1
|
Zhang Y, Lin T, Leung HM, Zhang C, Wilson-Mifsud B, Feldman MB, Puel A, Lanternier F, Couderc LJ, Danion F, Catherinot E, Salvator H, Tcherkian C, Givel C, Xu J, Tearney GJ, Vyas JM, Li H, Hurley BP, Mou H. STAT3 mutation-associated airway epithelial defects in Job syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:538-550. [PMID: 36638921 PMCID: PMC10330947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Job syndrome is a disease of autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES). Patients harboring STAT3 mutation are particularly prone to airway remodeling and airway infections. OBJECTIVES Airway epithelial cells play a central role as the first line of defense against pathogenic infection and express high levels of STAT3. This study thus interrogates how AD-HIES STAT3 mutations impact the physiological functions of airway epithelial cells. METHODS This study created human airway basal cells expressing 4 common AD-HIES STAT3 mutants (R382W, V463del, V637M, and Y657S). In addition, primary airway epithelial cells were isolated from a patient with Job syndrome who was harboring a STAT3-S560del mutation and from mice harboring a STAT3-V463del mutation. Cell proliferation, differentiation, barrier function, bacterial elimination, and innate immune responses to pathogenic infection were quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS STAT3 mutations reduce STAT3 protein phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, transcription activity, and protein stability in airway basal cells. As a consequence, STAT3-mutated airway basal cells give rise to airway epithelial cells with abnormal cellular composition and loss of coordinated mucociliary clearance. Notably, AD-HIES STAT3 airway epithelial cells are defective in bacterial killing and fail to initiate vigorous proinflammatory responses and neutrophil transepithelial migration in response to an experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. CONCLUSIONS AD-HIES STAT3 mutations confer numerous abnormalities to airway epithelial cells in cell differentiation and host innate immunity, emphasizing their involvement in the pathogenesis of lung complications in Job syndrome. Therefore, therapies must address the epithelial defects as well as the previously noted immune cell defects to alleviate chronic infections in patients with Job syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass
| | - Tian Lin
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Brittany Wilson-Mifsud
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass
| | - Michael B Feldman
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherché (INSERM) U1163, Paris, France; Departments of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherché (INSERM) U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Fanny Lanternier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de Référence des Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixté de Recherche (UMR) 2000, Paris, France; Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Louis-Jean Couderc
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France; Laboratoire Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Suresnes, UMR 0892 Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Francois Danion
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S 1109, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Hélène Salvator
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France; Laboratoire Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Suresnes, UMR 0892 Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Colas Tcherkian
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Claire Givel
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France; Laboratoire Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Suresnes, UMR 0892 Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Departments of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Hu Li
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Bryan P Hurley
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass
| | - Hongmei Mou
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Negoro PE, Xu S, Dagher Z, Hopke A, Reedy JL, Feldman MB, Khan NS, Viens AL, Alexander NJ, Atallah NJ, Scherer AK, Dutko RA, Jeffery J, Kernien JF, Fites JS, Nett JE, Klein BS, Vyas JM, Irimia D, Sykes DB, Mansour MK. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Is a Critical Regulator of Neutrophil Responses to Candida Species. mBio 2020; 11:e02043-19. [PMID: 32398316 PMCID: PMC7218286 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02043-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections constitute a lethal threat, with patient mortality as high as 90%. The incidence of invasive fungal infections is increasing, especially in the setting of patients receiving immunomodulatory agents, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive medications following solid-organ or bone marrow transplantation. In addition, inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) have been recently developed for the treatment of patients with refractory autoimmune and hematologic indications. Neutrophils are the initial innate cellular responders to many types of pathogens, including invasive fungi. A central process governing neutrophil recognition of fungi is through lectin binding receptors, many of which rely on Syk for cellular activation. We previously demonstrated that Syk activation is essential for cellular activation, phagosomal maturation, and elimination of phagocytosed fungal pathogens in macrophages. Here, we used combined genetic and chemical inhibitor approaches to evaluate the importance of Syk in the response of neutrophils to Candida species. We took advantage of a Cas9-expressing neutrophil progenitor cell line to generate isogenic wild-type and Syk-deficient neutrophils. Syk-deficient neutrophils are unable to control the human pathogens Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida auris Neutrophil responses to Candida species, including the production of reactive oxygen species and of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), phagocytosis, and neutrophil swarming, appear to be critically dependent on Syk. These results demonstrate an essential role for Syk in neutrophil responses to Candida species and raise concern for increased fungal infections with the development of Syk-modulating therapeutics.IMPORTANCE Neutrophils are recognized to represent significant immune cell mediators for the clearance and elimination of the human-pathogenic fungal pathogen Candida The sensing of fungi by innate cells is performed, in part, through lectin receptor recognition of cell wall components and downstream cellular activation by signaling components, including spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). While the essential role of Syk in macrophages and dendritic cells is clear, there remains uncertainty with respect to its contribution in neutrophils. In this study, we demonstrated that Syk is critical for multiple cellular functions in neutrophils responding to major human-pathogenic Candida species. These data not only demonstrate the vital nature of Syk with respect to the control of fungi by neutrophils but also warn of the potential infectious complications arising from the recent clinical development of novel Syk inhibitors for hematologic and autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Negoro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuying Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zeina Dagher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alex Hopke
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer L Reedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael B Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nida S Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam L Viens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natalie J Alexander
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natalie J Atallah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison K Scherer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard A Dutko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane Jeffery
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John F Kernien
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin, USA
| | - J Scott Fites
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feldman MB, Wood M, Lapey A, Mou H. SMAD Signaling Restricts Mucous Cell Differentiation in Human Airway Epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:322-331. [PMID: 30848657 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0326oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-secreting goblet cell metaplasia and hyperplasia (GCMH) is a common pathological phenotype in many human respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, and infections. A better understanding of how goblet cell quantities or proportions in the airway epithelium are regulated may provide novel therapeutic targets to mitigate GCMH in these devastating diseases. We identify canonical SMAD signaling as the principal pathway restricting goblet cell differentiation in human airway epithelium. Differentiated goblet cells express low levels of phosphorylated SMAD. Accordingly, inhibition of SMAD signaling markedly amplifies GCMH induced by mucous mediators. In contrast, SMAD signaling activation impedes goblet cell generation and accelerates the resolution of preexisting GCMH. SMAD signaling inhibition can override the suppressive effects imposed by a GABAergic receptor inhibitor, suggesting the GABAergic pathway likely operates through inhibition of SMAD signaling in regulating mucous differentiation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that SMAD signaling plays a determining role in mucous cell differentiation, and thus raise the possibility that dysregulation of this pathway contributes to respiratory pathophysiology during airway inflammation and pulmonary diseases. In addition, our study also highlights the potential for SMAD modulation as a therapeutic target in mitigating GCMH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Wood
- the Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allen Lapey
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Hongmei Mou
- the Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wiesner DL, Merkhofer RM, Ober C, Kujoth GC, Niu M, Keller NP, Gern JE, Brockman-Schneider RA, Evans MD, Jackson DJ, Warner T, Jarjour NN, Esnault SJ, Feldman MB, Freeman M, Mou H, Vyas JM, Klein BS. Club Cell TRPV4 Serves as a Damage Sensor Driving Lung Allergic Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:614-628.e6. [PMID: 32130954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium is the first body surface to contact inhaled irritants and report danger. Here, we report how epithelial cells recognize and respond to aeroallergen alkaline protease 1 (Alp1) of Aspergillus sp., because proteases are critical components of many allergens that provoke asthma. In a murine model, Alp1 elicits helper T (Th) cell-dependent lung eosinophilia that is initiated by the rapid response of bronchiolar club cells to Alp1. Alp1 damages bronchiolar cell junctions, which triggers a calcium flux signaled through calcineurin within club cells of the bronchioles, inciting inflammation. In two human cohorts, we link fungal sensitization and/or asthma with SNP/protein expression of the mechanosensitive calcium channel, TRPV4. TRPV4 is also necessary and sufficient for club cells to sensitize mice to Alp1. Thus, club cells detect junction damage as mechanical stress, which signals danger via TRPV4, calcium, and calcineurin to initiate allergic sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darin L Wiesner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Richard M Merkhofer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gregory C Kujoth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mengyao Niu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; School of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Michael D Evans
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thomas Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stephane J Esnault
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael B Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Freeman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hongmei Mou
- The Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Hallowell
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (R.W.H.), the Departments of Medicine (M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (R.W.H., M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Michael B Feldman
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (R.W.H.), the Departments of Medicine (M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (R.W.H., M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Brent P Little
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (R.W.H.), the Departments of Medicine (M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (R.W.H., M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Rebecca S Karp Leaf
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (R.W.H.), the Departments of Medicine (M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (R.W.H., M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Lida P Hariri
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (R.W.H.), the Departments of Medicine (M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (R.W.H., M.B.F., R.S.K.L.), Radiology (B.P.L.), and Pathology (L.P.H.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bonilla A, Blair AJ, Alamro SM, Ward RA, Feldman MB, Dutko RA, Karagounis TK, Johnson AL, Folch EE, Vyas JM. Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces and vaping in an 18-year-old man: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:283. [PMID: 31495337 PMCID: PMC6732835 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is a common disorder occurring in young adults without underlying lung disease. Although tobacco smoking is a well-documented risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax, an association between electronic cigarette use (that is, vaping) and spontaneous pneumothorax has not been noted. We report a case of spontaneous pneumothoraces correlated with vaping. Case presentation An 18-year-old Caucasian man presented twice with recurrent right-sided spontaneous pneumothoraces within 2 weeks. He reported a history of vaping just prior to both episodes. Diagnostic testing was notable for a right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax on chest X-ray and computed tomography scan. His symptoms improved following insertion of a chest tube and drainage of air on each occasion. In the 2-week follow-up visit for the recurrent episode, he was asymptomatic and reported that he was no longer using electronic cigarettes. Conclusions Providers and patients should be aware of the potential risk of spontaneous pneumothorax associated with electronic cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bonilla
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander J Blair
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Suliman M Alamro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ward
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michael B Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Richard A Dutko
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Theodora K Karagounis
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Adam L Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Erik E Folch
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tam JM, Reedy JL, Lukason DP, Kuna SG, Acharya M, Khan NS, Negoro PE, Xu S, Ward RA, Feldman MB, Dutko RA, Jeffery JB, Sokolovska A, Wivagg CN, Lassen KG, Le Naour F, Matzaraki V, Garner EC, Xavier RJ, Kumar V, van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Miranti CK, Mansour MK, Vyas JM. Tetraspanin CD82 Organizes Dectin-1 into Signaling Domains to Mediate Cellular Responses to Candida albicans. J Immunol 2019; 202:3256-3266. [PMID: 31010852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a family of proteins possessing four transmembrane domains that help in lateral organization of plasma membrane proteins. These proteins interact with each other as well as other receptors and signaling proteins, resulting in functional complexes called "tetraspanin microdomains." Tetraspanins, including CD82, play an essential role in the pathogenesis of fungal infections. Dectin-1, a receptor for the fungal cell wall carbohydrate β-1,3-glucan, is vital to host defense against fungal infections. The current study identifies a novel association between tetraspanin CD82 and Dectin-1 on the plasma membrane of Candida albicans-containing phagosomes independent of phagocytic ability. Deletion of CD82 in mice resulted in diminished fungicidal activity, increased C. albicans viability within macrophages, and decreased cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β) at both mRNA and protein level in macrophages. Additionally, CD82 organized Dectin-1 clustering in the phagocytic cup. Deletion of CD82 modulates Dectin-1 signaling, resulting in a reduction of Src and Syk phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species production. CD82 knockout mice were more susceptible to C. albicans as compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, patient C. albicans-induced cytokine production was influenced by two human CD82 single nucleotide polymorphisms, whereas an additional CD82 single nucleotide polymorphism increased the risk for candidemia independent of cytokine production. Together, these data demonstrate that CD82 organizes the proper assembly of Dectin-1 signaling machinery in response to C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Tam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jennifer L Reedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Daniel P Lukason
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sunnie G Kuna
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101.,Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Nida S Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paige E Negoro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Shuying Xu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rebecca A Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Michael B Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Richard A Dutko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jane B Jeffery
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Anna Sokolovska
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Carl N Wivagg
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kara G Lassen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142.,Gastrointestinal Unit/Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu S, Feliu M, Lord AK, Lukason DP, Negoro PE, Khan NS, Dagher Z, Feldman MB, Reedy JL, Steiger SN, Tam JM, Soukas AA, Sykes DB, Mansour MK. Biguanides enhance antifungal activity against Candida glabrata. Virulence 2018; 9:1150-1162. [PMID: 29962263 PMCID: PMC6086317 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1475798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. are the fourth leading cause of nosocomial blood stream infections in North America. Candida glabrata is the second most frequently isolated species, and rapid development of antifungal resistance has made treatment a challenge. In this study, we investigate the therapeutic potential of metformin, a biguanide with well-established action for diabetes, as an antifungal agent against C. glabrata. Both wild type and antifungal-resistant isolates of C. glabrata were subjected to biguanide and biguanide-antifungal combination treatment. Metformin, as well as other members of the biguanide family, were found to have antifungal activity against C. glabrata, with MIC50 of 9.34 ± 0.16 mg/mL, 2.09 ± 0.04 mg/mL and 1.87 ± 0.05 mg/mL for metformin, phenformin and buformin, respectively. We demonstrate that biguanides enhance the activity of several antifungal drugs, including voriconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin, but not micafungin. The biguanide-antifungal combinations allowed for additional antifungal effects, with fraction inhibition concentration indexes ranging from 0.5 to 1. Furthermore, metformin was able to lower antifungal MIC50 in voriconazole and fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of C. glabrata. We also observed growth reduction of C. glabrata with rapamycin and an FIC of 0.84 ± 0.09 when combined with metformin, suggesting biguanide action in C. glabrata may be related to inhibition of the mTOR complex. We conclude that the biguanide class has direct antifungal therapeutic potential and enhances the activity of select antifungals in the treatment of resistant C. glabrata isolates. These data support the further investigation of biguanides in the combination treatment of serious fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Xu
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Marianela Feliu
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Allison K Lord
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Daniel P Lukason
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Paige E Negoro
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Nida S Khan
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,b Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Zeina Dagher
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Michael B Feldman
- c Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,d Department of Internal Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Reedy
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,d Department of Internal Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Samantha N Steiger
- e Deparment of Pharmacy , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jenny M Tam
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,d Department of Internal Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,f Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,g Center for Human Genetic Research , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - David B Sykes
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,h Center for Regenerative Medicine , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- a Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,d Department of Internal Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential step in the innate immune response to invasive fungal infections. This process is carried out by a proverbial "village" of professional phagocytic cells, which have evolved efficient machinery to recognize and ingest pathogens, namely macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. These innate immune cells drive early cytokine production, fungicidal activity, antigen presentation and activation of the adaptive immune system. Despite the development of antifungal agents with potent activity, the biological activity of professional phagocytic innate immune cells has proven indispensable in protecting a host from invasive fungal infections. Additionally, an emerging body of evidence suggests non-professional phagocytes, such as airway epithelial cells, carry out phagocytosis and may play a critical role in the elimination of fungal pathogens. Here, we review recent advances of phagocytosis by both professional and non-professional phagocytes in response to fungal pathogens, with a focus on invasive aspergillosis as a model disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dagher Z, Xu S, Negoro PE, Khan NS, Feldman MB, Reedy JL, Tam JM, Sykes DB, Mansour MK. Fluorescent Tracking of Yeast Division Clarifies the Essential Role of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase in the Intracellular Control of Candida glabrata in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1058. [PMID: 29868018 PMCID: PMC5964189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in the elimination of fungal pathogens. They are sensed via cell surface pattern-recognition receptors and are phagocytosed into newly formed organelles called phagosomes. Phagosomes mature through the recruitment of proteins and lysosomes, resulting in addition of proteolytic enzymes and acidification of the microenvironment. Our earlier studies demonstrated an essential role of Dectin-1-dependent activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in the maturation of fungal containing phagosomes. The absence of Syk activity interrupted phago-lysosomal fusion resulting in arrest at an early phagosome stage. In this study, we sought to define the contribution of Syk to the control of phagocytosed live Candida glabrata in primary macrophages. To accurately measure intracellular yeast division, we designed a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) yeast division assay in which bright fluorescent parent cells give rise to dim daughter cells. The CFSE-labeling of C. glabrata did not affect the growth rate of the yeast. Following incubation with macrophages, internalized CFSE-labeled C. glabrata were retrieved by cellular lysis, tagged using ConA-647, and the amount of residual CFSE fluorescence was assessed by flow cytometry. C. glabrata remained undivided (CFSE bright) for up to 18 h in co-culture with primary macrophages. Treatment of macrophages with R406, a specific Syk inhibitor, resulted in loss of intracellular control of C. glabrata with initiation of division within 4 h. Delayed Syk inhibition after 8 h was less effective indicating that Syk is critically required at early stages of macrophage–fungal interaction. In conclusion, we demonstrate a new method of tracking division of C. glabrata using CFSE labeling. Our results suggest that early Syk activation is essential for macrophage control of phagocytosed C. glabrata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Dagher
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shuying Xu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paige E Negoro
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nida S Khan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Michael B Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer L Reedy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jenny M Tam
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang L, Wasserman MR, Feldman MB, Altman RB, Blanchard SC. Mechanistic insights into antibiotic action on the ribosome through single-molecule fluorescence imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1241:E1-16. [PMID: 23419024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence imaging has provided unprecedented access to the dynamics of ribosome function, revealing transient intermediate states that are critical to ribosome activity. Imaging platforms have now been developed that are capable of probing many hundreds of molecules simultaneously at temporal and spatial resolutions approaching the sub-millisecond time and the sub-nanometer scales. These advances enable both steady- and pre-steady state measurements of individual steps in the translation process as well as processive reactions. The data generated using these methods have yielded new, quantitative structural and kinetic insights into ribosomal activity. They have also shed light on the mechanisms of antibiotic targeting the translation apparatus, revealing features of the structure-function relationship that would be difficult to obtain by other means. This review provides an overview of the types of information that can be obtained using such imaging platforms and a blueprint for using the technique to assess how small-molecule antibiotics alter macromolecular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Pulk A, Wasserman MR, Feldman MB, Altman RB, Cate JHD, Blanchard SC. Allosteric control of the ribosome by small-molecule antibiotics. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:957-63. [PMID: 22902368 PMCID: PMC3645490 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is targeted by numerous, chemically distinct antibiotics that bind and inhibit key functional centers of the ribosome. Using single-molecule imaging and X-ray crystallography, we show that the aminoglycoside neomycin blocks aminoacyl-transfer RNA (aa-tRNA) selection and translocation as well as ribosome recycling by binding to helix 69 (H69) of 23S ribosomal RNA within the large subunit of the Escherichia coli ribosome. There, neomycin prevents the remodeling of intersubunit bridges that normally accompanies the process of subunit rotation to stabilize a partially rotated ribosome configuration in which peptidyl (P)-site tRNA is constrained in a previously unidentified hybrid position. Direct measurements show that this neomycin-stabilized intermediate is incompatible with the translation factor binding that is required for distinct protein synthesis reactions. These findings reveal the functional importance of reversible intersubunit rotation to the translation mechanism and shed new light on the allosteric control of ribosome functions by small-molecule antibiotics.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Escherichia coli/chemistry
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Neomycin/chemistry
- Neomycin/pharmacology
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial/chemistry
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial/drug effects
- Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial/metabolism
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Bacterial/chemistry
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Bacterial/drug effects
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Bacterial/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dunkle JA, Wang L, Feldman MB, Pulk A, Chen VB, Kapral GJ, Noeske J, Richardson JS, Blanchard SC, Cate JHD. Structures of the bacterial ribosome in classical and hybrid states of tRNA binding. Science 2011; 332:981-4. [PMID: 21596992 DOI: 10.1126/science.1202692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During protein synthesis, the ribosome controls the movement of tRNA and mRNA by means of large-scale structural rearrangements. We describe structures of the intact bacterial ribosome from Escherichia coli that reveal how the ribosome binds tRNA in two functionally distinct states, determined to a resolution of ~3.2 angstroms by means of x-ray crystallography. One state positions tRNA in the peptidyl-tRNA binding site. The second, a fully rotated state, is stabilized by ribosome recycling factor and binds tRNA in a highly bent conformation in a hybrid peptidyl/exit site. The structures help to explain how the ratchet-like motion of the two ribosomal subunits contributes to the mechanisms of translocation, termination, and ribosome recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Dunkle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feldman MB, Terry DS, Altman RB, Blanchard SC. Aminoglycoside activity observed on single pre-translocation ribosome complexes. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:244. [PMID: 20154669 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio0310-244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
Tetranitrooxacalix[4]arenes are generated in high yield by the room-temperature S(N)Ar reaction of 1,3-dihydroxybenzenes with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The reaction is tolerant to a range of functionality on the nucleophilic component, including hydroxyl-substitution at the 2- and 5-positions, which yields previously unknown 26,28- and 5,17-dihydroxyoxacalix[4]arenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, 5754 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, Maine 04901, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Levin SM, Feldman MB. Terminal illness in a psychiatric patient--issues and ethics. S Afr Med J 1983; 63:492-4. [PMID: 6836429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A woman with paranoid psychosis and terminal breast cancer refused palliative radiation, demanding pain-killers and permission to leave hospital to go into the mountains and die on her own. Was it ethical to allow her to do so, or should a court order have been sought to impose hospital treatment on her? Should she have been persuaded to accept hospital care? When do those in charge deem a terminally ill patient unable to understand the issues, and dictate treatment? Our aim in this article is to highlight a number of ethical matters regarding patient care, as well as to try and determine the role a hospice should play with regard to the terminally ill patient with associated psychiatric disorder.
Collapse
|
17
|
Taylor AA, Fennell WH, Feldman MB, Brandon TA, Ginos JZ, Mitchell JR. Activation of peripheral dopamine presynaptic receptors lowers blood pressure and heart rate in dogs. Hypertension 1983; 5:226-34. [PMID: 6826215 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.5.2.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
18
|
Abstract
The Information Display Systems project is seeking, among other goals, to apply the principles of top-down design and functional abstraction to the design of interactive systems, particularly those involving interactive computer graphics. An important part of this effort is to develop a methodology and a programming environment to facilitate the functional separation of program modules handling a set of application semantics from program modules handling user interaction.We have developed a model for such an environment, and implemented a prototype version with a number of components:• an interaction language (IL) adapted from augmented transition networks, in which the syntax of interactive dialogs can be written;• an interpreter for the IL;• a set of "style modules" to handle such interaction style-dependent attributes as level of prompting and amount of information to be input in a "transaction";• a library of user profiles to carry information on users' preferred styles of interaction;• a logical-screen handler to handle distribution of different types of output onto logical viewing surfaces;• a library of interaction techniques.Graphics support is provided by a standard device-independent graphics package, in our case the ACM/SIGGRAPH/GSPC Core System. We have called this environment the Abstract Interaction Handler (AIH).This paper provides an overview of our system model, and descriptions of the various components of the current implementation. A number of interesting open questions are raised; proposals for improvements to the system are offered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Kamran
- The George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kovacic P, Feldman MB, Kovacic JP, Lando JB. Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XIII. X-ray analysis and properties of poly(p-phenylene) pellets. J Appl Polym Sci 1968. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1968.070120720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|