Activable Nano-Immunomodulator Assembled from π-Extended Naphthalenediimide for Precision Photothermal Immunotherapy

A nano-immunomodulator (R-NPT NP) comprising a tumor microenvironment (TME) activable resiquimod (R848) and a π-extended NIR-absorbing naphthophenanthrolinetetraone (NPT) has been engineered for spatiotemporal controlled photothermal immunotherapy. R-NPT NP demonstrated excellent photostability, while R848 promoted synergistic immunity as a toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist. Upon accumulation at the tumor site, R-NPT NP released R848 in response to redox metabolite glutathione (GSH), triggering dendritic cell (DC) activation. The photothermal effect endowed by R-NPT NP can ablate tumors directly and trigger immunogenic cell death to augment immunity after photoirradiation. The synergistic effect of GSH-liable TLR7/8 agonist and released immunogenic factors leads to a robust evocation of systematic immunity through promoted DC maturation and T cell infiltration. Thus, R-NPT NP with photoirradiation achieved 99.3 % and 98.2 % growth inhibition against primary and distal tumors, respectively.

Phosphine-Catalyzed Domino Annulation of γ-Vinyl Allenoates: Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuro[3,2-c]quinoline Derivatives

A novel phosphine-catalyzed domino annulation reaction of γ-vinyl allenoates and o-aminotrifluoacetophenones for the construction of terahydrofuro[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives has been developed. In this domino reaction, two kinds of terahydrofuro[3,2-c]quinoline compounds containing CF3 groups were obtained with good yields under mild conditions, three new C-N, C-C, and C-O bonds can be built in one step, and the reaction selectivity is achieved by adjusting the reaction conditions. Furthermore, preliminary studies on an asymmetric variant of this reaction proceeded with moderate enantioselectivity.

Outcomes and risk factors for infection after endovascular treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke

AIMS

Infection is a common complication following acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and significantly contributes to poor functional outcomes after stroke. This study aimed to investigate the effects of infection after endovascular treatment (post-EVT infection) on clinical outcomes and risk factors in patients with AIS.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed AIS patients treated with endovascular treatment (EVT) between January 2016 and December 2022. A post-EVT infection was defined as any infection diagnosed within 7 days after EVT. The primary outcome was functional independence, defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0-2 at 90 days. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine independent predictors of post-EVT infection and the associations between post-EVT infection and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 675 patients were included in the analysis; 306 (45.3%) of them had post-EVT infections. Patients with post-EVT infection had a lower rate of functional independence than patients without infection (31% vs 65%, p = 0.006). In addition, patients with post-EVT infection achieved less early neurological improvement (ENI) after EVT (25.8% vs 47.4%, p < 0.001). For safety outcomes, the infection group had a higher incidence of any intracranial hemorrhage (23.9% vs 15.7%, p = 0.01) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (10.1% vs 5.1%, p = 0.01). Unsuccessful recanalization (aOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.11-3.13; p = 0.02) and general anesthesia (aOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.25-3.95; p = 0.01) were identified as independent predictors for post-EVT infection in logistic regression analysis.

CONCLUSION

AIS patients who develop post-EVT infections are more likely to experience poor clinical outcomes. Unsuccessful recanalization and general anesthesia were independent risk factors for the development of post-EVT infection.

Genome-wide association analysis of eggshell color of an F2 generation population reveals candidate genes in chickens

Eggshell color is an important visual characteristic that affects consumer preferences for eggs. Eggshell color, which has moderate to high heritability, can be effectively enhanced through molecular marker selection. Various studies have been conducted on eggshell color at specific time points. However, few longitudinal data are available on eggshell color. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate eggshell color using the Commission International de L'Eclairage L*a*b* system with multiple measurements at different ages (age at the first egg and at 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 66, and 72 weeks) within the same individuals from an F2 resource population produced by crossing White Leghorn and Dongxiang Blue chicken. Using an Affymetrix 600 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, we estimated the genetic parameters of the eggshell color trait, performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and screened for the potential candidate genes. The results showed that pink-shelled eggs displayed a significant negative correlation between L* values and both a* and b* values. Genetic heritability based on SNPs showed that the heritability of L*, a*, and b* values ranged from 0.32 to 0.82 for pink-shelled eggs, indicating a moderate to high level of genetic control. The genetic correlations at each time point were mostly above 0.5. The major-effect regions affecting the pink eggshell color were identified in the 10.3-13.0 Mb interval on Gallus gallus chromosome 20, and candidate genes were selected, including SLC35C2, PCIF1, and SLC12A5. Minor effect polygenic regions were identified on chromosomes 1, 6, 9, 12, and 15, revealing 11 candidate genes, including MTMR3 and SLC35E4. Members of the solute carrier family play an important role in influencing eggshell color. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the phenotypic and genetic aspects underlying the variation in eggshell color. Using GWAS analysis, we identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pink eggshell color, including a major QTL on chromosome 20. Genetic variants associated with eggshell color may be used in genomic breeding programs.

Effects of manganese glycine on eggshell quality, eggshell ultrastructure, and elemental deposition in aged laying hens

Poor eggshell quality of eggs laid by aged laying hens is the major problem affecting the length of the rearing period in the laying hen industry. Trace elements are required and play vital roles in the eggshell quality of laying hens. Appropriate dose of organic microelements is environmentally friendly and sufficient to satisfy the needs of hens because of their greater bioavailability and lower excretion than inorganic forms. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of manganese (Mn) glycine (MG) on eggshell quality, elemental deposition, and eggshell ultrastructure in aged laying hens. A total of 720 Hy-Line Brown hens 70 weeks old were assigned equally to four groups with six replicates of 30 birds each. The hens were fed basal diets (without Mn supplementation) supplemented with 120 mg/kg of Mn from manganese sulfate monohydrate (MSM), or 40, 80, or 120 mg/kg Mn from MG for 12 weeks. Dietary supplementation with 80 mg/kg Mn from MG resulted in the greatest eggshell strength after 6 weeks of treatment (P = 0.047), and in greater eggshell strength than observed in the MSM control after 12 weeks of treatment (P = 0.025). After 12 weeks of treatment, the eggs of hens in the MG groups showed lower mammillary layer thickness in the blunt end, equator, and acute end than observed in the MSM control group (P < 0.001). With the exception of the blunt ends of eggs from hens in the 120 mg/kg MG group, the eggs of hens in the MG groups, compared with the MSM control group, exhibited a lower mammillary layer ratio, and greater palisade layer ratio and effective layer ratio in the blunt end, equator, and acute end (P < 0.001). Dietary supplementation with 80 mg/kg Mn from MG, compared with the MSM control and 40 and 120 mg/kg MG, resulted in the greatest palisade layer thickness and effective layer thickness, and the lowest mammillary layer thickness in the equator (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, supplementation with 80 mg/kg Mn from MG exhibited the greatest ratio of the palisade layer and effective layer, and the lowest mammillary layer ratio in the blunt end and equator (all P < 0.001). The Mn content of eggshells in hens-fed diets supplemented with 80 and 120 mg/kg Mn from MG was greater than that in the MSM control and 40 mg/kg MG groups (P = 0.035). Dietary supplementation with 80 or 120 mg/kg Mn from MG resulted in greater tibia Mn content than observed in the 40 mg/kg MG group (P = 0.019), and greater yolk Mn content than observed in the 40 mg/kg MG and MSM control groups (P = 0.018). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 80 mg/kg Mn from MG, compared with the MSM control (120 mg/kg Mn), may increase the deposition efficiency of Mn, alter eggshell elemental composition, improve eggshell ultrastructure, and enhance eggshell strength in aged laying hens.

Recruitment of PVT1 Enhances YTHDC1-Mediated m6A Modification of IL-33 in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury During Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that specifically affects preterm infants. Oxygen therapy administered to treat BPD can lead to hyperoxia-induced lung injury, characterized by apoptosis of lung alveolar epithelial cells. Our epitranscriptomic microarray analysis of normal mice lungs and hyperoxia-stimulated mice lungs revealed elevated RNA expression levels of IL-33, as well as increased m6A RNA methylation levels of IL-33 and PVT1 in the hyperoxia-stimulated lungs. This study aimed to investigate the role of the PVT1/IL-33 axis in BPD. A mouse model of BPD was established through hyperoxia induction, and lung histological changes were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Parameters such as radial alveolar count and mean chord length were measured to assess lung function. Mouse and human lung alveolar epithelial cells (MLE12 and A549, respectively) were stimulated with hyperoxia to create an in vitro BPD model. Cell apoptosis was detected using Western blotting and flow cytometry analysis. Our results demonstrated that silencing PVT1 suppressed apoptosis in MLE12 and A549 cells and improved lung function in hyperoxia-stimulated lungs. Additionally, IL-33 reversed the effects of PVT1 both in vivo and in vitro. Through online bioinformatics analysis and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation assays, YTHDC1 was identified as a RNA-binding protein (RBP) for both PVT1 and IL-33. We found that PVT1 positively regulated IL-33 expression by recruiting YTHDC1 to mediate m6A modification of IL-33. In conclusion, silencing PVT1 demonstrated beneficial effects in alleviating BPD by facilitating YTHDC1-mediated m6A modification of IL-33. Inhibition of the PVT1/IL-33 axis to suppress apoptosis in lung alveolar epithelial cells may hold promise as a therapeutic approach for managing hyperoxia-induced lung injury in BPD.

Weakened black carbon trans-boundary transport to the Tibetan Plateau during the COVID-19 pandemic

The lockdowns implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic provide a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of emission sources and meteorological conditions on the trans-boundary transportation of black carbon (BC) aerosols to the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, we conducted an integrative analysis, including in-situ observational data, reanalysis datasets, and numerical simulations, and found a significant reduction in the trans-boundary transport of BC to the TP during the 2020 pre-monsoon season as a result of the lockdowns and restrictive measures. Specifically, we observed a decrease of 0.0211 μgm-3 in surface BC concentration over the TP compared to the 2016 pre-monsoon period. Of this reduction, approximately 6.04 % can be attributed to the decrease in emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic, surpassing the 4.47 % decrease caused by changes in meteorological conditions. Additionally, the emission reductions have weakened the trans-boundary transport of South Asia BC to the TP by 0.0179 μgm-2s-1; indicating that the recurring spring atmospheric pollution from South Asia to the TP will be alleviated through the reduction of anthropogenic emissions. Moreover, it is important to note that BC deposition on glaciers contributes significantly to glacier melting due to its enrichment, posing a threat to the water sustainability of the TP. Therefore, urgent measures are needed to reduce emissions from adjacent regions to preserve the TP as the "Asian Water Tower."

Unraveling the Molecular Size Effect on Surface Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells

Surface engineering in perovskite solar cells, especially for the upper surface of perovskite, is widely studied. However, most of these studies have primarily focused on the interaction between additive functional groups and perovskite point defects, neglecting the influence of other parts of additive molecules. Herein, additives with -NH3 + functional group are introduced at the perovskite surface to suppress surface defects. The chain lengths of these additives vary to conduct a detailed investigation into the impact of molecular size. The results indicate that the propane-1,3-diamine dihydroiodide (PDAI2 ), which possesses the most suitable size, exhibited obvious optimization effects. Whereas the molecules, methylenediamine dihydroiodide (MDAI2 ) and pentane-1,5-diamine dihydroiodide (PentDAI2 ) with unsuitable size, lead to a deterioration in device performance. The PDAI2 -treated devices achieved a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.81% and the unencapsulated devices retained over 80% of their initial PCE after 600 h AM1.5 illumination.

Atomic Imaging of Multi-Dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper Interfaces in Lead-Halide Perovskites

Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) interface with defined stacking structure will fundamentally influence the optoelectronic performances of lead-halide perovskite (LHP) materials and devices. However, it remains challenging to observe the atomic local structures in LHPs, especially for multi-dimensional RP interface hidden inside the nanocrystal. In this work, the advantages of two imaging modes in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), including high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) and integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) STEM, are successfully combined to study the bulk and local structures of inorganic and organic/inorganic hybrid LHP nanocrystals. Then, the multi-dimensional RP interfaces in these LHPs are atomically resolved with clear gap and blurred transition region, respectively. In particular, the complex interface by the RP stacking in 3D directions can be analyzed in 2D projected image. Finally, the phase transition, ion missing, and electronic structures related to this interface are investigated. These results provide real-space evidence for observing and analyzing atomic multi-dimensional RP interfaces, which may help to better understand the structure-property relation of LHPs, especially their complex local structures.

Effects of exogenous energy on synthesis of steroid hormones and expression characteristics of the CREB/StAR signaling pathway in theca cells of laying hen

Energy and the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)/steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) signaling pathway play important roles in steroid hormone production and follicular development in hens. This present study aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous energy on the synthesis of steroid hormones and the expression characteristics of the CREB/StAR signaling pathway in theca cells of laying hen. The primary theca cells of small yellow follicles were randomly divided into 6 treatments and cultured in medium with glucose concentrations of 1, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, and 7.5 mg/mL for 48 h. It was found that growth was robust and cell outlines were clear when cells were cultured with 1, 1.5, 3, and 4.5 mg/mL glucose, but cell viability was diminished and cell density decreased after exposure to glucose at 6 and 7.5 mg/mL for 48 h. Cell viability showed an increasing and then decreasing quadratic response to increasing glucose concentration in culture (r2 = 0.688, P < 0.001). The cell viability of theca cells cultured with 4.5 mg/mL glucose was greater than those cultured with 1, 1.5, 6, and 7.5 mg/mL glucose (P < 0.05). The concentration of estradiol in the medium containing 3 mg/mL glucose was higher than in medium containing 1, 1.5, and 6 mg/mL glucose (P < 0.05). There was an increasing and then decreasing quadratic correlation between progesterone concentrations and glucose concentrations (r2 = 0.522, P = 0.002). The concentration of progesterone in medium with 4.5 mg/mL glucose was higher than in medium with 1 and 7.5 mg/mL glucose (P < 0.05). There was an increasing and then decreasing quadratic correlation between the relative expression of CREB1 (r2 = 0.752, P < 0.001), StAR (r2 = 0.456, P = 0.002), CYP1B1 (r2 = 0.568, P < 0.001), and 3β-HSD (r2 = 0.319, P = 0.018) in theca cells of laying hens and glucose concentrations after treatment with different glucose concentrations for 48 h. After treatment with 4.5 mg/mL glucose, the expression of StAR, CYP1B1, and 3β-HSD genes were increased compared to treatment with 1, 1.5, 3, 6, and 7.5 mg/mL glucose (P < 0.001). There was an increasing and then decreasing quadratic correlation between glucose concentrations and protein expression of CREB1 (r2 = 0.819, P < 0.001), StAR (r2 = 0.844, P < 0.001), 3β-HSD (r2 = 0.801, P < 0.001), and CYP11A1 (r2 = 0.800, P < 0.001) in theca cells of laying hens. The protein expression of CREB1, StAR, and 3β-HSD in theca cells cultured with 4.5 mg/mL glucose was higher than in other groups (P < 0.001). The results indicate that the appropriate glucose concentration (4.5 mg/mL) can improve the synthesis of steroid hormones in theca cells of laying hens through the upregulation of key genes and proteins in the CREB/StAR signaling pathway.

Implication of m6A Methylation Regulators in the Immune Microenvironment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulates gene expression and governs many important biological processes. However, the function of m6A in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains poorly characterized. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of m6A RNA methylation regulators on the development of BPD. BPD-related transcriptome data were downloaded from the GEO database. Differentially expressed m6A methylation regulators between BPD and control group were identified. Consensus clustering was conducted for the classification of BPD and association between clusters and BPD phenotypes were explored. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and immune-related DEGs was performed. The GSEA, GO and KEGG analyses were used to interpret the functional enrichments. The composition of immune cell subtypes in BPD subsets was predicted by CIBERSORT analysis. Compared with the control group, expression of most m6A regulators showed significant alteration, especially for IGF2BP1/2/3. BPD was classified into 2 subsets, and cluster 1 was correlated with severe BPD. Furthermore, the results of functional enrichment analyses showed a disturbed immune-related signaling pathway. Based on CIBERSORT analysis, we found that the proportion of immune cell subsets changed between cluster 1 and cluster 2. Our study revealed the implication of m6A methylation regulators in the development of BPD, which might provide a novel insight for the diagnosis and treatment of BPD.

Atomic Imaging of the Pb Precipitation in Lead-Halide Perovskites

The lead iodide (PbI2 ) in lead-halide perovskite (LHP) is both a positive additive for material properties and a site for the formation of device defects. Therefore, atomic-level detection of PbI2 and its derived Pb structures are crucial for understanding the performance and stability of the LHP material. In this work, the atomic imaging of the LHP, PbI2 , and Pb lattices is achieved using low-dose integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Combining it with the traditional high-angle annular dark field (HAADF)-STEM, the Pb precipitation in different LHPs (CsPbI3 , CsPbBr3, and FAPbI3 ) and under different conditions (light, air, and heat) can be investigated in real space. Then, the features of Pb precipitation (positions and sizes) are visually revealed under different conditions and the stabilities of different LHPs. Meanwhile, the pathway of Pb precipitation is directly imaged and confirmed by the iDPC-STEM during an in situ heating process, supporting the detailed mechanism of Pb precipitation. These results provide the visual evidence for analyzing atomic Pb precipitation in LHPs, which helps better understand the structure-property relation induced by Pb impurity.

[Nutritional status of 15 children with progeria]

Objective: To analyze the nutritional status of progeria, and to provide reference for scientific nutritional management of progeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 15 children with progeria who were treated at Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, between April 2022 and May 2023. Data of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, dietary survey and body composition were collected and analyzed. Results: Among 15 patients there were 7 males and 8 females, aged 7.8 (2.3, 10.8) years. Twelve of the 15 patients exhibited signs of malnutrition. A 24-hour dietary survey was carried out in 14 of them. The daily energy intake of 11 cases was below recommended levels. Carbohydrate intake was insufficient in 10 cases, protein intake was insufficient in 7 cases, and fat intake was insufficient in 12 cases. Deficiencies in calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc were noted in 13, 13, 9 and 10 cases, respectively. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 8 cases, and the bone mineral density was below average in 5 of them. Conclusions: Malnutrition, characterized by reduced energy intake, micronutrient deficiencies, and alteration in body composition, is prevalent in children with progeria. Regular routine nutritional assessment and proper interventions may benefit their long-term health status.

Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke in elderly patients with large ischemic cores

BACKGROUND

Understanding the benefits and risks of endovascular therapy (EVT) is crucial for elderly patients with large ischemic cores, as the combination of advanced age and extensive brain infarction may negatively impact clinical outcomes.

METHODS

The study retrospectively analyzed clinical outcomes for elderly stroke patients (age ≥ 70) with large ischemic cores (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score [ASPECTS] < 6 or ischemic cores ≥ 70 ml) in the anterior circulation using data from our prospective database between June 2018 and January 2022. The effectiveness and risks of EVT in those patients were investigated, with the primary outcome being fair outcome (modified Rankin Scale, mRS ≤ 3).

RESULTS

Among 182 elderly patients with large ischemic core volume (120 in the EVT group and 62 in the non-EVT group), 20.9% (38/182, 22.5% in the EVT group vs. 17.7% in the non-EVT group) achieved a fair outcome. Meanwhile, 49.5% (90/182, 45.8% in the EVT group vs. 56.5% in the non-EVT group) of them died at 3 months. The benefits of EVT numerically exceeded non-EVT treatment for those aged ≤  ~ 85 years or with a mismatch volume ≥  ~ 50 ml. However, after adjustment, EVT was associated with an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (aOR 4.24, 95%CI 1.262-14.247).

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the clinical challenges faced by elderly patients with large infarctions, resulting in poor outcomes at 3 months. EVT may still provide some benefits in this population, but it also carries an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage.

Establishment of a juvenile mouse asthma model induced by postnatal hyperoxia exposure combined with early OVA sensitization

Objective

To establish a juvenile mouse asthma model by postnatal hyperoxia exposure combined with early ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization.

Methods

Female C57BL/6J newborn mice were exposed to hyperoxia (95 % O2) from postnatal day-1 (PND1) to PND7; intraperitoneally injected with OVA suspension on PND21, PND28; and stimulated by nebulized inhalation of 1 % OVA from PND36 to PND42. Within 48 h of the last challenge, we observed their activity performance and evaluated airway responsiveness (AHR). All mice were executed at PND44. Female (n = 32) were divided into four groups as follows: room air（RA）+phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group; O2 (hyperoxia, 95 % O2) + PBS group; RA + OVA group; O2+OVA group. We obtained the serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues. The Wright-Giemsa staining was performed for leukocyte classification in BALF and HE staining for pathological examination. The levels of IL-2, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A and IL-10 in BALF and tIgE and sIgE in serum were detected by ELISA.

Results

Compared with OVA sensitization or hyperoxia exposure alone, the mice in the model group (O2+OVA) showed asthma-like symptoms and increased airway hyperreactivity,The levels of IL-5,IL-13 IL-17A were increased in BLAF,and total leukocyte and eosinophil counts were also significant increasesed. The levels of tIgE and sIgE in serum were increased.

Conclusion

Postnatal hyperoxia exposure combined with early OVA sensitization might establish a juvenile mouse asthma model.

Effect of Zinc Amino Acid Complexes on Growth Performance, Tissue Zinc Concentration, and Muscle Development of Broilers

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc amino acid complexes on growth performance, tissue zinc concentration, and muscle development in broilers. A total of 504 day-old male arbor acres broilers were randomly divided into seven treatments (fed with a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 120 mg kg-1 Zn as ZnSO4, 30, 60, 90 or 120 mg kg-1 Zn as ZnN, or 30 mg kg-1 Zn as ZnA separately). Each group had six replicates, with 12 birds per replicate. The results showed that the addition of 60 mg kg-1 ZnN significantly increased (P < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) and breast muscle percentage of broilers. Zinc concentration of ZnN and ZnA added groups were higher than (P < 0.05) that in the Zn sulfate group under the same addition dose. Except for the 30 mg kg-1 ZnN group, the muscle fiber diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the ZnN addition groups. Compared with the basal diet group, adding ZnN significantly increased (P < 0.05) the expression of MTOR, MYOD, and MYOG at day 21 and decreased (P < 0.05) the expression of Atrogin-1. The expression levels of AKT, MTOR, P70S6K, and MYOD were increased at day 42, while the expression levels of MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 were decreased. Adhesion, backbone regulation of actin, MAPK, mTOR, and AMPK were significantly enriched as indicated by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. In conclusion, zinc amino acid complexes could improve growth performance, tissue zinc concentration, and regulate breast muscle development.

Hyperoside attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis via the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1-high mobility group protein 1 pathway

Oxidative stress and inflammation have been implicated in hepatic fibrosis. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are among the pharmacological effects of hyperoside. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of hyperoside on hepatic fibrosis and elucidate the underlying processes that perpetuate this relationship. The findings indicated that hyperoside significantly protects mouse livers against damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. Specifically, attenuation of hepatic fibrosis is associated with lower expression of HMGB1 protein and reduced expression of Toll-like receptor 4, PARP-1, and nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB) p65 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, hyperoside inhibited the cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 and nuclear localization of NF-κB p65 in the hepatic tissues of mice. The results of this study indicate that hyperoside may impose a blocking or reversing effect on hepatic fibrosis; additionally, the corresponding hyperoside-dependent mechanism may be linked to PARP-1-HMGB1 pathway regulation.

Hormone effects of eighteen bisphenol analogues and their effects on cellular homeostasis and the typical signal pathways

Through the transfer chain of surroundings from feed to the farmed-animals and ultimately the corresponding livestock and poultry products, people are exposed to large amounts of bisphenol analogues (BPs), such as rational emissions from manufacturing plants, feed packaging bags and food packaging contact. Some BPs have been reported to show certain toxicological effects, especially, estrogen and endocrine disrupting effect. With the increasing application of BPs, the problem is becoming more and more serious. We systematically studied the hormonal effects of 18 BPs and their effects on cell homeostasis and classical signaling pathways by using classical E-SCREEN assay, fluorescent probes and western blotting. The results confirmed the estrogen-like effect of 13 BPs and 6 BPs obtained high docking scores (Scores < -9.0) for the three receptors simultaneously with the main interactions of hydrophobic, hydrogen and π-stacking of T-type bonds. BPAP regulates cells via apoptosis and steroid signaling pathway by intracellular ROS and mitochondrial followed the caspase pathway. BPE and BPS were involved in the classical NF-κB and Hippo signaling pathways. All data provides scientific basis for the safety risk assessment of endocrine disrupting and cellular homeostasis evaluation of BPs as chronic environmental pollution.

[Pathological features and diagnostic significance of lung biopsy in occupational lung diseases]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of occupational lung diseases, to reduce the missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of the diseases and to help standardize the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Methods: A total of 4 813 lung biopsy specimens (including 1 935 consultation cases) collected at the Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China from January 1st, 2017 to December 31th, 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 126 cases of occupational lung diseases were confirmed with clinical-radiological-pathological diagnosis. Special staining, PCR and scanning electron microscopy were also used to rule out the major differential diagnoses. Results: The 126 patients with occupational lung diseases included 102 males and 24 females. All of them had a history of exposure to occupational risk factor(s). Morphologically, 68.3% (86/126) of the cases mainly showed pulmonary fibrotic nodules, dust plaque formation or carbon end deposition in pulmonary parenchyma. 16.7% (21/126) of the cases mainly showed welding smoke particle deposition in the alveolar cavity and lung interstitium while 15.1% (19/126) of the cases showed granulomas with fibrous tissue hyperplasia, alveolar protein deposition or giant cell interstitial pneumonia. The qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of residual dust components in the lung under scanning electron microscope were helpful for the diagnosis of welder's pneumoconiosis and hard metal lung disease. Conclusions: The morphological characteristics of lung biopsy tissue are important reference basis for the clinicopathological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of occupational lung diseases. Recognizing the characteristic morphology and proper use of auxiliary examination are the key to an accurate diagnosis of occupational lung diseases on biopsy specimens.

In situ imaging of the atomic phase transition dynamics in metal halide perovskites

Phase transition dynamics are an important concern in the wide applications of metal halide perovskites, which fundamentally determine the optoelectronic properties and stabilities of perovskite materials and devices. However, a more in-depth understanding of such a phase transition process with real atomic resolution is still limited by the immature low-dose electron microscopy and in situ imaging studies to date. Here, we apply an emergent low-dose imaging technique to identify different phase structures (α, β and γ) in CsPbI3 nanocrystals during an in-situ heating process. The rotation angles of PbI6 octahedrons can be measured in these images to quantitatively describe the thermal-induced phase distribution and phase transition. Then, the dynamics of such a phase transition are studied at a macro time scale by continuously imaging the phase distribution in a single nanocrystal. The structural evolution process of CsPbI3 nanocrystals at the particle level, including the changes in morphology and composition, is also visualized with increasing temperature. These results provide atomic insights into the transition dynamics of perovskite phases, indicating a long-time transition process with obvious intermediate states and spatial distribution that should be generally considered in the further study of structure-property relations and device performance.

Decision-Making Time Cells in Hippocampal Dorsal CA1

Sequential neural dynamics encoded by "time cells" play a crucial role in hippocampal function. However, the role of hippocampal sequential neural dynamics in associative learning is an open question. In this manuscript, we used two-photon Ca2+ imaging of dorsal CA1 pyramidal neurons in head-fixed mice performing a go-no-go associative learning task. We found that pyramidal cells responded differentially to the rewarded or unrewarded stimuli. The stimuli were decoded accurately from the activity of the neuronal ensemble, and accuracy increased substantially as the animal learned to differentiate the stimuli. Decoding the stimulus from individual pyramidal cells that responded differentially revealed that decision-making took place at discrete times after stimulus presentation. Lick prediction decoded from the ensemble activity of cells in dCA1 correlated linearly with lick behavior indicating that sequential activity of pyramidal cells in dCA1 constitutes a temporal memory map used for decision-making in associative learning.

Partial Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Bulky Urinary Tract Malignancy: An Update Clinical Outcomes and Dosimetric Analysis

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Patients with bulky urinary tract malignancy have poor prognosis. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) needs careful consideration in abdominopelvic bulky tumors because of dose constraints on the OARs. We reported updated clinical outcomes to evaluate the safety and efficacy of partial stereotactic ablative radiotherapy(P-SABR) in bulky urinary tract malignancy. The study also aims to investigate the feasibility of P-SABR in dose and biologic effective dose (BED) escalation inside the tumors with equivalent toxicity.

MATERIALS/METHODS

A total of 26 patients with urinary tract malignancy underwent P-SABR radiotherapy from January 2013 to September 2018 were retrospectively analyzed in this study. All the patients were in inoperable locally advanced or metastatic stage with tumor diameter > 4.0 cm. The P-SABR plan consisted of the SABR for gross tumor volume boost (GTVb) and following conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for planning target volume (PTV). The first SABR plan to GTVb was delivered in 15-32Gy/3-5f. The second conventionally fractionated radiotherapy plan to PTV was delivered in 40.0-58.08Gy/15-26f. The total P-SABR plan met the OARs constraints. Local control and overall survival were estimated. Acute and late toxicity were evaluated according to RTOG criteria. Paired conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT) plans were re-designed for all patients, with the same OARs dose constraints and total dose of PTV margin. Dosimetric and BED parameters were compared in P-SABR and paired CFRT plans.

RESULTS

Median age of the patients was 66.5 years (range, 46-90 years). The tumor treated by P-SABR had a median diameter of 8.4 cm (4.1-19.5 cm) and a median volume of 99.2 cc (23.9-631.8 cc). Median follow-up time was 19.1 months. The local control at 1 and 2 years were 83.2%, 77.3%, respectively. The overall survival at 1 and 2 years were 72.2% ,45.5%, respectively. 6 cases have no local recurrence after 36 months. 4 cases remained alive after 60 months. Local symptoms improved in 15/16 cases after P-SABR. Multivariate analysis showed tumor diameter (≥8cm vs. <8cm) was the independent factor affecting local control and overall survival (P=0.033, P=0.016). No patient was observed radiotherapy directly induced ≥grade 3 toxicity. Compared with the paired CFRT plans, the P-SABR plans had no significant difference in most OAR dose parameters, except for the small intestine/colon V15, V45 with an increase of 14.6 cc, 3.4 cc. However, P-SABR plans increased the dose of PTV Dmean, Dmax by 8.7Gy, 14.4Gy (P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, the dose and BED of GTVb had a significant escalation of 15.8Gy and 30.2Gy (P<0.001) respectively in P-SABR plans.

CONCLUSION

We had reported P-SABR is well-tolerated in bulky urinary tract malignancy in previous study. Updated outcomes showed P-SABR may have long-term local control in these people. Compared with traditional CFRT plans, P-SABR plans escalated the dose and BED inside bulky tumors with equivalent toxicity.

Identification and Validation of a Ferroptosis Prognostic Model for Prostate Cancer Patients through Screening the TCGA and scRNA-seq Datasets

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Ferroptosis is currently a common mode of programmed cell death, and the induction of ferroptosis is a new strategy and idea for current tumor therapy. Therefore, the signaling pathways and genes regulated by ferroptosis are significant markers for current malignant tumor therapy. To construct a prognostic model for predicting the survival prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa) based on the molecules and markers related to ferroptosis, we combined with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PCa patients, and further analyze the correlation between this risk score and immune cell infiltration. Finally, to validate the expression of risk genes and analyze the expression and localization of risk genes in using the datasets of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq).

MATERIALS/METHODS

Firstly, we screened the DEGs in PCa patients by the expression profiles of TCGA database. Meanwhile, we collected the information of ferroptosis regulatory genes from FerrDb, and these two parts were intersected. Then the impact of genes on the survival and prognosis of PCa patients was confirmed and selected by LASSO regression, further screening of molecules and fitting the risk format. And the efficacy of the model was evaluated by ROC curves. The immune cell infiltration of PCa tissues was predicted using TIMER. Last, the scRNA-seq of PCa (GSM5155455, GSM3735993) were carried to reveal the expression of risk molecules in different cell types. Besides, the expression of risk molecules was validated using PCa cell lines.

RESULTS

We found a total of 259 DEGs associated with ferroptosis in PCa tissues. After LASSO regression, we screened DRD5, LINC00336, ACSF2, RRM2, NOX1, GDF15, ALB, MIOX, and NOX4 as variables to establish a prognostic model, and the specific risk scores was calculated following this format: Risk score = (-1.9465)*DRD5+(-1.6806)*LINC00336+(0.3045)*ACSF2+(0.4747)*RRM2+(-0.2815)*NOX1+(-0.1871)* GDF15+(0.1846)*ALB+(0.2676)*MIOX+(0.1648)*NOX4 (lambda.min = 0.0032), with a 10-yr AUC value of 0.751 (95% CI, 0.549-0.953). Furthermore, we discovered the higher the scores, the fewer CD8+ T cells infiltrated as predicting, showing a negative relationship. By testing the gene sets of scRNA-seq forPCa, we discovered that RRM2, GDF15, ALB, and MIOX were mainly expressed in tumor cells, T cells, B cells and neutrophils of PCa tissues, and not in endothelial cells. Finally, we detected differences in protein expression of RRM2, GDF15, and MIOX in PCa cell lines compared to normal prostate cancer epithelium by WB.

CONCLUSION

We constructed a novel prognostic model for PCa based on ferroptosis-related genes, which showed better predictive validity. And we analyzed the cellular expression of risk genes by scRNA-seq, which will be explored future in relation to prostate cancer radiotherapy.

Effects of energy restriction during growing phase on the productive performance of Hyline Brown laying hens aged 6 to 72 wk

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of energy-restricted feeding during growing phase on the productive performance of Hyline Brown laying hens aged 6 to 72 wk. A total of 720 six-week-old layer chicks were allocated equally to 3 groups with 6 replicates of 40 pullets each, and were fed 1 of 3 diets that were nutritionally similar except for the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) content. At the age of 6 to 17 wk, the pullets in the control group were given diet with 2,850 kcal/kg AMEn, and were fed ad libitum. The levels of AMEn in diet of pullets in the experimental groups were 90% (2,565 [2,850 × 90%] kcal/kg) and 80% (2,280 [2,850 × 80%] kcal/kg) of that in control group, and the daily amount of feed was restricted to the absolute quantity of the diet consumed by pullets in control group. At the age of 18 to 72 wk, all the hens were fed with the same diets ad libitum. As energy restriction increased in the growing phase, body weight (BW) dropped at the ages of 12 and 15 to 23 wk (at 23 wk: P = 0.001; at other ages: P < 0.001), but it showed no significant difference at 24 wk (P = 0.071). At 20 wk, restricting energy induced a delay in the development of sexual organs, including the ovary stroma, oviduct, and small yellow follicle (P < 0.05), as well as a delay in sexual maturity (P < 0.05). Consequently, the laying rate in the first and second periods dropped linearly (P = 0.046, 0.030, and 0.038, P < 0.001, respectively). The coefficient of variation (CV) in the BW at 19, 20, and 21 wk (P = 0.040, 0.023, and 0.042, respectively), the CV of age at first egg (P < 0.001), and CV of individual egg number at age 18 to 72 wk (P < 0.001) decreased linearly. There was a linear increase in the laying rate of hens in the later periods (at age 32-72 wk, P < 0.05), as well as in the average total egg number per hen and average laying rate at the age of 18 to 72 wk (P = 0.006). The average egg mass also showed a linear increase with increasing levels of energy restriction (P < 0.001). In summary, although appropriate energy restriction during growing phase delayed sexual maturity and sexual organ development in early-laying Hyline Brown pullets, it improved uniformity of BW, age at first egg laying, and individual egg number, and increased egg number per hen, laying rate, average egg mass, and number of settable eggs from 18 to 72 wk of age.

Impact of Prophylactic Pelvic Lymph Node Irradiation in De-Novo Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

To evaluate the impact of prophylactic pelvic nodal irradiation in de-novo oligometastatic prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy (RT) for both primary tumor and all metastatic lesions.

MATERIALS/METHODS

This was a single-center prospective cohort study. De novo oligometastatic prostate cancer patients with RT for both primary tumor and all metastatic lesions were included. Kaplan-Meier method, log rank test and cox regression were used to calculate OS and PFS. PFS included PSA failure, local or distant failure assessed by imaging.

RESULTS

This study analyzed 202 patients from 10/2011 to 1/2022 with median follow-up of 48 months. A total of 126 (62.4%) patients were treated with pelvic lymph node RT. The dose was 47.5 Gy with 1.9 Gy per fraction. Among them, 66 (32.7%) patients were treated with whole pelvic RT (WPRT), which the upper limit was at the aortic bifurcation. 60 (29.7%) patients were treated with mini-WPRT, which the upper limit was at the lower margin of obturator foramen. The incidence of diarrhea (P = 0.038) and leukocyte reduction (P = 0.040) in the WPRT subgroup during radiotherapy was significantly higher than that in the mini-WPRT and non-pelvic RT subgroup. For the whole cohort, the median OS and PFS were not reached. The subgroup analysis showed that the elective pelvic nodal irradiation could improve PFS (P = 0.042). However, there was no difference of PFS between standard WPRT and mini-WPRT.

CONCLUSION

The study suggests that for de-novo oligometastatic prostate cancer, elective pelvic nodal irradiation may improve PFS. For patients who cannot tolerate WPRT, mini-WPRT may be an alternative option. However, it needs to be verified in the prospective RCT study.

[Surveillance on dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Ningbo City in 2021]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the density, distribution and insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus in Ningbo City in 2021, so as to provide insights into formulation of dengue fever control strategies.

METHODS

Four administrative villages were randomly selected from each county (district) in Ningbo City from April to November, 2021, to investigate the indoor population density of Aedes larvae, and the Breteau index (BI) was calculated. The population density of adult mosquitoes was investigated in residential areas, parks/bamboo forests, waste tire stacking sites/waste stations/construction sites in each county (district). On June 2021, larvae of the natural strain A. albopictus were collected from epidemic sites of dengue fever in Ningbo City in 2018, and raised in laboratory. Then, larvae and female mosquitoes without blood feeding were selected for insecticide resistance bioassays, while insecticide-sensitive strains of A. albopictus served as controls. The resistance of A. albopictus larvae to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos using the impregnation method, and the medium lethal concentration (LC50) and resistance ratio (RR) were calculated. The resistance of adult A. albopictus to beta-cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, propoxur and malathion was determined using the tube bioassay, and the mosquito mortality was calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 10 072 small water containers from 9 935 households were investigated in Ningbo City in 2021, and there were 1 276 containers with Aedes larvae detected, with an average BI of 12.89. Totally 1 422 mosquito nets were allocated and 954 female A. albopictus were captured, with an average net trapping index of 1.34 mosquitoes/(net·hour). Both larval and adult A. albopictus mosquitoes were found from April to November, and the density of larval A. albopictus peaked in September (BI = 21.21), while the density of adult A. albopictus peaked in August, with a net trapping index of 2.38 mosquitoes/(net·hour). The LC50 values of delta-methrin, beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos were 0.017 4, 0.000 9, 0.364 1, 0.038 1 mg/L and 0.001 6 mg/L against larvae of natural strains of A. albopicchus, with RRs of 49.66, 25.53, 9.65, 2.24 and 6.06, and the mortality rates of adult mosquitoes were 66.00% (66/100), 69.39% (68/98), 25.00% (25/100), 98.97% (96/97) and 100.00% (98/98) 24 hours post-treatment with 0.08% beta-cypermethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, 0.4% permethrin, 0.05% propoxur, and 0.5% malathion for 24 h, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

A. albopictus is widely distributed in Ningbo City, with a high population density and presents high-level resistance to common pyrethroid insecticides. The population density and insecticide resistance of A. albopictus requires to be reinforced.

Case of Congenital Hemolytic Anemia with ATP11C and ANK1 Variants

A male infant of Han descent, with a G1P1 mother and gestational age of 40+4 weeks, was born via cesarean section owing to his mother having pregnancy complications, including premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, and gestational diabetes. On the first day after birth, routine blood examination showed that his total red blood cells count was 2.32 × 1012/L, hemoglobin count was 77 g/L, and C-reactive protein count was 48.99 mg/L. After receiving an anti-infection treatment for 10 days and two blood transfusions (100 mL in total), he was discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Accessory examinations showed that reticulocytes in the peripheral blood were significantly increased, the morphology of red blood cells was normal, and all hemolysis-related examinations were normal; bone marrow examinations showed that the proliferation of the red blood cell system was low and serum ferritin and vitamin B12 levels were elevated. Because of the unexplained hemolysis, a whole-exome sequencing examination was performed. The results showed a hemizygous variant of the ATP11C gene (c.3136a>t/p ile 1046phe) and a frame-shift variant of the ANK1 gene (c.937del/pala313 leufs*19). After a six-month follow-up, the serum ferritin and vitamin B12 levels had gradually decreased to normal levels, and hemoglobin and reticulocyte values were 97 g/L and 7.17%, respectively, in the peripheral blood. No splenomegaly was found in physical examination.

A nomogram predicts early neurological deterioration after mechanical thrombectomy in patients with ischemic stroke

Introduction

Early neurological deterioration (END) is common in acute ischemic stroke and is directly associated with poor outcome after stroke. Our aim is to develop and validate a nomogram to predict the risk of END after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in acute ischemic stroke patients with anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion.

Methods

We conducted a real-world, multi-center study in patients with stroke treated with mechanical thrombectomy. END was defined as a worsening by 2 or more NIHSS points within 72-hour after stroke onset compared to admission. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictors of END, and the discrimination of the scale was assessed using the C-index. Calibration curves were constructed to evaluate the calibration of the nomogram, and decision curves were used to describe the benefits of using the nomogram.

Results

A total of 1007 patients were included in our study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found age, admission systolic blood pressure, initial NIHSS scores, history of hyperlipemia, and location of occlusion were independent predictors of END. We developed a nomogram that included these 6 factors, and it revealed a prognostic accuracy with a C-index of 0.678 in the derivation group and 0.650 in the validation group. The calibration curves showed that the nomogram provided a good fit to the data, and the decision curves demonstrated a large net benefit.

Discussion

Our study established and validated a nomogram to stratify the risk of END before mechanical embolectomy and identify high-risk patients, who should be more cautious when making clinical decisions.

Cryptotanshinone affects HFL-1 cells proliferation by inhibiting cytokines secretion in RAW264.7 cells and ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in newborn rats with hyperoxia induced lung injury

Objective: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of prematurity and has no specific treatment option. Moreover, inflammation and fibrosis play a vital role in the development of BPD. Thus, this study aimed to explore the role of the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drug cryptotanshinone (CTS) in the treatment of inflammation and fibrosis in BPD. Methods: In vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats (male) were divided into air, hyperoxia and CTS groups with different dose interventions (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg). A BPD rat model was induced by continuous inhalation of hyperoxia (95%) for 7 days, during which different doses of CTS were injected intraperitoneally. Furthermore, histological examination, hydroxyproline content measurement, Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the levels of inflammation and fibrosis in the tissues. RAW264.7 cells exposed to 95% oxygen were collected and co-cultured with fibroblasts to determine the expression levels of α-SMA, collagen-Ⅰ and MMPs. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and pro-fibrotic factor TGF-β1 in the supernatants were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that CTS reduced the inflammatory response in rat lungs. Masson staining revealed that CTS alleviated the level of pulmonary fibrosis. CTS also reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β1 along with the expression of the fibrosis marker α-SMA in lung tissue. Similarly, in vitro analysis revealed that CTS decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β1 expressed in RAW 264.7 cells, and reduced α-SMA, collagen-Ⅰ, MMPs concentrations in HFL-1 cells co-cultured with the supernatant of RAW264.7 cells after hyperoxia. Conclusion: CTS can attenuate the hyperoxia-induced inflammatory response and the level of fibrosis by regulating the levels of inflammatory factors and fibrotic factor TGF-β1 expressed by macrophages, thereby highlighting the therapeutic potential of CTS in the treatment of BPD.

Effects of early postnatal hyperoxia exposure combined with early ovalbumin sensitization on lung inflammation and bacterial flora in a juvenile mouse model of asthma

Objective

The aim of this study is to explore the effects of early postnatal hyperoxia exposure combined with early ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization on lung inflammation and bacterial flora in neonatal mice on a juvenile mouse model of asthma.

Methods

Thirty-two newborn female C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into four groups, which including room air+phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group, hyperoxia+PBS group, room air+OVA group, and hyperoxia+OVA group, according to the hyperoxia exposure and/or OVA induction. Mice were exposed to either 95% O₂ or room air for 7 days after birth; after 7 days, they were exposed to air and received an intraperitoneal injection of OVA suspension or PBS solution on postnatal days 21 (P21) and 28 (P28). From P36 to P42, the mice were allowed to inhale of 1% OVA or 0.9% NaCl solution. The mice were observed after the last excitation. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in lung tissues. Wright-Giemsa staining was used to perform bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) leukocyte sorting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determined the cytokines levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-10 and serum IgE levels in BALF. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the characteristics of lung microbiota.

Results

Mice in the hyperoxia+OVA group showed asthma-like symptoms. HE staining results revealed a significant thickening of the airway wall and airway inflammation. BALF analysis of cellular components showed significant increases in total leukocyte and eosinophil counts and the levels of cytokines related to Th2 (IL-5 and IL-13) and Th17 (IL-17A); 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the main members of the pulmonary microflora were Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota at the phylum level. In addition, the bacteria with a major role were Acinetobacter and Moraxellaceae in the O₂ + OVA group.

Conclusion

The mouse suffering from postnatal hyperoxia exposure and early OVA sensitization, changes in symptoms, pathology, leukocyte and eosinophil counts, and levels of different T-cell cytokines in BALF and lung microbiota, which may provide a basis for the establishment of a juvenile mouse model of asthma.

The Role of "Hierarchical and Classified Prevention and Control Measures (HCPC)" Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Guangzhou: A Modeling Study

BACKGROUND

The Delta variant of SARS-COV-2 has replaced previously circulating strains around the world in 2021. Sporadic outbreaks of the Delta variant in China have posed a concern about how to properly respond to the battle against evolving COVID-19. Here, we analyzed the "hierarchical and classified prevention and control (HCPC)" measures strategy deployed during the recent Guangzhou outbreak.

METHODS

A modified susceptible-exposed-pre-symptomatic-infectious-recovered (SEPIR) model was developed and applied to study a range of different scenarios to evaluate the effectiveness of policy deployment. We simulated severe different scenarios to understand policy implementation and timing of implementation. Two outcomes were measured: magnitude of transmission and duration of transmission. The outcomes of scenario evaluations were presented relative to the reality case (i.e., 368 cases in 34 days) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Based on our simulation, the outbreak would become out of control with 7 million estimated infections under the assumption of the absence of any interventions than the 153 reported cases in reality in Guangzhou. The simulation on delayed implementation of interventions showed that the total case numbers would also increase by 166.67%-813.07% if the interventions were delayed by 3 days or 7 days.

CONCLUSIONS

It may be concluded that timely and more precise interventions including mass testing and graded community management are effective measures for Delta variant containment in China.

Atomically unraveling the structural evolution of surfaces and interfaces in metal halide perovskite quantum dots

Revealing the local structural change of metal halide perovskites (MHPs) induced by external conditions is important to understand their performance and stability in optoelectronic applications. However, previous studies on the properties and structures of MHPs were usually limited by the spatial resolution of the probe, and it is still challenging to obtain their atomic structural information in real space. In this work, we apply the integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy to the low-dose imaging of CsPbI₃ quantum dots (QDs). In particular, the local structures in QDs, such as surfaces and interfaces, can be atomically resolved. Then, the structural evolution of CsPbI₃ QDs under various external conditions can be unraveled during in-situ heating or ex-situ treatments, where they will lose cubic shapes and fuse to larger particles. The changes in surfaces and interfaces with missing Cs ions and PbI₆ octahedrons can be semi-quantitatively studied by profile analysis and bond-length measurement in images. Finally, the density functional theory calculations are performed to illustrate the properties and stabilities of the different structures that we observed. These results provide atomic-scale insights into the structural evolution of QDs, which is of great importance to modify the performance of perovskite materials and devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Real-Space Imaging of the Molecular Changes in Metal-Organic Frameworks under Electron Irradiation

Electron-induced structural changes influence the characterizations of the local structure of various materials by electron microscope. However, for beam-sensitive materials, it is still challenging to detect such changes by electron microscopy, which may help us quantitatively reveal how electrons interact with materials under electron irradiation. Here, we use an emergent phase contrast technique in electron microscopy to clearly image a metal-organic framework, UiO-66 (Zr), at an ultralow electron dose and dose rate. The effects of both the dose and dose rate on the UiO-66 (Zr) structure are visualized, which induce obvious missing organic linkers. The kinetics of the missing linker based on the radiolysis mechanism are semiquantitatively expressed by the different intensities of the imaged organic linkers. Deformation of the UiO-66 (Zr) lattice after the missing linker is also observed. These observations make it possible to visually investigate the electron-induced chemistry in various beam-sensitive materials and avoid electron damage to them.

Transcranial deep-tissue phototherapy for Alzheimer's disease using low-dose X-ray-activated long-afterglow scintillators

Non-invasive phototherapy has been emerging as an ambitious tactic for suppression of amyloid-β (Aβ) self-assembly against Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains a daunting challenge to develop efficient photosensitizers for Aβ oxygenation that are activatable in a deep brain tissue through the scalp and skull, while reducing side effects on normal tissues. Here, we report an Aβ targeted, low-dose X-ray-excitable long-afterglow scintillator (ScNPs@RB/Ab) for efficient deep-brain phototherapy. We demonstrate that the as-synthesized ScNPs@RB/Ab is capable of converting X-rays into visible light to activate the photosensitizers of rose bengal (RB) for Aβ oxygenation through the scalp and skull. We show that the ScNPs@RB/Ab persistently emitting visible luminescence can substantially minimize the risk of excessive X-ray exposure dosage. Importantly, peptide KLVFFAED-functionalized ScNPs@RB/Ab shows a blood-brain barrier permeability. In vivo experimental results validated that ScNPs@RB/Ab alleviated Aβ burden and slowed cognitive decline in triple-transgenic AD model mice at extremely low X-ray doses without side effects. Our study paves a new pathway to develop high-efficiency transcranial AD phototherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Non-invasive phototherapy has been emerging as an ambitious tactic for suppression of amyloid-β (Aβ) self-assembly against Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains a daunting challenge to develop efficient photosensitizers for Aβ oxygenation that are activatable in a deep brain tissue through the scalp and skull, while reducing side effects on normal tissues. Herein, we report an Aβ targeted, low-dose X-ray-excitable long-afterglow scintillators (ScNPs@RB/Ab) for efficient deep-brain phototherapy. In vivo experimental results validated that ScNPs@RB/Ab alleviated Aβ burden and slowed cognitive decline in triple-transgenic AD model mice at extremely low X-ray doses without side effects.

Real-Space Imaging of the Node-Linker Coordination on the Interfaces between Self-Assembled Metal-Organic Frameworks

Surface and interface, with unique local characteristics different from bulk structure, are of great significance in various applications of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which should be studied by real-space imaging methods, such as electron microscopy. However, it is still challenging to atomically resolve these local structures in MOFs, because they are even more sensitive to electron irradiation. Here, we use integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM) to achieve the atomic imaging of both the metal nodes and organic linkers in UiO-66 (Zr) nanocrystals and their assembly. After adding acetic acid, we modulate the whole process of MOF assembly and observe the organic linkers at both the surfaces and twin interfaces in the chemically assembled UiO-66 (Zr) crystals by the iDPC-STEM. These results bring us a deeper understanding on the role of acid modulators that promote the MOF assembly by generating the missing-linker defects on the crystal surface.

The critical roles and therapeutic implications of tuft cells in cancer

Tuft cells are solitary chemosensory epithelial cells with microvilli at the top, which are found in hollow organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lungs. Recently, an increasing number of studies have revealed the chemotactic abilities and immune function of the tuft cells, and numerous efforts have been devoted to uncovering the role of tuft cells in tumors. Notably, accumulating evidence has shown that the specific genes (POU2F3, DCLK1) expressed in tuft cells are involved in vital processes related with carcinogenesis and cancer development. However, the interaction between the tuft cells and cancer remains to be further elucidated. Here, based on an introduction of biological functions and specific markers of the tuft cells, we have summarized the functional roles and potential therapeutic implications of tuft cells in cancers, including pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, and liver cancer, which is in the hope of inspiring the future research in validating tuft cells as novel strategies for cancer therapies.

Association of body mass index and intestinal (faecal) Streptococcus in adults in Xining city, China P.R

Body mass index (BMI) and gut microbiota show significant interaction, but most studies on the relationship between BMI and gut microbiota have been done in Western countries. Relationships that are also identified in other cultural backgrounds are likely to have functional importance. Hence here we explore gut microbiota in adults living in Xining city (China P.R.) and relate results to subject BMI. Analysis of bacterial 16s rRNA gene was performed on faecal samples from participants with normal-weight (n=24), overweight (n=24), obesity (n=11) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n=8). The results show that unweighted but not weighted Unifrac distance was significantly different when gut microbiota composition was compared between the groups. Importantly, the genus Streptococcus was remarkably decreased in both obese subjects and subjects suffering from T2D, as compared to normal-weight subjects. Accordingly, strong association was identified between the genus Streptococcus and BMI and especially Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophiles was a major contributor in this respect. As previous studies have shown that Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophiles is also negatively associated with obesity in Western cohorts, our results suggest that this species is a potential probiotic for the prevention of obesity and related disorders.

The Bone Sialoprotein RGD Domain Modulates and Maintains Periodontal Development

Bone sialoprotein (gene: Ibsp; protein: BSP) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein present in bone, cementum, and dentin. Accumulating evidence supports BSP as a key regulator of mineralized tissue formation via evolutionarily conserved functional domains, including a C-terminal integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domain implicated in extracellular matrix-cell signaling. Ablation of Ibsp in mice (Ibsp-/-) results in impaired bone growth and mineralization and defective osteoclastogenesis, with effects in the craniofacial region including reduced acellular cementum formation, detachment of the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone hypomineralization, and severe periodontal breakdown. We hypothesized that BSP-RGD plays an important role in cementum and alveolar bone formation and mineralization, as well as periodontal function. This hypothesis was tested by replacing the RGD motif with a nonfunctional Lys-Ala-Glu (KAE) sequence in (IbspKAE/KAE) mice and OCCM.30 murine (IbspKAE) cementoblasts. The RGD domain was not critical for acellular or cellular cementum formation in IbspKAE/KAE mice. However, PDL volume and thickness were increased, and significantly more tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts were found on alveolar bone surfaces of IbspKAE/KAE mice versus wild type mice. PDL organization was disrupted as indicated by picrosirius red stain, second harmonic generation imaging, dynamic mechanical analysis, and decreased asporin proteoglycan localization. In vitro studies implicated RGD functions in cell migration, adhesion, and mineralization, and this was confirmed by an ossicle implant model where cells lacking BSP-RGD showed substantial defects as compared with controls. In total, the BSP-RGD domain is implicated in periodontal development, though the scale and scope of changes indicated by in vitro studies indicate that other factors may partially compensate for and reduce the phenotypic severity of mice lacking BSP-RGD in vivo.

The Role and Therapeutic Potential of Macropinocytosis in Cancer

Macropinocytosis, a unique endocytosis pathway characterized by nonspecific internalization, has a vital role in the uptake of extracellular substances and antigen presentation. It is known to have dual effects on cancer cells, depending on cancer type and certain microenvironmental conditions. It helps cancer cells survive in nutrient-deficient environments, enhances resistance to anticancer drugs, and promotes invasion and metastasis. Conversely, overexpression of the RAS gene alongside drug treatment can lead to methuosis, a novel mode of cell death. The survival and proliferation of cancer cells is closely related to macropinocytosis in the tumor microenvironment (TME), but identifying how these cells interface with the TME is crucial for creating drugs that can limit cancer progression and metastasis. Substantial progress has been made in recent years on designing anticancer therapies that utilize the effects of macropinocytosis. Both the induction and inhibition of macropinocytosis are useful strategies for combating cancer cells. This article systematically reviews the general mechanisms of macropinocytosis, its specific functions in tumor cells, its occurrence in nontumor cells in the TME, and its application in tumor therapies. The aim is to elucidate the role and therapeutic potential of macropinocytosis in cancer treatment.

Multi-Omics Analysis of the Microbiome and Metabolome Reveals the Relationship Between the Gut Microbiota and Wooden Breast Myopathy in Broilers

Wooden breast (WB) is a widely prevalent myopathy in broiler chickens. However, the role of the gut microbiota in this myopathy remains largely unknown, in particular the regulatory effect of gut microbiota in the modulation of muscle metabolism. Totally, 300 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were raised until 49 days and euthanized, and the breast filets were classified as normal (NORM), mild (MILD), or severe wooden breast (SEV). Birds with WB comprised 27.02% of the individuals. Severe WB filets had a greater L* value, a* value, and dripping loss but a lower pH (P < 0.05). WB filets had abundant myofiber fragmentation, with a lower average myofiber caliber and more fibers with a diameter of <20 μm (P < 0.05). The diversity of the intestinal microflora was decreased in birds with severe WB, with decreases in Chao 1, and observed species indices. At the phylum level, birds with severe WB had a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (P = 0.098) and a decreased abundance of Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.05). At the species level, gut microbiota were positively correlated with 131 digesta metabolites in pathways of glutamine and glutamate metabolism and arginine biosynthesis but were negatively correlated with 30 metabolites in the pathway of tyrosine metabolism. In plasma, WB induced five differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), including anserine and choline, which were related to the severity of the WB lesion. The microbial-derived metabolites, including guanidoacetic acid, antiarol, and (2E)-decenoyl-ACP, which entered into plasma were related to meat quality traits and myofiber traits. In summary, WB filets differed in gut microbiota, digesta, and plasma metabolites. Gut microbiota respond to the wooden breast myopathy by driving dynamic changes in digesta metabolites that eventually enter the plasma.