, in which fermionic dark matter can collapse and form black holes. The upper limit on the fraction of dark matter black holes depends on the minimum mass of the black holes that can be formed: the most constraining result is obtained at M_{min}=1  M_{⊙}, where f_{DBH}≡Ω_{DBH}/Ω_{DM}≲0.003%. These are the first constraints placed on dissipative dark models by subsolar-mass analyses.

P-748 Cesarean scar defect does not predict embryo transfer outcomes: A retrospective cohort study

Study question

Is the presence of a cesarean scar defect associated with live birth outcomes at the time of embryo transfer?

Summary answer

The presence of a cesarean scar defect is not predictive of live birth rates at the time of embryo transfer.

What is known already

Cesarean delivery is associated with subsequent impaired fertility, with lower pregnancy and live birth rates and longer inter-pregnancy intervals, compared to patients who delivered vaginally. Studies exploring pregnancy rates after IVF and embryo transfer also suggest lower pregnancy rates among patients with prior cesarean delivery. A postulated mechanism by which a prior cesarean delivery may impact fertility is the cesarean scar defect, and prior studies have shown a possible association between a scar defect and suboptimal outcomes.

Study design, size, duration

We retrospectively identified a patient cohort based out of the Ottawa Fertility Centre in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, between 2013 and 2019.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

This retrospective cohort study included 317 patients with a prior cesarean delivery. Embryo transfer outcomes compared between the two groups based on the finding of a cesarean scar defect. The primary outcome was live birth rate, secondary outcomes of positive hCG, clinical intrauterine pregnancy, miscarriage rate. We fit a multivariate log binomial regression model with a priori variables for the primary and secondary outcomes, adjusting for patient and cycle characteristics.

Main results and the role of chance

There was no statistically significant difference in live birth rate among patients with a cesarean scar defect compared to those without, 28.0% vs 29.5% respectively (adjusted RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.68-1.35). There was no statistically significant difference in any of the secondary outcomes. Area of the defect and subgroup analysis of fresh vs frozen embryo transfer did not demonstrate any difference. Secondary analysis of patients with retroverted uterus had significantly lower live birth rates compared to those with an anteverted uterus, 17.7% vs 32.4%, respectively (adjusted RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34-0.91).

Limitations, reasons for caution

Although a multivariate log binomial model was used to adjust for clinically relevant confounders, there remains the possibility for residual confounding given the observational nature of our study.

Wider implications of the findings

The results of our study suggest that, after adjusting for patient and cycle characteristics, the presence of a cesarean scar defect may not impact live birth outcomes and secondary analysis of the impact of uterine retroversion requires more study.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

PEARL: A randomised phase 3 trial of palliative care early in advanced lung cancers (ALTG/TOGA 13/008)

12020

Background: Early referral to palliative care was associated with improved health-related quality of life (HRQL) and overall survival (OS) in a US phase 3 trial in lung cancer patients (pts). International studies in mixed cancer types have reported conflicting results. PEARL aimed to determine whether early referral to palliative care would improve HRQL, OS, and resource use in Australian pts with recently diagnosed, advanced thoracic cancers. Methods: Eligible participants (pts) in this unblinded, multi-centre, randomised, phase 3 trial had advanced thoracic cancers diagnosed within 60 days, and the ability to complete patient-rated outcome measures (PROMS). Pts were randomly allocated to early referral to palliative care (ER) or referral at clinician’s discretion (DR). All pts received standard oncological care. PROMS were completed at baseline, every 3-4 weeks for 6 months, then 6-8 weekly. The primary objective was to determine the frequency of sustained, substantial improvements in HRQL, defined as a 5-point improvement in the FACT-L Trial Outcome Index (TOI) maintained for at least 2 consecutive assessments. Secondary outcomes included OS, documentation of advanced care plan (ACP), PROM scores at 12 weeks, anxiety/depression (PROMIS-ED), lung cancer symptoms (FACT-L), global HRQL (ICECAP-SCM), carer-satisfaction and burden, and understanding of illness and prognosis. The accrual target of 200 gave 80% power (alpha 0.05) to detect an absolute improvement of 20% in the proportion of pts achieving the primary endpoint. Results: 113 pts and 78 carers were recruited when the trial closed for slow accrual. Pt characteristics were well balanced: 88 (75%) had NSCLC, 18 (16%) small cell and 7 (6%) mesothelioma. Median age was 69 (IQR 62-74), 63 (56%) were male; systemic anti-cancer therapy ongoing or planned in 88 (78%). Median follow-up was 30 months. First consultations with a palliative care specialist within 60 days of diagnosis occurred in more pts assigned ER vs DR (57% vs 3.5%). Sustained substantial improvements in FACT-L TOI were reported by similar numbers of pts assigned ER vs DR: 33% vs 32%, p = 0.9. OS was similar among those assigned ER versus DR (median 12 vs 18.4 months, p = 0.11). A similar % had a written advanced care plan at death: 15/40 (39%) vs 15/33 (47%). We found no important differences between arms in global HRQL (ICECAP-SCM), depression/anxiety (PROMIS-ED), lung cancer symptoms (FACT-L), carer satisfaction (FAMCARE-2), carer burden (CRA), or understanding of illness by carers or pts. Conclusions: Early referral to palliative care, compared with discretionary referral, did not improve important outcomes for Australian thoracic cancer pts or carers. Our findings suggest that the palliative care needs of such pts were addressed equally well by delayed referral when clinically indicated, resulting in reduced burden for resource-limited specialist palliative services. Clinical trial information: ACTRN12617000166370.

Caesarean birth in women with infertility: population-based cohort study

Objective

Caesarean section (CS) is more common following infertility treatment (IT) but the reasons why remain unclear and confounded. The Robson 10‐Group Classification System (TGCS) may further explain variation in CS rates. We assessed the association between mode of conception and CS across Robson groups.

Design

Population‐based cohort study.

Setting

Ontario, Canada, in a public healthcare system.

Population

921 023 births, 2006–2014.

Methods

Modified Poisson regression produced relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals, comparing the risk of CS among women with (1) subfertility without IT, (2) non‐invasive IT (OI, IUI) or (3) invasive IT (IVF)—each relative to (4) spontaneous conception (SC).

Main outcome measures

CS rate according to one of four modes of conception, overall and stratified by each of the TGCS groups.

Results

Relative to SC (26.9%), the risk of CS increased in those with subfertility without IT (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.16–1.18), non‐invasive IT (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.18–1.24) and invasive IT (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.36–1.42). Within each Robson group, similar patterns of RRs were seen, but with markedly differing rates. For example, in Group 1 (nulliparous, singleton, cephalic at ≥37 weeks, with spontaneous labour), the respective rates were 15.0, 19.4, 18.7 and 21.9%; in Group 2 (nulliparous, singleton, cephalic at ≥37 weeks, without spontaneous labour), the rates were 35.9, 44.4, 43.2 and 54.1%; and in Group 8 (multiple pregnancy), they were 55.9, 67.5, 65.0 and 69.3%, respectively.

Conclusions

CS is relatively more common in women with subfertility and those receiving IT, an effect that persists across Robson groups.

Tweetable abstract

Caesarean delivery is more common in women with infertility independent of demographics and prenatal conditions.

Caesarean delivery is more common in women with infertility independent of demographics and prenatal conditions.

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: uncovering differences in care and survival across the urban-rural spectrum

Background

Despite regional variation in survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), few studies have investigated urban-rural differences in the provision of care and outcomes after OHCA. To better understand the role of pre-hospital care across the urban-rural spectrum, we compared the effects of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use on survival after OHCA between geographical settings.

Methods

This retrospective study (2013–2019) used all adult, non-traumatic, and treated OHCAs registered in the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival. The urban/rural status of arrest locations were classified at the census tract level as urban, suburban, large rural, small town, or rural, using the Rural-Urban Commuting Area classification system (Figure). Bystander interventions were grouped into three categories, including no bystander intervention, bystander CPR alone, and bystander AED use (with CPR). The primary outcome of interest was survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to assess the association between bystander interventions and survival with good neurological outcome by urban/rural status, adjusting for relevant covariates.

Results

A total of 325,281 patients were included. Bystander CPR alone occurred most often in rural areas (50.8%), and least often in urban areas (35.4%). Bystander AED use varied by urban/rural status (1.7%-2.9%), with large rural (2.9%) and rural areas (2.4%) reporting the highest rates. Survival to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome differed for urban (8.1%), suburban (7.7%), large rural (9.1%), small town (7.1%), and rural areas (6.1%). In all areas, patients who received bystander AED use or bystander CPR alone were more likely to achieve survival with good neurological outcome than patients who received no bystander intervention. The effect of bystander AED use on survival was stronger than bystander CPR alone in urban, suburban, and rural areas (no overlap of confidence bands), whereas no significant differences between these two bystander intervention groups were observed in large rural areas or small towns (overlap of confidence bands) (Table).

Conclusions

Bystander CPR and AED use are critical components of the response to OHCA across the urban-rural spectrum. The relative impact of bystander interventions on survival varied based on the geographical location of arrests, despite adjusting for numerous potential confounding variables, such as response time. It is possible that unmeasured factors, such as time from collapse to bystander intervention, patient factors, AED accessibility, and CPR quality are contributing to these observed differences. Future research is needed to better understand the response to OHCA across the urban-rural spectrum, which may inform policies for community-specific emergency protocols and planning.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Oral vitamin D supplementation induces transcriptomic changes in rectal mucosa that are linked to anti-tumour effects

BACKGROUND

The risk for several common cancers is influenced by the transcriptomic landscape of the respective tissue-of-origin. Vitamin D influences in vitro gene expression and cancer cell growth. We sought to determine whether oral vitamin D induces beneficial gene expression effects in human rectal epithelium and identify biomarkers of response.

METHODS

Blood and rectal mucosa was sampled from 191 human subjects and mucosa gene expression (HT12) correlated with plasma vitamin D (25-OHD) to identify differentially expressed genes. Fifty subjects were then administered 3200IU/day oral vitamin D3 and matched blood/mucosa resampled after 12 weeks. Transcriptomic changes (HT12/RNAseq) after supplementation were tested against the prioritised genes for gene-set and GO-process enrichment. To identify blood biomarkers of mucosal response, we derived receiver-operator curves and C-statistic (AUC) and tested biomarker reproducibility in an independent Supplementation Trial (BEST-D).

RESULTS

Six hundred twenty-nine genes were associated with 25-OHD level (P < 0.01), highlighting 453 GO-term processes (FDR<0.05). In the whole intervention cohort, vitamin D supplementation enriched the prioritised mucosal gene-set (upregulated gene-set P < 1.0E-07; downregulated gene-set P < 2.6E-05) and corresponding GO terms (P = 2.90E-02), highlighting gene expression patterns consistent with anti-tumour effects. However, only 9 individual participants (18%) showed a significant response (NM gene-set enrichment P < 0.001) to supplementation. Expression changes in HIPK2 and PPP1CC expression served as blood biomarkers of mucosal transcriptomic response (AUC=0.84 [95%CI 0.66-1.00]) and replicated in BEST-D trial subjects (HIPK2 AUC=0.83 [95%CI 0.77-0.89]; PPP1CC AUC=0.91 [95%CI 0.86-0.95]).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher plasma 25-OHD correlates with rectal mucosa gene expression patterns consistent with anti-tumour effects, and this beneficial signature is induced by short-term vitamin D supplementation. Heterogenous gene expression responses to vitamin D may limit the ability of randomised trials to identify beneficial effects of supplementation on CRC risk. However, in the current study blood expression changes in HIPK2 and PPP1CC identify those participants with significant anti-tumour transcriptomic responses to supplementation in the rectum. These data provide compelling rationale for a trial of vitamin D and CRC prevention using easily assayed blood gene expression signatures as intermediate biomarkers of response.

Survival Outcome with Routine Clinical Use of 82Rb PET/CT Myocardial Blood Flow (MBF) Quantification

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals

Background

The prognostic value of 82Rb PET/CT derived myocardial blood flow (MBF) is increasingly recognised in both general and specific cardiovascular populations.

Purpose

This study investigates the prognostic potential of MBF in a large cohort of patients undergoing routine 82Rb PET/CT examination.

Methods

1148 consecutive patients (687 males, mean age 64 +/- 12 years) whom had been referred for 82Rb PET/CT examination in a single centre were included in this study.  All patients completed a stress 82Rb PET/CT with adenosine infusion, paired with a rest study.  Dynamic PET acquisitions were performed in both. Cardiovascular risk factors were documented as per clinical routine. Images were checked for quality and analysed using a proprietary software by an experienced operator to derive MBF parameters.  Overall survival was recorded following the study.

Results

Median follow-up period was 71 +/- 28 months.  Mean survival was 121 (95% CI: 118-124) months. On univariate analysis, global myocardial flow reserve &lt;1.77 was associated with a higher all-cause mortality (p &lt; 0.001). Other parameters including higher age (&gt; =76 years), lower BMI (&lt;21), qualitative abnormality on the myocardial perfusion scan (MPS), low hyperaemic ejection fraction on the gated studies (stress &lt; 37 and rest &lt; 34). Patients being on cardiac glycosides and diuretics were also significant predictor of poor prognosis (p &lt; 0.001) on univariate analysis, presumably reflecting underlying arrhythmia and heart failure. A multivariate Cox regression analysis (step-wise Forward Wald), comprising of the above significant univariate markers, highlighted global myocardial flow reserve (HR: 2.6, 95%CI: 1.8-3.6, p &lt; 0.001), age (HR: 2.8, 95%CI: 2.0-3.9, p &lt; 0.001),, BMI (HR: 2.7, 95%CI: 1.7-4.1, p &lt; 0.001),, ejection fraction (stress - HR: 3.3, 95%CI: 2.3-4.8, p &lt; 0.001), MPS (HR: 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1-2.1, p = 0.024), and patients on diuretics (HR: 1.8, 95%CI: 1.2-2.5, p = 0.003) were independent predictors of overall survival (overall model: p &lt; 0.001)

Discussion

We show that high volume routinely derived MBF in patients undergoing 82Rb PET/CT is a strong predictor of mortality and independent of other risk factors. This has important clinical implication for measuring not only interventional treatment but also measuring the effect of lifestyle and medical strategies.

Constraints on Cosmic Strings Using Data from the Third Advanced LIGO-Virgo Observing Run

We search for gravitational-wave signals produced by cosmic strings in the Advanced LIGO and Virgo full O3 dataset. Search results are presented for gravitational waves produced by cosmic string loop features such as cusps, kinks, and, for the first time, kink-kink collisions. A template-based search for short-duration transient signals does not yield a detection. We also use the stochastic gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits derived from the O3 data to constrain the cosmic string tension Gμ as a function of the number of kinks, or the number of cusps, for two cosmic string loop distribution models. Additionally, we develop and test a third model that interpolates between these two models. Our results improve upon the previous LIGO-Virgo constraints on Gμ by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude depending on the model that is tested. In particular, for the one-loop distribution model, we set the most competitive constraints to date: Gμ≲4×10^{-15}. In the case of cosmic strings formed at the end of inflation in the context of grand unified theories, these results challenge simple inflationary models.

Constraints on Cosmic Strings Using Data from the Third Advanced LIGO-Virgo Observing Run

We search for gravitational-wave signals produced by cosmic strings in the Advanced LIGO and Virgo full O3 dataset. Search results are presented for gravitational waves produced by cosmic string loop features such as cusps, kinks, and, for the first time, kink-kink collisions. A template-based search for short-duration transient signals does not yield a detection. We also use the stochastic gravitational-wave background energy density upper limits derived from the O3 data to constrain the cosmic string tension Gμ as a function of the number of kinks, or the number of cusps, for two cosmic string loop distribution models. Additionally, we develop and test a third model that interpolates between these two models. Our results improve upon the previous LIGO-Virgo constraints on Gμ by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude depending on the model that is tested. In particular, for the one-loop distribution model, we set the most competitive constraints to date: Gμ≲4×10^{-15}. In the case of cosmic strings formed at the end of inflation in the context of grand unified theories, these results challenge simple inflationary models.

906 Implementing and Re-Designing A Virtual Fracture Clinic (VFC) During The COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction

We have implemented a VFC model during the COVID-19 pandemic to minimise the number of face-to-face consultations and the risk of transmission.

Method

The VFC was implemented and assessed using 3 PDSA cycles. Initially, a paper referral system was introduced along with treatment pathways. Subsequently an electronic referral system was established. The 3rd PDSA cycle involved training A&E staff on referrals and treatment pathways. At each stage the number of VFC referrals and clinic follow-ups were measured. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a telephone survey with a random sample of 30 patients.

Results

There was a statistically significant reduction in face-to-face follow-ups between pre-VFC (Total:4083, Average:86.87) and post-VFC (Total:713, Average:35.65) p-value&lt;0.0001. There was a statistically significant increase in patient satisfaction after the implementation of the electronic referral system and staff re-training(9.25) compared to paper referrals(8.23), p-value=0.02064.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that the VFC successfully reduced the number of face-to-face follow-ups while maintaining patient satisfaction. Thus, it is an effective alternative to conventional fracture clinics. A similar model can be introduced at other hospitals to minimise in-person consultations and risk of transmission, while standardising patient care. It has also highlighted the importance of appropriate technological infrastructure, staff training and service evaluation.

Clinical profiles of post-load glucose subgroups and their association with glycaemic traits over time: An IMI-DIRECT study

AIM

To examine the hypothesis that, based on their glucose curves during a seven-point oral glucose tolerance test, people at elevated type 2 diabetes risk can be divided into subgroups with different clinical profiles at baseline and different degrees of subsequent glycaemic deterioration.

METHODS

We included 2126 participants at elevated type 2 diabetes risk from the Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification (IMI-DIRECT) study. Latent class trajectory analysis was used to identify subgroups from a seven-point oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and follow-up. Linear models quantified the associations between the subgroups with glycaemic traits at baseline and 18 months.

RESULTS

At baseline, we identified four glucose curve subgroups, labelled in order of increasing peak levels as 1-4. Participants in Subgroups 2-4, were more likely to have higher insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment) and a lower Matsuda index, than those in Subgroup 1. Overall, participants in Subgroups 3 and 4, had higher glycaemic trait values, with the exception of the Matsuda and insulinogenic indices. At 18 months, change in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was higher in Subgroup 4 (β = 0.36, 95% CI 0.13-0.58), Subgroup 3 (β = 0.30; 95% CI 0.10-0.50) and Subgroup 2 (β = 0.18; 95% CI 0.04-0.32), compared to Subgroup 1. The same was observed for C-peptide and insulin. Five subgroups were identified at follow-up, and the majority of participants remained in the same subgroup or progressed to higher peak subgroups after 18 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Using data from a frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test, glucose curve patterns associated with different clinical characteristics and different rates of subsequent glycaemic deterioration can be identified.

Community movement and COVID-19: a global study using Google's Community Mobility Reports

Google's 'Community Mobility Reports' (CMR) detail changes in activity and mobility occurring in response to COVID-19. They thus offer the unique opportunity to examine the relationship between mobility and disease incidence. The objective was to examine whether an association between COVID-19-confirmed case numbers and levels of mobility was apparent, and if so then to examine whether such data enhance disease modelling and prediction. CMR data for countries worldwide were cross-correlated with corresponding COVID-19-confirmed case numbers. Models were fitted to explain case numbers of each country's epidemic. Models using numerical date, contemporaneous and distributed lag CMR data were contrasted using Bayesian Information Criteria. Noticeable were negative correlations between CMR data and case incidence for prominent industrialised countries of Western Europe and the North Americas. Continent-wide examination found a negative correlation for all continents with the exception of South America. When modelling, CMR-expanded models proved superior to the model without CMR. The predictions made with the distributed lag model significantly outperformed all other models. The observed relationship between CMR data and case incidence, and its ability to enhance model quality and prediction suggests data related to community mobility could prove of use in future COVID-19 modelling.

Studies of Charm Quark Diffusion inside Jets Using Pb-Pb and pp Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

The first study of charm quark diffusion with respect to the jet axis in heavy ion collisions is presented. The measurement is performed using jets with p_{T}^{jet}>60  GeV/c and D^{0} mesons with p_{T}^{D}>4  GeV/c in lead-lead (Pb-Pb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV, recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC. The radial distribution of D^{0} mesons with respect to the jet axis is sensitive to the production mechanisms of the meson, as well as to the energy loss and diffusion processes undergone by its parent parton inside the strongly interacting medium produced in Pb-Pb collisions. When compared to Monte Carlo event generators, the radial distribution in pp collisions is found to be well described by pythia, while the slope of the distribution predicted by sherpa is steeper than that of the data. In Pb-Pb collisions, compared to the pp results, the D^{0} meson distribution for 4<p_{T}^{D}<20  GeV/c hints at a larger distance on average with respect to the jet axis, reflecting a diffusion of charm quarks in the medium created in heavy ion collisions. At higher p_{T}^{D}, the Pb-Pb and pp radial distributions are found to be similar.

GW190521: A Binary Black Hole Merger with a Total Mass of 150 M_{⊙}

On May 21, 2019 at 03:02:29 UTC Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observed a short duration gravitational-wave signal, GW190521, with a three-detector network signal-to-noise ratio of 14.7, and an estimated false-alarm rate of 1 in 4900 yr using a search sensitive to generic transients. If GW190521 is from a quasicircular binary inspiral, then the detected signal is consistent with the merger of two black holes with masses of 85_{-14}^{+21}  M_{⊙} and 66_{-18}^{+17}  M_{⊙} (90% credible intervals). We infer that the primary black hole mass lies within the gap produced by (pulsational) pair-instability supernova processes, with only a 0.32% probability of being below 65  M_{⊙}. We calculate the mass of the remnant to be 142_{-16}^{+28}  M_{⊙}, which can be considered an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH). The luminosity distance of the source is 5.3_{-2.6}^{+2.4}  Gpc, corresponding to a redshift of 0.82_{-0.34}^{+0.28}. The inferred rate of mergers similar to GW190521 is 0.13_{-0.11}^{+0.30}  Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}.

An eco-friendly decontaminant to kill Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Mycobacteria are difficult to kill due to the complexity of their cell wall. Further, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has one of the more elaborate cell wall compositions of all the mycobacteria. As a working pathogen within a research laboratory setting or as an environmental contaminant shed in the manure from infected animals, MAP is highly resistant to typical disinfectants. In the past, the most successful disinfectants to kill mycobacteria were based upon phenolics, harsh compounds that can break down the lipids within the cell wall. New disinfectants have been developed that are less toxic to the environment, however, it is unknown how well they perform compared to more traditional disinfectants. In the present study, we present comparative data on the utility of a commercial eco-friendly disinfectant, Benefect®, compared to Amphyl®, a phenolic-based disinfectant, and Lysol®, a quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant, to kill MAP in pure culture, tissues, and manure. Results demonstrated that Benefect was highly effective with up to 100% kill of MAP within 30 min in all experiments, paralleling results obtained with Amphyl. Lysol performed the most poorly, requiring longer contact times to kill MAP. These results suggest that natural, nontoxic ingredients can be used to disinfect even hearty pathogens such as MAP effectively, both within the laboratory and on-farm.

A phase II trial of durvalumab (MEDI4736) and tremelimumab with chemotherapy in metastatic EGFR mutant non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following progression on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (ILLUMINATE)

TPS9631

Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have proven remarkably effective in the treatment of advanced EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, drug resistance is inevitable and outcomes with subsequent platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy are poor. The role of immune-checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy in EGFR mutant NSCLC remains uncertain with trials demonstrating inferior survival outcomes compared to chemotherapy. However, a recent randomised study with combination checkpoint inhibitor-chemotherapy demonstrated improved survival over chemotherapy alone in this patient population. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of combination dual immune-checkpoint blockade, durvalumab and tremelimumab, with platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy in metastatic EGFR mutant NSCLC following progression on EGFR-TKIs. Methods: This international phase II cohort study will recruit 100 participants from Australia and Taiwan with advanced EGFR mutant NSCLC following disease progression with EGFR-TKIs [Cohort 1 (n=50): T790M mutation negative on tissue and plasma; Cohort 2 (n=50): T790M mutation positive on tissue and/or plasma, and progression on3rd generation TKIs]. Participants will receive 4 cycles of induction durvalumab 1500mg and tremelimumab 75mg with platinum-pemetrexed chemotherapy every 3 weeks, followed by maintenance durvalumab 1500mg and pemetrexed 500mg/m2 every 4 weeks until disease progression. Response will be assessed at 6 and 12 weeks, then 8-weekly during the first year, and 12-weekly thereafter. Major endpoints include objective tumour response rate (OTRR; RECIST1.1; primary), disease control rate, OTRR (iRECIST), progression-free survival, overall survival, and adverse events. Correlative studies include biomarker assessment as potential predictive/prognostic factors. ILLUMINATE is a collaboration between the Australasian Lung Cancer Trials Group, National Health Research Institutes (Taiwan) and the NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney. As of 6/2/2020, 11 of planned 100 participants have been recruited. Clinical trial information: NCT03994393 .

The Canadian Assisted Reproductive Technologies Register (CARTR) Plus database: a validation study

STUDY QUESTION

Are data accurately documented in the Canadian Assisted Reproductive Technologies Register (CARTR) Plus database?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Measures of validity were strong for the majority of variables evaluated while those with moderate agreement were FSH levels, oocyte origin and elective single embryo transfer.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Health databases and registries are excellent sources of data. However, as these databases are typically not established for the primary purpose of performing research, they should be evaluated prior to utilization for research both to inform the study design and to determine the extent to which key study variables, such as patient characteristics or therapies provided, are accurately documented in the database. CARTR Plus is Canada's national register for collecting extensive information on IVF and corresponding pregnancy outcomes, and it has yet to be validated.

STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION

This study evaluating the data translation CARTR Plus database examined IVF cycles performed in 2015 using data directly from patient charts. Six clinics across Canada were recruited to participate, using a purposive sampling strategy. Fixed random sampling was employed to select 146 patient cycles at each clinic, representing unique patients. Only a single treatment cycle record from a unique patient at each clinic was considered during chart selection.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS

Twenty-five data elements (patient characteristics, treatments and outcomes) were reabstracted from patient charts, which were declared the reference standard. Data were reabstracted by two independent auditors with relevant clinical knowledge after confirming inter-rater reliability. These data elements from the chart were then compared to those in CARTR Plus. To determine the validity of these variables, we calculated kappa coefficients, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value with 95% CI for categorical variables and calculated median differences and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for continuous variables.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Six clinics agreed to participate in this study representing five Canadian provinces. The mean age of patients was 35.5 years, which was similar between the two data sources, resulting in a near perfect level of agreement (ICC = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99, 0.99). The agreement for FSH was moderate, ICC = 0.68 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.72). There was nearly perfect agreement for cycle type, kappa = 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.00). Over 90% of the cycles in the reabstracted charts used autologous oocytes; however, data on oocyte source were missing for 13% of cycles in CARTR Plus, resulting in a moderate degree of agreement, kappa = 0.45 (95% CI, 0.37, 0.52). Embryo transfer and number of embryos transferred had nearly perfect agreement, with kappa coefficients greater than 0.90, whereas that for elective single or double embryo transfer was much lower (kappa = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.61). Agreement was nearly perfect for pregnancy type, and number of fetal sacs and fetal hearts on ultrasound, all with kappa coefficients greater than 0.90.

LARGE-SCALE DATA

N/A.

LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION

CARTR Plus contains over 200 variables, of which only 25 were assessed in this study. This foundational validation work should be extended to other CARTR Plus database variables in future studies.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

This study provides the first assessment of the quality of the data translation process of the CARTR Plus database, and we found very high quality for the majority of the variables that were analyzed. We identified key data points that are either too often lacking or inconsistent with chart data, indicating that changes in the data entry process may be required.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS

This study was funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (Grant Number FDN-148438) and by the Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society Research Seed Grant (Grant Number: N/A). The authors report no conflict of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

Not applicable.

Low plasma vitamin D is associated with adverse colorectal cancer survival after surgical resection, independent of systemic inflammatory response

OBJECTIVE

We assessed the effect of surgical resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) on perioperative plasma vitamin D (25OHD) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. We investigated the relationship between circulating vitamin D level and CRC survival.

DESIGN

We sequentially sampled 92 patients undergoing CRC resection, and measured plasma 25OHD and CRP. For survival analyses, we assayed 25OHD and CRP in two temporally distinct CRC patient cohorts (n=2006, n=2100) and investigated the association between survival outcome, circulating vitamin D and systemic inflammatory response.

RESULTS

Serial sampling revealed a postoperative fall (mean 17.3 nmol/L; p=3.6e-9) in plasma 25OHD (nadir days 1-2). CRP peaked 3-5 days postoperatively (143.1 mg/L; p=1.4e-12), yet the postoperative fall in 25OHD was independent of CRP. In cohort analyses, 25OHD was lower in the 12 months following operation (mean=48.8 nmol/L) than preoperatively (54.8 nmol/L; p=1.2e-5) recovering after 24 months (52.2 nmol/L; p=0.002). Survival analysis in American Joint Committee on Cancer stages I-III demonstrated associations between 25OHD tertile and CRC mortality (HR=0.69; 95% CI 0.46 to 0.91) and all-cause mortality (HR=0.68; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.85), and was independent of CRP. We observed interaction effects between plasma 25OHD and rs11568820 genotype (functional VDR polymorphism) with a strong protective effect of higher 25OHD only in patients with GG genotype (HR=0.51; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.81). We developed an online tool for predicted survival (https://apps.igmm.ed.ac.uk/mortalityCalculator/) that incorporates 25OHD with clinically useful predictive performance (area under the curve 0.77).

CONCLUSIONS

CRC surgery induces a fall in circulating 25OHD. Plasma 25OHD level is a prognostic biomarker with low 25OHD associated with poorer survival, particularly in those with rs11568820 GG genotype. A randomised trial of vitamin D supplementation after CRC surgery has compelling rationale.

Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA

We present our current best estimate of the plausible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next several years, with the intention of providing information to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals for the third (O3), fourth (O4) and fifth observing (O5) runs, including the planned upgrades of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. We study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source for gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary systems of compact objects, that is binary neutron star, neutron star-black hole, and binary black hole systems. The ability to localize the sources is given as a sky-area probability, luminosity distance, and comoving volume. The median sky localization area (90% credible region) is expected to be a few hundreds of square degrees for all types of binary systems during O3 with the Advanced LIGO and Virgo (HLV) network. The median sky localization area will improve to a few tens of square degrees during O4 with the Advanced LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA (HLVK) network. During O3, the median localization volume (90% credible region) is expected to be on the order of 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 Mpc 3 for binary neutron star, neutron star-black hole, and binary black hole systems, respectively. The localization volume in O4 is expected to be about a factor two smaller than in O3. We predict a detection count of 1 - 1 + 12 ( 10 - 10 + 52 ) for binary neutron star mergers, of 0 - 0 + 19 ( 1 - 1 + 91 ) for neutron star-black hole mergers, and 17 - 11 + 22 ( 79 - 44 + 89 ) for binary black hole mergers in a one-calendar-year observing run of the HLV network during O3 (HLVK network during O4). We evaluate sensitivity and localization expectations for unmodeled signal searches, including the search for intermediate mass black hole binary mergers.

Determination of Ochratoxin A in Currants, Raisins, Sultanas, Mixed Dried Fruit, and Dried Figs by Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup with Liquid Chromatography: Interlaboratory Study

An interlaboratory study was performed on behalf of the Food Standards Agency to evaluate the effectiveness of an affinity column cleanup liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the determination of ochratoxin A in a variety of dried fruit at European regulatory limits. To ensure homogeneity before analysis, laboratory samples are normally slurried with water in the ratio of 5 parts fruit to 4 parts water, and test materials in this form were used in the study. The test portion was extracted with acidified methanol. The extract was filtered, diluted with phosphate-buffered saline, and applied to an affinity column. The column was washed and ochratoxin A was eluted with methanol. Ochratoxin A was quantified by reversed-phase LC. The use of post-column pH shift to enhance the fluorescence of ochratoxin A by the addition of 1.1M ammonia solution to the column eluant is optional. Determination was by fluorescence. Currants, sultanas, raisins, figs, and mixed fruit (comprising dried pineapple, papaya, sultanas, prunes, dates, and banana chips), both naturally contaminated and blank (very low level), were sent to 24 collaborators in 7 European countries. Participants were asked to spike test portions of all test samples at a level equivalent to 5 ng/g ochra toxin A. Average recoveries ranged from 69 to 74%. Based on results for 5 naturally contaminated test samples (blind duplicates) the relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 4.9 to 8.7%, and the relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR)rangedfrom14to28%. The method showed acceptable within-and be-tween-laboratory precision for all 5 matrixes, as evidenced by HORRAT values &lt;1.3.

28Impact of non-invasive rapid cardiac magnetic resonance for the assessment of cardiomyopathies in developing countries

Background

Cardiovascular mortality is higher in developing countries. Part of that is suboptimal testing. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for measuring structure, function of the heart and adds incremental value by imaging scarring and to assess iron level. Despite the existence of MRI units, CMR is identified as a complex test, with poor training and availability in developing countries.

Purpose

To assess the potential impact of a faster CMR protocol at a multicentre level in developing countries; implementing it with an education program, for the assessment cardiomyopathies.

Methods

An international partnership. A rapid CMR protocol for the evaluation of cardiac volumes, function and tissue characterization (Cardiac Iron T2* and LGE for scar) Figure 1a. We deployed the protocol as a multicentre study: Argentina, Peru, India and South Africa accompanied by a program of education. Pre-scan clinical information, scanning data: complications, image quality and post-scan follow-up of participants for the assessment on impact, between 3 to 24 months.

Results

510 scans (4 countries, 6 cities, 12 centres) were performed with the rapid CMR protocol. Contrast studies in 378 (74%). There were no scan-related complications. Quality of the studies was maintained in a high level as an average of 89%. 97% of studies responded referral's question. All patients with contrast CMR scan have had at least one 2D echocardiogram before CMR. Average scan duration was 21±6 mins for contrast studies and 12±3 for non-contrast T2* protocol. The most common underlying diagnoses were non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy in 73% of participants (including cardiac iron level assessment in 26%, HCM in 17%, DCM in 15%), 27% for ischaemic cardiomyopathy and 15% for other pathologies. 4 of the 12 participant centres started to incorporate CMR for the first time. Findings impacted management in 60% of patients, including new diagnosis in 21% of participants. See table 1, figure 1b. For just cardiac iron assessment: 1/3 of participants had iron deposited in the heart with 14% of patients in severe levels.

Conclusions

CMR can be delivered faster and easier. When this abbreviated protocol is enabled with education, it can be implemented in developing countries with existing technology. This protocol shows high quality exam, with an important impact on patient's management.

Characteristics and impact on management Contrast studies Non-contrast studies All patients (%) 378 (74) 132 (36) Age, mean (range) years 54 (16–93) 24 (13–41) Male (%) 151 (39) 64 (48) Pre-echocardiography exam (%) 370 (98) 42 (32) Scanning duration mean (SD) 21 (6) 12 (3) Good quality exam (%) 329 (87) 120 (91) Impact on management Total All patients (%) 510 (100) Completely new diagnosis (%) 105 (21) Change/Addition of Medication (%) 128 (25) Intervention/ Surgery (%) 31 (6) Invasive angiography/biopsy (%) 25 (5) Hospital discharge/admission (%) 15 (3) TOTAL 306 (60%) SD: Standard Deviation.

Acknowledgement/Funding

Global Engagement UCL, UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office and The Peruvian Scientific, Technological Development and Technological Innovation (FONDECYT)

Search for Subsolar Mass Ultracompact Binaries in Advanced LIGO's Second Observing Run

We present a search for subsolar mass ultracompact objects in data obtained during Advanced LIGO's second observing run. In contrast to a previous search of Advanced LIGO data from the first observing run, this search includes the effects of component spin on the gravitational waveform. We identify no viable gravitational-wave candidates consistent with subsolar mass ultracompact binaries with at least one component between 0.2  M_{⊙}-1.0  M_{⊙}. We use the null result to constrain the binary merger rate of (0.2  M_{⊙}, 0.2  M_{⊙}) binaries to be less than 3.7×10^{5}  Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1} and the binary merger rate of (1.0  M_{⊙}, 1.0  M_{⊙}) binaries to be less than 5.2×10^{3}  Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}. Subsolar mass ultracompact objects are not expected to form via known stellar evolution channels, though it has been suggested that primordial density fluctuations or particle dark matter with cooling mechanisms and/or nuclear interactions could form black holes with subsolar masses. Assuming a particular primordial black hole (PBH) formation model, we constrain a population of merging 0.2  M_{⊙} black holes to account for less than 16% of the dark matter density and a population of merging 1.0  M_{⊙} black holes to account for less than 2% of the dark matter density. We discuss how constraints on the merger rate and dark matter fraction may be extended to arbitrary black hole population models that predict subsolar mass binaries.

Ex vivo culture of adult CD34+ stem cells using functional highly porous polymer scaffolds to establish biomimicry of the bone marrow niche

Haematopoiesis, the process of blood production, occurs from a tiny contingent of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in highly specialised three-dimensional niches located within the bone marrow. When haematopoiesis is replicated using in vitro two-dimensional culture, HSCs rapidly differentiate, limiting self-renewal. Emulsion-templated highly porous polyHIPE foam scaffolds were chosen to mimic the honeycomb architecture of human bone. The unmodified polyHIPE material supports haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) culture, with successful culture of erythroid progenitors and neutrophils within the scaffolds. Using erythroid culture methodology, the CD34⁺ population was maintained for 28 days with continual release of erythroid progenitors. These cells are shown to spontaneously repopulate the scaffolds, and the accumulated egress can be expanded and grown at large scale to reticulocytes. We next show that the polyHIPE scaffolds can be successfully functionalised using activated BM(PEG)₂ (1,8-bismaleimido-diethyleneglycol) and then a Jagged-1 peptide attached in an attempt to facilitate notch signalling. Although Jagged-1 peptide had no detectable effect, the BM(PEG)₂ alone significantly increased cell egress when compared to controls, without depleting the scaffold population. This work highlights polyHIPE as a novel functionalisable material for mimicking the bone marrow, and also that PEG can influence HSPC behaviour within scaffolds.