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Smyrnova K, Sahul M, Haršáni M, Beresnev V, Truchlý M, Čaplovič L, Čaplovičová M, Kusý M, Kozak A, Flock D, Kassymbaev A, Pogrebnjak A. Composite Materials with Nanoscale Multilayer Architecture Based on Cathodic-Arc Evaporated WN/NbN Coatings. ACS Omega 2024; 9:17247-17265. [PMID: 38645329 PMCID: PMC11024943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Hard nitride coatings are commonly employed to protect components subjected to friction, whereby such coatings should possess excellent tribomechanical properties in order to endure high stresses and temperatures. In this study, WN/NbN coatings are synthesized by using the cathodic-arc evaporation (CA-PVD) technique at various negative bias voltages in the 50-200 V range. The phase composition, microstructural features, and tribomechanical properties of the multilayers are comprehensively studied. Fabricated coatings have a complex structure of three nanocrystalline phases: β-W2N, δ-NbN, and ε-NbN. They demonstrate a tendency for (111)-oriented grains to overgrow (200)-oriented grains with increasing coating thickness. All of the data show that a decrease in the fraction of ε-NbN phase and formation of the (111)-textured grains positively impact mechanical properties and wear behavior. Investigation of the room-temperature tribological properties reveals that with an increase in bias voltage from -50 to -200 V, the wear mechanisms change as follows: oxidative → fatigue and oxidative → adhesive and oxidative. Furthermore, WN/NbN coatings demonstrate a high hardness of 33.6-36.6 GPa and a low specific wear rate of (1.9-4.1) × 10-6 mm3/Nm. These results indicate that synthesized multilayers hold promise for tribological applications as wear-resistant coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Smyrnova
- Institute
of Materials Science, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu St. 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovak Republic
- Biomedical
Research Centre, Sumy State University, Rymskogo-Korsakova St. 2, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Martin Sahul
- Institute
of Materials Science, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu St. 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marián Haršáni
- Research
and Development Department, Staton, s.r.o., Sadová 1148, 038 53 Turany, Slovak
Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Beresnev
- Department
of Reactor Engineering Materials and Physical Technologies, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Martin Truchlý
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Comenius University
in Bratislava, Mlynská
dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L’ubomír Čaplovič
- Institute
of Materials Science, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu St. 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Čaplovičová
- Centre
for
Nanodiagnostics of Materials, Slovak University
of Technology in Bratislava, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Kusý
- Institute
of Materials Science, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu St. 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrii Kozak
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dominik Flock
- Institute
of Materials Science and Engineering, Ilmenau University of Technology, Gustav-Kirchhoff Str. 1, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Alexey Kassymbaev
- Center
of Advanced Development “VERITAS”, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan State Technical University, Protozanova St. 69, 070004 Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander Pogrebnjak
- Institute
of Materials Science, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu St. 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovak Republic
- Biomedical
Research Centre, Sumy State University, Rymskogo-Korsakova St. 2, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
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Gogola P, Gabalcová Z, Kusý M, Ptačinová J. High-Temperature Behaviour of Zn-Based Galvannealed Coatings on Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093341. [PMID: 37176224 PMCID: PMC10179264 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential of using a Zn-based, hot-dip coating to limit steel scale formation was investigated. The phase evolution within a pure Zn and a Zn0.1Al coating on a medium-carbon (0.5 wt.% C, 0.25 wt.% Si) steel sheet during a series of heat treatment steps was investigated. Such Zn-based coatings react with the steel substrate depending on the actual heat treatment condition. A series of expected intermetallic phases was observed via SEM/EDX and XRD techniques, such as ζ, δ and Γ phases along the η(Zn) phase. The η(Zn) phase was transformed to mainly δ and Γ phases during galvannealing (500 °C). The rapid quenching from 850 °C enabled the formation of the supersaturated α-(Fe) solid solution with increased Zn content. A continuous, intact, ~20 µm thick coating was observed after the final step of the heat treatment procedure, while signs of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) were not observed near the coating/steel interface. This will ensure reliable protection against heavy scale formation on heat-treated steel parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gogola
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Ulica Jána Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Gabalcová
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Ulica Jána Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kusý
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Ulica Jána Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Ptačinová
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Ulica Jána Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
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Šulhánek P, Ďuriška L, Palcut M, Babincová P, Sahul M, Čaplovič Ľ, Kusý M, Orovčík Ľ, Nagy Š, Satrapinskyy L, Haršáni M, Černičková I. Influence of Isothermal Annealing on Microstructure, Morphology and Oxidation Behavior of AlTiSiN/TiSiN Nanocomposite Coatings. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:474. [PMID: 36770435 PMCID: PMC9921304 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigates the influence of isothermal annealing on the microstructure and oxidation behavior of nanocomposite coatings. AlTiSiN/TiSiN coatings with TiSiN adhesive layer were deposited onto a high-speed steel substrate via physical vapor deposition. The coatings were investigated in the as-deposited state as well as after annealing in air at 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C, respectively. The microstructure and morphology of the coatings were observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The chemical composition and presence of oxidation products were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The phase identification was performed by means of X-ray diffraction. In the microstructure of the as-deposited coating, the (Ti1-xAlx)N particles were embedded in an amorphous Si3N4 matrix. TiO2 and SiO2 were found at all annealing temperatures, and Al2O3 was additionally identified at 1000 °C. It was found that, with increasing annealing temperature, the thickness of the oxide layer increased, and its morphology and chemical composition changed. At 700 and 800 °C, a Ti-Si-rich surface oxide layer was formed. At 900 and 1000 °C, an oxidized part of the coating was observed in addition to the surface oxide layer. Compared to the as-deposited sample, the oxidized samples exhibited considerably worse mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Šulhánek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Libor Ďuriška
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Marián Palcut
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Paulína Babincová
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Sahul
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomír Čaplovič
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kusý
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomír Orovčík
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Nagy
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Leonid Satrapinskyy
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Ivona Černičková
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, J. Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia
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Gogola P, Gabalcová Z, Kusý M, Suchánek H. The Effect of Sn Addition on Zn-Al-Mg Alloy; Part I: Microstructure and Phase Composition. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14185404. [PMID: 34576634 PMCID: PMC8465561 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the addition of Sn on the microstructure of Zn 1.6 wt.% Al 1.6 wt.% Mg alloy was studied. Currently, the addition of Sn into Zn-Al-Mg based systems has not been investigated in detail. Both as-cast and annealed states were investigated. Phase transformation temperatures and phase composition was investigated via DSC, SEM and XRD techniques. The main phases identified in the studied alloys were η(Zn) and α(Al) solid solutions as well as Mg2Zn11, MgZn2 and Mg2Sn intermetallic phases. Addition of Sn enabled the formation of Mg2Sn phase at the expense of MgxZny phases, while the overall volume content of intermetallic phases is decreasing. Annealing did not change the phase composition in a significant way, but higher Sn content allowed more effective spheroidization and agglomeration of individual phase particles.
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Gabalcová Z, Gogola P, Kusý M, Suchánek H. The Effect of Sn Addition on Zn-Al-Mg Alloy; Part II: Corrosion Behaviour. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:5290. [PMID: 34576521 PMCID: PMC8469453 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion behaviour of Sn (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 wt.%)-doped Zn 1.6 wt.% Al 1.6 wt.% Mg alloys exposed to salt spray testing was investigated. Intergranular corrosion was observed for all alloys in both as-cast and annealed states. However, due to microstructure spheroidisation in the annealed samples, potential intergranular corrosion paths are significantly reduced. Samples with 0.5 wt.% of Sn showed the best corrosion properties. The main corrosion products identified by XRD analysis for all samples were simonkolleite and hydrozincite. Occasionally, ZnO and AlO were identified in limited amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gabalcová
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Institute of Materials Science, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Ulica Jána Bottu 25, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (M.K.); (H.S.)
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Jurči P, Kusý M, Ptačinová J, Kuracina V, Priknerová P. Long-term Sub-zero Treatment of P/M Vanadis 6 Ledeburitic Tool Steel - a Preliminary Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.21062/ujep/x.2015/a/1213-2489/mt/15/1/41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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