1
|
Jasuja GK, Reisman JI, Miller DR, Ansara ED, Chiulli DL, Moore T, Ourth HL, Tran MH, Smith EG, Morreale AP, McCullough MM. Complexity of patients with mental healthcare needs cared for by mental health clinical pharmacist practitioners in Veterans Affairs. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024:zxae007. [PMID: 38468398 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
DISCLAIMER In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE The complexity of patients with mental healthcare needs cared for by clinical pharmacists is not well delineated. We evaluated the complexity of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder (MDD) in Veterans Affairs (VA) cared for by mental health clinical pharmacist practitioners (MH CPPs). METHODS Patients at 42 VA sites with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or MDD in 2016 through 2019 were classified by MH CPP visits into those with 2 or more visits ("ongoing MH CPP care"), those with 1 visit ("consultative MH CPP care"), and those with no visits ("no MH CPP care"). Patient complexity for each condition was defined by medication regimen and service utilization. RESULTS For schizophrenia, more patients in ongoing MH CPP care were complex than those with no MH CPP care, based on all measures examined: the number of primary medications (15.3% vs 8.1%), inpatient (13.7% vs 9.1%) and outpatient (42.6% vs 29.7%) utilization, and receipt of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (36.7% vs 25.8%) and clozapine (20.5% vs 9.5%). For bipolar disorder, more patients receiving ongoing or consultative MH CPP care were complex than those with no MH CPP care based on the number of primary medications (27.9% vs 30.5% vs 17.7%) and overlapping mood stabilizers (10.1% vs 11.6% vs 6.2%). For MDD, more patients receiving ongoing or consultative MH CPP care were complex based on the number of primary medications (36.8% vs 35.5% vs 29.2%) and augmentation of antidepressants (56.1% vs 54.4% vs 47.0%) than patients without MH CPP care. All comparisons were significant (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION MH CPPs provide care for complex patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and MDD in VA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guneet K Jasuja
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, and Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel I Reisman
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Donald R Miller
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, and Center for Population Health, Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | | | - Dana L Chiulli
- W.G. (Bill) Hefner Salisbury Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, NC, USA
| | - Tera Moore
- VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Clinical Pharmacy Practice Office, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Heather L Ourth
- VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Clinical Pharmacy Practice Office, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael H Tran
- VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Clinical Pharmacy Practice Office, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric G Smith
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, Departmentof Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Anthony P Morreale
- VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Clinical Pharmacy Practice Office, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Megan M McCullough
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, and Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg School of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McCullough MB, Zogas A, Gillespie C, Kleinberg F, Reisman JI, Ndiwane N, Tran MH, Ourth HL, Morreale AP, Miller DR. Introducing clinical pharmacy specialists into interprofessional primary care teams: Assessing pharmacists' team integration and access to care for rural patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26689. [PMID: 34559093 PMCID: PMC8462613 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical pharmacy specialists (CPS) were deployed nationally to improve care access and relieve provider burden in primary care.The aim of this study was to assess CPS integration in primary care and the Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Rural Veteran Access (CRVA) initiative's effectiveness in improving access.Concurrent embedded mixed-methods evaluation of participating CRVA CPS and their clinical team members (primary care providers, others).Health care providers on primary care teams in Veterans Health Administration (VHA).Perceived CPS integration in comprehensive medication management assessed using the MUPM and semi-structured interviews, and access measured with patient encounter data.There were 496,323 medical encounters with CPS in primary care over a 3-year period. One hundred twenty-four CPS and 1177 other clinical team members responded to a self-administered web-based questionnaire, with semi-structured interviews completed by 22 CPS and clinicians. Survey results indicated that all clinical provider groups rank CPS as making major contributions to CMM. CPS ranked themselves as contributing more to CMM than did their physician team members. CPS reported higher job satisfaction, less burn out, and better role fit; but CPS gave lower scores for communication and decision making as clinic organizational attributes. Themes in provider interviews focused on value of CPS in teams, relieving provider burden, facilitators to integration, and team communication issues.This evaluation indicates good integration of CPS on primary care teams as perceived by other team members despite some communication and role clarification challenges. CPS may play an important role in improving access to primary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan B. McCullough
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA
- University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Zuckerberg School of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Lowell, MA
| | - Anna Zogas
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Chris Gillespie
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA
| | - Felicia Kleinberg
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA
| | - Joel I. Reisman
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA
| | - Ndindam Ndiwane
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA
| | - Michael H. Tran
- Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Veterans Health Administration Central Office, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC
| | - Heather L. Ourth
- Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Veterans Health Administration Central Office, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC
| | - Anthony P. Morreale
- Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Veterans Health Administration Central Office, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC
| | - Donald R. Miller
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA
- University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Center for Population Health, Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Lowell, MA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran MH, Ourth HL, Morreale AP. Development and Implementation of National Time in Therapeutic Range Reports and Establishing Quality Standards Within Veterans Health Administration. J Gen Intern Med 2021; 36:1418-1421. [PMID: 33469776 PMCID: PMC8131411 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-06422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Tran
- VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Washington, DC, USA. .,VA Great Lakes Health Care System Pharmacy Benefits Management, Westchester, IL, USA.
| | - Heather L Ourth
- VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kazerooni R, Nguyen JB, Bounthavong M, Tran MH, Madkour N. New start versus continuing users on aripiprazole: implications for policy. Am J Manag Care 2015; 21:e43-e50. [PMID: 25880267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate utilization of 90-day-supply prescriptions of aripiprazole. STUDY DESIGN One year (April 1, 2011, to March 31, 2012) retrospective cohort study from the Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System. METHODS The primary outcome was to determine the difference in adherence for new starts versus continuing users on aripiprazole, as determined by medication possession ratio (MPR). Secondary outcomes included odds of adherence and refilling at least once associated with being a new start. Adherence was defined as MPR ≥ 0.8. Separate regression models (linear and logistic) were run for the entire population, as well as a subgroup analysis of 90-day prescription patients only. RESULTS A total of 749 patients, 328 of whom were new starts, were included in the analysis. Both new starts (41.2%) and continuing users (69.1%) had a large portion who received 90-day supplies. New-start patients had significantly lower MPR than continuing users (-0.13; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.08). Logistic regressions showed that new starts also had lower odds of adherence (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% CI, 0.33-0.65) and of refilling at least once (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28-0.66) compared with continuing users. CONCLUSIONS Patients who were continuing users of aripiprazole were more likely to be adherent and refill their medication. Overutilization of 90-day supplies of high-cost agents, particularly in new starts, may lead to waste. It is recommended that patients newly started on high-cost agents should initially be provided a 30-day-supply prescription until it is established that effectiveness and tolerance have been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Kazerooni
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr (119), San Diego, CA 92161. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Menzin J, Lang K, Elliott WJ, Boulanger L, Arocho R, Tran MH, Friedman M. Adherence to Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy in Older Adults: A Comparison of Amlodipine and Felodipine. J Int Med Res 2004; 32:233-9. [PMID: 15174215 DOI: 10.1177/147323000403200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers for treating hypertension appears to be similar, but a variety of factors, including patient characteristics, tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties, may influence treatment adherence and outcome. We aimed to evaluate treatment adherence in clinical practice among older hypertensive adults (50+ years) prescribed amlodipine or felodipine for the first time as part of the California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program. We used a retrospective, matched, cohort-analysis design. Over 1 year, patients prescribed amlodipine were 21% less likely to discontinue study treatment than those prescribed felodipine. Discontinuation tended to occur early, with 20% and 30% of amlodipine and felodipine patients, respectively, discontinuing treatment after one prescription. A non-significant difference in favour of amlodipine was demonstrated for anti-anginal medication use among patients taking these drugs at baseline. This study suggests that use of amlodipine may be associated with improved adherence, compared with felodipine, among older out-patients in the Medi-Cal program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Menzin
- Boston Health Economics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim HC, Yamada K, Nitta A, Olariu A, Tran MH, Mizuno M, Nakajima A, Nagai T, Kamei H, Jhoo WK, Im DH, Shin EJ, Hjelle OP, Ottersen OP, Park SC, Kato K, Mirault ME, Nabeshima T. Immunocytochemical evidence that amyloid beta (1-42) impairs endogenous antioxidant systems in vivo. Neuroscience 2003; 119:399-419. [PMID: 12770555 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta, the major constituent of the senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, is cytotoxic to neurons and has a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We have previously demonstrated that potent antioxidants idebenone and alpha-tocopherol prevent learning and memory impairment in rats which received a continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of amyloid beta, suggesting a role for oxidative stress in amyloid beta-induced learning and memory impairment. To test the hypothesis, in the present study, we investigated alterations in the immunoreactivity of endogenous antioxidant systems such as mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase following the continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of amyloid beta for 2 weeks. The infusion of amyloid beta (1-42) resulted in a significant reduction of the immunoreactivity of these antioxidant substances in such brain areas as the hippocampus, parietal cortex, piriform cortex, substantia nigra and thalamus although the same treatment with amyloid beta (40-1) had little effect. The alterations induced by amyloid beta (1-42) were not uniform, but rather specific for each immunoreactive substance in a brain region-dependent manner. These results demonstrate a cytological effect of oxidative stress induced by amyloid beta (1-42) infusion. Furthermore, our findings may indicate a heterogeneous susceptibility to the oxidative stress produced by amyloid beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-C Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Korea Institute of Drug Abuse, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tran MH, Yamada K, Nakajima A, Mizuno M, He J, Kamei H, Nabeshima T. Tyrosine nitration of a synaptic protein synaptophysin contributes to amyloid beta-peptide-induced cholinergic dysfunction. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:407-12. [PMID: 12740598 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Abeta) is a critical factor involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously demonstrated that continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of Abeta1-40 induced a time-dependent expression of the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and an overproduction of NO in the rat hippocampus. The pathophysiological significance of the overproduction of NO on brain function was manifested by an impairment of nicotine-evoked acetylcholine(ACh) release and memory deficits.(4) Molecular mechanisms by which NO participates in the Abeta-induced brain dysfunction, however, remain to be determined. Here we show that chronic Abeta1-40 infusion caused a robust peroxynitrite formation and subsequent tyrosine nitration of proteins in the hippocampus. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses further revealed that synaptophysin, a synaptic protein, was a main target of tyrosine nitration. Chronic infusion of Abeta1-40 resulted in an impairment of nicotine-evoked ACh release as analyzed by microdialysis. Daily treatment with the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) or the peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid (UA) prevented the tyrosine nitration of synaptophysin as well as the impairment of nicotine-evoked ACh release induced by Abeta. Our findings suggest that the tyrosine nitration of synaptophysin is related to Abeta-induced impairment of ACh release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Tran
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mizuno M, Yamada K, Takei N, Tran MH, He J, Nakajima A, Nawa H, Nabeshima T. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: a molecule mediating BDNF-dependent spatial memory formation. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:217-24. [PMID: 12610654 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic correlate of learning and memory. BDNF is also implicated in learning and memory. We have demonstrated that radial arm maze training in rats for spatial learning and memory results in a significant increase in the BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, antisense BDNF oligonucleotide treatment impaired not only acquisition, but also maintenance and/or recall of spatial memory in the maze. Although these results suggest a role of BDNF for spatial memory processes, the signal transduction mechanisms that mediate the actions of BDNF remain unknown. Here we show that phosphorylation of BDNF receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and Akt, a target of PI3-K, in the hippocampus increased in parallel with spatial memory formation. Moreover, an activation of translational processes was suggested in the hippocampus after the maze training. When spatial learning was inhibited by antisense BDNF oligodeoxynucleotide, the activation was diminished. Chronic treatment with PI3-K inhibitor wortmannin impaired spatial learning. Our findings suggested that activation of TrkB/PI3-K and protein synthesis signaling pathway by BDNF in the hippocampus is important for spatial memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mizuno
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Olariu A, Tran MH, Yamada K, Mizuno M, Hefco V, Nabeshima T. Memory deficits and increased emotionality induced by beta-amyloid (25-35) are correlated with the reduced acetylcholine release and altered phorbol dibutyrate binding in the hippocampus. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2002; 108:1065-79. [PMID: 11716142 DOI: 10.1007/s007020170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we found that chronic infusion of beta-amyloid fragment (25-35) at nanomolar concentration into rat cerebral ventricle impairs learning and memory. At a concentration of 3 nmol/day but not 0.3 nmol/day, beta-amyloid significantly reduced the spontaneous alternation behavior and the memory performance in the water maze and multiple passive avoidance tests. A significant increase in anxiety was also found in the animals infused with 3 nmol/day beta-amyloid fragment. Memory deficits and the increased emotionality were correlated with a decreased nicotine-evoked acetylcholine release from the frontal cortex/hippocampus, as assessed by microdialysis, in freely moving rats. The amyloid fragment infused either at pico- or nanomolar concentrations reduced the affinity of [3H] phorbol dibutyrate binding, an index of activated protein kinase C (PKC), and increased the total number of binding sites in the hippocampal particulate fraction. Our results suggest that the amnesic and anxiogenic effects of chronic infusion of beta-amyloid (25-35) are related to the decreased acetylcholine release and reduced PKC activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Olariu
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tran MH, Yamada K, Nabeshima T. Molecular mechanism of cholinergic dysfunction and cognitive deficits induced by amyloid beta-peptide. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 2001; 21:125-32. [PMID: 11769570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) plays a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much progress has been made in understanding this age-related neurodegenerative disorder; thus an insight into the cellular actions of A beta and resulting functional consequences may contribute to preventive and therapeutic approaches for AD. In this review, recent evidence of A beta-induced brain dysfunction, especially cholinergic impairment and memory deficits, is summarized. Moreover, proposed mechanisms for A beta-induced neurotoxicity such as oxidative stress, ion-channel formation, and A beta-receptor interaction are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Tran
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8560 Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tran MH, Yamada K, Olariu A, Mizuno M, Ren XH, Nabeshima T. Amyloid beta-peptide induces nitric oxide production in rat hippocampus: association with cholinergic dysfunction and amelioration by inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. FASEB J 2001; 15:1407-9. [PMID: 11387239 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0719fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Tran
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kraus MM, Fischer H, Tran MH, Philippu A, Prast H. Modulation of acetylcholine release by histamine in the nucleus accumbens. Inflamm Res 2001; 50 Suppl 2:S74-5. [PMID: 11411611 DOI: 10.1007/pl00022413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M M Kraus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prast H, Tran MH, Lamberti C, Fischer H, Kraus M, Grass K, Philippu A. Histaminergic neurons modulate acetylcholine release in the ventral striatum: role of H1 and H2 histamine receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1999; 360:552-7. [PMID: 10598794 DOI: 10.1007/s002109900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether H1 and H2 histamine receptors are implicated in the modulation of acetylcholine release by endogenous histamine, the ventral striatum of the conscious, freely moving rat was superfused by the push-pull superfusion technique with drugs and the release of acetylcholine was determined in the superfusate. Superfusion with the H1 receptor agonist 2-thiazolylethylamine (TEA, 50 micromol/l) enhanced the release of acetylcholine, while the H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine (50 micromol/l) reduced acetylcholine outflow and abolished the TEA-evoked release of the neurotransmitter. The inhibitory effect of triprolidine was not influenced either on simultaneous superfusion with 10 micromol/l (+/-)-7-bromo-1-(fluoresceinylthioureido)phenyl-8-hydroxy-3-methyl -2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzazepine (SKF-83566, D1 dopamine receptor antagonist) and 50 micromol/l quinpirole (D2/D3 dopamine receptor agonist) or on superfusion with the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (50 micromol/l). The H2 receptor antagonists ranitidine or famotidine (50 micromol/l each) greatly enhanced acetylcholine release rate in the ventral striatum. Presuperfusion with alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH, 1 mmol/l), which inhibits neuronal synthesis of histamine, abolished the famotidine-induced release of acetylcholine. The releasing effect of famotidine was also abolished on simultaneous superfusion with 10 micromol/l SKF-83566 and 50 micromol/l quinpirole. The release of acetylcholine elicited by famotidine was reversed to a decreased acetylcholine outflow when the striatum was superfused with the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (50 micromol/l) prior to famotidine. Superfusion with the H2 receptor agonist impromidine (1 micromol/l) decreased acetylcholine outflow, while the H2 agonist dimaprit (50 micromol/l) exerted the opposite effect. The releasing effect of dimaprit was not influenced by FMH (1 mmol/l), but it was abolished in the presence of SKF-83566 (10 micromol/l) and quinpirole (50 micromol/l). In the presence of bicuculline the release of acetylcholine by dimaprit was enhanced and prolonged. It seems possible that dimaprit and impromidine stimulate different subtypes of H2 receptors. The findings suggest that the release of acetylcholine in the striatum is modulated by neighbouring histaminergic neurons in a complex way. Stimulation of H1 histamine receptors, probably located on cholinergic neurons, enhances acetylcholine release. Stimulation by histamine of H2 receptors located on cholinergic or GABAergic neurons enhances the release of acetylcholine, while stimulation of H2 receptors located on dopaminergic neurons exerts the opposite effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Prast
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universität Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Prast H, Tran MH, Fischer H, Kraus M, Lamberti C, Grass K, Philippu A. Histaminergic neurons modulate acetylcholine release in the ventral striatum: role of H3 histamine receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1999; 360:558-64. [PMID: 10598795 DOI: 10.1007/s002109900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether histaminergic neurons influence the activity of cholinergic neurons, the ventral striatum was superfused through a push-pull cannula and the release of endogenous acetylcholine was determined in the superfusate. Local inhibition of histamine synthesis by superfusion with alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH) gradually decreased the release rate of acetylcholine. Superfusion with histamine increased the release of acetylcholine. The releasing effect of histamine was greatly inhibited when the striatum was simultaneously superfused with the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole and the D1 antagonist (+/-)-7-bromo-1-(fluoresceinylthioureido)phenyl-8-hydroxy-3-methyl -2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzapine (SKF 83566). The effect of histamine on acetylcholine release was abolished by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline. Superfusion with the H3 receptor agonists imetit or immepip increased acetylcholine release rate in the striatum. The releasing effects of the two H3 agonists were FMH resistant, while superfusion with quinpirole and SKF 83566 abolished the H3 receptor agonist-induced acetylcholine release. Superfusion with the H3 receptor antagonist thioperamide enhanced acetylcholine release rate. The releasing effect of thioperamide was abolished after inhibition of histamine synthesis by FMH. The release of acetylcholine by thioperamide was also abolished on simultaneous superfusion with quinpirole and SKF 83566. The findings show that, in the striatum, the activity of cholinergic neurons is permanently modulated by neighbouring histaminergic nerve terminals and axons. The release of acetylcholine is also permanently inhibited by neighbouring GABAergic neurons. The enhanced release of acetylcholine by the H3 receptor agonists imetit and immepip is due to stimulation of H3 heteroreceptors, while the increase of acetylcholine release by the H3 receptor antagonist thioperamide is elicited via blockade of H3 autoreceptors. Histamine released from histaminergic nerve terminals increases the release of acetylcholine in part by inhibition of dopamine release which, in turn, decreases GABAergic transmission. A dopamine-independent way seems also to be involved in the histamine-evoked acetylcholine release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Prast
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universität Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eisenman LM, Brothers R, Tran MH, Kean RB, Dickson GM, Dietzschold B, Hooper DC. Neonatal Borna disease virus infection in the rat causes a loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. J Neurovirol 1999; 5:181-9. [PMID: 10321982 DOI: 10.3109/13550289909022000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral insults that occur during early postnatal periods, can affect neuronal systems which exhibit significant postnatal development, such as the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a single-strand RNA virus which replicates in the nervous system of many species after experimental inoculation and causes acute neurological disease. Neonatal rats infected with BDV do not mount an aggressive response to the virus like their adult counterparts, but instead develop a persistent BDV infection with less overt clinical sequelae. Recently, the cerebellum, a neural structure associated with regulation of motor behavior, and perhaps with higher cognitive functions, has been demonstrated to be a target of neonatal BDV infections in rats (Bautista et al, 1995). In the present study neonatal rats were infected with BDV and their cerebella were analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically at 7 months of age. The cerebella of infected animals were reduced in size but normal foliation and laminar organization was present. However, as visualized with immunohistochemistry for the Purkinje cell-specific antigen calbindin, there were numerous gaps within the Purkinje cell layer and in the molecular layer which contains the Purkinje cell dendritic trees. We estimated the number of Purkinje cells and found there was an approximately 75% loss of PC in adult rats neonatally infected with BDV. These results suggest that neonatal BDV infection may either (1) target the PC and cause the death of these cells directly or (2) acts indirectly by triggering an immune response which is then responsible for the loss of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Eisenman
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/analogs & derivatives
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Animals
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Dimaprit/pharmacology
- Dopamine/physiology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Famotidine/pharmacology
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Histamine H2 Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/physiology
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Histamine H2/metabolism
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Philippu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
We have previously shown that the basal acetylcholine release in the ventral striatum is under the enhancing influence of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and that NO donors cause pronounced increases in the acetylcholine release rate. To investigate the role of cyclic GMP, glutamate, and GABA in the NO-induced acetylcholine release, we superfused the nucleus accumbens, (Nac) of the anesthetized rat with various compounds through a push-pull cannula and determined the neurotransmitter released in the perfusate. Superfusion of the Nac with the NO donors diethylamine/NO (DEANO; 100 micromol/L), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP; 200 micromol/L), or 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1; 200 micromol/L) enhanced the acetylcholine release rate. The guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-(1,2,4)-oxodiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 10 micromol/L) abolished the effects of DEANO and SIN-1. 6-(Phenylamino)-5,8-quinolinedione (LY-83583; 100 micromol/L), which also inhibits cyclic GMP synthesis, inhibited the releasing effects of DEANO and of SNAP, whereas the effect of SIN-1 on acetylcholine release was not influenced. The DEANO-induced release of acetylcholine was also abolished in the presence of 20 micromol/L 6,6-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and 10 micromol/L (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5). Simultaneous superfusion with 50 micromol/L quinpirole and 10 micromol/L 7-bromo-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (SKF 83566) was ineffective. Superfusion with 500 micromol/L DEANO decreased the release of acetylcholine. The inhibitory effect of 500 micromol/L DEANO was reversed to an enhanced release on superfusion with 20 micromol/L bicuculline. Bicuculline also enhanced the basal release rate. These findings indicate that cyclic GMP mediates the NO-induced release of acetylcholine by enhancing the outflow of glutamate. Dopamine is not involved in this process. Only high concentrations of NO increase the output of GABA, which in turn decreases acetylcholine release. Our results suggest that cells that are able to release glutamate, such as glutamatergic neurons, are the main target of NO in the Nac.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/analogs & derivatives
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Acetylcholine/analysis
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Animals
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Diethylamines/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Guanylate Cyclase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- Male
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/enzymology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitrogen Oxides
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cholinergic/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA/metabolism
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Prast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The barium appearance of intraluminal duodenal diverticulum has been classically described as a "windsock" appearance. However, the CT-scan appearance of this abnormality has not been well documented. A case report of a patient with intraluminal duodenal diverticulum is presented. The authors believe the CT-scan findings in the patient are virtually pathognomonic for this lesion and propose the term "halo" sign be applied to this previously undescribed finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Tu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Lahey-Hitchcock Medical Center, Burlington, MA 01805, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huszti Z, Prast H, Tran MH, Fischer H, Philippu A. Glial cells participate in histamine inactivation in vivo. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1998; 357:49-53. [PMID: 9459572 DOI: 10.1007/pl00005137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of glial cells to take up histamine in vitro suggests that these cells may be involved in histamine inactivation. This prompted us to study the possible interactions between neuronal and glial processes which determine the histamine concentration in the synaptic cleft. In vitro experiments showed that the glial metabolic toxin, fluoroacetate (20 and 40 mmol/l) depressed histamine uptake into cultured astroglial cells and dissociated hypothalamic cells of rats. For in vivo experiments, the push-pull superfusion technique was used. In anaesthetized rat, the anterior hypothalamic area was superfused through the push-pull cannula with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or with aCSF which contained fluoroacetate and the release of endogenous histamine was determined in the superfusate. Hypothalamic superfusion with fluoroacetate (20 mmol/l) led to a pronounced increase in extracellular histamine. The effect of fluoroacetate was inhibited by 5 micromol/l tetrodotoxin. Superfusion with Ca++-free, Mg++-rich (12 mmol/l) aCSF inhibited the basal release rate of histamine. Under these conditions, 20 mmol/l fluoroacetate did not modify the level of the amine in the superfusate. These data demonstrate that depression of glial function enhances the concentration of histamine in the extracellular space by slowing down the uptake of the amine into the glial cells. Thus, under in vivo conditions, glial cells are directly involved in the continuous removal of neuronal histamine from the synaptic cleft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Huszti
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Prast H, Fischer H, Tran MH, Grass K, Lamberti C, Philippu A. Modulation of acetylcholine release in the ventral striatum by histamine receptors. Inflamm Res 1997; 46 Suppl 1:S37-8. [PMID: 9098754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Prast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Prast H, Lamberti C, Fischer H, Tran MH, Philippu A. Nitric oxide influences the release of histamine and glutamate in the rat hypothalamus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1996; 354:731-5. [PMID: 8971733 DOI: 10.1007/bf00166899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of nitric oxide (NO) on the release of histamine and glutamate, the anterior hypothalamus of anaesthetized rats was superfused through a push-pull cannula either with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or with various drugs dissolved in CSF. Hypothalamic superfusion with the NO-donating compounds linsidomine (200 mumol/l) or diethylamine-NO (DEANO, 100 mumol/l) led to a pronounced and sustained decrease in the histamine release rate, whereas the release rate of glutamate was enhanced. Superfusion with the inhibitor of NO synthase L-NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 200 mumol/l) increased the histamine release rate. The inhibitory effect of 200 mumol/l linsidomine was abolished by atropine (10 mumol/l). Superfusion with the glutamate receptor agonists glutamate (100 mumol/l) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 50 mumol/l) enhanced the histamine release rate. In the presence of linsidomine, the releasing effect of NMDA was not changed. These findings demonstrate that the release of histamine in the hypothalamus is diminished by endogenous NO. This effect of NO on histamine release seems to be due to enhanced release of acetylcholine from vicinal cholinergic neurons via stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors located presynaptically on histaminergic neurons. The NO-induced glutamate release seems to exert a subordinate stimulatory effect on histamine release. Finally, the inhibition of histamine release by NO is not due to blockade of NMDA receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Prast
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universität Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tran MH, Sakow NK, Dorey JH. Detection of pyonephrosis using dual isotope imaging technique. Clin Nucl Med 1994; 19:161-2. [PMID: 8187407 DOI: 10.1097/00003072-199402000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Tran
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Louisville Hospital, Kentucky
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
A total of 126 normal, unrelated individuals from northern central and southern Vietnam have been typed for 32 alleles of the A and B loci, including B HS. The gene, haplotype frequencies and delta values obtained are compared with those of four other Mongoloid populations. The gene frequencies were similar to those found in a Chinese (Cantonese) population.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tran MH, Daveau M, Dumitresco SM, Rivat L. Immunoglobulin Gm and Km genetic markers in Vietnamese. Hum Hered 1978; 28:435-44. [PMID: 680705 DOI: 10.1159/000152996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the G1m (1,2,3,17), G2m(23), G3m(5,10,11,13,14,15,21,28) and Km (1,2) allotypic markers has been examined in 122 unrelated Vietnamese subjects originating from all regions of Vietnam. The 13 observed phenotypes have been explained by means of 8 haplotypes: 5 'major' ones (which are also known to be usual in all other reported Mongoloid populations) and 3 'minor' ones. Consideration of gene frequencies allows easy integration of Vietnamese within the south-north cline of Gm haplotype distribution in East Asia, where they insert between Southern Chinese, on one hand, and Singapore as well as South Central Chinese on the other hand. The observed Km10.290 frequency value revealed to be of the same order of magnitude as the values reported for most other non-Thai Mongoloids.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tran MH, Lellouch J, Richard JL. Fat body mass. II. Its relationships with some biological parameters, blood pressure and physical training in a population of 8660 men aged 20 to 55. Biomedicine 1973; 18:499-506. [PMID: 4785072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
26
|
Lellouch J, Tran MH, Richard JL. [The body fat of an active French group of 4000 46-52-year-old men. II. Relations to various biological variables (especially serum lipids) and arterial pressure]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1973; 21:755-62. [PMID: 4584850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
27
|
Tran MH, Richard JL, Lellouch J. [The body fat of an active French group of 4,000 46-52-year-old men. I. Distribution of skinfolds and other criteria of obesity]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1973; 21:747-54. [PMID: 4584849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
28
|
Stupfel M, Magnier M, Romary F, Tran MH, Mouted JP. Lifelong exposure of SPF rats to automotive exhaust gas: dilution containing 20 ppm of nitrogen oxides. Arch Environ Health 1973; 26:264-9. [PMID: 4121280 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1973.10666272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
29
|
Lellouch J, Tran MH. [Arterial pressure and obesity]. Rev Prat 1972; 22:2559-64. [PMID: 4654295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
30
|
Tran MH, Lellouch J. [The fatty mass. I. Its distribution in a population of 1,774 subjects]. Rev Eur Etud Clin Biol 1971; 16:385-390. [PMID: 5564553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|
31
|
Eschwege E, Swynghedauw B, Tran MH, Claude JR, Richard JL. [The intravenous glucose tolerance test in subjects with normal or raised triglyceride levels. Variations of triglyceridemia]. Rev Eur Etud Clin Biol 1970; 15:210-4. [PMID: 5443586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
32
|
Lellouch J, Schwartz D, Tran MH. The relationships between smoking and levels of serum urea and uric acid. Results of an epidemiological survey. J Chronic Dis 1969; 22:9-15. [PMID: 5794242 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(69)90082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|