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Bteich J, Ernsting MJ, Mohammed M, Kiyota T, McKee TD, Trikha M, Lowman HB, Sokoll KK. Nanoparticle Formulation Derived from Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Polyethylene Glycol, and Cabazitaxel for Chemotherapy Delivery to the Brain. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2009-2020. [PMID: 29734804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles provide a unique opportunity to explore the benefits of selective distribution and release of cancer therapeutics at sites of disease through varying particle sizes and compositions that exploit the enhanced permeability of tumor-associated blood vessels. Though delivery of larger as opposed to smaller and/or actively transported molecules to the brain is prima facie a challenging endeavor, we wondered whether nanoparticles could improve the therapeutic index of existing drugs for use in treating brain tumors via these vascular effects. We therefore selected a family of nanoparticles composed of cabazitaxel-carboxymethyl cellulose amphiphilic polymers to investigate the potential for delivering a brain-penetrant taxane to intracranial brain tumors in mice. Among a small set of nanoparticle formulations, we found evidence for nanoparticle accumulation in the brain, and one such formulation demonstrated activity in an orthotopic model of glioma, suggesting that such nanoparticles could be useful for the treatment of glioma and brain metastases of other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bteich
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program , Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , 101 College Street, Suite 800 , Toronto , Ontario M5G 0A3 , Canada
| | - Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program , Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , 101 College Street, Suite 800 , Toronto , Ontario M5G 0A3 , Canada.,Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science , Ryerson University , Toronto , Ontario M5B 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Mohammed Mohammed
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program , Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , 101 College Street, Suite 800 , Toronto , Ontario M5G 0A3 , Canada
| | - Taira Kiyota
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program , Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , 101 College Street, Suite 800 , Toronto , Ontario M5G 0A3 , Canada
| | - Trevor D McKee
- STTARR Innovation Centre, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre , University Health Network , Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Mohit Trikha
- Triphase Accelerator , 3366 North Torrey Pines Court, Suite 210 , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Henry B Lowman
- Triphase Accelerator , 3366 North Torrey Pines Court, Suite 210 , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Kenneth K Sokoll
- Fight Against Cancer Innovation Trust , MaRs Centre , West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510 , Toronto , Ontario M5G 0A3 , Canada
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Bteich J, McManus SA, Ernsting MJ, Mohammed MZ, Prud'homme RK, Sokoll KK. Using Flash Nanoprecipitation To Produce Highly Potent and Stable Cellax Nanoparticles from Amphiphilic Polymers Derived from Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Polyethylene Glycol, and Cabazitaxel. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3998-4007. [PMID: 28945432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) as an efficient and scalable means of producing Cellax nanoparticles. Cellax polymeric conjugates consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose functionalized with PEG and hydrophobic anticancer drugs, such as cabazitaxel (coined Cellax-CBZ), have been shown to have high potency against several oncology targets, including prostate cancer. FNP, a robust method used to create nanoparticles through rapid mixing, has been used to encapsulate several hydrophobic drugs with block copolymer stabilizers, but has never been used to form nanoparticles from random copolymers, such as Cellax-CBZ. To assess the potential of using FNP to produce Cellax nanoparticles, parameters such as concentration, mixing rate, solvent ratios, and subsequent dilution were tested with a target nanoparticle size range of 60 nm. Under optimized solvent conditions, particles were formed that underwent a subsequent rearrangement to form nanoparticles of 60 nm diameter, independent of Cellax-CBZ polymer concentration. This intraparticle relaxation, without interparticle association, points to a delicate balance of hydrophobic/hydrophilic domains on the polymer backbone. These particles were stable over time, and the random amphiphilicity did not lead to interparticle attractions, which would compromise the stability and corresponding narrow size distribution required for parenteral injection. The amphiphilic nature of these conjugates allows them to be processed into nanoparticles for sustained drug release and improved tumor selectivity. Preferred candidates were evaluated for plasma stability and cytotoxicity against the PC3 prostate cancer cell line in vitro. These parameters are important when assessing nanoparticle safety and for estimating potential efficacy, respectively. The optimal formulations showed plasma stability profiles consistent with long circulating nanoparticles, and cytotoxicity comparable to that of free CBZ. This study demonstrates that FNP is a promising technology for development of Cellax nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bteich
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5G 0A3
| | - Simon A McManus
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5G 0A3.,Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5B 1Z2
| | - Mohammed Z Mohammed
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5G 0A3
| | - Robert K Prud'homme
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kenneth K Sokoll
- Fight Against Cancer Innovation Trust , MaRS Centre, West Tower, 661 University Avenue, suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5G 0A3
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Bteich J, Hoang B, Undzys E, Mohammed M, Su AL, Ou K, Emerson D, Sokoll K, Li SD, Trikha M, Lowman H, Ernsting MJ. Abstract 1342: A production-scalable cabazitaxel cellulose nanoparticle exhibits significant efficacy in a bone model of docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to: (1) evaluate the antitumor efficacy of a controlled release cabazitaxel cellulose nanoparticle (CBZed-Nano) in an orthotopic bone model of docetaxel-resistant LNCaP C4-2B prostate cancer, and (2) confirm the efficacy of dose preparation by scalable instrumentation (NanoAssemblr), in a subcutaneous PC3 prostate xenograft model.
Methods: mPEG-OH and cabazitaxel (CBZ) were coupled to a carboxymethylcellulose acetate polymer to yield CBZed-Nano, according to established coupling and purification methods (1). Particles were prepared by nanoprecipitation of polymer into saline by either a manual vortex technique (1) or a NanoAssemblr™ (NA) microfluidic-based instrument. Particles were purified by dialysis and sterile filtration (1). Particle size was measured by a DLS Malvern Zetasizer, morphology was screened by TEM, and residual substances were measured by LC.
Male NOD-SCID mice were inoculated via intrafemoral injection with docetaxel-resistant LNCaP C42B prostate cancer. One day after inoculation, mice were treated with vortex prep CBZed-Nano (55 mg/kg) or CBZ (2 mg/kg) on a q1,5,9d schedule. Survival curves were generated (n = 10 mice per group). To directly compare preparation technique, nude mice bearing s.c. PC3 prostate cancer xenografts were treated at Bolder BioPath (Boulder, US) with CBZed-Nano (NA and vortex prep, 85 to 142 mg/kg) and CBZ (15-25 mg/kg) on a q1,5,9d schedule.
Results: The CBZed-Nano polymer conjugate contained 36 wt% CBZ and 11 wt% PEG, with residual free CBZ < 0.01 wt% of CBZ content. Particles prepared by vortex and NA were 94 and 70 nm respectively (by DLS). By TEM analysis, NA particles exhibit a more uniform spherical morphology.
Mice bearing docetaxel resistant LNCaP C42B tumors exhibited a partial response to CBZ treatment, with a median survival of 61 days, compared to 34 days for vehicle controls. In contrast, mice treated with CBZed-Nano exhibited a significantly improved response, with 70% durable cure.
Efficacy was observed regardless of CBZed-Nano preparation technique. Mice treated with CBZ exhibited a 38-63% durable cure in the 60, 75, and 100% MTD groups. In comparison, mice treated with CBZed-Nano exhibited a 92-100% durable cure, confirming both the superior activity of CBZed-Nano relative to free CBZ, and confirming antitumor activity of the scalable NanoAssemblr production.
Conclusion: The CBZed-Nano preparation technique is scalable, with manual and NanoAssemblr™ produced dose being equally efficacious in a PC3 prostate cancer model. Significant efficacy (70% durable cure) in a docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer of the bone model was also observed. The data suggests that CBZed-Nano is more tolerable than CBZ, and that it may overcome taxane-resistant solid tumor indications.
(1) Bioconjugate Chem 22 2011, 2474-2486
(2) Biomaterials 33 2012, 3931-3941
Citation Format: Joseph Bteich, Bryan Hoang, Elijus Undzys, Mohammed Mohammed, Ai Lin Su, Kevin Ou, David Emerson, Kenneth Sokoll, Shyh-Dar Li, Mohit Trikha, Henry Lowman, Mark J. Ernsting. A production-scalable cabazitaxel cellulose nanoparticle exhibits significant efficacy in a bone model of docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bteich
- 1Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Hoang
- 1Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elijus Undzys
- 1Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ai Lin Su
- 1Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Ou
- 2Precision Nanosystems Incorporated, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth Sokoll
- 4Fight Against Cancer Innovation Trust, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- 5University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohit Trikha
- 6Triphase Accelerator US Corporation, San Diego, CA
| | - Henry Lowman
- 6Triphase Accelerator US Corporation, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark J. Ernsting
- 1Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hoang B, Ernsting MJ, Roy A, Murakami M, Undzys E, Li SD. Docetaxel-carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticles target cells via a SPARC and albumin dependent mechanism. Biomaterials 2015; 59:66-76. [PMID: 25956852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellax, a polymer-docetaxel (DTX) conjugate that self-assembled into 120 nm particles, displayed significant enhancements in safety and efficacy over native DTX across a number of primary and metastatic tumor models. Despite these exciting preclinical data, the underlying mechanism of delivery of Cellax remains elusive. Herein, we demonstrated that serum albumin efficiently adsorbed onto the Cellax particles with a 4-fold increased avidity compared to native DTX, and the uptake of Cellax by cells was primarily driven by an albumin and SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, an albumin binder) dependent internalization mechanism. In the SPARC-positive cells, a >2-fold increase in cellular internalization of Cellax was observed in the presence of albumin. In the SPARC-negative cells, no difference in Cellax internalization was observed in the presence or absence of albumin. Evaluation of the internalization mechanism using endocytotic inhibitors revealed that Cellax was internalized predominantly via a clathrin-mediated endocytotic mechanism. Upon internalization, it was demonstrated that Cellax was entrapped within the endo-lysosomal and autophagosomal compartments. Analysis of the tumor SPARC level with tumor growth inhibition of Cellax in a panel of tumor models revealed a positive and linear correlation (R(2) > 0.9). Thus, this albumin and SPARC-dependent pathway for Cellax delivery to tumors was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Hoang
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aniruddha Roy
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mami Murakami
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elijus Undzys
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Ernsting MJ, Hoang B, Lohse I, Undzys E, Cao P, Do T, Gill B, Pintilie M, Hedley D, Li SD. Targeting of metastasis-promoting tumor-associated fibroblasts and modulation of pancreatic tumor-associated stroma with a carboxymethylcellulose-docetaxel nanoparticle. J Control Release 2015; 206:122-30. [PMID: 25804872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are characterized by the desmoplastic reaction, a dense fibrous stroma that has been shown to be supportive of tumor cell growth, invasion, and metastasis, and has been associated with resistance to chemotherapy and reduced patient survival. Here, we investigated targeted depletion of stroma for pancreatic cancer therapy via taxane nanoparticles. Cellax-DTX polymer is a conjugate of docetaxel (DTX), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and acetylated carboxymethylcellulose, a construct which condenses into well-defined 120nm particles in an aqueous solution, and is suitable for intravenous injection. We examined Cellax-DTX treatment effects in highly stromal primary patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts and in a metastatic PAN02 mouse model of pancreatic cancer, focusing on specific cellular interactions in the stroma, pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis. Greater than 90% of Cellax-DTX particles accumulate in smooth muscle actin (SMA) positive cancer-associated fibroblasts which results in long-term depletion of this stromal cell population, an effect not observed with Nab-paclitaxel (Nab-PTX). The reduction in stromal density leads to a >10-fold increase in tumor perfusion, reduced tumor weight and a reduction in metastasis. Consentingly, Cellax-DTX treatment increased survival when compared to treatment with gemcitabine or Nab-PTX in a metastatic PAN02 mouse model. Cellax-DTX nanoparticles interact with the tumor-associated stroma, selectively interacting with and depleting SMA positive cells and macrophage, effects of which are associated with significant changes in tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1Z2, Canada
| | - Bryan Hoang
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ines Lohse
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Elijus Undzys
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Pinjiang Cao
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Trevor Do
- Spatio-Temporal Targeting and Amplification of Radiation Response (STTARR) Program, Princess Margaret Hospitals Radiation Medicine Program, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Bethany Gill
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Melania Pintilie
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - David Hedley
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Roy A, Ernsting MJ, Undzys E, Li SD. A highly tumor-targeted nanoparticle of podophyllotoxin penetrated tumor core and regressed multidrug resistant tumors. Biomaterials 2015; 52:335-46. [PMID: 25818440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PPT) exhibited significant activity against P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistant (MDR) tumor cell lines; however, due to its poor solubility and high toxicity, PPT cannot be dosed systemically, preventing its clinical use for MDR cancer. We developed a nanoparticle dosage form of PPT by covalently conjugating PPT and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with acetylated carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Ac) using one-pot esterification chemistry. The polymer conjugates self-assembled into nanoparticles (NPs) of variable sizes (20-120 nm) depending on the PPT-to-PEG molar ratio (2-20). The conjugate with a low PPT/PEG molar ratio of 2 yielded NPs with a mean diameter of 20 nm and released PPT at ∼5%/day in serum, while conjugates with increased PPT/PEG ratios (5 and 20) produced bigger particles (30 nm and 120 nm respectively) that displayed slower drug release (∼2.5%/day and ∼1%/day respectively). The 20 nm particles exhibited 2- to 5-fold enhanced cell killing potency and 5- to 20-fold increased tumor delivery compared to the larger NPs. The biodistribution of the 20 nm PPT-NPs was highly selective to the tumor with 8-fold higher accumulation than all other examined tissues, while the larger PPT-NPs (30 and 120 nm) exhibited increased liver uptake. Within the tumor, >90% of the 20 nm PPT-NPs penetrated to the hypovascular core, while the larger particles were largely restricted in the hypervascular periphery. The 20 nm PPT-NPs displayed significantly improved efficacy against MDR tumors in mice compared to the larger PPT-NPs, native PPT and the standard taxane chemotherapies, with minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Roy
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1Z2, Canada
| | - Elijus Undzys
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Hoang B, Ernsting MJ, Murakami M, Undzys E, Li SD. Docetaxel-carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticles display enhanced anti-tumor activity in murine models of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:224-33. [PMID: 24853460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel (DTX) remains the only effective drug for prolonging survival and improving quality of life of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. Despite some clinical successes with DTX-based therapies, advent of cumulative toxicity and development of drug resistance limit its long-term clinical application. The integration of nanotechnology for drug delivery can be exploited to overcome the major intrinsic limitations of DTX therapy for mCRPC. We evaluated whether reformulation of DTX by facile conjugation to carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticles (Cellax) can improve the efficacy and safety of the drug in s.c. and bone metastatic models of CRPC. A single dose of the nanoparticles completely regressed s.c. PC3 tumor xenografts in mice. In addition, Cellax elicited fewer side effects compared to native DTX. Importantly, Cellax did not increase the expression of drug resistance molecules in androgen-independent PC3 prostate cancer cells in comparison with DTX. Lastly, in a bone metastatic model of CRPC, Cellax treatment afforded a 2- to 3-fold improvement in survival and enhancements in quality-of-life of the animals over DTX and saline controls. These results demonstrate the potential of Cellax in improving the treatment of mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Hoang
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mami Murakami
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elijus Undzys
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Roy A, Bhattacharyya M, Ernsting MJ, May JP, Li SD. Recent progress in the development of polysaccharide conjugates of docetaxel and paclitaxel. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2014; 6:349-68. [PMID: 24652678 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Taxanes are one of the most potent and broadest spectrum chemotherapeutics used clinically, but also induce significant side effects. Different strategies have been developed to produce a safer taxane formulation. Development of polysaccharide drug conjugates has increased in the recent years because of the demonstrated biocompatibility, biodegradability, safety, and low cost of the biopolymers. This review focuses on polysaccharide-taxane conjugates and provides an overview on various conjugation strategies and their effect on the efficacy. Detailed analyses on the designing factors of an effective polysaccharide-drug conjugate are provided with a discussion on the future direction of this field. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Roy
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Roy A, Murakami M, Ernsting MJ, Hoang B, Undzys E, Li SD. Carboxymethylcellulose-based and docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles circumvent P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2592-9. [PMID: 24564177 DOI: 10.1021/mp400643p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Taxanes are a class of anticancer agents with a broad spectrum and have been widely used to treat a variety of cancer. However, its long-term use has been hampered by accumulating toxicity and development of drug resistance. The most extensively reported mechanism of resistance is the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp). We have developed a PEGylated carboxymethylcellulose conjugate of docetaxel (Cellax), which condenses into ∼120 nm nanoparticles. Here we demonstrated that Cellax therapy did not upregulate Pgp expression in MDA-MB-231 and EMT-6 breast tumor cells, whereas a significant increase in Pgp expression was measured with native docetaxel (DTX) treatment. Treatment with DTX led to 4-7-fold higher Pgp mRNA expression and 2-fold higher Pgp protein expression compared with Cellax treatment in the in vitro and in vivo system, respectively. Cellax also exhibited significantly increased efficacy compared with that of DTX in a taxane-resistant breast tumor model. Against the highly Pgp expressing EMT6/AR1 cells, Cellax exhibited a 6.5 times lower IC50 compared with that of native DTX, and in the in vivo model, Cellax exhibited 90% tumor growth inhibition, while native DTX had no significant antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Roy
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Medicinal Chemistry Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
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Abstract
The majority of ultrafast temperature sensitive liposome (uTSL) formulations reported in the literature deliver the highly membrane permeable drug, doxorubicin (DOX). Here we report on the study of the uTSL formulation, HaT (Heat activated cytoToxic, composed of the phospholipid DPPC and the surfactant Brij78) loaded with the water-soluble, but poorly membrane permeable anticancer drugs, gemcitabine (GEM) and oxaliplatin (OXA). The HaT formulation displayed ultrafast release of these drugs in response to temperature, whereas attempts with LTSL (Lyso-lipid Temperature Sensitive Liposome, composed of DPPC, MSPC, and DSPE-PEG) were unsuccessful. HaT-GEM and HaT-OXA both released >80% of the encapsulated drug within 2 min at 40-42 °C, with <5% drug leakage at 37 °C after 30 min in serum. The pharmacokinetic profile of both drugs was improved by formulating with HaT relative to the free drug, with clearance reduced by 50-fold for GEM and 3-fold for OXA. HaT-GEM and HaT-OXA both displayed improved drug uptake in the heated tumor relative to the unheated tumor (by 9-fold and 3-fold, respectively). In particular, HaT-GEM showed 25-fold improved delivery to the heated tumor relative to free GEM and significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy with complete tumor regression after a single dose of HaT-GEM. These data suggest that uTSL technology can also be used to deliver nonmembrane permeable drugs via an intravascular ultrafast release mechanism to great effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P May
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A3, Canada
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Murakami M, Ernsting MJ, Undzys E, Holwell N, Foltz WD, Li SD. Docetaxel conjugate nanoparticles that target α-smooth muscle actin-expressing stromal cells suppress breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4862-71. [PMID: 23907638 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel-conjugate nanoparticles, known as Cellax, were synthesized by covalently conjugating docetaxel and polyethylene glycol to acetylated carboxymethylcellulose via ester linkages, yielding a polymeric conjugate that self-assembled into 120 nm particles suitable for intravenous administration. In 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 orthotopic breast tumor models, Cellax therapy reduced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) content by 82% and 70%, respectively, whereas native docetaxel and nab-paclitaxel (albumin-paclitaxel nanoparticle, Abraxane) exerted no significant antistromal activity. In Cellax-treated mice, tumor perfusion was increased by approximately 70-fold (FITC-lectin binding), tumor vascular permeability was enhanced by more than 30% (dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging), tumor matrix was decreased by 2.5-fold (immunohistochemistry), and tumor interstitial fluid pressure was suppressed by approximately 3-fold after Cellax therapy compared with the control, native docetaxel, and nab-paclitaxel groups. The antistromal effect of Cellax treatment corresponded to a significantly enhanced antimetastatic effect: lung nodules were reduced by 7- to 24-fold by Cellax treatment, whereas native docetaxel and nab-paclitaxel treatments were ineffective. Studies of the 4T1 tumor showed that more than 85% of the Cellax nanoparticles were delivered to the α-SMA+ stroma. Significant tumor stromal depletion occurred within 16 hours (∼50% depletion) postinjection, and the α-SMA+ stroma population was almost undetectable (∼3%) by 1 week. The 4T1 tumor epithelial cell population was not significantly reduced in the week after Cellax injection. These data suggest that Cellax targets tumor stroma and performs more efficaciously than docetaxel and nab-paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Murakami
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre South Tower, Suite 800,Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
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Ernsting MJ, Murakami M, Roy A, Li SD. Factors controlling the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and intratumoral penetration of nanoparticles. J Control Release 2013; 172:782-94. [PMID: 24075927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug delivery to the tumor is impacted by multiple factors: nanoparticles must evade clearance by renal filtration and the reticuloendothelial system, extravasate through the enlarged endothelial gaps in tumors, penetrate through dense stroma in the tumor microenvironment to reach the tumor cells, remain in the tumor tissue for a prolonged period of time, and finally release the active agent to induce pharmacological effect. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles such as size, shape, surface charge, surface chemistry (PEGylation, ligand conjugation) and composition affect the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, intratumoral penetration and tumor bioavailability. On the other hand, tumor biology (blood flow, perfusion, permeability, interstitial fluid pressure and stroma content) and patient characteristics (age, gender, tumor type, tumor location, body composition and prior treatments) also have impact on drug delivery by nanoparticles. It is now believed that both nanoparticles and the tumor microenvironment have to be optimized or adjusted for optimal delivery. This review provides a comprehensive summary of how these nanoparticle and biological factors impact nanoparticle delivery to tumors, with discussion on how the tumor microenvironment can be adjusted and how patients can be stratified by imaging methods to receive the maximal benefit of nanomedicine. Perspectives and future directions are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Ryerson University, Faculty of Architectural Science and Engineering, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1Z2, Canada
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13
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Ernsting MJ, Murakami M, Undzys E, Aman A, Press B, Li SD. A docetaxel-carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticle outperforms the approved taxane nanoformulation, Abraxane, in mouse tumor models with significant control of metastases. J Control Release 2012; 162:575-81. [PMID: 22967490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellax is a PEGylated carboxymethylcellulose conjugate of docetaxel (DTX) which condenses into a 120-nm nanoparticle, and was compared against the approved clinical taxane nanoformulation (Abraxane®) in mouse models. Cellax increased the systemic exposure of taxanes by 37× compared to Abraxane, and improved the delivery specificity: Cellax uptake was selective to the tumor, liver and spleen, with a 203× increase in tumor accumulation compared to Abraxane. The concentration of released DTX in Cellax treated tumors was well above the IC50 for at least 10 d, while paclitaxel released from Abraxane was undetectable after 24h. In s.c. PC3 (prostate) and B16F10 (melanoma) models, Cellax exhibited enhanced efficacy and was better tolerated compared to Abraxane. In an orthotopic 4T1 breast tumor model, Cellax reduced the incidence of lung metastasis to 40% with no metastasic incidence in other tissues. Mice treated with Abraxane displayed increased lung metastasic incidence (>85%) with metastases detected in the bone, liver, spleen and kidney. These results confirm that Cellax is a more effective drug delivery strategy compared to the approved taxane nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Medicinal Chemistry Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
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Tagami T, May JP, Ernsting MJ, Li SD. A thermosensitive liposome prepared with a Cu²⁺ gradient demonstrates improved pharmacokinetics, drug delivery and antitumor efficacy. J Control Release 2012; 161:142-9. [PMID: 22504351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the development of an enhanced thermosensitive formulation composed of DPPC and Brij78, loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) using a Cu²⁺ gradient and post-inserted with an additional amount of Brij78. This optimal formulation (HaT-II: Hyperthermia-activated cytoToxic) displayed significantly improved stability in serum at 37 °C, and enhanced drug release rates at 41-42 °C, compared to LTSL (lyso-lipid temperature sensitive liposomes, DPPC/MSPC/DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀=86/10/4, pH gradient drug loading). HaT-II released 100% DOX within 15-40s at 40-42 °C, with only 5% drug leakage at 37 °C after 30 min in serum, while LTSL lost 30% of its drug content at 37 °C and exhibited ~2-fold decreased release rate constants at 41-42 °C under the same conditions. The pharmacokinetics of DOX was significantly improved in non-heated HaT-II treated healthy mice with 2.5-fold increased area under the curve and 2-fold prolonged circulation half life compared to LTSL. This led to 2-fold improved drug delivery to the heated tumor by HaT-II (~20% injected dose/g tissue), relative to LTSL and significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy with complete inhibition of tumor growth after a single dose of HaT-II. Finally, HaT-II exhibited little toxicity in mice, inducing no body weight loss and no abnormality in the blood chemistry (10 mg DOX/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Tagami
- Drug Delivery and Formulation, Medicinal Chemistry Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
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Ernsting MJ, Foltz WD, Undzys E, Tagami T, Li SD. Tumor-targeted drug delivery using MR-contrasted docetaxel - carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3931-41. [PMID: 22369962 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A carboxymethylcellulose-based polymer conjugate with nanoparticle forming properties (Cellax) has been shown to enhance the pharmacokinetics, specificity of biodistribution, anti-tumor efficacy and safety of docetaxel (DTX) in comparison to the Taxotere™ formulation. We examined Cellax and Taxotere efficacy in four tumor models (EMT-6, B16F10, PC3, and MDA-MB-231), and observed variances in efficacy. To explore whether differences in tumor uptake of Cellax were responsible for these effects, we incorporated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) into Cellax particles to enable magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (Cellax-MR). In the EMT-6 tumor model, Cellax-MR nanoparticles exhibited peak tumor accumulation 3-24 h post intravenous injection, and 3 days post-treatment, significant MR contrast was still detected. The amount of Cellax-MR deposited in the EMT-6 tumors was quantifiable as a hypointense volume fraction, a value positively correlated with drug content as determined by LC/MS analysis (R(2) = 0.97). In the four tumor models, Cellax-MR uptake was linearly associated with anti-tumor efficacy (R(2) > 0.9), and was correlated with blood vessel density (R(2) > 0.9). We have affirmed that nanoparticle uptake is variable in tumor physiology, and that this efficacy-predictive parameter can be non-invasively estimated in real-time using a theranostic variant of Cellax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Drug Delivery and Formulation Group, Medicinal Chemistry Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre South Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
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Ernsting MJ, Tang WL, MacCallum NW, Li SD. Preclinical pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and anti-cancer efficacy studies of a docetaxel-carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticle in mouse models. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1445-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ernsting MJ, Tang WL, MacCallum N, Li SD. Synthetic modification of carboxymethylcellulose and use thereof to prepare a nanoparticle forming conjugate of docetaxel for enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2474-86. [PMID: 22014112 DOI: 10.1021/bc200284b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A nanoparticle formulation of docetaxel (DTX) was designed to address the strengths and limitations of current taxane delivery systems: PEGylation, high drug conjugation efficiency (>30 wt %), a slow-release mechanism, and a well-defined and stable nanoparticle identity were identified as critical design parameters. The polymer conjugate was synthesized with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), an established pharmaceutical excipient characterized by a high density of carboxylate groups permitting increased conjugation of a drug. CMC was chemically modified through acetylation to eliminate its gelling properties and to improve solvent solubility, enabling high yield and reproducible conjugation of DTX and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The optimal conjugate formulation (Cellax) contained 37.1 ± 1.5 wt % DTX and 4.7 ± 0.8 wt % PEG, exhibited a low critical aggregation concentration of 0.6 μg/mL, and formed 118-134 nm spherical nanoparticles stable against dilution. Conjugate compositions with a DTX degree of substitution (DS) outside the 12.3-20.8 mol % range failed to form discrete nanoparticles, emphasizing the importance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic balance in molecular design. Cellax nanoparticles released DTX in serum with near zero order kinetics (100% in 3 weeks), was internalized in murine and human cancer cells, and induced significantly higher toxic effects against a panel of tumor cell lines (2- to 40-fold lower IC50 values) compared to free DTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Medicinal Chemistry Platform, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tagami T, Ernsting MJ, Li SD. Efficient tumor regression by a single and low dose treatment with a novel and enhanced formulation of thermosensitive liposomal doxorubicin. J Control Release 2011; 152:303-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Blit PH, Shen YH, Ernsting MJ, Woodhouse KA, Santerre JP. Bioactivation of porous polyurethane scaffolds using fluorinated RGD surface modifiers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:1226-35. [PMID: 20694989 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering require appropriate cell adhesion, proliferation, and infiltration into their three-dimensional (3D) porous structures. Surface modification techniques have the potential to enhance cell infiltration into synthetic scaffolds while retaining bulk material properties intact. The objective of this work was to assess the potential of achieving a uniform surface modification in 3D porous constructs through the blending of surface-modifying additives known as bioactive fluorinated surface modifiers (BFSMs) with a base polyurethane material. By coupling RGD peptides to the fluorinated surface modifiers to form RGD-BFSMs, the BFSMs can act as a vehicle for the delivery of RGD moieties to the surface without direct covalent attachment to the polymer substrate. Fluorescent RGD-BFSMs were shown to migrate to the polymer-air interfaces within the porous scaffolds by two-photon confocal microscopy. A-10 rat aortic smooth muscle cells were cultured for 4 weeks on nonmodified and RGD-BFSM-modified porous scaffolds, and cell adhesion, proliferation, and viability were quantified at different depths. RGD-BFSM-modified scaffolds showed significantly greater cell numbers within deeper regions of the scaffolds, and this difference became more pronounced over time. This study demonstrates an effective approach to promote cell adhesion and infiltration within thick (approximately 0.5 cm) porous synthetic scaffolds by providing a uniform distribution of adhesive peptide throughout the scaffolds without the use of covalent surface reaction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Blit
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ernsting MJ, Labow RS, Santerre JP. Human monocyte adhesion onto RGD and PHSRN peptides delivered to the surface of a polycarbonate polyurethane using bioactive fluorinated surface modifiers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83:759-69. [PMID: 17559113 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated oligomers, when blended into polyurethane, have been shown to migrate to the surface and generate an interface that minimizes protein denaturation and reduces cell activation. This type of surface modification can be achieved with ppm quantities of a bioactive fluorinated surface modifier (BFSM), enabling the introduction of bioactive agents onto a surface in one manufacturing step. In the current study, two BFSMs were synthesized with covalently conjugated RGD and PHSRN peptides near the fluorine terminal groups, and were shown to be surface active in polyurethane blends. CyQuant cell enumeration, scanning electron microscopy, and cell viability assays all indicated that the bioactive (and fluorinated) substrates supported enhanced monocyte interaction. The simplicity of the surface modification technique and the demonstrated ability of the peptide BFSMs to influence cell attachment and spreading indicate the potential benefits and practical value of the BFSM technology in tailoring surfaces for biomaterial applications. This was specifically highlighted for human blood monocytes, a key cell involved in the early stages of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ernsting MJ, Bonin GC, Yang M, Labow RS, Santerre JP. Generation of cell adhesive substrates using peptide fluoralkyl surface modifiers. Biomaterials 2005; 26:6536-46. [PMID: 15993486 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported on the delivery of vitamin E to the surface of a polycarbonate polyurethane (PCNU) to produce antioxidant surfaces, using a bioactive fluorinated surface modifer (BFSM). In the current report, a cell adhesive peptide sequence was coupled to the BFSM, and when blended into PCNU, generated a cell adhesive substrate. An NH2-GK*GRGD-CONH2 peptide sequence (referred to as RGD) with a dansyl label (*) on the lysine residue was coupled via the N-terminal to a BFSM precursor molecule. The resulting RGD BFSM was purified and the pmol peptide/mg BFSM value was assayed by amino acid quantification. The migration of the RGD BFSM in a PCNU blend was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. U937 macrophage-like cells and human monocytes were seeded onto the PCNU and blends of PCNU with non-bioactive fluorinated surface modifier or the RGD BFSM, in order to study the cell response. Both U937 cells and human monocytes adhered in greater numbers to the RGD BFSM substrate when compared to unmodified PCNU or the blend of PCNU with the non-bioactive fluorinated surface modifying macromolecule substrate. The study demonstrated a novel approach for the introduction of peptides onto the surface of polymers by modifying the surface from within the polymer as opposed to the use of cumbersome post-surface modification techniques. The generation of a peptide substrate points to the possibility of producing complex bioactive surfaces using various peptide BFSMs or pharmaceuticals simultaneously to manipulate cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ernsting
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada
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Ernsting MJ, Labow RS, Santerre JP. Surface modification of a polycarbonate-urethane using a vitamin-E-derivatized fluoroalkyl surface modifier. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 2003; 14:1411-26. [PMID: 14870944 DOI: 10.1163/156856203322599743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated surface-modifying macromolecules (SMMs) have been previously reported on and shown to limit the hydrolytic degradation of polyurethanes. The SMM molecules achieve this effect by allowing for the selective migration of terminal fluorinated groups to the polymer's surface, which may then shield more hydrolytically-sensitive groups in the base polyurethane backbone. A further extension of the SMM concept would be to utilize the migration of the fluorine tails to simultaneously deliver biologically active moieties to the surface. This study explored the synthesis and characterization of a vitamin-E (natural anti-oxidant) coupled surface modifier, as a model for the bioactive SMM concept. The SMM was synthesized using lysine diisocyanate (LDI), polycarbonate diol (PCN), and a fluoroalcohol. By derivatizing the LDI pendant ester, vitamin E was coupled to the SMM. The vitamin-E SMM was physically characterized using gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and its anti-oxidant activity was assessed in the presence of 0.1 mM NaOCl. Polymer degradation experiments were carried out using 10 mM NaOCl incubation solutions, and the relative material breakdown was assessed using GPC and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that while the fluoro-component reduced damage of the PU, the bioactive component achieved a further deactivating effect. A similar action may also be effective against superoxide anions generated by human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ernsting
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hespe W, Ernsting MJ, Nauta WT. The effect of orphenadrine hydrochloride on the acetylcholine concentration in rat brain. Int J Neuropharmacol 1969; 8:471-4. [PMID: 5344490 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(69)90063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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